A. O. Vet. Fak. J)erg. 36 (3): 750-757, 1989
ENDOCRINE CHANGES BROUGHT ABOVT BY LOADİNG TESTS WITH ENERGY SUBSTRATES İN DAjRY CATTLE'
H. Fubrmann2, C. Eulitz-Meder\ G. Heldermann3, H.P. Sallmann2
Süt ineklerinde enerji substratları ile yükleme denemeleri sonunda meydana gelen hormonal değişiklikler
Özet: Bu ça!Tşmada
ı
8 saat açlrktan sonra tek yumurta ikizidüve-lere ve inekdüve-lere damar-içi yolla glukoz, propionat ve butirat in{üzyonu yaprlmıştır.
Substratlarm infüzyonundan önce, infüzyon .nrasmda ve infüzyondan 4 saat sonra insulin, hüyüme hormonu, glukoz, serbest yağ asitleri ve
{J-hidroksibutirat düzeyleri ölçülmüş ve substratlarm hepsi metaboli!
ve hormonlarm dolaşınıdaki konsantrasyonlamun gerici olarak
değiş-mesine sebep olmuştur.
Büyüme hormonu, insulin, glukoz, {J-hidroksibutirat ve serbest
yağ asitleri değerleri düve ve inekler aras/l1da istatistik bakmımdan
önemli değişiklikler göstermiştir.
İneklerde insulin ve glukoza olan cevaplar azaldığı halde, büyüme hormonu, serbest yağ asitleri ve {J-hidroksibutirata olan cevaplar art-mıştır.
Butirat verildikten sonra büyüme hormonu parametrelerinde yakm ilişki bulunmuştur.
Summary: in tlıis study pairs of monozygous Holstein Friesian tıvin
heifers and cows were tested by intravenous infusion ofglucose, propionate
and butyrate af ter
ı
8 hours of food withdrmval. Insulin, growth hormone,1 The paper \Vas presented at ıhe Turkish Veıerinary Medical
ı.
Seience Congress: Discases of Caltle and Produeıion. September 23--25, 1987, Ank.2 Instiıuı für Physiologischc Cheınic, Ticrarztliche Hoehschule Hannovel', West Germany.
3 Insıitut mr Tierzuchı und Vererbungsforsehung, Tierarzıliehc Hoehschule Hanno-vel', West Germany.
ENDOCRİ:'IiE CHAl\CES BROUCHT ABOUT LO.\Dİ:'\c TESTS WİTH 751
glueose, free fatty acids and OH-butyrate were measured bef(He, during
and up to 4 hours aJter infi~sion oj substrates.
Eaelı substrate eaused a transient change in the eireulating
eoneent-rations of metabalites and hormones. The individua! reaction pattern
was quantified by d(fj'erent parameters ıvhich deseribe the reaetion pro-files. For these parameters correlations are ealeulated between the va!ues
oj he(fers and cows. Amongst them significanees appeared good enough to strengthen the suggestion of possible foreeasts concerning perJormanee of cows by measuring only a few distinet metabolie parameters iıı young animals lllider the eonditions oj the loading test.
Introduction
Infusion of energy substrates to ascertain physiological data. has a long-standing tradition in animal physiology. Intravascular and int-raruminal administration of glucose and volatile fatty acids are used to determine if these substrates are involved in regulation of hormone Ievels. Beside this endogenous hormones and metabolites were measu-red and correlated to actual and potential milk yield (1). it is largely accepted that infrequent probe sampling without stimuli is not adequ-ate for assessing production capacity in nonlactating cattle (2). Only stimuli like fasting and refeeding or infusion of substrates may cause expression of genes responsible for variation in milk production.
The experiment was designed to study the possibility of predicting the milk production capacity in heifers. Therefore we examined pat-tern of hormones and metabolites after substrate infusion in identical twin heifers and calculated correlations to milk yield in their first lac-tation. The first step was to investigate the responses of heifers and cows to infusion of substrates and then to examine relations of
para-meters between heifers and cows.
Matedal and Methods
Ten pairs of monozygous female twins (German Friesian) were
used between 12 and 18 months of age and six pairs of them during the first lactation. Infusians were started at 8 a.m, after faad
Propionate . Butyrate
752 H. FUHRMi\N~-C. EULİTZ-MEOER-H. GELOERMA:'IiN-H.P. SALMA;'I;.~
During the experiment glucose, propionate and butyrate were
infused (Table 1).
Tatle 1: Experimental design of infusions of glueose, propionate and butyrate. Glueose injectİon 1.3 g / kg 0.75
İ!1fusion 3.0 g / kg 0.75 in 60 mİn. infusion 9.4 mmol/ kg 0.75 İn 20 min infusion 7.2 mmo! / kg 0.75 in 20 min
Figure 1. shows the procedure for the evaiuation of time series by means of the growth hormone course İn heifer 41i (3). First of all the median was caIculated, that is the mean concentration of all values
of anİmaL. The mean of all values below the median constitutes the
baseline. Then the area under the curve and the area under the
Protreur, for holuCllon of '1"'1'urı.~
II
----
~ ...-._--
-
.._ _.. ~~~---....-.
_
..
Iİ
': i \~ılı---~-"__~_L__'
._-_
.•
- - - •• 'foo'" .- ••••A .••••• _ ~ •.•• .,...,.•.••• t., c:=ıI'K ••••••• (ll"" i'Figure ı.Proeedure for evaluation of time series. Zaman serilerini ortaya koymak için kuııanılan yöntem.
ENDOCI{İNE CHA!\'GES BROlJCI-lT ABOUT LOADİNG TESTS WtTH 753
peaks were determined as the area between curve and zero respectively baseline.
In asimilar way it has been tried to find characte;istics also for the time series of the other hormones and metabolites and to evalua-te the time series öf each animal under each loading evalua-test.
Results and Dİscussİon
The results are discussed with the aid of the time series of the mean
concentrations, comparing heifers and cows. The lower diagram of
figure 1 is set up as an example. it show s me an concentrations with standard deviation for growth hormone values after glucose infusion in heifers.
Figure 2 combines the mean concentrationsof hormones and
me-tabolites af ter glucose infusion, standard deviations are omitted. Glu-cose concentrations are elevated up to 400 mg / dı' The decline immedi-ately after the end of the infusion is nearly identical.
.•.,
..
cıl U ( C ~ ( .• i rı' u,i itn.•..
...j"-.i:,~~'
.
: \ : ~...••.-•...•..•......-_
.._
.._
.•._--" - .••. \1.'•.•
Figure 2. Effect of glucose infusion on plasma growth hormone, glucose, insulin and FFA levels.
Glukoz infüzyonunun, plazma growth hormone, glukoz, insulin ve serbest yağ asitleri düzeylerine etkisi.
754 H. FUHRMA:'\N-C. EULİTZ-MEDER-H. GELDERMAK:'oI-H.P. SALMAN;';
Infusion of glucose causes the greatest deviation of growth
hor-mone parameters in comparison to the other substrates, in cows
st-ronger than in heifers. Furthermore growth hormone parameters are
correlated to parameters for glucose and free fatty acids, pointing at an interdependence. Insulin response to glucose infusion is characteri-zed by two ri ses, the first during infusion, the second 1 hour later. This is similar at both ages, but lessened in cows, as reported from others (4).
Most impressive is the decline of free fatty acids in heifers and es-pecially in cows. If this is caused by glucose itself or mediated by the lipotrophe effects of insulin and growth hormone, cannot be decided.
infusion of propionate(figure 3)has a smail effect on plasma growth hormone. Mean concentrations decline Iittle during and after infusion. In lactating cows the infusion did not influence growth hormone valu-es. Others examined cows around birth and found significant changes
in growth hormone levels (5). Propionate infusion caused two rises
of the insulin level in heifers. The first rise is induced by propionate itself, a fact well known. For the second rise inereasing plasma glucose
•• o , ioN' 1 ( .1"'1".''' ı .\
,f,
" " .
.
r-"---' ..
\ ,~" ...••...•\..
' .,..
, -•.._
. IILII.!.! i._
...-
....
,.
••
Figure 3. Effect of propionatc infusion on plasma growth hormone, glucose, insulin and FFA levels.
Propionat infüzyonunun, plazma growth hormon, glukoz, insulin ve serbest yağ asidi dü-zeylerine etk~si.
ENDOCRİNE CHA:';GES BROUGHT AnOUT LOADt~G TESTS WİTH 755
is responsible. In cows the second rise is absent, considering mean con-centrations. This corresponds with the sma11 increase of glucose after propionate load.
Pattem of free fattyacids in heifers is characterized by a deerease during and after infusion. The minimum value İs negatively correlated to the area under the first insulin rise (-0,98
* *
*), demonstrating the antilipolytic effeet of insulin. The following inerease of free fatty acids value stili waits for an explanation.With infusion of butyrate (figure 4) we expeeted the greatest
inf-luence on metabolic processes. However growth hormone parameters
were scarcely affected. Only in cows mean eoneentrations show an
ıncrease.
Butyrate is an eve n stronger insulin seeretagogue than propionate. Peak values reached more than i000 [LU
!
ml in some heifers incom-parison to 100 [LU in cows.
Interesting enough was the pattem of glucose values. In heifers we saw a transient rise above basic values, probably through
glyco-L) eUTY Q, 1 [ _lr\fu~,OI'l ", ... /... 7\ ' "---. __ - •• --- •••
....
~.{\~
:'" , " \ /.... ...•._--_.
---~ .: " ,, , , 1\~ : : ı, \
'''--•
...,
.' '",'----~----.--
-.-~.-
-.-,._.~-
, ._. "'""r~',~ i.Figure 4. Effect of butyrate infusion on plasma growth hormone, glucose, insulin and ~. hydroxybutyrate levels.
Butira! infüzyonunun, plazma growth hormon, glukoz, insulin ve [3-hidroksibuıirat dü-zeylerine etkisi.
756 H. FüHR~"IM\:\'--C. EuLiTl.jvIEDLR--11. GELIJElC\lAN:\'-H.P. SALl'I'1A:\'i\'
genalysis. The following decline, causcd by insulin, brought in heifers
valucs of lactating cows. On the other side the values of the cows
were comparable with those of ketotic animals.
Pattem of free ratty acids (not shown) was like that arter propi-onate infusian. however starting values were not restored. Plasma
~-hydroxybuytrate increased with infusian of bııtyrate as expected.
In heifers values declined within i ho ur.
in cows peak values were nearly the same as in ketotic animals, the plateau concentrations from
ı
to 4 hours were negatively correla-ted with the glııcose response (-0.88***) indicating probably the needof energy for metabolizing butyrate.
Conclusİon
Pattem of horıııones and metabalites were comparable between
heifers and cows with mainly quantititave differences. In cows the
insulin and glucose rcsponses were diminished, growth hormone, free fatty acids and ~1-0H-butyrate responses were intensified.
Correlation between parameters of heifers and cows are middle
grade d and significant (tabı e 2). There is a close correlation of growth horınone paranıeters arter infusion of butyrate. All this strengthens the slIggestion of possible forecasts concerning performance of cows by measuring nıetabolic parameters in heifers under a loading test.
Table 2: CorI'ciation of parameters between heifers and cows gro\Vt lı hormonc
insulin
gro\\'tlı hormone glucosc
free falty acids
insulin glııcııse gro\\ t lı hormonc ı.dııçü~e . ~-OH-butyrate * p <0.05 starting value starling value İııfusion of GLUCOSE
area under the peaks area under the curvc k-value
k-value
Iııfusioııs of I'ROI'IONATE area under thc i. peak area under the 2. peak area under the vurce Iııfusioıı of BLTYRATE
area under the vurcc baseline maxinllll11 value minimum value *** p <0.001 0.3ı* -0.34* -0.49 -0.50* 0.58. -o.52~ 0.56' -0.54' 0.49 0.80*** 0.77*** 0.56" 0.41
ENDOCRINE CI-L\:"GES BROCGHT ABOUT LOADING TESTS WITH 757 Literature
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