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Applied
Surface
Science
j o ur na l ho me pa g e :w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / a p s u s c
Collagen-chitosan
scaffold
modified
with
Au
and
Ag
nanoparticles:
Synthesis
and
structure
M.S.
Rubina
a,
E.E.
Kamitov
a,
Ya.
V.
Zubavichus
b,
G.S.
Peters
b,
A.V.
Naumkin
a,
S.
Suzer
c,
A.Yu.
Vasil’kov
a,∗aA.N.NesmeyanovInstituteofOrganoelementCompounds,RussianAcademyofSciences,Moscow,119991RussianFederation bNationalResearchcenter«KurchatovInstitute»,Moscow,123182RussianFederation
cDepartmentofChemistry,BilkentUniversity,Ankara,06800Turkey
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
i
n
f
o
Articlehistory: Received7May2015 Receivedinrevisedform 28December2015 Accepted13January2016 Availableonline14January2016
Keywords: Collagen-chitosanscaffolds Metal-vaporsynthesis Nanoparticles XPS XRD SAXS XANES/EXAFS
a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
Nowadays,thedermalbiomimeticscaffoldsarewidelyusedinregenerativemedicine.Collagen-chitosan
scaffoldoneofthesematerialspossessesantibacterialactivity,goodcompatibilitywithlivingtissuesand
hasbeenalreadyusedasawound-healingmaterial.Inthisarticle,collagen-chitosanscaffoldsmodified
withAgandAunanoparticleshavebeensynthesizedusingnovelmethod-themetal-vaporsynthesis.
ThenanocompositematerialsarecharacterizedbyXPS,TEM,SEMandsynchrotronradiation-basedX-ray
techniques.AccordingtoXRDdata,themeansizeofthenanoparticles(NPs)is10.5nmand20.2nmin
Au-Collagen-Chitosan(Au-CollCh)andAg-Collagen-Chitosan(Ag-CollCh)scaffolds,respectivelyinfair
agreementwiththeTEMdata.SAXSanalysisofthecompositesrevealsanasymmetricsizedistribution
peakedat10nmforAu-CollChand25nmforAg-CollChindicativeofparticle’saggregation.According
toSEMdata,themetal-carryingscaffoldshavelayeredstructureandthenanoparticlesarerather
uni-formlydistributedonthesurfacematerial.XPSdataindicatethatthemetallicnanoparticlesareintheir
unoxidized/neutralstatesanddominantlystabilizedwithinthechitosan-richdomains.
©2016ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.
1. Introduction
Naturallyoccurringpolymersarewidelyappliedinmedicine duetotheirpronouncedbiocompatibility,availability of renew-ablesources,easiness ofchemical modification,etc.[1].Among them,chitosan is ofspecial importance,which isessentiallyan N-deacetylatedchitinderivative,alinearpolymercomposedof D-glucosamineandN-acetylglucosamineresidues.Chitosanisknown topromoteskinregeneration,woundsandburnshealing. Further-more,itmanifestshemostaticandimmunomodulatoryproperties [2–4],aswellasantibacterialandantifungalactivity[5,6].Chitosan isabiocompatiblepolymerandpossessesahighsorption capac-ity.Apartfrompristinechitosan,chitosan-basedhybridmaterials, especiallyoneswithcollagen[7],cellulose[8],polyethyleneglycol [9],polyvinylpyrrolidone[10],gelatin[11],polyvinylalcohol[12], etc.,arepromisingmaterialsforbiomedicalapplications[13].
Collagenisastructuralproteinactivelyusedinmedicine[14]. Availabilityofhydroxylicgroupsandaminoacidresiduesonits sur-facemakesitpossibletoadjustitssurfacechargetoeithernegative
∗ Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+74991359380.
E-mailaddress:alexandervasilkov@yandex.ru(A.Yu.Vasil’kov).
or positive values by changing pH[15].Collagen fibrils (cross-linkedornot,nativeordenaturated)stronglyaffectmorphology andphysiologyofcells[16].Collagenisnearlyasbiodegradable andbiocompatibleaschitosan,thatiswhyitiswidelyusedin tis-sueengineeringaswoundandburndressingandsponges.Collagen andchitosandonotoccurinnaturetogether,butspecific proper-tiesofbothpolymerscanbeutilizedtodesignahybridmaterial withuniquestructuralandmechanicalproperties[17].
Numerousexamples of similarmaterialsused for thetissue engineering, drugdelivery matrices, bandage dressing, etc.,are availablein literature[18,19].Incorporation ofnoble metalNPs withantibacterialactivityfurtherextendsapprovedfieldsof appli-cationsofcollagen-chitosanscaffolds.Themajorityofmethodsfor theincorporationofmetalNPsinpolymermatricesrequires chem-icalreductionofmetalsaltsimpregnatedintothepolymermatrix (e.g.,borohydrideorcitrate methods)[20,21].These techniques aretypicallymulti-stepandusepotentiallybiologicallyhazardous orenvironmentally unfriendlyreactants,stabilizers, orreducing agents[22],whichpreventorstronglylimittheuseoftheresultant compositesinmedicine[23].
Metal-vapor synthesis (MVS) is an efficient route to pro-ducebiologicallyactivemetalnanoparticlesand thecomposites derivedfromthemwithbiocompatiblematerialsforbiomedical http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.01.107
applications[24,25].Thetechniquehasbeensuccessfullyapplied tomodifycommonmedicalmaterials,includingsurgicalsuture anddressingmaterialsorimplants,withmetalnanoparticles pos-sessingantibacterialandantifungalproperty[26,27].Incontrastto themajorityofmethodsforpreparationofnanoparticles,theMVS methodisfullyenvironmentallysafeandcaneasilybeintegrated intodiversetechnologicalcycles.TheMVSmethodaffordscolloidal suspensions of NPsin commonmedical solvents, which makes anyfurtherpurificationunnecessary[28].Thetargetcomposites arepreparedviathemodificationofabiopolymerwithorganosols containingmetalnanoparticlesfollowedbysolventremoval.
Here, we report for the first time on the synthesis of metal-bearinghybridsystems based ontheintrinsicallyporous collagen-chitosanscaffolds.Thestructureandchemicalstatesof metalsinthecompositenanomaterialsareaddressedbymodern physicochemicaltechniques.
2. Experimental 2.1. Materials
Collagen-chitosanscaffold, denoted as CollCh,was prepared accordingtothemethoddescribed elsewhere[29].Et3N(Sigma Aldrich,purity≥99.5%)andi-PrOH(Fluka,purity99.8%)wereused asorganicsolvents.Allotherreactantsusedfortheexperiments wereofanalyticalgrade.Priortouseinthesynthesis,allsolvents weredried,distilledinanatmosphereofpurifiedAranddegassed byseveralconsecutivepump-freeze-thawcyclesat10−1Pa and RTfor1h.Theresultantcollagen-chitosanscaffoldwasdegassed invacuo.
2.2. Metal-vaporsynthesisofhybridmaterials
Theoriginal metal-vapor synthesis (MVS)method wasused in this work to produce metal-modified composites based on thecollagen-chitosanscaffold.The (MVS)methodis efficientin preparationofhighlyreactivemetalnanoparticlesandtheir incor-poration into various matrices to induce practically important magnetic[30],antibacterial[26],catalytic[31]andtribological[32] properties.
NanocompositesfilledwithgoldandsilverNPswereprepared byimpregnationofthemetal-containingorganosolsfromMVSinto thecollagen-chitosanscaffoldasdescribedelsewhere[26].Metals wereevaporated at a basepressure of 10−2Pa by a resistively heatedevaporatorintheformofeithertungstenrodorsmall tan-talumvesselforAu(99.99%)orAg(99.99%),respectively.Specially preconditionedorganicsolventsEt3Nandi-PrOHwereusedto sta-bilize,respectively,AuandAgnanoparticlesassols.Metalvapor wascondensed simultaneouslywiththesolventvaporonto liq-uidnitrogen-cooledwallsofaglassreactorwithavolumeof5L.A typicalsolvent-to-metalmolarratiointhesynthesiswas300:1. Afterthesynthesis,theco-condensate washeatedtothe melt-ingpoint andtheresultantorganosolwasimpregnatedintothe collagen-chitosanscaffoldplacedinaSchlenkflaskundervacuum. Theexcessiveamountoftheorganosolwasremovedandthetarget productwasdriedinvacuumat60◦C.
2.3. Characterizationmethods
2.3.1. Synchrotronradiation-basedtechniques
X-raystructuralstudiesofthecompositesbasedon collagen-chitosanscaffoldsmodifiedwithAuandAgnanoparticles,including suchtechniquesaspowderX-raydiffraction,small-angleX-ray scattering,andX-rayabsorptionspectroscopyXANES/EXAFSwere performedat theKurchatov synchrotronradiation source(NRC “KurchatovInstitute”,Moscow).
X-rayabsorptionspectraandpowderdiffractionpatternswere measuredattheStructuralMaterialsSciencebeamline [33]. Au L3-edgeXANES/EXAFSforthegold-containingsampleAu-CollCh aswellasfortheAufoilreferenceweremeasuredinthe trans-missionmodeusingionchambersfilledwithappropriateN2-Ar mixtures.ForsimilarAg-containingcomposites,thesilver concen-trationappearedinsufficientfortransmissionmeasurementsand thusthespectraweremeasuredintheX-rayfluorescenceyield modeusingaSiavalanchephotodiode.SpectrafortheAgfoil refer-enceweremeasuredinthetransmissionmode.Experimentaldata processingandanalysiswereperformedusingtheIFEFFITsoftware package[34].
PowderX-raydiffractionpatternsforthesamesampleswere measuredin thetransmission (Debye-Sherrer)modeusing Fuji FilmImagingplatesasa2Ddetector.Diffractionmeasurements wereperformedatanX-raywavelength=0.06889nm.Themean nanoparticlesizewasestimatedbyprofileanalysisassumingthe Pseudo-Voightlineshapeofthediffractionpeakswith instrumen-talfunctionresponsiblefortheGaussianpartofbroadeningand Lorentzian-typesample-drivenphysicalbroadening.
Additionally, small-angle X-rayscattering curves were mea-suredforthepristineandAg-,Au-filledcollagen-chitosanscaffold to refine the diffraction data on NP sizing. The measurements wereperformedattheDICSIbeamlineofthesamesynchrotron sourceanda2DMAR165CCDdetectorwasused.The sample-to-detectordistancewas2400mmandtheX-raywavelengthwasset to=0.162nm.Toimprovesamplingandsignal-to-noise statis-tics,severaldatasetsatdifferentspotsonasampleweremeasured and averaged.The sizedistributionof Agand Au nanoparticles wasretrievedfromthecorrespondingSAXS“Ag-CollCh-CollCh” and“Au-CollCh-CollCh”differencecurves,respectively.The indi-rectFouriertransformationapproachasimplementedintheGNOM code under assumption of a polydisperse distribution of non-interactinghardspheres[35]hasbeenused.
2.3.2. X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy(XPS)
X-rayphotoelectronspectrawereacquiredwithanAxisUltra DLD(Kratos,UK)spectrometerusingAlK␣radiationatan operat-ingpowerof150WoftheX-raytube.Surveyandhigh-resolution spectraofappropriatecorelevelswererecordedatpassenergiesof 160eVand40eVandwithscanningstepsof1eVand0.1eV, respec-tively.Sampleareaof300m×700mcontributedtothespectra. Thesamplesweremountedonasampleholderwithatwo-sided adhesivetape,andthespectrawerecollectedatroomtemperature. ThebasepressureintheanalyticalUHVchamberofthe spectrom-eterduringmeasurementsdidnotexceed10−8Torr.Thebinding energyscaleofthespectrometerwascalibratedtoprovidethe fol-lowing valuesfor referencesamples(i.e., metalsurfacesfreshly cleanedbyionsputtered):Au4f7/2–83.96eV,Cu2p3/2–932.62eV, Ag3d5/2–368.21eV.Theelectrostaticchargingeffectswere com-pensatedbyusinganelectronneutralizer.For eachsample,the spectrawererecalibratedagainsttheadventitiouscarbonsignalat 285.0eV.Backgroundwithinelasticlosseswassubtractedfromthe high-resolutionspectraaccordingtotheShirleyprescription.The AgMNNAugerspectrawerecorrectedusingalinearbackground. Thesurfacechemicalcompositionwascalculatedusingstandard elementsensitivityfactorscodedinthespectrometercontrol soft-warecorrectedforthetransferfunctionoftheinstrument. 2.3.3. TEM
Micrographsofthesamplesweremadeusingatransmission electronmicroscopeLEO912ABOMEGA,Zeiss(Germany). 2.3.4. SEM
SEManalysiswasperformedwithascanningelectron micro-scopeTescanMiraLMU(CzechRepublic).Thesampleswerefixed
Fig.1.XRDpatternsforthenanocompositesstudiedAu-CollCh,Ag-CollCh,and pristineCollCh(=0.06889nm).
onaconductivetapeandexaminedunderhighvacuumwiththe Everhart-Thornleystandardsecondaryelectrondetector.
3. Resultsanddiscussion
Theexperimental X-raydiffraction patternsof the collagen-chitosanscaffoldsmodified bygoldandsilvernanoparticlesare showninFig.1.Thecollagen-chitosanscaffoldappearstobe amor-phoussothatalldiffractionpeakspresentintherespectivepatterns canbeattributedtofccatomicpackingoftheAgandAu nanoparti-cles[PDF#040783and#040784,respectively].Thecrystallitesizes estimatedfromthelinebroadeninganalysisassumingthat micros-trainsmakenegligiblecontributionyield10.5nmand20.2nmfor Au-CollChandAg-CollCh,respectively,thenominalaccuracyofthe estimateis10–15%. 0.1 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 0 25 50 75 100 Sc at terin g Intens it y, a. u. q, nm-1 Volume fra ct ion , a. u . d, nm
Fig.2.ExperimentalSAXScurvesforAu-CollCh(filledsquares),Ag-CollCh(open circles),andpristineCollCh(line).Theinsetshowsvolumedistributionofmetal nanoparticlediametersreconstructedfromthedifferencecurves.
Forthecomposites,anindependentestimateforthe nanopar-ticlessizewasobtainedfromtheSAXSdata.Thecorresponding experimentaldataareshowninFig.2.
The experimental curve for the metal-containing composite (correctedfortheincidentintensityandthesampleX-ray absorp-tion) is characterizedby a higher scattering intensity than the pristineCollChscaffoldovertheentirerangeofscatteringwave vectorsmeasured, which makes it possibleto reliably separate thecontributionofthescatteringby thenanoparticlesvia sim-plenumericalsubtractionprocedure.Ananalysisofthedifference curveusingtheindirectFouriertransformationwiththeTikhonov’s regularizationunderassumptionofnone-interactinghardspheres yieldsarathernarrowandslightlyasymmetricsizedistribution peakedat10nmforAu-CollChandmuchbroaderasymmetric dis-tributioncurvewithamaximumat25nmextendinguptosizes
Fig.4.SEMmicrographsofthecross-sectionoftheAu-CollCh(a,b)andAg-CollCh(c,d)composites.
of 120–150nm for Ag-CollCh. Apparently, this means that the nanoparticlesareagglomeratedintoaggregatesfromfewtoseveral thousandindividualnanoparticleswithinthecomposite.
Fig.3showsmicrographs,SAEDpatternsofmetalnanoparticles andsizedistributionhistogramfortheAu-CollChandAg-CollCh. AccordingtoTEM,theparticlesarespherical,polydisperseandhave fairlyuniformdistributioninthescaffold.Theaveragesizeofthe AuandAgparticlesis4.6nmand6.6nm,respectively.Itis demon-stratedinFig.3(candg)thatAg-CollChcompositehavethebroader particlesizedistributionthanAu-CollChone.
The presence of larger Ag nanoparticles with size of about 60–70nminthematerialshowninFig.3(eandf)canbeexplained byaggregationofsmallernanoparticlesduringthemodificationof polymermatrixwithorganosol,aswellassurfacediversityofthe pristinescaffold.
Fig.4showstheinternalcross-sectionalmicrostructureofthe Ag-CollChandAu-CollChcomposites. Collagen-chitosanscaffold hasalayeredstructure,consistingoflamellasandmicrocavaties formedbypolymernetworkoffibrils(Fig.4a–c).
Theaveragediameterofmicrocavitiesisabout40–80microns andthethicknessofthefibrilscaffoldis2–5microns.Itisexhibited thattheaggregates,withsizesfromafewtensofnanometersto severalmicrons,haveslightlyuniformdistributionsonthesurfaces ofthefibrilsandlamellas(Fig.4bandd).
Supplementaryinformation ontheelectronic stateandlocal environmentofAuandAgatomsinthecompositeswasobtainedby X-rayabsorptionspectroscopyXANES/EXAFS.AuL3-andAgK-edge XANESspectraforthemetal-modifiedCollCh-basedcompositesare comparedwithreferencespectraofmetalfoilsinFig.5.
ThesimilarshapeandenergypositionofEXAFSspectralfeatures indicatethatthechemicalstateofthemetalatomsinthe compos-itesissimilartothatintheirbulkmetals,whichmeansthatthe fractionofsurfaceatomsstronglyinteractingwiththematrixis ratherlow.
FortheXANESspectrumoftheAg-CollChcomposite,anincrease intheperiodofoscillationsisapparent,whichcorrespondstoan Ag-Agbondlengthcontractionwithrespecttothebulkmetal.This findingisfurthersupportedbyaquantitativeanalysisoftheEXAFS
Fig.6.FTsofEXAFSspectraforcollagen-chitosanscaffoldsmodifiedwithAu(left)andAg(right):experimental(line)andbest-fittheoretical(opencircles)curves.Thelocal environmentparameterscorrespondingtothefitsaresummarizedinTable1.
Fig.7. SurveyXPSspectraofAu-CollCh(a)andAg-CollCh(b)composites;high-resolutionAu4f,Ag3d,AgMNNandN1score-levelspectraofAu-CollCh(c),Ag-CollCh(d, e)and(f1,f2),respectively.
Table1
Parametersofthelocalenvironmentofthemetalatomsinthechitosan-based com-positesaccordingtoEXAFS:interatomicdistances(R),coordinationnumbers(n), andDebye-Wallerfactors(2).
Sample Path n R[Å] 2[Å2]
Au(foil) Au-Au 12.0 2.85 0.0079
Au-CollCh Au-Au 11.9 2.84 0.0095
Ag(foil) Ag-Ag 12.0 2.88 0.0095
Ag-CollCh Ag-Ag 9.7 2.85 0.0119
data.FourierTransforms(FTs)ofEXAFSspectraforthe
compos-itesunderstudyareshowninFig.6.Theyareessentiallysimilar
tothoseofthereferencemetalfoils.Best-fitcoordinationnumbers andinteratomicdistancesforthefirstmetal-metalcoordination spheresarelistedinTable1.
Thecompositesarecharacterizedbysomewhatdecreased coor-dination numbers when compared with the data the for bulk metals,whichisverycommonfornanometer-sizedmetal parti-cles.Theminimummetal-metalcoordinationnumberisobserved fortheAg-CollChcompositedespiteitsratherlargercrystallitesize asestimatedfromdiffractiondata.Furthermore,theAg–Ag inter-atomicdistancederivedfromtheEXAFSforthatcompositeisby 0.03 ˚AshorterthanthatforAgfoil.Thebondlengthcontractionis quitetypicalofsmallmetalnanoparticles.Butinthecaseof sil-ver,bondlengthelongationissometimesobservedduetopartial oxidationandsuboxideformation[36].Nevertheless,aprominent changein thecoordinationnumberand bondlengthforthe Ag-CollChdespitenominallylargesizefromdiffractionmayindicatea distortedlocalstructureofsilvernanoparticleswithfrequentpoint defects.
Inordertoevaluatethesurfaceconcentrationsand chemical statesofmetalatomsinthecomposites(withinalayerof5–8nm), X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopywasapplied(Fig.7).Survey spec-tra of Au-CollCh (Fig. 7a) and Ag-CollCh (Fig. 7b) reveal peaks attributabletoelementsofthenominalchemicalcomposition,i.e., C,O,N,Au/Ag,aswellasadmixtureelementsSiandF. Quantifi-cationdatabasedonatomicsensitivityfactorsarepresented in Table2.AsitcanbejudgedfromC/NandC/Oatomicratios,the incorporationofmetals intothepristine collagen-chitosan scaf-foldsgivesrisetosomeenrichmentofthecompositesurfaceswith carbonspecies(seeTable2).Partly,thiscanbeduetoco-sorption oftheorganicsolventusedinthesynthesis.Theabsenceof dra-maticchangesinelementconcentrationsratherconfirmsthatthe CollChscaffoldsdonotdegradeuponmodificationwithnoblemetal nanoparticles.
TheAu4fbindingenergyobservedforthecomposite(Fig.7c)is characteristicoftheAu0state.Aminuteshiftby0.05eVtoahigher energywithrespecttofoilandpronouncedasymmetryofthepeak shapeareduetothesizeeffects[37,38]andthustheyalsoconfirm thepresenceofnm-sizedgoldnanoparticlestherein.
High-resolutionAg3dcore-levelsandMNNAugerlinesforthe Ag-containingcompositeareshowninFig.7dande.The experi-mentalvaluesfortheAg3dbindingenergy,AgMNNAugerkinetic energy,andthecorrespondingAugerparameterallconfirm[39,40] theAg0stateofsilveratomsinthecomposite.TheN1sspectrain metal-containingcompositesandpristinescaffoldsare character-izedbydifferentbindingenergiesandfull-widthsathalf-maxima
Table2
SurfacechemicalcompositionsofthecompositesfromXPSdata.
Sample Relativeconcentration,at.%
C N O Au Ag C/N C/O O/N
CollCh 74.2 8.5 17.3 – – 8.7 4.3 2.0
Au-CollCh 74.0 7.8 15.8 2.4 – 9.5 4.7 2.0
Ag-CollCh 75.2 8.1 15.8 – 1.0 9.3 4.8 2.0
(Fig.7f),whichcanbeexplainedbyanalterationofbalancebetween thecollagenandchitosanN-functionalgroupsuponthe modifica-tion.TypicalN1score-levelbindingenergiesinchitosan(C-NH2) andcollagen(C(O)N)are399.67eV[41]and399.77–399.96[42], respectively.
4. Conclusions
Thenovelmethodforthesynthesisofhybridmaterialsbasedon thecollagen-chitosanscaffoldmodifiedwithAgandAu nanopar-ticles is reported. XRD and SAXS data show that the Au- and Ag-bearingcompositesarecharacterizedbymeanparticlesizeof 10nmand25nm,respectively.Itisrevealedthatnanoparticlesin thebulkofmaterialshaveaslightlyuniformdistributionwiththe meansizeis4.6nmand6.6nmforAuandAg,respectively.Onthe surfaceitwasobservedthelargeraggregates,withsizesfromafew tensofnanometerstoseveralmicrons,consistingofsmaller parti-cles.Thewholestructureoftheobtainednanocompositesissimilar. However,theAg-CollChcompositehasmuchbroaderasymmetric sizedistributionthanAu-CollCh.
AccordingtoXPS,metalatoms areintheunoxidized/neutral statesandpreferablystabilizedinthechitosanmatrix.Similarly, XANES/EXAFSdataindicatethechemicalstateandlocalstructure ofmetalatomsinthecompositesissimilartothatofbulkmetals apartfromasmalldecreaseinmetal-metalcoordinationnumber inbothcomposites,andmetal-metalbond-lengthcontractionin Ag-CollCh.
Wesuggestthatcollagen-chitosanscaffold,containingAuand Agnanoparticles,canbepromising antibacterialwound-healing materialformedicine.
Acknowledgements
ThisworkwaspartiallysupportedbytheRussianFoundation forBasicResearch(grantsnos.14-03-01074and15-53-61030). References
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