http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/ © TÜBİTAK
doi:10.3906/zoo-1509-28
New records of springtail fauna (Hexapoda: Collembola: Entomobryomorpha)
from Ordu Province in Turkey
Muhammet Ali ÖZATA1, Hasan SEVGİLİ2,*, Igor J. KAPRUS3
1Demir Karamancı Anatolian High School, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey 3State Museum of Natural History, Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, L’viv, Ukraine
1. Introduction
Collembologists have described over 8000 species in the world, but most species remain to be described (Bellinger et al., 2016). Although the springtail fauna of some neighboring countries of Turkey has been extensively investigated and over 400 species were discovered from each of the countries (Ulrich and Fiera, 2009), little is known about those in Turkey. The first attempt for a springtails check-list of Turkey was conducted by Sevgili and Özata (2014) and 53 species were reported. The researchers suggested that most springtail species remain to be reported and described from Turkey. Considering that Turkey is nearly covered by the Mediterranean, Balkan, African, Caucasus, and Irano-Anatolian biodiversity hotspots, many interesting habitats are still completely unexplored (Şekercioğlu et al., 2011).
Therefore, the current study aimed to identify the Collembola fauna of Ordu, situated between the Middle and Eastern Black Sea regions of Turkey. Ordu has a total
area of 5952 km2 (Figure). Samsun, Tokat, Sivas, and
Giresun are the neighboring provinces as parts of the Black Sea region. The climate of Ordu Province is typical of the Black Sea region with high humidity and year-round rainfall compared with other regions of Turkey. The
geography of the province comprises largely rural areas with mountain valleys and elevated high plateaus (e.g., Çambaşı and Perşembe). The natural forest in the area is deteriorated due to densely populated rural settlements and hazelnut farming, but there are still common productive single or mixed forests composed of Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., Rhododendron spp.,
Abies sp., Picea orientalis (L.) Link, and Acer sp. from sea
level to 2000 m. Considering that diversity is significantly correlated with habitat diversity (Sousa et al., 2004), the Collembola fauna of Ordu should have rich species. It is expected that the study area has a rich biodiversity that contains both Caucasian and Balkan faunal elements. In this study, although a large number of the collembolan specimens were collected, only the Entomobryomorpha species are given.
2. Materials and methods
Species were collected from 44 different localities of the province of Ordu from sea level to subalpine zones (about 2000 m) during 2012 and 2013 (Table 1). Specimens were extracted by Berlese funnel from soil, leaf litter, and moss and captured from the collection vial using a small brush, and they were fixed in 75% alcohol. They were cleared in
Abstract: This study aims to elucidate the Collembola fauna of the province of Ordu, which is situated between the Middle and Eastern Black Sea regions of Turkey. Although a large number of Collembolan specimens had been collected, only Entomobryomorpha species were given emphasis. From 44 different sampled localities of the province of Ordu, we recorded 6 families, 14 genera, and 28 species. Six of these species were previously recorded and 20 of them are new records for Turkey. The results were not surprising, considering that the sampled region had not been studied previously, quite like many habitats in Turkey. With our 20 new records (Entomobryomorpha), the grand total of the springtail fauna of Turkey is increased to 73 species. This represents an increase of almost 40% of the current list of known species. These numbers show us that the diversity of Collembola in Turkey is not thoroughly known and it is clear that numerous species remain undiscovered or undescribed.
Key words: Biodiversity, Hexapoda, Collembola, springtails, Entomobryomorpha, new records, Ordu Province, Turkey Received: 14.09.2015 Accepted/Published Online: 27.04.2016 Final Version: 25.01.2017
potassium hydroxide and mounted on a slide in Faure’s solution.
Literature information on the Collembola of Turkey was briefly reviewed by Sevgili and Özata (2014). The location, slide number, coordinates of the collection sites, collection dates, and examined materials are given in Tables 1 and 2.
Thousands of Collembola samples were collected and extracted, and 1045 specimens of springtails were identified (see Table 1 for details). The slides were deposited at the Zoology Laboratory of the Biology Department of Ordu University, Turkey.
3. Results and discussion
Samples from 44 different localities of Ordu Province were recorded as belonging to 6 families, 12 genera, and 28 species. Six species were previously recorded and 20 are new records for Turkey (Tables 1 and 2). Some specimens could not be identified to species level, and hence they were
not listed here. The results were not surprising in terms of richness, as the study region has not been extensively studied compared with many habitats of Turkey. There are few papers related to the Collembola of Turkey, which were summarized by Sevgili and Özata (2014). With our 20 new records (Entomobryomorpha), the total number of springtail fauna for Turkey has increased to 73 species. This represents an increase of almost 40% of the current list of known species. The fauna described here comprises elements from mainly European and Caucasian in addition to Palearctic and Holarctic regions (Bellinger et al., 2016). These results show that the diversity of Collembola in Turkey is poorly known and it is clear that numerous species remain to be discovered.
3.1. Faunistic part
Class: Collembola
Order: Entomobryomorpha
Family Entomobryidae
Entomobrya handschini Stach, 1922 Figure. Map of the study area, the province of Ordu in the Black Sea region of Turkey (from Google Maps).
Table 1. Information on the distributions, collection dates, habitats, and altitudes of the species of Entomobryomorpha recorded from the province of Ordu.
Location
no. Collectiondate Location Habitat Altitude(m) Longitude(E) Latitude(N) 1 02.04.2012 Ulubey/Çorak Düzü district Hornbeam forest and moss 622 37°75′16″ 40°87′91″ 2 08.04.201217.05.2012
16.09.2012 Gülyalı/Turnasuyu village/Divane district Pine forest and moss 41 38°11′81″ 40°53′22″ 3 17.05.201216.09.2012 Gülyalı/Turnasuyu village/Divane district Chestnut forest and soil 70 38°11′81″ 40°53′22″ 4 28.04.2012 Ulubey/Sayacabaşı district Redwood forest 934 37°72′02″ 40°87′09″ 5 28.04.2012 Ulubey Sayacabaşı Kurşunçal road (2 km) Redwood forest 848 37°69′16″ 40°89′63″ 6 28.04.2012 Altınordu/Günören village (Kurşunçal forest) Redwood forest 580 37°68′45″ 40°92′82″ 7 13.05.2012 Altınordu/Bayadı village (Kurul Kayası district) Redwood forest and soil 280–298 37°89′50″ 40°90′32″ 8 13.05.2012 Gülyalı/Kestane Village (Kurt kayası district) Mixed forest and soil 550 38°06′07″ 40°91′37″ 9 01.06.201201.06.2013
05.07.2012 Ünye/İnkur (Çet picnic spot) Pine forest and soil 348–446 37°19′59″ 41°06′45″ 10 05.07.2012 Ünye/İnkur (2 km ) Oak forest 376 37°21′61″ 41°03′75″ 11 05.07.2012 Ünye (10 km southern) Redwood and soil 93 37°23′22″ 41°09′86″ 12 05.07.2012 Ünye (around Ünye Castle) Redwood forest 166 37°23′72″ 41°09′55″ 13 05.07.201212.05.2013
01.06.2013 Ünye/Asarkale (Kent ormanı) Pine, spruce, beech mixed forest 160–356
37°34′75″
37°20′83″ 41°10′13″41°05′62″ 14 05.07.201230.09.2012 Perşembe/Kurtulmuş village Redwood forest 136 37°75′35″ 40°97′64″ 15 08.07.2012 Ünye/İnkur-Tekkiraz road Redwood forest 476 37°08′18″ 41°00′03″ 16 08.07.2012 Between Akkuş and Niksar (Tokat) Pine and oak forest 1218 37°34′12″ 40°75′30″
17 08.07.2012 Akkuş Pine forest 1226 37°35′54″ 40°86′14″
18 08.07.2012 Akkuş-Ünye road Oak forest 939 37°21′54″ 40°78′50″
19 08.07.2012 Akkuş Oak forest 1014 37°08′36″ 40°90′94″
20 08.07.2012 Ünye/Tekkiraz Oak forest 696 37°14′00″ 40°96′00″
21 08.07.2012 Akkuş Beech forest 1254 37°02′00″ 40°84′35″
22
10.07.2012 30.09.2012 12.05.2013 01.06.2013
Fatsa (Cıngırt Castle) Moss, chestnut, oak forest 161–240 37°26′68″37°04′49″ 41°03′92″41°06′55″ 23 10.07.2012 Fatsa/around Gaga Lake Redwood forest 59 37°50′42″ 40°97′36″ 24 10.07.2012 Fatsa/Kabakdağ village Redwood forest 260 37°52′78″ 40°97′31″ 25 17.07.2012 Gölköy/Kozören village Redwood forest 1001 37°66′14″ 40°67′80″ 26 17.07.2012 Gölköy/Karagöz district Redwood forest 1083 37°60′96″ 40°63′84″ 27 17.07.2012 Gölköy/Ulugöl Beech forest 1216 37°64′63″ 40°62′81″ 28 17.07.2012 Gölköy/Kozören village Oak forest 1004 37°66′54″ 40°68′44″ 29 17.07.2012 Gölköy/Tilkini district Beech forest 1199 37°62′09″ 40°63′29″ 30 17.07.2012 Gölköy/Harçbeli district Beech forest 1409 37°62′40″ 40°60′51″ 31 17.07.201214.07.2013 Ulubey/Refaiye village Spruce forest and soil 1056–1078 37°40′49″37°67′27″ 40°51′56″40°85′89″ 32 12.05.2013 Fatsa/Yalıköy Leaf litter of Prunus laurocerasus 33 37°37′11″ 41°03′88″ 33 12.05.2013 Fatsa/Yalıköy Leaf litter of Diospyros kaki and soil 33 37°37′11″ 41°03′88″ 34 12.05.2013 Perşembe/Mersin village Leaf litter of Daphne and soil 88 37°46′75″ 41°05′58″
Distribution: The species was recorded from Romania
(Fiera, 2007), Slovakia, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, Austria, and Iran (Jordana, 2012). There are also some records from Samsun, a province adjacent to Ordu in the Black Sea region of Turkey (Stach, 1963; Sevgili and Özata, 2014).
Remarks: Based on the description, this species can
be reliably distinguished from the closely related species with a color pattern on abdomen II and III (Stach, 1963). The species exhibits an apparent wide variation in size, color, and morphology possibly due to its wide distribution, which may make the diagnosis of the species difficult (Stach, 1963; Jordana, 2012). The specimens were extracted from the debris of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. in the present study.
Entomobrya multifasciata (Tullberg, 1871)
Distribution: It has a wide distribution in the Holarctic
and North Atlantic Islands (Jordana, 2012). It is also reported from Romania (Fiera, 2007), Poland, Ukraine, Latvia, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey, Albania, and Spain in the Palearctic Region (Stach, 1963) and France, Norway, Switzerland, and Russia (Jordana, 2012).
Remarks: The taxonomy of the species remains
confusing because of its wide morphological variation and probably cosmopolitan distribution, and it has been recorded from different habitats (Jordana, 2012). When comparing the length of the antennae of our materials to those reported by Stach (1963) and Jordana (2012), our specimens’ antennae are longer. Therefore, whether our specimens belong to E. multifasciata remains doubtful. Correct identification using more materials will eliminate the confusion.
Entomobrya nicoleti (Lubbock, 1870)
Distribution: The species has been found in Europe
(Britain, Spain, Switzerland, France, Sweden, European Russia) after Jordana (2012) and Australia (Dehaerveng,
2013). A new record from Turkey.
Remarks: Although color patterns of the body have
been used in most keys as an important tool for identifying the species, color patterns can be highly variable within the species but its chaetotaxy is constant (see Jordana, 2012) and some records from European countries should be confirmed. The species has been collected from only one locality and was extracted from the debris of Picea
orientalis (L.) Link.
Entomobrya subcaucasica Stach, 1963
Distribution: Until now, it was known only from
Georgia (Jordana, 2012). This is a new record for Turkey.
Remarks: Distinguished from other species of the
genus by a different color pattern and chaetotaxical characters (Jordana and Baquero, 2005; Jordana, 2012). It was collected from only one locality in Ordu. The species has a possible distribution between Ordu and Caucasia throughout the Black Sea region of Turkey.
Family Heteromuridae
Heteromurus (Heteromurus) nitidus (Templeton, 1836)
Distribution: Cosmopolitan species (Fjellberg, 2007).
A new record for Turkey.
Remarks: Although the genus contains 35 species
(Bellinger et al., 2016), only one species was recorded from the study area. The species can be distinguished from closely related species by the detailed morphology of antennae (Fjellberg, 2007). In the study area H. nitidus was collected from two different localities and extracted from the debris of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. and Castanea
sativa Mill.
Family Lepidocyrtidae
Lepidocyrtus nigrescens Szeptycki, 1967
Distribution: Widely distributed in the Palearctic
Region (Fjellberg, 2007; Mateos, 2008, 2011, 2012; Bellinger et al., 2016). A new record for Turkey.
Location
no. Collectiondate Location Habitat Altitude(m) Longitude(E) Latitude(N) 35 12.05.2013 Fatsa/Yalıköy Lungwort 33 37°37′11″ 41°03′88″ 36 12.05.2013 Fatsa/Yalıköy Moss and soil 33 37°71′11″ 41°03′88″ 37 12.05.2013 Perşembe/Hoynat island district Moss and soil 18 37°43′82″ 41°06′84″ 38 01.06.2013 Ünye Leaf litter of oriental plane 320 37°12′15″ 41°04′48″ 39 21.07.2013 Kabadüz Leaf litter of maple 1625 37°55′75″ 40°43′58″ 40 21.07.2013 Kabadüz/between Turnalık and Çambaşı (Eminem çeşmesi) Fir forest and soil 1886 37°56′91″ 40°37′98″ 41 21.07.2013 Kabadüz/between Turnalık and Çambaşı Moss and soil 1647 37°55′91″ 40°42′93″ 42 27.08.2013 Mesudiye Pine forest 1368 37°47′99″ 40°32′05″ 43 27.08.2013 Mesudiye Pine and mixed forest 1239 37°46′98″ 40°29′94″ 44 08.09.2013 Between Ünye and Akkuş Moss 968 37°10′15″ 40°92′28″
Table 2. Species list of the taxa of Entomobryomorpha in Ordu Province, with their examined materials, slide numbers, and location numbers.
Family Species Examined materials Slide no. Location no.
Entomobryidae
Entomobrya handschini Stach, 1922 1 male, 1 female, 3 juv.** 65 26
Entomobrya multifasciata Tullberg, 1871 1 female, 1 male, 3 juv.* 237b, 247b, 237a, 204d 9, 22, 44
Entomobrya nicoleti Lubbock, 18701 3 juv.* 10a, 10b 31
Entomobrya subcaucasica Stach, 19631 1 juv.* 10b- 31
Heteromuridae Heteromurus (Heteromurus) nitidus (Templeton, 1836)1 3 juv.* 84, 72, 112a 3, 12*
Lepidocyrtidae
Lepidocyrtus nigrescens Szeptycki, 19671 1 male, 7 juv.* N4-8 22
Lepidocyrtus cf. lanuginosus Gmelin, 1788 21 males, 9 females, 109 juv.* 65, 23b, 198a, 214, 171, 61, 36, 41, 46, 71, 35a, 84, 18b, 208 b, 178, 116b, 137, 161b, 235a, 198b, 219c, 112a, 84, 23a, 84a, 241a, 240a, 201b, 240b, 198c, 116b, 118a, 219a, 241b, 50b, 85, 5, 44a
2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22, 28, 32, 39, 40, 41
Lepidocyrtus cf. lignorum (Fabricius, 1793) 5 males, 3 females, 42 juv.* 197b, 167c, 224c, 224e, 133, 199c, 187a, 222, N4-8, 206f, 206a, 208a, 46b, 104, 50a, 219a 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 22, 36
Pseudosinella horaki Rusek, 19851 2 males, 1 female, 5 juv.* 37 42
Orchesellidae
Orchesella balcanica Stach, 19601 7 males, 1 juv.* 157b, 157d 37
Orchesella cincta (Linnæus, 1758)1 2 males, 17 juv.* N9-13, 204b, 239a 28, 22, 25
Orchesella caucasica Stach, 19601 10 males, 9 juv.* 148, 133, 163a, 181b, 200, 241a, 118a 9, 22, 27, 28
Orchesella taurica Stach, 19601 16 males, 2 females, 12 juv.* 157c, 157a, 1a, 1b, 98, 50a 19, 37, 39, 43
Isotomidae
Desoria trispinata MacGillivray, 18961 1 female, 5 juv.* 213b, 215, 154b 10, 14
Folsomia inoculata Stach, 19471 19 juv.* 18a, 18b, 18c, 211b, 154a, 153e, 249c, 144a, 44b 5, 9, 17, 31
Folsomia ksenemani Stach, 19471 16 males, 25 females, 173
juv.*
191c, 214m, 214s, 214n, 167a, 194, 197b, 191b, 167b, 159, 224d, 224c, 224e, 153d, 143, 215, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6a, 197d, 214, 214p, 246, 77, 67, 81, 63, 60, 211, 168l, 28d, N6, 207d, 168f, N3-5, 168h, 30, 100a, 249c, 249a, 249b, 153e, 112b, 153b, 131, 99, 113, 147a, 153, 114b, 50b, 28a, 103
2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 25, 26, 28, 30, 40
Folsomia manolachei Bagnall, 19391 12 males, 15 females, 58 juv.*
214ş, 214m, 214f, 214s, 214n, 167a, 245, 197, 188a, 188c, 188b, 167c, 167b, 168c, 141a, 168e, 6f, 214, 214p, 77, 35a, 206e, 141b, 214l, 214g, 178, 14, 168l, 49, 168f, N3-5, 7a, 131, 128, 144a, 103
2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 25, 30, 44
Folsomia penicula Bagnall, 1939 9 males, 10 females, 45 juv.* 166a, 224d, 168a, 141a, N5, 141b, 168d, 49, 203, 168f, 168g, 168c, 168e, 201b, 14 5, 9, 17, 31
Folsomia spinosa Kseneman, 19361 1 juv.* 22 17
Isotomiella minor (Schaffer, 1896) 1 male, 1 female, 4 juv.* 18a, 18b, 18c, N6, 19a, 164, 9 12, 17, 31, 40
Pachyotoma caucasica Stach, 19471 2 males, 3 females, 17 juv.* 237b, 247b, 237a, 204d 9, 12, 13
Parisotoma notabilis Schaffer, 1896 3 males, 6 females, 64 juv.* 214s, 214n, 167a, 194, 188a, 167c, 167, 166a, 168c, 6c, 246, 60, 6q, 206e, N5, 18a, 18b, 18c, 168d, 208b, 14, 168l, 129, N-12, 28d, 206f, 207d, 150a, 168h, 6l, 30, 100a, 249c, 153b, 131, 144a, 144b, 21a, 21c, 21d, 103
7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 22, 28, 39, 40, 41, 42
Pseudisotoma sensibilis Tullberg, 18761 5 males, 3 females, 36 juv.* 166b, 157c, 156d, 156h, 156f, 156c 14
Pogonognathellus flavescens Tullberg, 18711 1 juv.*. 224a 2
Tomoceridae
Pogonognathellus longicornis Müller, 17761 5 males, 5 females, 26 juv.*. 65, 246, 69a, 83, 52, 86, N1-1, 66b, 225a, 52, 105, 242, 201b, 115, 66a,
31, 114a, 24a, 29a, 29c 1, 3, 12, 13, 14, 17, 22, 26, 27, 28, 31, 40
Tomocerina minuta Tullberg, 18761 2 males, 2 females, 8 juv.* 224e, 41, 71, 84, N5, 150a, 24a, 185 2, 13, 16, 36
Tomocerus minor Lubbock, 18621 12 males, 8 females, 66 juv.*
195, 184, 138, 139b, 183, 215, 69b, 15, N5, 247b, 11, 168l, 116b, 203, 207d, 54, 208c, 10b, 88 66b, 52, 105, 232a, 249b, 108, 115, 66a, 102, 118a, 91, 241b, 169a, 114a, 114b, 112b, 24a, 97, 24b, 29c, 44a, 139a
1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 19, 20, 22, 27, 31, 40
Tomocerus vulgaris Tullberg, 1871 9 males, 12 females, 71 juv.* 176, 224a, 23b, 69b, 26, 83, 42, 203, N7-14, N9-18, 206a, 150a, 172b, 150b, 57a, 172a, 246b, 249b, 115, 66a, 91, 169a, 224b, 94, 114b, 114a, 24a, 97, 29c
1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 13, 16, 25, 26, 28, 33, 44 1New records for Turkey; * juv. = juvenile
Remarks: Lepidocyrtus is a large genus in the
Lepidocyrtinae (Mateos, 2008, 2011, 2012) and identification of the species is very difficult. There are some other species collected from the study area, but we are still studying them for identification. L. nigrescens was collected only from one locality on the shore and was extracted from the debris of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.
L. cf. lanuginosus Gmelin, 1788 and L. cf. lignorum (Fabricius, 1793)
Remarks: Besides L. nigrescens, two other species of the
genus were recorded from the study area (see Table 2), but we had difficulties identifying them. Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 is one of the largest genera of Collembola and the species taxonomy of the genus has not been sufficiently studied (Mateos, 2011, 2012; Mateos and Petersen, 2012). Morphology alone is not sufficient to resolve the relationships between taxa due to large variations. The examined specimens of L. cf. lanuginosus and L. cf.
lignorum show variability in morphology of chaetotaxy
and body pigmentation. Therefore, to confirm our species of Lepidocyrtus, it is necessary to carefully restudy their morphology as well as their chaetotaxy.
Pseudosinella horaki Rusek, 1985
Distribution: It was previously known from former
Czechoslovakia (Rusek, 1985) and was later recorded from Moldova, Slovakia, Hungary (Deharveng, 2013), Ukraine (Kaprus et al., 2006), Poland (Sterzynska et al., 2007), Romania (Fiera, 2013), and finally from Turkey in the present study.
Remarks: Pseudosinella is the second largest genus
of Lepidocyrtinae and only one specimen was recorded from the study area. We believe that there should be more species of the genus not collected in the present study. The species was collected from one locality at about 1300 m in altitude and extracted from the debris of Pinus sp.
Family Orchesellidae
Orchesella balcanica Stach, 1960
Distribution: Presently known only from Bulgaria and
Romania (Stach, 1960), Greece (Ellis, 1966), and Hungary (Dány and Traser, 2008). This is a new record for Turkey.
Remarks: Taxonomic details of the species were given
by Stach (1960). The samples were extracted from moss in Ordu.
Orchesella cincta (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution: It is widespread in the Palearctic Region
from Portugal to Russia and the Nearctic (Deharveng, 2013). This is the first record from Turkey.
Remarks: This species may be distinguished from other
species of the genus by its different body color pattern and morphological details as given by Stach (1960). It was collected from one locality near the shore and was extracted from the debris of acacia and hazelnut.
Orchesella caucasica Stach, 1960
Distribution: It is known from the Caucasus (Stach
1960). This is the first record from Turkey.
Remarks: This species is very similar to O. bifasciata
Nicolet, 1842, but is distinguished from that species by body coloration and different unguiculus (Stach, 1960). Although Stach (1960) recorded this species at high altitudes in the Caucasus Mountains, we collected our specimens near the shore of Ünye and Fatsa in this study. The specimens were extracted from the debris of Pinus sp. and moss.
Orchesella taurica Stach, 1960
Distribution: According to Stach (1960), it occurs
in the Crimean Peninsula and Caucasus. The species was then reported from Europe (Greece, Dodecanese Islands, Bulgaria) and the Near East (Caucasian Russian republics, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Sinai Peninsula (Egypt), Arabian Peninsula, Iran, and Iraq) (Deharveng, 2013). Other records have been reported from Ukraine (Bondarenko-Borisova and Sandul, 2002) and Austria (Querner, 2004). This is the first record from Turkey.
Remarks: This species is very similar in appearance to
O. bifasciata Nicolet, 1842 (Stach, 1960). O. taurica differs
from this species in color patterns, antennal length, teeth settlement on the unguiculus, and bigger body size. The samples were collected from high altitudes and extracted from the debris of Abies and Pinus forest.
Family Isotomidae
Desoria trispinata (MacGillivray, 1896)
Distribution: Cosmopolitan species (Potapov, 2001)
and new record from Turkey.
Remarks: It was collected near the shore and extracted
from the debris of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. and Quercus sp.
Folsomia inoculata Stach, 1947
Distribution: It is distributed in mountain regions of
the Palearctic, from Germany to China and Japan, but there are not adequate records from the western part of Europe (Potapov, 2001). The present record is the first from Turkey.
Remarks: It is morphologically very similar to Folsomia
spinosa Kseneman, 1936. However, this species has been
categorized under a different species groups, F. inoculata–
inoculata (Potapov, 2001).
Folsomia ksenemani Stach, 1947
Distribution: Faunistic records were mostly given
from Europe (Hungary, Slovakia, Austria, Czech Republic, France, Spain, Italy, Romania, Rhodes, Crete, Ukraine), the West Caucasus of Russia, Lebanon (Potapov, 2001), and Georgia (Barjadze et al., 2012). This is a new report from Turkey.
Remarks: Although F. ksenemani belongs to the
spinosa-species group, morphological characters of the
species show high variability (Potapov, 2001). Therefore, the existence of the species in northern Europe needs confirmation. Very little is known about its biology. In this study, specimens of F. ksenemani were collected from the seashore to high altitudes and sampled from the debris of
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. and mixed forest litters (Pinus, Quercus, and Abies sp.). This species is the most common
within the genus Folsomia in the study area.
Folsomia manolachei Bagnall, 1939
Distribution: The distribution range of the species
covers the whole Palearctic (Potapov, 2001), but records from Asia are more common than European records. A new record for Turkey.
Remarks: This species is a member of the
quadrioculata-species group (Potapov, 2001). A confirmation of the identification of old records is certainly needed. We collected the specimens from most of the localities of Ordu Province.
Folsomia penicula Bagnall, 1939
Distribution: Although it is common in Palearctic
Region, the species is widely distributed all over Europe (but it is known as “Folsomia multiseta”) (Potapov, 2001). It is also known from North America. Records from Far East Asia need confirmation (Potapov, 2001). The species is known from the Turkey-Syria border (Sevgili and Özata, 2014).
Remarks: This species is a member of the
spinosa-species group. F. penicula was sampled from the debris of
Alnus, Pinus, and moss.
Folsomia spinosa Kseneman, 1936
Distribution: The species was recoded from many
regions of Europe (Potapov, 2001), but this is a new record for Turkey.
Remarks: F. spinosa is a typical Folsomia species as
seen in its general habitus, but the specimens collected in this study from Ordu Province differ from other members of the spinosus-species group, having a transparent and granulated body. They were extracted from the debris of
Pinus at about 1200 m. Collection of more materials from
specific areas at higher altitudes of Ordu Province will provide new distributional information of this species for the study area. Potapov (2001) stated that this species has a low population density in its habitats.
Isotomiella minor (Schaffer, 1896)
Distribution: Cosmopolitan species (Potapov, 2001); it
was recorded from the area near the Turkey-Syria border (Sevgili and Özata, 2014).
Remarks: I. minor has wide distribution in the world
and shows a high level of morphological variations (Potapov, 2001). Many records under this species’ name should be revised. We collected the specimens from a few localities from the seashore to high altitudes and sampled it from the debris of Alnus and Pinus.
Pachyotoma caucasica (Stach, 1947)
Distribution: Although it is mainly known from the
Caucasus, there are some doubtful records from the Italian Alps (Potapov, 2001). It is a new record for Turkey.
Remarks: This species may be easily distinguished by
having a claw with distinct inner tooth and dense with about nine anterior setae. It was collected from a few localities and extracted from debris of Pinus.
Parisotoma notabilis (Schaffer, 1896)
Distribution: As a cosmopolitan species, it is also
known from the Turkey-Syria border (Sevgili and Özata, 2014).
Remarks: This species is well characterized by its
dense pale-gray body color, oval and bigger eye spots, and 4+4 postlabial chaetae. The biology of this species is well known (Potapov, 2001). P. notabilis was common in the study area and was extracted from debris of various trees and mixed forest.
Pseudisotoma sensibilis Tullberg, 1876
Distribution: The distribution range of this species
covers the Palearctic, Nearctic, and Oriental regions (Deharveng, 2013), but most of the records belong to Far East Asia, Russia, Japan, and China (Potapov, 2001). It is a new record for Turkey.
Remarks: We found this species only from the province
of Ordu. Potapov (2001) stated that the taxonomic status of the old records from the Palearctic Region was doubtful and should be revised. Very large variation was found in the pigmentation of the species and the color pattern is not a good feature to identify this species. The specimens were collected from the seashore of Ordu and were sampled from the debris of Alnus and moss.
Family Tomoceridae
Pogonognathellus flavescens (Tullberg, 1871)
Distribution: Holarctic Region (Fjellberg, 2007). This
is the first record for Turkey.
Remarks: We found two species of the genus
Pogonognathellus in Ordu Province. This species may be
easily distinguished from P. longicornis by having different teeth arrangement and teeth number on dens. This species was only extracted from debris of Pinus and was found only in one locality in Ordu Province.
Pogonognathellus longicornis (Müller, 1776)
Distribution: Recorded from the Holarctic Region
(Fjellberg, 2007) and a new record for Turkey.
Remarks: P. longicornis is common in the province of
Ordu from the seashore to high altitudes. This species is very similar to the previous species, but the macrochaetae of the legs are longer than those of P. flavescens. We extracted them from various litters of trees and bushes in the study area. For taxonomic details about this species, see Fjellberg (2007).
Tomocerina minuta (Tullberg, 1876)
Distribution: Reported from the Holarctic Region
(Fjellberg, 2007) and a new record for Turkey.
Remarks: There are 12 species of the genus Tomocerina
in the world (Bellinger et al., 2016). We found only one species from Ordu and collected it from the seashore to high altitudes. The specimens were sampled from debris of chestnut and pine.
Tomocerus minor (Lubbock, 1862)
Distribution: Cosmopolitan species, but this is the first
record from Turkey.
Remarks: The common species was collected by
extraction from the debris of various mixed forests with other springtails in Ordu. The species can be easily differentiated by having dorsal spines of the dens 3-forked as compared with the other species, T. vulgaris, which has simple spines on the dens (see Martynova, 1969; Fjellberg, 2007). The species is common in Ordu Province.
Tomocerus vulgaris (Tullberg, 1871)
Distribution: Cosmopolitan distribution (Fjellberg,
2007). It was also recorded in Alanya (Antalya) in Turkey (Skayrzynski and Pomorski, 1999).
Remarks: This species is widespread in Ordu Province
and was sampled from the various debris of mixed forest.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Mikhail Potapov, Rafael Jordana, and Eduardo Mateos for their help in collection methods and providing some papers. Special thanks to Rahşen Kaya and Rana Akyazı for their valuable advice, which improved this study significantly. Many thanks to Hüseyin Sevgili and Onur Sevgili for their suggestions and for improving the English. We also thank the anonymous referees for their comments on the earlier version of this manuscript. Funding was provided by Ordu University, Turkey (Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit, TF-1308).
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