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9OOZ.XXX Vf,ITOIVNVr62
T. ZIMMERMANNThe multi period site Kinet Hdyiik, identified as ancient Issos, with an occupation history from the third millennium BC until the Medieval ages, was of both strategic and economical importance throughout the ages due to its location at the Gulf of Iskender*8. It is thus not surprising that this settlement was involved in medium-range trade activities in the late third millennium BC, linking the North of Mesopotamia with the South East of modern Turkey. A large and still growing group of EBA sites in the South Eastern
provinces of Anatolia yielded bottles of the 'Synan' typrn, the recent example from Kinet
Hdyiik testifying once more to the vivid trade and exchange activities in the second half of the third millennium.
As one expects, trafficking goods from the Mesopotamian plains into Anatolia did not stop atthe Taurus foothills, but went far beyond (Fig. 3). When we survey the rest of EBA Anatolia for further evidence, we come across the phenomenon that further North and Northwest no real imports from North Syria/I.{orth Mesopotamia but locally produced copies are recorded. In South Eastern Anatolian settlements imported bottles are found
together with locally made 'syrian' potterylO.
Further North East there is up to now only one isolated findspot. The settlement of Sos Hdyiik near modern Erzurum yielded a black polished Syrian bottle discovered in a
pit containing material of the 'Transcaucasian' phase, hence datable to the late third
millennium BCll.
The Westernmost distribution area where 'real' imports are amongst the bottles of
'Syrian' type could be roughly described as Central or South Central Anatolia. Besides
Kiiltepe in Eastern Cappadocia bottles of the alabastron typel2 are known from Aligar
Httytik and Kestel/Gdltepet3. A silver derivative stems from a hoard excavated in the EBA
8
For recent reports on this site see Gates 1999; Gates 2003; Gates 2004.
9
Syri- bottles in Anatolia, both imported and locally manufactured, are known from Arslantepe (Conti 1993,386;377
ftg. 12,4.12); Noriuntepe (Hauptmann 1969170, 53; fig. 12,9), Lidar Hdyiik (Mellink 1982, Pl. 73,7; lbid 1983, Pl.
58,8; both from burial context), Ziryirli (Andrae 1943, Pl. 26g,k), Gedikli (Alkm/Alkrm 1966, Fig. 32 (right side);
Alkm 1979, 140; Pl. 91,26.27), Kurban Htiyiik (Algaze 1990, Pl. 133 G(?).H.I; Pl. 149,D), Tilmen Hdyuk (Alkrm
1964, 174; frg.26), Karkemiq (Woolley l92l,Pl.27,cl from "Middle Hittite burial" with protruding foot), Titriq
Htiyuk (Algazellvfisrr/Wilkinson 1992,38:.56 Fig. 11) and Oylum H<iyiik (OzgenAlelwing/Tekin 1997, 60-72; Fig.
13,2.3; 73 frg. 74,5; 74 fig. 15,2.3.5.7; 75 fig. 16,6-8). Recent examples were unearthed in Tilbeshar
(Kepinski-Lecomte 2000,220-222 frg.7; 9 from both domestic and funeral contexts) and Gre Virike (Okse/Bucak 2002, 153-16l
fie. 10). l0
Th*k, to their characteristic fabric Mesopotamian imports can be easily identified and distinguished from copied
vessels (Schachner/Schachner 1995, 88).
tl
Sugonu et al. 1996, 37; 44fig. 10,9.
t'Cf.
S.hu"hner/Schachner 1995, 9l-93 (Type II); Rova lggl,136.
t3
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I
I
164 T. ZIMMERMANN
copies 'syrian' bottles2a. Although lead vessels are quite a rare phenomenon in EBA
Anatolia, they are n_ot completely unknown, as a neck fragment of a Syrian type bottle
from Tarsus attests2s. Lead itself might have served as an alternative to imitate silver, for
an object like the silver bottle from Eskiyapar (supra) was much more complicated to workt6.
We are unfortunately not informed about the ingredients of these bottles -according to their size one might assume oils or precious perfumes". Whut we indeed can suggest is that the ceramic variants were traded because of what they contained, the value
of the metal flasks from Troy treasure 'A', Demircihciytik-Sarrket,
Ki.igUkhciytik-Bozhdytik and Eskiyapar -a "blueprint" for the ceramic variants- might have come from the material of which they were made.
Concerning how these vessels were transported or stored some interesting information comes from two locally produced 'syrian' bottles from the Early Bronze Age levels of the Karum at Kane5: These two bottles have a shallow relief decoration showing some kind of net bag consisting of interwoven strings highly likely imitating the way
these vessels were usually suspended (Fig. 2,1.2)28 . Since most of our bottles have
rounded bottoms, we have good reason to assume that at least the larger variants of these bottles were usually wrapped into a net bag to carry them or hang them up, like it is assumed for water baglbottle equipment for the Roman foot soldier (Fig. 2,3)'n. To stabilize these vessels with bagel-shaped ground stones as suggested by M. Artzy for similar globular- or piriform-shaped ceramics from Cyprus could be an alternative solution3o.
The distinct intensification of trade activities between the culturally and politically different entities of Northern Mesopotamia with Southem-, Central and North West
Anatolia is best visible in the appearance of 'foreign' or 'exotic' small finds or vessel
types in contexts originally alien to them. Together with the well-known two-handled cup
called 'depos amphilqtpellon', most likely invented in Western Central Anatolia and from
24
Baykal-seeher/Seeher 1998, I l8-l2l fig. l,l-9. The unusually elongated shape of the bottleneck might derive from
the local jug forms (ibid. I 19). tt
Goldrn* 1956,302; Pl. 453, ll; Baykal-Seeher/Seeher 1998, ll7; l2l Il. 1, l0 with exmples from the
Demircihdyiik/Bozdyok necropolis plus lead beak spouted pitchers from Oymaalag and the Sadberk Hanrm museum
(the latter unfortunately lacking an archaeological context (ibid.).
'u
mia. I 17; the complex and diffrcult refinement process called 'cuppelation' where silver is separated from the lead
ores under highly oxidating circumstances wurs obviously known as early as the mid third millennium BC in the
Aegean/Anatolian world (cf. Pernicka 1990; Kohlmeyer 1994; Primas 1995).
'7
cf. Goldrnan 1956,302.
28
Ct.6tgr9 1986, 36 fig. 3:8 (from burial contex t);37 frg.3:13 (from domestic context).
'n
A r"u.onable reconstruction for such a water container is published athttp:llwwr,v.larp.com/l6gioxx/packs.html.
to
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s9r
SOOZ.IXXX VJITOIVNV166 T. ZIMMERMANN
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1 6 8 T. ZIMMERMANN
Fig. 1. 1 - "Syrian bottle" from Kinet Hciytik, Hatay, Turkey;
2 - locally manufactured bottle of "Syrian" type from Kiilllioba, Eskigehir, Turkey
(drawing B. C. Coockson; Efe 1999, 175 frg.5,1 (update B. C. Coockson)) (Scale 1:2).
Fig.2. 1.2 - Locally made "syrian bottles" from the Early Bronze Age levels of the Karum Kane5, Kayseri, Turkey; with grooved 'netbag' motives; 3 - reconstruction of a water container
for a Roman foot soldier with a net bag to carry (Ozgtig 1986: fig 3:8 & 3:13;
http : //www. larp. comflegioxx/packs. html) (l : 2 ; - S cale unknown).
