A. O. Vet. Fak. Derg. 34 (1) : 1-7, 1987
IVERMECTIN TREATMENT OF PSOROPTIC MANGE IN SHEEpı
Metin Alabay2 Harun ÇerçP Ali Düzgün4
Koyunlarda Psoroptik Uyuzun İvermektin ile Tedavisi
Özet: A vermektinler, Streptomyces avermitilis adlı bir aktino-miset tarafindan üretilen makrosiklik laktonlardır. İvermektin (22,
23-dihidroavermektin B ı), kimyasalolarak modifiye edilmiş bir derivat olup koyunlarda görülen psoroptik uyuzun kontrol ve tedavisinde etkili olmuştur. Doğalolarak Psoroptes ovis ile enfekte 14 Akkaraman ko-yunu 200 mcg / kg dozda tek bir deri altı ivermektin enje.ksiyonu ile
tedavi edilmiştir. Hayvanlar, tedaviden O'nce ve ivermektin inokülasyo-nundan sonra birer hafta aralarla 4 hafta boyunca klinik olarak izlenmiş ve bu süre içinde de uyuz etkenlerinin bulunup bulunmayışı deri kazm-tilan almarak belirlenmiştir. ilk almalı deri kazll1kazm-tilannda tüm hayvan-larda hareketli uyuz etkenleri gO'rülmüştür. Koyunlarda tedaviden 3 hafta sonra hiçbir hareketli parazite rastlanmamıştır. Ancak, psoroptik uyuz etkenlerinin tam olarak sağıtlnıı ivermektin inokülasyonundan sonra 4. haftada görülmüştür.
Summary: The avermectins are macrocyclic lactones produced by the actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis. Ivermectin (22,
23-dihy-droavermectin Bı), a clıemica/ly modified derivative, was effective in tlıe treatment and control of psoroptic mange in sheep. Fourteen Ak-karaman sheep natura/ly infected with Psoroptes ovİs were treated
with a single subcutaneous injection of ivermectin at 200 mcg / kg of body weight. Animals were clinica/ly examined before treatment and then on a weekly basis up to four weeks af ter ivermectin inoculation. Also, .lkin scrapiııgs were collected from each slıeep at weekly intervals
ı. This study was supported by the TUı'kish Atomie Energy Authority, Ankara - Turkey.
2. DVM, PhD, Lalahan Nuclear Researeh Institute of Animal Health, Deparmenı of Parasitology, Lalahan-Ankara.
3. BS, Lalahan Nuclear Researeh Institute of Animal Health, Department of Parasitology, Lalahan-Ankara
4. DVM, Lalahan Nuclear Researeh Institute of Animal Health, Department of Parasitology, Lalahan - Ankara.
2 M. ALABAY - H. ÇERCt - A. DÜZGÜN
to determine the presence or absence of the psoroptic mites. All of the sheep showed motile mites on the initial skin scrapings. There was no motile mites in sheep three weeks af ter treatment. Complete elimination of psoroptic mange mites occurred in the fourth week af ter inoculation of ivermectin.
Introduction
A1though the exaet figures are not known, psoroptie mange is widespread in Turkey (7). The disease eauses severe irritation and restlessness, thus severely hampering produetivity of affeeted animals. Generaııy, mange treatment is performed by spraying or dipping affeeted animals with standard acaricides. Although the drugs them-selves are effeetive, treatment often fails owing to the diffieulties as-sociated with the dipping or spraying of large numbers of animals espeeiaııy during the winter season (2).
The second reason being the breeds of sheep have thick, long or curly hair whieh prevents the sprayed drugs from reaehing the in-feeted areas (16). A parenteral1y admİnistered aearieide would fa-cilitate treatment of infestcd herds, partieularJy under the wİnter eon-ditions.
Ivermeetin is a new antiparasitie compound with a broad speetrum of aetivity. it has been reported to be parenteraııy effectiye against a number of gastrointestinal and lungworms (3, 8, iO, i i, 17). The compound also demonstrated the effieaey against a wide range of Hrthropod parasites (I, 4, 18). The aetiyity of iyermeetin against two major mites, Sarcoptes ovis and Psoroptes ovis was shown by yarious researchers (I, 9, 13, 16).
The present study was planned to test the effieaey of iyermectin in sheep natural1y infeeted with psoroptic mange in Turkey.
Materİals and Methods
Sixteen Akkaraman sheep naturally infeeted with psoroptie mange mites were used in this study. Fourteen animals were subeutaneously inoculated with 1
%
solution of ivermeetin (Iyomee, Topkim-MSD Agvet) at the side of the chest behind the elbow joint at the rate of 200 mcg / kg. Two sheep infected with psoroptic mange were leftPSOROPTIC MANGE IN SHEEP ... 3
untreated as controls. Animals were housed in concrete pens and had hayand water ad libitum, and were offered concentrate twice daily.
Animals were c1inically examined before treatment and then on a weekly basis up to four weeks after the ivermectin inoculation. Cli-nıcal examination included observa1!ion of sheep for restlessness, sc-ratching and other side effects of the drug.
Skin scrapings from the lesions were collected in Petri dishes prior to treatment and weekly thereafter up to the fourth week afteı treatment. Each sample was gently heated by exposure to a 75 watt lamp for 15 minutes. Then, a piece of scraping from each sample was placed on a microscope slide, mixed with saline and covered with a cover glass. Slides were examined under the microscope with mag-nifications of 5x and ıox. Negative samples were treated with LO
%
KOH solution with shaking untill the scabs dissolved. The samples were then centifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 minutes and the sediments examined. Samples showing no intact parasites were considered to be negative. ldentification of parasites was performed according to Mimioğlu (14) and Weybridge workers (15).Results
Clinical signs were stili persistent one week after treatment with ivermectin in sheep affected with psoroptic mange mites. At this time, the number of animals with motile psoroptes mites was reduced from 100
%
to 7.1%
and 71.5%
of sheep were positive for immotile mites. Meanwhile, three animals became negative at the end of the ıst week after treatment (Table ı).Table i. Parasitological findings of fourteen sheep naturaIly infected with psoroptic mange berore and af ter treatment with ivermectin.
Weeks after inoculation Hefore inoculation 1 st week 2 cd week 3 rd week 4 th week i Positive with ıııotile mites 14 (100) J (7.J) 1 (7.J) O (O) O (O) Akkaraman Sheep Positive with immotile mites O (O) 10 (71.5) 7 (50.0) 3 (21.5) O (O) Negative O (O) 3 (21. 4) 6 (42.9) 11 (78.5) 14 (100) Note: Numbers in parantheses are percentages
-4 M. ALABAY - H. ÇERCİ - A. DÜZGÜN
Clinical improvement was quite apparent in all animals two weeks after the inoculation of iverme(;tin by which time 7.i
%
of infected sheep were positive for motile mites, 50%
were positive foı immotile mites and 42.9%
were negative.In subsequent weeks, there was continuous progress in clinical symptoms and parasitological findings (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Three weeks after the treatment, there was no m,otile mites in sheep but three ani-mals were positive for immotile mites (21.5
%).
Complete elimina-tion of prosoptic mange mites occurred in the fourth week af ter ino-culation. Four weeks after treatment the scabs in infected animals either shedded naturally or could easily be removed, leaving healthy skin with growing hair.Discussion and Conclusions
In this study, it has been demonstrated that ivermectiıı is highly effective against psoroptic mange in local breeds of sheep in Turkey.
Figure ı.An Akkaraman sheep showing psoroptic mange lesions before treatment with ivermectin. (Avermektin sağıhmdan önce psoroptik uyuz lezyonları
PSOROPTIC MANG [ IN SHEEP ...
Figure 2. The same anim:ı! fiyc weeks arter inoeulation wİth İvermce!!!]. (Ayernıc!;,in inokülasyonundan bcş hafı.a sonra aynı hayvan)
5
l .~
Our findings in slıcep agree with those reported by several workers in sheep (9,
ı
3,ı
6,ı
9) anel cattle(ı,
2, 5, 6, 10,ı
2). Using dose regimens of 0.5 or 1 mg / kg, Melency et aL. (I 3) WC.ieable to recoveı Iive psorop-tes ınipsorop-tes in shecp 6 or 30 days aftcl" treatmcnt. Kinzer ct aL. (9) have reported that on the 14th and 35th days arter teatment there werc no live ınites found in the sheep tre,ıteel with 5 or 1 mg / kg rcspectively. Wasfi and Hashiın (16) and Yeruham et aL. (19), ıısing two injections of 200 mcg / kg of ivcrmectin 7-13 d8.ys apart, reported succesful treatment of psoroptic ımmge in sheep. In our study, complete eli-mination of mange occurred İn sheep foıır wceks af ter the single sub-cutaneolis inoeulation of ivermect:n at a dose rate of 200 megi
kg. The results showed that liye psoroptes m:tes were recoverablc froın treated infected animals for at least two wecks artCi treatment. Therefore, treated animals could still be a source of İnfection during this period. Simila.r findings and conclusions have been rcported by yarious workers as well (6, 16, 19).With this study, it has been shown that ivermectin is highly cf-fectiye against psoroptie mange mites in loc~t1breds of sheep in Turkey.
M. ALABAY-H. ÇERCİ-A. DÜZGÜN
An injeetable aearieide sueh as ivermeetin would be more appealiııg to livestoek owners in Turkey than the methods of dipping and spraying.
Referenccs
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2. Barth, D. and Sutherland, I.H. (1983). [vermeLIiız: Em/ualion iıı boriıze acariases. Proc. MSD Agvet symp., Pertlı, Australia, August 25-2\ pp. 109-117.
3. Benz, G. W. and Ernst, J.V. (1981). Alzıhe/milZlic efficacy of ivermeclin against inııııa-lure gasıroillteslina/ plı/molZary nemalodes of ca/res. Am. J. vet. Res., 42: 2097-2098. 4. Campbell, W.c. and teaning, W.H.D. (1983). Inlroduclion to iverıııectin. Proc. MSD
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-r Güler, S. (1986). Koyun/arda Psoroptes ovis, keçi/erde Sarcoptes caproe'den i/eri ge/elZ
uyuz vaka/arında Sebaci/'ilZ etkisi üzerinde Türkiye, Elazığ iIiilde yapı/mı çahşma/ar. (Uııpublislıed).
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10. Leaning, W.H'D., Roncalli, R.A. and Brokken, E.S. (1983). The efficacy and safeıy eva/uation of iverıııecliıı: A new injectab/e antiparasitic ageııi for mil/e. Proc. MSD Agvet symp., Perlı, Australia, August 25-26, pp. 25-41.
i I. Lyons, E.T., Tolliver, S.c., Drudge, J.H. and Labore, D.E. (1981). lrermectiıı: Control/ed test of anthelnıiıııic activity in dairy ca/ves ıvith emphasis on Dictyocaıı/us viriparus. Am. J. vet. Res., 42: 1225-1227.
12. Meleney, W.P. (I982). Coııtrol of psoroplic scahies 0/1 calı'cs with iverıııecıiıı. Am.
J. vet. Res., 43: 329-331.
13. Meleney, W.P., Wright, F.C. and Guillot, F.S. (1980). !denti/icatioıı aııd cOlZtrol of psoroptic scabiesilZbigho1'llsheep (Ol'is caııadensis mexicana). Proc. 84tlı Ann. Mcet.
US Anim. Hltlı. Assoc., Lousville, Kentucky, pp. 403-407.
14. Mimioğlu, M.M. (1959). "Genel ve özel Iıbbi artmpodoloji". Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Yayın. No. iıı.
PSOROPTIC MANGE IN SHEEP ... 7
15 :vtinistry of Agriculture, fisht!ries a:ıd food, London. (1979) .. ~1aııııal o/ reterİııary para-sİtological laboratory techniqııes. TecD. Bul\. No. 18.
16. Wasfi, I.A. and Hashim, N.H. (1986). /ı'ermıctiıı fI?clflıı?nl0/sarcoptic aııd psoroplic 1ıı00ıgeiıı sheep and goats. Wld. Aninı. Rev., 59: 29-33.
17. WescoH, R.B. and Lcamaster, B.R. (1932). Ef/icaey o/ il'emweıiıı againsı ııa/llrally acquired and experiıııeııtally iııduced Ilemaıade iıı/eclions iıısh?ıp. Am. J. v.::t. Res., 43: 53J-533.
18. Wilkins, C.A., Conroy, J., Ho, P. and O'Shanny, W. (\980). Effieacy o/ iverıııecliıı agaiıısı ıicks on caııle. Proc. 25th Ann. Meet. Am. Assoc. Vet. ParasİtoL., Washington, July 20-22, p. 18.
19. Yeruham, 1., Rauchbach, K., Landau, M. andHadani, A. (1983). Treatmelli of pso-roptİc mange İıısheep with İ1'erl1/?CIİn.Refl.1ah vet., 39: ı20-124.
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