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ùekil 2. OECD Ülkelerinde 2016 Ylnda Uygulanan Ar-Ge Vergi Teúvikleri

Kaynak: OECD, R&D Tax Incentive Indicators, http://www.oecd.org/sti/rd-tax-stats.htm. Not: 2016 ylnda Ar-Ge vergi teúvik oran 0 olan OECD ülkeleri grafi÷e dâhil edilmemiútir.

2017 yl itibariyle de OECD ülkelerinde Ar-Ge vergi teúvikleri artan oranlarda devam etmekte, 35 OECD ülkesinden 30’u Ar-Ge vergi teúviklerini uygulamaktadr. OECD ül-kelerinin önemli bir bölümü Ar-Ge harcamalarnn tamamn Ar-Ge vergi teúvikleri ile kapsamaktadr. OECD ülkelerinde Ar-Ge vergi teúviklerini Ar-Ge vergi kredileri ve Ar-Ge vergi muafiyeti olarak uygulamaktadr (OECD, 2018). Tablo 1, OECD ülkelerini bu ba÷-lamda snflandrmaktadr.

Tablo 1. OECD Ülkelerinde Ar-Ge Vergi Teúvik Uygulamalar

OECD Ülkeleri

Ar-Ge Vergi Kredileri

Hacim Tabanl Avusturya, Avustralya, Belçika, Kanada, ùili, Danimarka, Fransa, øzlanda, ørlanda, Japonya (hacim ve özel Ar-Ge), Güney Kore (yatrm vergi kredileri), Yeni Zelanda, Norveç, Macaristan, Birleúik Krallk (büyük firmalar)

Artml/Hibrit øtalya, Japonya, Güney Kore, Meksika, Portekiz, øspanya, ABD

Ar-Ge Vergi øndirimleri

Hacim Tabanl Belçika, Yunanistan, Macaristan, Letonya, Litvanya, Polonya, Slovenya, Slovak Cumhuriyeti, Birleúik Krallk (KOBøler)

Artml/Hibrit Çek Cumhuriyeti, Slovak Cumhuriyeti, Türkiye

Kaynak: OECD (2018:13), Tablo 6’dan elde edilmiútir.

Ar-Ge, Vergi Teúvikleri ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Panel Var Yaklaúm

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 Fr ans a Bel çi ka İrl an da Gü ne y Ko re Avu stu rya Bi rle şik K ral lık ABD N orve ç Avu str alya Sl ove nya Ho llan da Kan ad a Mac ar ist an İz lan da İs ve ç Jap on ya Po rt eki z Çe k Cu mh uri ye ti Tü rk iye İtalya İs pan ya Dan imar ka Ye ni Z el an da Li tvan ya Şili 0,290,30 0,25 0,140,150,15 0,07 0,12 0,17 0,12 0,17 0,13 0,09 0,06 0,01 0,110,10 0,050,060,08 0,030,02_0,010,030,01

AR-GE VERGİ TEŞVİKLERİ

Tablo 1’e göre 15 OECD ülkesi (Avusturya, Avustralya, Belçika, Kanada, ùili, Dani-marka, Fransa, øzlanda, ørlanda, Japonya, Güney Kore, Yeni Zelanda, Norveç, Macaristan, Birleúik Krall‡k) hacim tabanl‡ Ar-Ge vergi kredilerini Ar-Ge vergi teúviki olarak uygulamaktad‡r. Buna karú‡l‡k 7 OECD ülkesi (øtalya, Japonya, Güney Kore, Meksika, Portekiz, øspanya, ABD) art‡ml‡/hibrit Ar-Ge vergi kredilerini Ar-Ge vergi teúviki amac‡yla uygulamaktad‡r. Ar-Ge vergi indirimlerini hacim tabanl‡ uygulayan OECD ülke say‡s‡ ise 9 dur (Belçika, Yunanistan, Macaristan, Letonya, Litvanya, Polonya, Slovenya, Slovak Cumhuriyeti, Birleúik Krall‡k). 3 OECD ülkesi ise (Çek Cumhuriyeti, Slovak Cumhuriyeti, Türkiye) art‡ml‡/hibrit Ar-Ge vergi indirimlerini Ar-Ge teúviki amac‡yla kullanmaktad‡r. 4. B-Endeksi

B-Endeksi, bir úirketin Ar-Ge’si üzerindeki marjinal, birim gider için tan‡mlanan vergi öncesi kâr‡n bir ölçümü olarak tan‡mlanmaktad‡r (Warda, 2002). Bu ölçüm genelde z‡mni sübvansiyon oran‡ (1–B endeksi) olarak ifade edilmektedir. Warda (2002), B-Endeksi’ni aúa÷‡daki gibi tan‡mlanmaktad‡r:

(1) Yukar‡daki eúitlikte , Ar-Ge harcamalar‡na uygulanan ödeneklerin ve kredilerin bir-leútirilmiú net bugünkü de÷erini; kurumlar vergisi oran‡n‡ ifade etmektedir.

B-Endeks de÷erinin 1’e eúit oldu÷u durumda cari harcamalar tam olarak (%100) düúülebilir ve bu durumda sübvansiyon oran‡ s‡f‡rd‡r. B-Endeksinin küçük olmas‡ (1’den küçük olmak üzere) Ar-Ge vergi teúvik oran‡n‡n yüksek oldu÷u dolay‡s‡yla Ar-Ge vergi teúvik uygulamalar‡n‡n etkin oldu÷u anlam‡na gelmektedir.

5. Ar-Ge Teúvikleri ve Ekonomik Büyüme

Politika yap‡c‡lar taraf‡ndan uygulanan Ar-Ge teúviklerinin ekonomik aktiviteye olan etkileri literatürdeki çal‡úmalar taraf‡ndan incelenmektedir. Erken dönem yap‡lan çal‡úmalar Ar-Ge harcamalar‡ ile ekonomik büyüme aras‡ndaki iliúkiyi araút‡rm‡ú ve anlaml‡ bir iliúkinin varl‡÷‡na dair kan‡t bulmuúlard‡r (Goel ve Ram, 1994; Gittleman ve Wolff, 1995; Park, 1995; Davidson ve Segerstorm, 1998).

øzleyen 2000’li y‡llar‡n çal‡úmalar‡ da ayn‡ araút‡rma sorunsal‡n‡ incelemiútir. Bu çal‡ú-malar aras‡nda yer alan Sylwester (2000), ekonomik büyüme ve Ar-Ge harcaçal‡ú-malar‡ aras‡nda pozitif ve anlaml‡ bir iliúki tespit etmiútir. Falk (2007), OECD ülkeleri için ileri Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar (650) Aralk 2019: 205-222

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6.4. Panel Granger Nedensellik Testi

Granger (1969), ve zaman serileri arasndaki nedenselli÷i tespit etmek için aúa÷-daki modeli tanmlamútr.

(8)

Yukardaki model için sfr hipotezini úeklinde ifade etmiútir. hipotezinin reddedilmesi durumunda ’den ’ye do÷u nedenselli÷in varl÷ndan söz edilebilir.

Abrigo ve Love (2016), panel Granger nedensellik testinin Panel VAR modeli ile elde edilen GMM tahminlerine Wald testi uygulanmas ile yaplabilece÷ini belirtmektedir. enstürüman içeren varsayilan kümenin (common set), olmak üzere, satr vektörleriyle verildi÷ini kabul edelim. Abrigo ve Love (2016:3), dönüútürülmüú (transformed) panel VAR modelini aúa÷daki gibi tanmlamaktadr:

(9)

Yukardaki eúitlikte, ,

ve dr.

Bu durumda GMM tahmini aúa÷daki gibi tanmlanmaktadr.

(10)

Yukarda tekil olmayan (non-singular), simetrik ve pozitif yar tanml

matristir. Panel Granger nedensellik testi GMM tahmini olan ve ’nn kovaryans matrisinden Wald testi vastasyla elde edilmektedir.

Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar (650) Aralk 2019: 205-222

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