Ankara Üııiv Vet Fak Derg 42: 543-546,
ı
lJlJ5MULTIPLE ANTIBIOTIC
RESISTANCE
IN POULTRY
ISOLATES OF CAMPYLOBACTER
Jale ERDEGER*
K. Serdar DiKER**
Tavuk Kökenli Campylobacter'lerde
çoklu antibiyotik
dirençliliği
Summary:
Out of 206 poultry isolates of thermophilie
eampylohaeters
(137 C.jejuni, 69. C. coli), 100,43.6,
18.4,3.9,6.3,6.8,3.4
and 8.3 % were
re-sistant to penieillin,
ampieillin,
tetraeyfine,
erythromycin,
chloramphenieol,
streptomycin, gentamicin and kanamycin, respeetively. All straiııs were sensitive
to enrojloxacin
and eiprojloxaein.
A total of 15 multiresistanee
patterns were
determined in 17.5% of isolates. Multiresistanee
was more frequent among C.
evli strains (26%). than C. jejuni (13.8%).
Özet:
Tavuklardan
izole edilen 206 temu~lofik Campylohaeter
s~~unda
(137 C. jejwıi, 69 C. eoli) penisilin, ampisilin, tetrahiklin,
eritro11lisin,
kloram-fenikol,
streptomisin,
gemamisin
ve kanamasine
karşı, sırasıyla
%100, 43.6,
18.4, 3.9, 6.3, 6.8, 3.4 ve 8.3 oranında dirençlilik saptandı. Incelenen tüm sU,,'lar
enrojloksasin
ve siprojloksasine
duyarlı hulwıdıı. SIı,~larl1l%17.5'iııde toplam
J
5 çoklu dirençlilik
tahlosu belirlendi.
Çoklu dirençlilik,
C. coli sıı,~larında
(%26), C. jejuni (%13.8) su,~laruıa f(öre daha yüksek oranda görüldü.
Introduction
Campylobacter
enteritis is the commonest
form of the infective diarrhea in many countries
of the world. Campylobacter .'pp. are more
fre-quently isolated from stool specimens from
pa-tients
with
diarrhea
than
enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli. Salmonella and Shigella
toget-her (B,
i5). Campylobacter infection is mainly a
foodborne disease in which contaminated
chic-ken meat play a particularly
important role (1,
i
2). Indeed, poultry represents the most
impor-tant reservoir for these organisms:
campylobac-ters have been isolated from 97.5% of broiler
carcasses ready for marketing in Turkey (I 9).
Campylobacters
were isolated from
i0.6% of
diarrheic
children
and found to be the most
common enteric pathogen in Turkey
(B).Treatment with an antibiotic shown to be
effective in vitro can be of value in that it
eradi-cates the campylobacters
in the intestine.
Allho-ugh, campylobacter
species are generally sen
si-tive to many antimicrobial
agents
compared
with other Gram negative
enteric
pathogens
(I
i).emergence
of resistance
development
is
being reported by several authors.
ı
n particular,
resistance to erythromyein,
tetraeyeline and
qu-inolones has been shown to inerease and
geog-raphical differences
in the frequency of
resis-tane e to the se agents have been indieated (6,
ıo.
i6). Multiple antibiotic resistanee in
eamp-ylobaeters has been rarely reported (13,
i4,
iB).A signifieant differenee between the antibiotİc
suseeptibilities
of
eampylobaeters
obtained
from humans and ehiekens (I 6). Since,
antibio-ties used in human Campylobaeter
infeetions
are also used in poultry as therapeutic agents or
feed additives. the resistance patterns of poultry
strains carry importance
for therapeutic
regi-ments in human medicine. In some eountıies,
an assocİation of İncreased resistance rates with
increased use of quinolones in the poultry
in-dustry has been demonstrated (6).
This study was conducted to determine the
antimicrobial susceptibilities and multİple
resis-tance patterns of poultry isolates of
campylo-bacters in Turkey.
Materials
and Methods
A total of 206 Campylobacter
strains (I 37
C. jejUlıi and 69 C. Cvli) isolated from
intesti-• Doç. Dr. A.Ü:. Veleriner Fakültesi. Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı. Ankara .
544
nes or carcasses of broiler ehiekens between
ı
\)92 andı
993 were studied. Chiekens were from 25 different flocks. All strains had been isolated by direct plating on to Blaser-Wang se-leetive medium (Oxoid) or Preston seleetive medium (Oxoid) and incubating under mieroae-robie atmosphere (5%02, lO%C02, 85%N2) at3TC.
Antimieroabial suseeptibililies of eampylo-baeters were determined by dise diffusion met-hod (2). Dise diffusion tests were performed on Mueller Hinton agar (Oxoid). Campylobaeters were grown in Mueller-Hinton broth (Oxoid) under microaerobic atmosphere at
3TC
for 24 h. Approaximately lOx
efu in 0.1 ml were ino-eulated on eaeh plate. Af ter antibiotic dises were plaeed, plates were kept at room tempera-ture for 30 min. and then ineubated under microaerobie atmosphere at3TC
for 36 h. The zane of inhibition was measured and taken as resistant or sensitive. The following dises (Oxoid) of antibioties were used: penieillin (10 iu), ampieillin (10 . g), tetraeylcline (30 . g), erythromyein (I 5 . g), ehloramphenieol (30 . g), enrofloxaein (5 . g; Difeo), eiprofloxaeİn (5 . g), streptomyein (I O . g), gentamicin (I O. gL
and kanamycin (30' g).Results
The suseeptibilities of the isolates to the antimierobial agents studied are shown in Table 1. All C.
jejuni
and C.eoli
strains were resistant to penieillin and sensiliye to f1uoroquinolones, ineluding enrofloxaein and eiprofloxaein. The suseeptibilities of eampylobaeters to ampieillin, tetraeyeline, erythromyein, ehloramphenieol, streptomyein, gentamicin and kanamycin were 43.6, 18.4,3.9,6.3,6.8,3.4 and 8.3 %, respeeti-vely. Resistanee to ampieillin, tetraeyline, eryt-hromyein, ehloramphenieoL streptomyein, gen-tamicin and kanamycin was deteeted in 46.7. 15.3, 2.1' 4.3, 5.8, 3.6 and 3.6 % of C.jejUlıi
isolates and 37.6. 24.6, 7.2.
ıo.ı,
8.6, 2.8 and 17.3 % of C.enli
isolates.Tahle I. Anıimicrohial susceptihilities of 206 poulıry isolaıes of
Campylohacter to 10 antimicrohial agents.
Anıimicrobial agenı Resislance (9<,)
C. jejuni (n: ı37) c.Coli (n:69) Tolal
i
(n: 2(6)1
Penicillin 137 1./00.0) 69 (i
oom
206 (J00.0)1Aıııpicilliıı 64 (4(ı.71 26 (.17. li) '.lO (43.611
Enrol1oxacin O O O : Ciprof1oxacin O () () Teıracvclinc 21 11;;3) 17 124.6)
~~
ı1S4), Eryllırll1llycin-'
12.1 i ;; 17.21 S i 3') i Chloramphcııicııl 6 ,4.3) 'i (ıo.i) 13 1(3)Sırcpıorııycin S I;;X) (ı (X.fıl 14 16.XI
Gentamicin 5 (3.6) 2 C.xı 7 1341
Kanamycin 5 13.0) 12 (17.3) 17 OD):
,
J. ERDEGER. K.SERDAR DIKER
A total of 15 multiresistanee patterns were determined (Table 2). Sinee all isolates were re-sistant to penieillin, this agent was not included in the evaIuation of multiple resistanee patterns. The numbers of strains whieh were resistant to two to six antibioties were 12, iL 9, 3 and
ı,
respeetively. Multiresistanee was detected in13.8% of C.
jejwzi
and 26% of C.enli.
One C.jejwzi
and three C.enli
isolates were the mostresistant strains, being resistant to six and five antibioties, respeetively. Out of 82.3% of ka-namycin resistant strains were also resistant to tetraeyeline. Of 25 poultry flocks investigated,
12 (48 %) were found to harbour multiple resis-tant strains. Eaeh of the multiple resistance pat-terns was generally found in the different tloeks.
Discussion
The resistanee of Campylobaeter strains to LO antimierobial agents was generally low, ex-eept peniciilin and ampieillin. All strains studi-ed were resistant to penieillin and 43.6% to am-pieillin. The results of this study, in general agrement with those obtained by others (3, 10,
16), showed that H-Laetam antibioties were not very active against C. jejuni and C. eoli. B. \ae-tam resistanee İs assoeiated with /)-laetamase production (17), and most of the human isolates have been shown to produee this enzyme (4).
All isolates examined in this study were sensitiye to enrotloxaein and eiprofloxaein. Human strains of eampylobaeters have been re-ported to be fully sensitiye to quinolones in Turkey (7). A rapid inerease in resistanee to qu-inolones af ter the introduction of this group of antibiotİes into poultry industry has been repor-ted (6). Introduction of quinolones into poultry praetiee af ter i991 in Turkey may explaİn why resistarıce to ciprofloxaein and enrof1oxacin eould not be deteeted in this study.
The frequeneies of tetraeyeline and eryt-hromyeİn resistanee among isolates were 18.4% and 3.9%, respeetively. Extensive use of tetraeylines in pou1try industry as a feed additi-ve and rare use of erythromyein in poultry me-dicine in Turkey may be assoeiated wİth relati-vely high and low levels of resistanee to these antibiotİcs. In other countries, resistanee to tet-raeyeline up to 55%, and resistanee to eryt-hromycin up to 17% has been reported (14. 16). Although, most erythromyein resistant strains have heen proved to be C. coli in previoııs rc-ports (3. 14). three erythronıyein resistant stra-İns of C. kil/Ili were found in this study.
In the study, resistance of eampylohacters to kanamycin, sıreptonıyein and gentamicin was found 8.3, 6.8 and 3.4% respeetively.
De-MIJLTIPLE Al\TII:lIOTIC RESISTANCE IN POlJLTRY ISOLATES OFC:\MPYL013ACTER
Table 2. The paııems of multiple antibiotic resistaIlce among pouJtry isulates uf C. jejuııi and C. coli.
545
- -- __ o••_0
i
i
Antimicrohial agent* I'\umher of strains
ı
Paııem No. Amp Tet Ery Kan Sır Chl Gen C. jejwıi C. coli Total
1 R R
-
- - 6 2 LI 2 - R - R - - 2 - 2 3 R - - R - - i i 4 - - R R - i - i i 5 R R-
R - - 4 4 6 R R - R 2 - 2 7 R-
R R 2 1 3 II - R R R - ı i 9 R - - - R R 2 i -10 R R - - R R 3 - 3 II R R R R i i 12 R R - R R - i 2 3 13 R R R R - 2 2 _ ..._----i
14 R R R R - R - - 3 3 ... -i 15 R R R R R R 1 - 1 ı .- . J* Antimicrohial agents: Amp, ampicillin, Tet, tetracycline: Ery. erytlıromycin; Kan, Kanamycin. Str. sıreptomycin: Chl.
chluramphenicol: Gen, gentamicin.
R: Resistan!.
tection of resistance to these antibiotics was in-teresting since none of these have be en used in poultry practice in Turkey. Human isolates of
C.
jejwıi
and C.coli
have also been reported tobe sensitive to these antimicrobials in Turkey (9). In general, C.
eoli
was more resistant thanC.
jejwıi
to antimierobial agents studied exeeptampieillin and gentamicin.
In a study eondueted in Turkey in 1987 (5). it has been reported that, all C. jejuni isola-tes from poultry were sensitive to antibioties used in this study, exeept penieillin and ampi-cillin. In the same report, different degrees of resistanee to all antibiotics have been deteeted in ruminant isolates and it has been suggested that ruminant strains were more resist,tnt than poultry strains. When comparing the rl'~ults of this study, a marked development of rl'sistanl'e in poultry strains of campylobaeters is "pparent and it may be suggested that this may be eaused by the transmission of campylobacters among different animal speeies.
A total of 15 multiresistanee patterns were determined in this study. Since all isolates were resistant to penieillin, this agcnt was iiot inclu-ded in the evaluation of multiple resisı;ınee pat-terns. The high numher of resistanee patterns may be assoeiated with the distribution of isola-tes studied into 25 different floeks. Of 25 po-ultry floeks investigated, 12 (48%) were found to harbour multiple resistant strains. Eaeh of the multiple resistanee patterns was generally found in the different floeks.
Multiresistanee was more freguent among C.
Coli
strains (26%) than C. jejUlıi (I 3.8%.).One C.
jejııııi
and three C.coli
strains had the widest ranges of resistanee, being resistant to six and five antibioties, respeetively. Sagara et ai. (14) have also noted the high prevalenee of multiple resistanee in C.eoli.
Most of the resis-tance patterns reported by Pinto-Alphandary. Mabilat&
Courvalin (13) were also deteeted in this study (multiple resistanee patterns no, 2, 4, 5, 7,ı
2,ı
5 in Table 2). No strong association was found between antibioties exeept that 82.3% of kanamyein-resistant strains were also resistant to tetraeyeline. In this study, it was also determined that kanamycin, erythromyein, streptomyein or gentamicin resistanee was al-ways seen in multiple resistant strains.In eonclusion, although resistanee of po-ultry isolates of eampylobaeters to antibioties is not as high as comparing with other eountries. the development of resistanee is in progress.
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