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The Colostrum Quality of Primiparous and Multiparous Holstein Cow
Serap GÖNCÜ*, Gökhan GÖKÇE, Özgül ANİTAŞ,Sibel BOZKURTÇukurova University Faculty of Agriculture, Adana-TURKEY
*corresponding author: sgoncu@cu.edu.tr
Abstract: Colostrum management is one of the most important managemental factors in protecting calf health for the
first weeks of life. After birth the first secretion from the mammary glands is called colostrum. Colostrum is varied in terms of colour and the composition varies from that of normal milk. Between the second and eighth milkings, the structure of the milk gradually turns normal, and the secretion between these periods is called transit milk. Colostrum quality is also essential for the health of new-born calf health and performances. Colostrum quality depends primarily on the amount of the antibody (IgG) it contains. High quality colostrum is defined as having an IgG concentration of greater than 50mg/ml. Colostrum plays a vital role in providing passive immunisation, thereby contributing to the development of the gastrointestinal tract, affecting the endocrine and metabolic systems and providing a source of energy for young animals to obtain heat generation to protect themselves from hypothermia. In this study, differences between uniparous and multiparous 100 heads Holstein dairy cow colostrum qualities are studied. Colostrum quality are dependent on factors such as density, the amount of milk produced after birth, cow diseases history, cow's age, season, feeding, breed, difficult birth, the live weight after given birth dry period. For this purpose,colostrum quality were determined by using colostrometer and chemical composition were determined by using MilkoScan FT120 (Foss).
Keywords: Dairy, colostrum,quality, primapour, holstein, cows 1.INTRODUCTION
In the mammals, the immune system is divided into humoral and cellular (cellular). They are separated again, both specific and non-specific (Doğan et al., 2010). Immun system protects calf from the external factors, some substances biologically active substances, such as IgG, somatotropin, prolactin, insulin which are not nutritional in the colostrum come directly from mother's milk. Because of its role in developing immunity with the colostrum, calf colostrum feeding is very important. The results of the study show that placenta of ruminants is not permeable to macromolecules such as immunoglobulin (Ig) from the mother (Мedvezki, 1989).
Colostrum management is one of the most important managemental factors in protecting calf health for the first weeks of life. After birth the first secretion from the mammary glands is called colostrum. Colostrum is varied in terms of colour and the composition varies from that of normal milk. Between the second and eighth milkings, the structure of the milk gradually turns normal, and the secretion between these periods is called transit milk. Colostrum quality is also essential for the health of new-born calf health and performances. Colostrum quality depends primarily on the amount of the antibody (IgG) it contains. High quality colostrum is defined as having an IgG concentration of greater than 50mg/ml. Colostrum plays a vital role in providing passive immunization, thereby contributing to the development of the gastrointestinal tract, affecting the endocrine and metabolic systems and providing a source of energy for young animals to obtain heat generation to protect themselves from hypothermia. Colostrum has been reported to have very little Ig in the blood serum with bactericidal and lysozyme activity (Gerov et al., 1987) and that there is little or no alternative support system before colostrum consumption. Although the colostrum delay the development of the calf active immune response, it has great efect on neonatal disease protection (Blecha 1988; Blood and Radostites 1989). However, studies reported that calves differ in immunoglobulin levels and Ig levels in 41% of the calves are below 1000 mg / dl (Sellers, 2001). Factors such as malnutrition of the cow especially during the dry period, disruption of the immune system and decrease colostrum antibody content (Flesh, 1982). On addition to this many factors affect the colostrum quality such as age, disease, prenatal nutritional, dry period, difficult birth, body size and many behavioral factors (Arthington, 1999, Earley and Morin et al., 2001, Logan and Penhale, 1971).
In this study, differences between uniparous and multiparous 100 heads Holstein dairy cow colostrum qualities were evaluated.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The animal material of this study was 100 head Holstein Cows and heifer. The cows were taken to the calving unit 1 week before calving and were kept together with calves in these unit 3 days period after birth. During this time, the calves drink their own mother's and the calves consume colostrum up to 6% of their live weight within 1 hour after birth and 10% of their live weight within 24 hours. The first three days of the calves kept in front of the mother's maternity pen and after the third day they are taken to individual calf hutches to the end of weaning period.
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The colostrum quality was determined by using the relationship between colostrum gamma globulin content and colostrum density. The colostrometer is based on the relationship between the amount of Ig in the colostrum and the specific gravity. The colostrum obtained from each cow after birth was cooled to 20 ° C within the first 24 hours, then filled into its own measuring vessel and its specific weight was determined with a colostrometer. The classification of colostrum was based on the specific classification given in Table 1 (Kaygısız ve Köse, 2007).
Table 1. Classification of colostrum
Colostrum specific weight Percent (%)
> 1.045 g / ml Good quality
1.035-1.045 g / ml Medium quality
<1.035 g / ml Low quality
Colostrum samples were taken from the first milking. During the colostrum sampling cows milked manually and careful attention was given to the hygiene by the researchers. A 250 ml colostrum sample was taken from each cow. These samples were stored in deep freeze until analysis. It was thawed in a water bath at 38 ° C before analysis was performed and then prepared for analysis. The colostrum samples diluted with 25 ml of distilled water to determine the contents of KM, fat, protein, lactase, urea, casein, with MilkoScan FT120 (Foss) device
The colostrum quality variance analysis according to the lactation number, randomized experimental design was used and Duncan test was applied for the comparison of the averages.
3.ESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results
The distribution of colostrum quality groups of colostrum samples is given in Table 2. The colostrum quality of heifer and cow is 1064±1,49 (1040-1075). It is understood that there is no sample poor quality colostrum sample class, grading 1035 g / mL or less. The number of samples in the medium colostrum quality (between 1035-1045 g / ml) constituted 12% of the total cows. The number of samples in the good colostrum quality (between 1055+ g / ml) constituted 88% of the total cows.
Table 2. The Distribution of Colostrum Densities, Frequencyn and Percent of the Groups
Colostrum specific weight Percent (%) Frequency
Good (> 1.045 g / ml) 88 60
Medium (1.035-1.045 g/ml) 12 40
Low quality (<1.035 g/ml) 0 0
The distribution of colostrum densities of heifer and cow groups is given in Table 2. Age of cows is an important factor affecting colostrum quality (Deung-Pocius and Larson, 1983). As older cows are exposed to more diseases and develop more antibodies to these diseases, the colostrum obtained from these cows contains more immunoglobulin (Morin et al. 2001). However, it should not be overlooked that the immune system may carry as much immune matter as the diseases it is exposed to from the structure of a cow. Cows may be a factor, but if not exposed to many diseases, the level of immunity may be low even for the elderly (Arthington, 1999, Earley and Fallon, 1999, Logan and Penhale, 1971).
Table 3. The Distribution of Colostrum Densities, Frequency and Ratio of the Groups
Colostrum specific weight Heifer Cow
Groups Max 1059,29±3,51 1075,00 1066,11±1,47 1075,00 Min. 1040,00 1045,00 Median 1060,00 1065,00
In general, colostrum quality studies are done with colostrometer. However, colostrum contains more dry matter, fat and nonfat dry matter, protein and most importantly more immunoglobulin (Ig) than other milk (Selk, 2003; Waterman, 1998; Gulliksen, et al., 2008).
Discussion
In this study, the results obtained were higher than the values reported by Shearer et al. (1992) and lower than the results of Vaz et al. (2004). Shearer et al. (1992) reported that out of 79.8% of 2045 total colostrum samples were low quality, 13.5% were moderate quality and first lactation cows had a lower quality colostrum than the second lactation cows. Vaz et al. (2004) reported that 79.7% of colostrum samples were good quality, 14.9% had moderate quality, and 5.4% had low quality. Tyler et al. (1999) reported that the concentrations of cows in the third and more lactation were the highest at 97
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mg / mL IgG, while the concentrations of colostrum in the first and second lactation cows were lower at 66 and 75 mg / mL, respectively. Rook and Campling (1965) reported that colostrum IgG concentrations of the first and second lactation cows were lower than those of the advanced lactation cows, using the first 4 milk colostrum samples of 87 cows. Gulliksen et al., (2008) reported that the colostrum quality of 1017 Norwegian red cows with fourth or further lactation has better colostrum quality results (Pritchett et al., 1991). Pritchett et al., (1991) report that the average IgG1 concentration of 919 Colostrum samples were 48.2 mg / ml but varies between 20 and 100 mg / ml.
According to the results of this study Holstein cows colsortum quality according to the order of lactation were found to be statistically significant in terms of colostrum quality. it is understood that using the quality of colostrum obtained in the establishment and using it in keeping the excess of high quality colostrum and especially feeding the pups of the first born or young animals will be an important advantage.
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