Investigation of engine performance and kit design for the usage of
saf
flower oil as in diesel engine
H. Oguz
a, H. €
Ogüt
b,c, F. Ayd
ın
d,*, M. Ciniviz
e, T. Ery
ılmaz
f aNecmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Konya, TurkeybSelçuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Konya, Turkey cKyrgyze Turkish Manas University, Kyrgyzstan
dNecmettin Erbakan University, Eregli Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Konya, Turkey eSelçuk University, Faculty of Technology, Konya, Turkey
fBozok University, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Yozgat, Turkey
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history: Received 30 April 2018 Received in revised form 13 December 2018 Accepted 25 April 2019 Available online 16 May 2019 Keywords: Safflower oil Diesel engine Engine performance Kit design Exhaust emissions
a b s t r a c t
In Turkey, the consumption of diesel oil is increasing both in transportation and in agriculturalfields. In this study, the opportunities of the use of safflower oil, which grow originally in Turkey as a direct fuel in diesel engines, were researched to provide a new alternative for biofuel industry and to popularize the farming of oil crops.
In this study, the kit design was completedfirst, and afterwards safflower oil was exposed to the process of neutralization and laundering, and then turned into standard fuel. For engine performance experiments, reference experiences were conducted by using diesel fuel by using safflower as a fuel in the engine with kit for 500 h; comparisons were made with regards to power, moment, diesel con-sumption, and exhaust emission.
As a result, it was seen that when safflower was used as a fuel, there was a decrease in motor per-formance and emission, however specific fuel consumption increased. When safflower was used, there was not any residual on the engine that was found. The designed kit, which can be easily produced with national technology, did not cause any malfunction or negativity in the engine and it was successfully used.
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
When the energy state of Turkey is examined, it is seen that Turkey is 70% dependent on outsidefinancial sources in total en-ergy, and 90% dependent on petrol. This negative situation leads to the need to accelerate the encouragement of local resources and diversification of energy sources.
“Safety in procurement of energy”, which forms the main objective of this study, gradually increases in our country today [1]. While biofuels are used as main engine fuel, they can also be used as fuel additive to enhance the emission values and perfor-mance of fossil fuel [2].
Today only 2% of world fuel consumption is met from biofuels. The main reason of this low rate is the risk that may occur during
the obtainment of “Food Security”. Increasing the production of non-edible biofuel raw materials and developing models is the most rational way to prevent this [3].
“100 Tractor Project” was conducted in Germany. The objective of the project was to extend the farming of“Oil Crops”, which be-comes increasingly strategic in the world. To manage this, it was aimed to enable the herbal oil to be used directly as fuel without turning it into biodiesel. Volunteer farmers from different parts of the country, tractor companies, and automotive industry suppliers participated in this project. As a result of the project, conducted under the guidance of Rostock University, the sector using herbal oil as fuel was formed. Besides, because of the fact that it does not require any important chemical process, herbal oil has a lower cost as a fuel when it is compared to the price of biodiesel, and this was an important advantage for herbal oil with regards to proliferation [4].
If herbal oils are directly used as fuels in engines without being conformed with regarding Standard of Fuel (DIN V 51605), they
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address:fatihaydin@erbakan.edu.tr(F. Aydın).
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Renewable Energy
j o u r n a l h o me p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m/ l o ca t e / r e n e n e
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.04.142
may cause problems in fuel injection pump, injection nozzle, and combustion space. Although the use of non-standard fuel in en-gines and environment also causes serious problems in our country, the use of them constantly increases because that fuel is expensive [5,6].
It is necessary to bring herbal oil in compliance with the engine, for this purpose it is a necessity to decrease the high level of vis-cosity, and to remove substances that may leave residuals on en-gine as a result of combustion from the oil [7]. However, these are new studies. In traditional method, the oil is used without any chemical process (Fig. 1).
Herbal oils can also be directly used as engine diesel fuel without being turned into biodiesel. However, it is necessary tofire the motor up with diesel fuel and heat the herbal oil in this situa-tion [9].
The main objective of the countries, which devise projects in the subject of using herbal oil as fuel, is to extend the farming of oil corps and they have become successful in this. The idea that such projects cannot be carried out in countries with oil deficits does not reflect the reality. On the contrary, in addition to current supports and incentives, creating such a new and attractive area of usage will cause the farming of oil corps to be extended. Proliferation of oil corps farming, which is possible to be engaged in farming in dry-zones by considering the ecologic conditions, is a realistic approach [10].
Gates [11] planned to use degum soya oil which can be an alternative to diesel fuel in general agriculture sector and analyzed the performance of the engine with the mixtures of diesel fuel and degum soya oil from 10% to 90%. He used a direct injection diesel engine as motor. He indicated that during the study there were not any important differences in thefirst starting time of the engine while it was cold or hot. However, he stated that when the burning quality of the fuel was impaired, there would be a change in the characteristics of the engine, nevertheless, degum soya oil and mixtures could be alternatives for diesel fuel.
Baranescu and Lusco [12], analyzed the vaporization of fuel mixtures in jet pumps and compared them to each other by designating the physical and chemical characteristics of sunflower seed oil and diesel fuel mixtures at the rate of 25, 50 and 75% as an alternative fuel. Moreover, they examined the emerging changes in various parts of the engine at the end of 200 h testing by using 50% sunflower oil and 50% diesel fuel mixture. They stated that there was not any matter segregation in motor parts during the short-term tests.
Is¸ıgıgür [13] grew safflower plant for trial purposes and he stated that the oil obtained from this plant could be used as alter-native fuel oil by using the methods of viscosity dilution and transesterification. Emission values were obtained by making a motor trial. As a result of motor trials, it was seen that although the values of motor characteristics curves were close to fuel values, there was a decrease in emission values.
Mohammed [14] tested corn oil, sunflower seed oil and soya oil
in single cylindrical air cooled Lombardini 6LD 360 motor during his study. He tried three different methods in the engine to solve the high viscosity problem of herbal oils. These methods are adding a pre-heat mechanism to motor, using dilution method, and changing injection advance.
Erdogan and Mohammed [15] used corn oil, sunflower seed oil and soya oil purely and by mixing 50% diesel fuel in a direct in-jection diesel engine (5.5 kW) during their study on the usage of these herbal oils as alternative diesel fuel. As a result, it was spec-ified that the performance values of pure herbal oils was exposed to 90C pre-heat; and the oil mixed with diesel fuel up to 50% were close to the ones of diesel fuel. They received the best result with the mixture of diesel fuel and sunflower seed oil.
Oguz [8] tested sunflower seed oil in a direct injection three cylinder engine (43 kW) by using dilution method. He diluted sunflower seed oil and diesel fuel by mixing at the rate of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% for dilution method. Characteristics of the ob-tained fuels were identified and tested without making any dif-ference on the engine. As a result, there were not any important changes in motor performance, however; there were increases in the consumption of specific fuel consumption. There was an important decrease in measured emission values especially in smoke density.
Gümüs¸kesen [16] stated in his study that bleaching earth, sul-furic acid, citric acid, phosphoric acid, sodium hydroxide, and hy-drochloric acid are necessarily used to have the characteristics of herbal oils in standard values. Oguz et al. [17] examined the effects of sunflower seed oil on the engine and environment after decreasing its viscosity with dilution method by testing it on a three cylinder diesel engine (43 kW). They revealed that there was not a statistically important difference in the engine performance, however; there was a 15%increase in specific fuel consumption, and there were decreases in smoke density.
Kumar et al. [18] modified a one cylinder direct injection diesel engine and turned it into a dual fuel engine. They used jatropha oil and hydrogen as fuel. They recorded that there were 26% of HC and 17% of CO decreases in emissions, and there was an important in-crease in NO emission; moreover, when jatropha oil was used as only fuel during the smoke emission, there were significant de-creases when compared to diesel fuel in dual fuel applications.
D€onges and Traulsen [19] gave information about the effects of the use of kits and canola oil on the engine and about the successful results of 100 tractor project in Germany in which canola oil was used as fuel. They also offered suggestions about the use of oil as a pure diesel.
€Ogüt et al. [20] tested biodiesels on the engine which they had produced from herbal with 4 different iodine values to determine the effect of different iodine values on the engine for biodiesel; and they revealed the effect of iodine value to matter segregation.
Oguz et al. [21] made a comparative analysis of characteristics of biodiesel fuels which were produced from some safflower type (carthamus tinctorius l.), and they made a suggestion to use
different types for conformant production.
Remmele and Thuneke [22] made suggestions for the direct usage of canola oil as fuel by commenting on technical features of DIN standard.
2. Material and method
2.1. Procurement of fuel and oils and preparation for the trial Diesel fuel and engine oil used during the trials were acquired through purchase.
Technical characteristics of the diesel fuel used during the reference trials are given inTable 1.
Required safflower seeds for the production of safflower oil were acquired through purchase in cooperation with experts on safflower from Eskisehir Institute of Agricultural Research. 2.2. Obtainment of standard safflower oil
Remzibey-05 was chosen as the safflower oil type. The oil of the seeds of Remzibey-05 provided from Eskis¸ehir was extracted with the help of screw press technique during the experiments (Fig. 2). Raw safflower oil was filtered from the impurities and taken to the tank at the manufacturing site.
In biodiesel laboratory, physical features of the oil were deter-mined. Raw safflower oil’s acid, sulphur, water and oxidation sta-tionary states were brought to desired value by neutralization (Fig. 3). For this, raw safflower oil was heated until 100C in the
tank and it was kept waiting for 2 h under the vacuum at this heat, and the water inside was extricated.
After the water inside of raw safflower oil was extricated, it was taken to the tank and waited there until its temperature decreased to 85C. While keeping this temperature stable, reactor mixer was activated for neutralization and sent phosphoric oil at the rate of 0.2% of the volume of safflower oil and mixed for 10 min. While mixing was continuing, 1/3 amount of sodium hydrochloride/pure water mix was sent at the rate of 5% of the volume of safflower oil and mixed for 5 min more. The mixer was shut down and kept waiting for 3 h to precipitate the phosphor compounds and after-wards phosphor compounds were obtained.
Raw safflower oil was heated until 85C again and it was
showered with the 20% water at the same temperature. For the precipitation of waste water, it waited for 3 h and then the waste water was removed.
For the removal of the water inside of the raw safflower oil, it was dried until 100C under vacuum for 2 h. Afterwards it was kept waiting for safflower oil to decrease to 85C again; then reactor
mixer was turned on and by adding bleaching earth at the 2% amount of oil, it was mixed for another 45 min. After that, reactor mixer was turned off, then waited for 3 h for the precipitation of
bleaching earth and the precipitated bleaching earth was removed. Neutralized raw safflower oil was brought into a state to be used as fuel after it wasfiltered on a plate filter (Fig. 4).
2.3. Analysis of safflower oil
Analysis results of safflower oil refined by treating are given in
Table 2.
DIN 51605 standards are valid for canola oil. However; due to the fact that there were not any standards for safflower oil to be used as engine fuel, values of safflower oil were evaluated with regards to this standards.
2.4. Design, mounting and operation of kit Kit was composed of parts given below:
Fuel Tank: A tank with water-gauge mechanism which is made of plastic was used to store the oil that was going to be used as fuel in the engine. The volume of the tank was 33 L.
Fuel Filter: It was used for the purification of oil from residuals such as dirt, sediments etc. Right identification of filter direction was paid attention to.
Fuel Pump: The function of the electrical oil transfer pump working with 12 V to ensure oil in tank delivers fuel under the appropriate pressure for the engine. Electrical oil transfer pump was placed between fuel heat exchanger and oil fuelfilter on the oil fuel line. It was paid attention to the fact that the compres-sion edge of the pump is equal or higher than the inlet part. Heat Exchanger: The purpose of using heat exchanger is to
enable the heat of the fuel, which is sent to the engine, to reach
Table 1
Characteristics of the diesel fuel used in the reference experiment.
Properties Measurement Value TS EN 590 (Standard Value) Density at 15C (kg/m3) 826.4 820e845
Kinematic viscosity 40C (mm2/s) 2.73 2,0e4,5
Kinematic viscosity 70C (mm2/s) 1.66 e
Kinematic viscosity 100C (mm2/s) 1.17 e
Flash Point (C) 60,0 Min 55,0
Cetane Value 58.4 51,0
Water Content (mg/kg) 29.52 Max 200
Copper Strip Corrosion (3 h at 50C) 1a 1a
pH 5.5 e
Calorific value (MJ/kg) 46.58 e
ASTM Color (0.5e8 Unit) >0.5 e
70C approximately. The purpose here is to approximate the oil’s viscosity to the one of diesel fuel. Fuel heat exchanger was
placed after the fuel pump to the cooling system with a low level and also it was protected from the occasions such as quake etc. Coolant Sensor: It was used to determine the temperature of coolant. Sensor was placed to the coolant line after the heat exchanger. When the coolant temperature gets 70C or above, the system stops the
Fuel Vapor Control Valve: Fuel vapor control valve was used to compound different fuels with different fuel lines. Fuel vapor control valve was placed on diesel fuelfilter, oil line and diesel fuel pumps. The distance between the pieces were kept as short as possible to decrease the temperature lose in the system. Magnetic Valve: Magnetic valve of oil return line was placed in
an appropriate way between oil tank and control valve on oil return line. For the circumstances which may occur in the sys-tem such as pressure increases etc., magnetic valve enables pressure in the system remain stable by doing by-pass to the oil line and oil tank.
The assembly chart of the kit consisting of the pieces is given in
Fig. 5.
It is necessary to make general controls such as engine oil, coolant etc. before starting the kit mounted engine. Thefirst start of the engine was done by diesel fuel. In that way by using the actual fuel system, fuel was supplied to the engine. In the meantime, when the coolant reached 70C approximately, it was set to work with oil by using the key in the control panel of the kit. At that time, actual fuel system was prevented to send fuel by electronic control and by making the second fuel system work, which was designed and placed to the engine, the safflower oil was sent to the exchanger from the tank with the help of electric pump. It was enabled for the engine and the oil to function properly by sending the heated oil to the engine. When the engine was wanted to be stopped, the initial diesel fuel option was chosen and the engine was operated in this way for 10 min, then it was stopped. 2.5. Diesel engine
A single cylinder, 4 stroke, direct injection, water cooled engine was used during the trials. Technical characteristics of the engine are given inTable 3.
2.6. Characteristics of emission device
Emission device is connected to the computer and the data can be saved in computer environment or can be printed out (Fig. 11). The exhaust measuring range of the device is given inTable 4.
The analysis of diesel fuel and safflower oil fuel used during the reference and performance tests was performed in the fuel analysis laboratory of S.U. Faculty of Agriculture. The name and the features of these devices are given below.
2.7. Engine experiment method
Engine experiments were conducted under three stages as practice experiments, reference experiments and performance experience which were carried out according to TS 1231. Because of the fact that experiment engine was new, practice experiments were conducted to make its performance decisive. The practice experiment’s engine speed, torque momentum, and experiment time are given inTable 5.
2.8. Reference experiments
Reference experiments were conducted by using pure diesel fuel (D100) during 500 h of testing. Finally, power, moment and fuel
Fig. 3. Safflower fuel conversion process flows.
consumption and emission values were determined for the different speed and loading conditions of experiment engine and also lubricant analysis and engine residue examinations were done.
2.9. Performance experiments
Performance experiments were conducted during 500 h of trials by using refined safflower oil as fuel with the kit placed on the engine. Finally, as parallel to the reference experiments; power, moment and fuel consumption and emission values were deter-mined for the different speed and loading conditions of experiment engine and also lubricant analysis and engine residue examinations were done.
2.10. First activate experiments
Within the scope of the project that was carried out, thefirst activate experiments were conducted by using diesel fuel to create reference values on the experiment engine placed in the room which was framed and had an option to be cooled. For that purpose, first the leakage and clouding point of the oil were settled; those values were put in an equation and calculated. Besides, the engine was operated at ambient temperature, and the heat value decreased gradually, and the lowest heat values, which the engine can operate, were determined (Table 6).
3. Result and discussion
As a result of motor trials; power, momentum, consumption per hour, specific fuel consumption, the use of diesel fuel and safflower oil with the kit were indicated comparatively. The graphics of the test results are given inFigs. 6e9.
Table 2
Characteristics of the safflower oil used in the study.
Characteristics (DIN 51605 2010-9) Safflower Oil Test Procedure
Unit Min Max
Density (15C) kg/dm3
0,90 0,93 0,92 DIN EN ISO 3675 DIN EN ISO 12185 Water content mg/kg e 750,00 419,00 pr EN ISO 12937
Flash point minC 220,00 222,00 204,00 DIN EN ISO 22719 Kinematic viscosity (40C) mm2/s e 36,00 31,51 DIN EN ISO 3104
Calorific value Mj/kg 36,00 e 39,10 DIN 51900-3
Cetane number Min 39,00 48,00 49,31 process is being evaluated Iodine number g/100 g 94,00 128,00 100,71 DIN 53241-1
Sulphur content mg/kg e 20,00 3,00 ASTM D 5453-93 Total contamination mg/kg e 25,00 18,00 DIN EN 12662 Acid value mg KOH/g 0,12 2,00 0,172
Oxidation stability 110C h 6,00 9,30 4,56 ISO 6886 Phosphor content max mg/kg e 15,00 5,65 ASTM D3231-99
Fig. 5. The engine connection scheme of the fuel kit.
Table 3
Engine specifications used in the experiments. Properties Value Cylinder Number, Pcs 1 Cylinder Diameter, mm 108 Cylinder Strok, mm 100 Cylinder Volume, dm3 0,92 Comprassion Ratio, - 17:1 Max. Poer, kW 11,04 Max. Torque, Nm 60 Table 4
Exhaust emission range of measuring instruments. Parameter Value CO 0… 10% Vol. CO2 0… 20% Vol. HC 0… 20000 ppm O2 0… 21% Vol. NOx 0… 5000 ppm SO2 0… 500 ppm Table 5
Duration and sequences of the practice test (TS 1231). Engine Speed (The most
Speeds Engine as %)
(Most of the engine torque as %) Test period (Minute) 25 30 25 40 30 25 40 45 25 40 60 25 50 45 20 50 60 20 50 75 15 60 60 15 60 75 15 75 75 20 85 Full Gas 3 100 Full Gas 2 70 Full Gas 30 Total 240
3.1. Reference experiment results
Reference experiments were carried out on Alaeddin Keykubad
campus of Selcuk University, in the district of Selcuklu in Konya. The height of the relevant place from the sea level is 1502 m. This value’s leading to nominal power is natural. The value given as 15 HP (11.04 kW) was found 13.77 HP as a result of the reference trials (Table 3). Similarly, the highest momentum value given as 60.00 Nm in the catalogue was found as 55.69.
3.2. Performance experiment results
Due to the fact that energy content of safflower was lower than diesel fuel, there was a decrease both in momentum and in the value of the power. Thus, the highest momentum value in reference
Table 6
First engine operating temperatures depending on the mixing ratio measured. Blend Ratio Start Temperature (C) % 2 Safflower Oilþ% 98 Diesel Fuel 19,0
% 10 Safflower Oilþ% 90 Diesel Fuel 18,0 % 50 Safflower Oilþ% 50 Diesel Fuel 15,0 % 100 Safflower Oil 8,0 %100 Diesel Fuel 21,0
Fig. 6. Comparison of power values during the use of the kit of diesel fuel and safflower oil.
experiments, which was 55.69 Nm, was found as 55.69e50.02 ¼ 5.6 Nm in the experiments in which safflower oil was used. There was a nearly %10 decrease. Similarly, the power found as 13.77 HP (10.13 kW) in the reference experiments was found as 10.68 HP (7.86 kW). It can be said that the change between the moment and power values belonging to reference and performance experiments results from the energy difference. The results that belong to emission values measured during performance experiments are given inTable 7.
3.3. Comparison of the experiment results of reference and performance experiments
When power curves were examined during the use of safflower
oil, the power obtained was lower than diesel fuel (Fig. 6). Also, maximum rotation speed, which was 2800 1/min in diesel fuel, decreased to 2400/1 min when safflower oil was used.
When it is compared in terms of the values of diesel fuel and safflower oil, the difference is seen inFig. 7. The difference stable up to 1500 1/min enhanced parallel to the increase of fuel consump-tion when motor rotaconsump-tion increased. The difference did not tend to grow in the region corresponding to %80 of rated speed.
As safflower oil was used with the addition of any calibration or piece except for kit and without making any changes, fuel con-sumption in high rotations related to the viscosity decreased. This situation is one of the reasons of decrease in momentum and po-wer. This determines the working conditions of the kit. Especially, the kit will not be wholly successful in high-speed motors. When
Fig. 8. Comparison of fuel consumption values during the use of the kit of diesel fuel and safflower oil.
Table 7
The results of the emission tests for safflower oil.
Engine Speed (1/min) Exhaust Temperature (K) CO (% Vol) CO2(% Vol) HC (ppm) O2(% Vol) SO2(ppm) NOx(% Vol)
900 627 1,88 11,56 10 2,05 34 694 1000 638 1,26 11,03 5 2,42 24 680 1100 656 0,89 8,9 4 6,05 13 505 1200 681 0,45 5,64 2 11,76 8 302 1300 698 0,23 4,36 3 13,96 7 154 1400 717 0,07 1,94 2 18,19 0 74 1500 690 0,04 1,37 3 18,9 9 40 1600 763 0,06 1,89 1 18,14 4 58 1700 770 0,06 2,26 1 17,65 3 65 1800 772 0,07 2,7 4 17,03 1 66 1900 808 0,07 3,07 3 16,31 1 75 2000 823 0,08 1,88 2 16,54 1 68 2100 789 0,05 1,5 3 18,83 4 28 2200 822 0,06 1,77 3 18,39 5 33 2300 847 0,03 1,51 3 18,42 0 28 2400 546 0,01 0,73 3 19,77 0 17 2500 511 0,02 0,81 4 19,81 0 21
Fig. 10. Comparison of CO values during the use of the kit of diesel fuel and safflower oil.
the engines used in agricultural sector are considered, it is seen that the kit will be successfully used. Because tractors operate in works that do not require 80% of total working time.
When the results are considered in terms of specific fuel con-sumption, it is expected to be highly parallel to momentum, power and consumption per hour. The results confirm this (Fig. 9). 3.4. Comparison of emission values belonging to reference and performance experiments
The graphics belonging to emission values in engine experi-ments conducted with diesel fuel and safflower oil are given in
Figs. 10e15.
In this study where motor calibrations in performance
experiments (safflower) and reference experiments (diesel fuel) were used and there were not any calibrations made, as motor rotation speed increased all emission values except O2decreased
generally both in diesel fuel and in safflower oil. The values in the use of safflower oil were found lower (Figs. 10e15).
When we consider rotation speed, it was indicated that all dangerous emissions from exhaust emission values except for HC and O2in 1500 1/min decreased considerably in the use of safflower
oil. Sigar et al. [23] obtained the same results.
The redundancy of HC emission means that there is a rich mixture.
O2from exhaust emissions is made up of the oxygen of the air.
This value, which does not pose threat to the environment, can be decreased by making necessary engine calibration.
Fig. 12. Comparison of HC values during the use of the kit of diesel fuel and safflower oil.
Generally, the results of the research show that when safflower oil is used in the engine as the main fuel, there should be calibra-tions to be made in the engine to make the emissions better.
3.5. Kit evaluation
There were not any problems during the operation in the kit that was designed and mounted into the engine. There were not any technical problems during the mounting of the kit into the engine. However, it should be noted that the kit is appropriate for the type of the engine used.
When motor cooling water exceeds 70C, the heat power it has is enough for the oil to become thin. Due to the fact that relevant temperature is in the normal operation region of the engine, there
will not be a problem. When cooling water temperature drops below 70C because of any reason, the system stops pumping the oil and the engine continues to operate with the diesel fuel.
In the conditions it was used, the kit could make the engine operate successfully with safflower oil in 500 h which was the duration of the experiment.
4. Conclusions
The results obtained as a result of the use of safflower oil transformed into standard fuel by processing the kit designed through chemical operations in single-cylinder engine can be summarized as follows:
Fig. 14. Comparison of SO2values during the use of the kit of diesel fuel and safflower oil.
As the calorific value of safflower oil was lower than diesel fuel, there was a decrease in the performance of the engine. This decrease in power resulting from the decrease in the
mo-mentum can be balanced with the calibration of pump. During the use of safflower oil with a kit in diesel motor as fuel,
specific fuel consumption value increased in accordance with motor rotation.
When rotation speed of the engine increased, all emission values except for O2decreased both in diesel fuel and safflower
oil.
The values in the use of safflower oil were found generally lower than the diesel fuel.
There should be necessary calibrations in the engine to make exhaust emissions better.
The kit designed and used did not break down or go wrong during 500 h of operation.
It is the success of the design that enables the kit to operate the engine with safflower oil along 500 h of the experiment. The kit is in the good quality while being produced with national
technology.
The use of safflower oil in diesel engine as fuel will play a sig-nificant role in preventing environmental pollution.
As there are farmers using herbal oil as fuel, this can play an important role in closing the gap in cooking oil which is an important problem of country.
In the experiments, injectors were removed and examined. There were no accumulation as a result of the examination and the working pressure of injectors has not changed.
When safflower oil is used in tractors as fuel, this can back up the decrease of fuel costs accounting for 30% in agricultural prod-ucts, for example in wheat.
Acknowledgement
This study has been supported by The Scientific and Techno-logical Research Council of Turkey (TÜB_ITAK).
Abbreviation D100 Diesel Fuel
ASTM International standards CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung EN European Standards
HC Unburned hydrocarbons HP Horse power
ISO International Organization for Standardization kW Kilowatt NOx Nitrogen oxides O2 Oxygen SO2 Sulphur dioxide TS Turkish standard References
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![Fig. 1. Methods of use of vegetables oils in diesel engines [8].](https://thumb-eu.123doks.com/thumbv2/9libnet/5385840.101279/2.892.198.718.956.1093/fig-methods-of-use-vegetables-oils-diesel-engines.webp)
