Ecology and classification of forests in Turkey

Tam metin

(1)Available online at www.sciencedirect.com. ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 –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© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. M -:7GF:ADE )G4>;E:764K>E7H;7D%F6 Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of GEOMED2013. ,7>75F;A@3@6B77D D7H;7IG@67DD7EBA@E;4;>;FKA8+757B87 &G@;D(LFGD=3@6"4D3:;?F3>3K (<:25'6AD7EF5>3EE;8;53F;A@75A>A9K4;A6;H7DE;FK-GD=7K. ADD7EBA@6;@93GF:AD -7> 83J@A@7 0$,/$''5(66 D757B787:AF?3;> 5A?. 1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of GEOMED2013. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.163.

(2) Ibrahim Atalay et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 –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

(3) &2/2*,&$/63(&762)2817$,16 -:7E7 ;@5>G67 97A>A9;53> FABA9D3B:;53> 3@6 5>;?3F;5 873FGD7E A8 F:7 5AG@FDK 3E F:7E7 7@>;9:F7@ F:7 75A>A9;53> ;?BADF3@57A88AD7EF5AH7D;@-GD=7K

(4) (2/2*< -:7>3@65AH7D;@-GD=7K5A@F3;@E3>>FKB7EA8B3D7@F?3F7D;3>EAD476DA5=E>;=7?7F3?ADB:;5 E76;?7@F3DK3@6 HA>53@;5 47>A@9;@9 FA 6;887D7@F 97A>A9;53> 7D3 3@6 B7D;A6E F3>3K ,A?7 B3D7@F ?3F7D;3>E 5A@F3;@;@9 7H3BAD;F;5 E76;?7@FE I;F: E3>F 9KBEG? 3@6 :;9:>K 3>=3>;@7 ?3F7D;3>E ?AEF>K BD7H7@F F:7 9DAIF: A8 5>;?3F;5 H797F3F;A@ EB3DE7:3>AB:KF;5H797F3F;A@A55GDE A@F:77H3BAD;F;5E76;?7@FEA8(>FG '3D?3@3E;@ ;@F:773EF7D@ B3DFA8D3E3E;@ 7EB75;3>>K47FI77@$3_cL?3@3@6"_6cD5;F;7E ;@'@3FA>;3 3@6E3>FK3@69KBEG?67BAE;FE 7JF7@6;@947FI77@O3@=cDc3@6,;H3E;@'B3DFA87@FD3>@3FA>;3F3>3K 4 .>FD343E;5 DA5=E 5A@F3;@;@9 B7D;6AF;F7 E7DB7@F;@7 ?3F7D;3>E 3D7 7JBAE76 3>A@9 F:7 ADA97@;5 ?AG@F3;@ D3@97E A8 @3FA>;3 3@6 67F7D?;@7 F:7 BDA6G5F;H;FK A8 8AD7EF EF3@6E 07>> 3@6 677B I73F:7D76 E7DB7@F;@7E I;F: D;5: B>3@F. 789.

(5) 790. Ibrahim Atalay et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 – 805. @GFD;7@FE5D73F7EG;F34>7:34;F3F8ADF:79DAIF:A8FD77E -:79AA6E;F75>3EE4>35=B;@7EF3@6E A55GD A@F:7677B>K I73F:7D76 E7DB7@F;@7 ;@ F:7 $3DE3@F; )AE >A53>;FK ' A8 63@3 1c>3@>c 3@6 E=7>7 >A53>;F;7E A8 &G9>3 BDAH;@57 3@6 13Lc5c= 3@6 3?;K3@; >A53>;F;7E ;@ F:7 I7EF7D@ B3DF A8 >35= ,73 GF >AI 3@6 G@I73F:7D76 E7DB7@F;@7 ?3EE 8AD?E 3 BAAD :34;F3F 8AD F:7 8AD7EFE 6G7 FA >AI 53F;A@ 7J5:3@97 53B35;FK I:;5: BD7H7@FE F:7 DAAF 67H7>AB?7@F -:7D78AD7F:7EF3@6EA8>AIBDA6G5F;H7 ,186%587,$ 3@6 ,1861,*5$ A55GDA@F:7>7EEI73F:7D76E7DB7@F;@7?3EE3E E77@;@F:7-3GDGE&AG@F3;@E87 F3>3K3@687 3 >F:AG9:F:7@GFD;7@F53B35;FKA8HA>53@;5FG883@6E3@667BAE;FE 3@6F:7E3@6KEA;>I:;5:67H7>ABEA@F:79D3@;F7 3@69@7;EE;EH7DK>AI F:7KBDA6G573EG;F34>7:34;F3F8ADF:79DAIF:A8 ,1866</9(675,6 ;@'@3FA>;3 7EB75;3>>K 3DAG@6,3Dc=3?ceFAI@ I:7D73EBDA6G5F;H7 ,1863,1($ EF3@6E3D7 34G@63@F A@F:79D3@;F7;@$AL3=B>3F73G3@6 $AX3D>cK6;@;@F:7 97 D79;A@ -:7D73EA@8ADF:;E;EF:3FI3F7D3@6 3;D5;D5G>3F;A@A8F:7E7DA5=E5D73F7EEG;F34>7 5A@6;F;A@E8ADF:7DAAF67H7>AB?7@F 7EB75;3>>KF3BDAAFEF3>3K3@687 3 /0/'1!0(6 -GD=7K 3E 3 I:A>7 :3E 3 DG9976 3@6 :;9: FABA9D3B:K -:;E ;E D7>3F76 FA F:7 F75FA@;5 ?AH7?7@FE 3@6 HA>53@;5 35F;H;F;7E I:;5: :3E ?3;@>K A55GDD76 ;@ -7DF;3DK 3@6 *G3F7D@3DK 7D3E -GD=7KgE ?AG@F3;@E 3D7 6;H;676 ;@FA F:D77 9DAGBE;@F7D?EA88AD?3F;A@3@675A>A9;53>;?BADF3@57F3>3K3@687 4 >A@9F:7:;9:?AG@F3;@ED;E;@9AH7D ?7>7H3F;A@EF:7D73D7 3F>73EF F:D773>F;FG6;@3>H797F3F;A@ >7H7>E AD 8AD7EF 47>FE "@ F:7 'ADF: @3FA>;3@ &AG@F3;@E F:D77 ?3;@ 8AD7EF 47>FE 53@ 47 A4E7DH76 @3?7>K 4DA36. >73H76675;6GAGE 5A@;87DAGE3@63>B;@79D3EE47FI77@ ? ? 3@634AH7 ?D7EB75F;H7>K "@ F:7 -3GDGE &AG@F3;@E 3>F;FG6;@3> 6;EFD;4GF;A@ A8 F:7 8AD7EF LA@7E ;E 3E 8A>>AI

(6) ? ,186 %587,$ LA@7 ? 7@5A?B3EE7E (DA?76;F7DD3@73@ 5A@;87DAGE 8AD7EFE 3@6 EG43>B;@7 LA@7 EF3DFE 34AH7 F:7 @3FGD3> F;?47D>;@7 "@"@@7D @3FA>;3 I7?3;@>K5A?735DAEEEF7BB7E47>AI ? F:73>F;FG67E47FI77@ ?:A>66DK8AD7EFLA@7 8A>>AI764K35A??7@57?7@FA8EG43>B;@7H797F3F;A@ "@'@3FA>;3 8AD7EFLA@7A55GDE 47FI77@ ?6G7FAF:7E7H7D75A@F;@7@F3>;FK -:7?AG@F3;@E7J5776;@9 ?7>7H3F;A@3D7D7EBA@E;4>7 8ADF:7H7DF;53>LA@3F;A@A8H797F3F;A@3@68AD7EF47>FE;9 EB75F;EA@7A8F:7?3<AD835FADED7EBA@E;4>78ADF:74;A>A9;53>D;5:@7EE3@6FKB;8;53F;A@A88AD7EF;@F:7 ?AG@F3;@AGE3D73E -:7D7;E35A@E;67D34>76;887D7@57;@F:76;EFD;4GF;A@A86;887D7@F8AD7EFFKB7E47FI77@F:7@ADF:. 835;@9 3@6 EAGF: 835;@9 E>AB7E ;9 -:;E ;E D7>3F76 4AF: FA EA>3D D36;3F;A@ ;@F7@E;FK 3@6 F:7 3?AG@F A8 BD75;B;F3F;A@ E397@7D3>DG>7 F:7@ADF: 835;@9E>AB7EA8F:7?AG@F3;@E>A53F;@9;@F:7@ADF:7D@B3DFA8F:7@3FA>;3 3D75AH7D76 I;F: F:7:G?;68AD7EF3@6

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e=]BD^ 67BD7EE;A@E ;9 "@ 97@7D3> F:7 3 D;5: 4;A6;H7DE;FK 3@6 6;887D7@F FKB7E A8 8AD7EFEF3@6EA@F:7@ADF: 835;@9E>AB7EA8'ADF:@3FA>;3@?AG@F3;@E3D7?AD7F:3@F:AE7A8EAGF:7D@E>AB7E -:7EAGF:7D@E>AB7EA8-3GDGE&AG@F3;@ED757;H7?AD7BD75;B;F3F;A@F:3@F:7@ADF: 835;@9E>AB7E6G7FAF:7835F F:3FF:78DA@FE5A?;@98DA?F:7EAGF:7D@E75FADE3D7?AEF>KBD7H7@F76 4KF:7?AG@F3;@D3@97E -:7EAGF:7D@E>AB7E A8-3GDGE&AG@F3;@E7JF7@6A@>K3>A@9F:75AEF3>47>FA8F:7&76;F7DD3@73@,733@63D7F:7?3;@3D73EA8BDA6G5F;H7 ,186%587,$ 3@6:G?;6?3CG;E5A??G@;F;7E6G7FA34G@63@FBD75;B;F3F;A@3@6;@F7@E7EA>3DD36;3F;A@ -AI3D6EF:7 GBB7DB3DFEA8F:7-3GDGE&AG@F3;@E ('586/,%$1, %,(6&,/,&,&$ 3@6 ,1861,*5$ 3BB73D GFEA?7 ,186%587,$ 3@6 8(5&86 EB 5>GEF7DE A55GD A@F:7EAGF:7D@B3DFA8F:7,-3GDGE&AG@F3;@E6G7FA5A@F;@7@F3>;@8>G7@57E ;@F:7 ,AGF: 3EF@3FA>;3@+79;A@ F3>3K3AK63= (7$/ .

(8) Ibrahim Atalay et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 – 805. )' >;?3F;53@6H797F3F;A@BDA8;>7E;@' ,6;D75F;A@8DA?>35=,73FA&76;F7DD3@73@ ,73. 791.

(9) 792 Ibrahim Atalay et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 – 805. )' /797F3F;A@BDA8;>7E;@' ,6;D75F;A@8DA?F:7'ADF:73EFFA,AGF:73EF@3FA>;3F3>3K3@687 .

(10) 793. )' &AG@F3;@EA8-GD=7K. Ibrahim Atalay et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 – 805.

(11) 794. Ibrahim Atalay et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 – 805. "@F:7&3D?3D3+79;A@ 675;6GAGE8AD7EFE5A?BAE76A8?3;@>K $*8625,(17$/,6 A55GDA@ @ADF:835;@9E>AB7EA8 .>G A?3@;X ?AG@F3;@D3@97 -:;E3D73 ;EA@7A8F:7?3;@A55GDD7@573D73EA8 %,(6%25108//(5,$1$ !AI7H7D F:7 &76;F7DD3@73@H797F3F;A@3@6 ,186%587,$ 8AD7EF;E5A??A@A@F:7>AI7DEAGF:835;@9E>AB7EA8F:7 ?AG@F3;@E;@ &3D?3D3+79;A@ -:;E3EB75F;E 5A??A@ A@H3>>7KE>AB7E "@835F ,1861,*5$ EF3@6A55GDEA@F:7EAGF:E>AB73@6 $*8625,(17$/,6 EF3@63BB73DEA@F:7@ADF:835;@9E>AB7EA8F:7I;67H3>>7K5A@@75F;@9"@79A>67BD7EE;A@ "@F:797 +79;A@ ?3CG;EH797F3F;A@3@6 ,186%587,$ 8AD7EFE3D7I;67EBD736A@ F:7E>AB7E835;@9 EAGF:A8F:7 ?AG@F3;@E ;9 0:;>7 E?3>> $67$1($ 6$7,9$ 5A??G@;F;7E 9DAI A@ F:7 @ADF:7D@ E>AB7E A8 K6c@ 3@6 AL ?AG@F3;@E. )'

(12) >;?3F;53@6H797F3F;A@BDA8;>7E;@' ,6;D75F;A@8DA?&3D?3D3+79;A@ '0A8@3FA>;3F3>3K . (@ F:7 AF:7D :3@6 3 F7?B7D3FGD7 ;@H7DE;A@ A55GDD;@9 ;@ F:7 67BD7EE;A@E 67F7D?;@7E F:7 H797F3F;A@ 6;EFD;4GF;A@ ,1861,*5$ EF3@6EA55GD;@F:7"@79A>67BD7EE;A@ 3F3@3>F;FG67A8 ? 4753GE7F7?B7D3FGD783>>E3E>AI3E N 6GD;@9I;@F7DE -:7(H35c=67BD7EE;A@;@F:797+79;A@;E3@AF:7D >A53F;A@ I:7D7 1,*5$ A55GDE3F 7>7H3F;A@A8 ?A@AL&AG@F3;@ !7D7 ,1861,*5$ 8AD7EF A55GDE A@F:74AFFA?A8(H35c=67BD7EE;A@ I:;>7 ,186%587,$ ;E 5A??A@ 34AH7 ? "@F:7677B=3DEF;567BD7EE;A@E;@F:7-3GDGE&AG@F3;@E %,(6&,/,&,&$ 9DAIEA@F:74AFFA? I:;>7 ,186%587,$ A55GDE3F3@7>7H3F;A@A8 ?

(13) /,0$7( -GD=7K :3E E7H7D3> 5>;?3F7 FKB7E 6G7 FA ;FE 97A9D3B:;53> >A53F;A@ FABA9D3B:;53> 873FGD7E 3@6 679D77 A8 5A@F;@7@F3>;FK &3<ADFKB7E 3D76;EGE7647>AI ,!#+%!#,)-!3%"F53@476;H;676;@FAF:D77EG45>;?3F7EF3>3K ;9 -:7h>35=,73:G?;6 ?;>6 5>;?3F7i97@7D3>>KBD7H3;>EA@F:7@ADF:7D@E>AB7EA8F:7'ADF:@3FA>;3@&AG@F3;@E -:7F7?B7D3FGD7;@#3@G3DK;E 3DAG@6 NA@F:75A3EF4GF 83>>E FA N3F3@7>7H3F;A@A8 ? "@#G>K F7?B7D3FGD7E>;747FI77@N3@6 NA@F:75A3EF 675D73E;@9FA N3F ?7>7H3F;A@ -:7?73@3@@G3>BD75;B;F3F;A@;EAH7D ??+;L7 ?? 2A@9G>63= ?? 3>>E73EA@E 3D7D3;@K 3@6D7>3F;H7:G?;6;FK;E:;9: 'AI3F7D678;5;7@5K A55GDE !G?;6 5A>6 5>;?3F7 ;E 6A?;@3@F AH7D ? A@ F:7 @ADF:7D@ E>AB7E A8 5A3EF3> >35= ,73 &AG@F3;@E -AF3> 3@@G3>BD75;B;F3F;A@;EAH7D ??3@6EG??7DB7D;A6;ED3;@K;@F:75A3EF3>3D736G7FAADA9D3B:;5BD75;B;F3F;A@ 8A9 ;E 3 5A??A@ 873FGD7 47;@9 6A?;@3@F A@ F:7 :;9: E>AB7E 835;@9 @ADF: -:7 ?73@ 3@@G3> F7?B7D3FGD7 5:3@97E 47FI77@ N 47FI77@ ? 7>7H3F;A@E -:7 F7?B7D3FGD7E ;@ I;@F7D 3D7 97@7D3>>K G@67D F:7 8D77L;@9 BA;@F.

(14) Ibrahim Atalay et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 – 805. ,G4:G?;6 ,7?;3D;6 5>;?3F7 BD7H3;>E 3>A@9 F:7 67BD7EE;A@E 3@6 $3EF3?A@G )>3F73G ;@ F:7 435=I3D6 D79;A@ A8 >35=,73 -:73?AG@FA83@@G3>BD75;B;F3F;A@;E3DAG@6 ??;@F:7:;9:>3@6EA8F:;E3D734GF47>AI ??;@ F:767BD7EE;A@E ,G??7DF7?B7D3FGD7E 3@66;D75FEA>3DD36;3F;A@ 3D7:;9:7DA@F:74AFFA?A867BD7EE;A@EF:3@F:7 5A3EF3>3D73EA8>35=,73 &73@3@@G3>F7?B7D3FGD7E>;747FI77@ N;@F:7B>3F73GEGD8357E4GF3D734AH7N ;@F:74AFFA?A867BD7EE;A@E. )' -:7?3;@5>;?3F7FKB7EA8-GD=7KF3>3K . %$)3%11!.%!.#,)-!3%"FBD7H3;>EA@F:7973@6&76;F7DD3@73@5A3EFE3@65A@F;@G7E3E83D3EF:7I7EF7D@B3DF A8,@3FA>;33@6;E5>3EE;8;76;@FAFIAEG4FKB7E6G7FAFABA9D3B:;55A@6;F;A@ 7EB75;3>>K3>F;FG67;9 -:7D?A &76;F7DD3@73@ 5>;?3F7 ;E 6A?;@3@F 47FI77@ ? ;@ F:7 7973@ D79;A@ 3@6 ? ;@ F:7 &76;F7DD3@73@D79;A@7EB75;3>>KA@F:7EAGF:835;@9E>AB7EA8-3GDGE&AG@F3;@E -:7?73@3@@G3>F7?B7D3FGD7;E3DAG@6N;@F:7@ADF:A8 7973@ D79;A@3@6D3@97E47FI77@ N;@F:7 EAGF:7D@B3DFA8&76;F7DD3@73@+79;A@ -:7I;@F7DF7?B7D3FGD7 ;E3DAG@6N;@F:7@ADF:A8 7973@,73 5A3EF4GF D;E7EGBFA N3>A@9F:7&76;F7DD3@73@5A3EF -:7EG??7DF7?B7D3FGD7E5:3@9747FI77@N3@6 N;@F:7 A8' ,6;D75F;A@ ,G4:G?;6 :G?;6 &76;F7DD3@73@ ?AG@F3;@ EG4 5>;?3F7 BD7H3;>E ;@ F:7 :;9:>3@6E A8 F:7 &76;F7DD3@73@ D79;A@ -:7D7;E3@;@5D73E7;@F:7BD75;B;F3F;A@AH7D ?7>7H3F;A@ ;@97@7D3>4753GE7A8F:78DA@FEAD;9;@3F;@98DA?F:7 ?;66>73@6,0B3DFA8&76;F7DD3@73@,73 I:;5:3D75A@E;67D34>K:;@67D764K-3GDGE&AG@F3;@E -:7ADA9D3B:;5 D3;@83>>E7>6A?A55GDEA@F:7GBB7DB3DFEA8-3GDGE&AG@F3;@E6GD;@9EG??7D -:7:G?;6B3DFA8F:7D79;A@;EF:7 E>AB7 835;@9 I7EF A8 'GD &AG@F3;@E -:7 ?73@ 3@@G3> F7?B7D3FGD7 ;@ F:7 ADA &76;F7DD3@73@ 47>F D3@97E 8DA?

(15) NFA

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

(17) 796. Ibrahim Atalay et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 – 805. ,7?;3D;65A>65>;?3F7A83EF@3FA>;3 ;E5:3D35F7D;L764KH7DK5A>63@6E@AIK I;@F7DE :AF3@66DKEG??7DE -:73@@G3>BD75;B;F3F;A@;EGBFA ??;@F:7GB>3@63D73E 4GF675D73E7EFA ??;@F:767BD7EE;A@EF:;E 8;9GD7;E>7EEF:3@ ??;@F:7"_6cD 67BD7EE;A@I:;5:;EF:76D;7EFB3DFA8-GD=7K -:7?73@3@@G3>F7?B7D3FGD7;E 34AGF N;@F:7:;9:B>3F73GA83EF7D@@3FA>;3 ,7?;3D;6 :AF 5>;?3F7 A8 , @3FA>;3 ;E 5:3D35F7D;L76 4K EA?7I:3F ?;>6 3@6 D3;@K I;@F7DE H7DK :AF 3@6 3D;6 EG??7DE;@F:7I7EF7D@B3DFA8,@3FA>;3 -:7F7?B7D3FGD7E:3H7477@D75AD6763E N;@I;@F7DI:;5:D;E7EGB FA N6GD;@9EG??7DE @@G3>FAF3>BD75;B;F3F;A@>;7E3DAG@6 ??A@F:7>AI>3@6E 4GF7J5776E ??;@F:7:;9:>3@6E835;@9EAGF:A8,-3GDGE&AG@F3;@E +7>3F;H7:G?;6;FK675D73E7E3E>AI3E7H7@A@F:7 E3?763K;@EG??7D -:7BAF7@F;3>7H3BAD3F;A@;E?G5:?AD7F:3@ ??

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

(19) ?3@6 3D75A?BAE76A8 $*8625,(17$/,6!,/,$58%5$!720(1726$$67$1($6$7,9$$53,18625,(17$/,65$;,18625186 2;<&$53$/186*/87,126$%$5%$7$&(5&$03(675(3/$7$12,'(6 3@6 8(5&8663(&,(6 ?AEF>K 52%85 +$579,66,$1$ ]@?7L 13>Xc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

(20) Ibrahim Atalay et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 – 805. $67$1($ 6$7,9$ 8AD7EFE 3D7 3>EA 5A??A@ 3>A@9 F:7 5A3EF3> 47>F A8 >35= ,73 8(5&86 EB75;7E 3D7 3>EA I;67EBD736I;F:;@F:7?;J76675;6GAGE8AD7EFEF:7>736;@9EB75;7E3D7 52%85+$57:,66,$1$3217,&$ A@>K 73EFA8>35=,73D79;A@ 0$&5$17+(5$ EEB 6<63,5(16,6 3(75$($,1)(&725,$ 3@6 &(55,6 4-)$#/,$#/.)&%1/42&/1%232-:7E78AD7EFE3D7?3;@>K9DAIE 47FI77@

(21) ?A@F:7@ADF:E>AB7E A8F:7'ADF:@3FA>;3@&AG@F3;@E3@63D76;H;676;@FAFIAFKB7E 3 ,&($25,(17$/,6 3@6 %,(6125'0$11,$1$ 8AD7EFE;@F:773EF7D@>35=,73D79;A@-:77J;EF7@57A8F:7 ,&($ 25,(17$/,6 ;ED7>3F76FAF:7:73HK8A95A@6;F;A@E GD;@9EG??7DE3@6

(22) ADH797F3F;A@B7D;A6 5AA>3@6:G?;63;D?3EE 5A?;@9 8DA? >35= ,73 D;E7E 3>A@9 F:7 @ADF: 835;@9 E>AB7E A8 F:7 3EF7D@ >35= ,73 &AG@F3;@E >736;@9 FA F:7 8AD?3F;A@ A8 8A9 3@6 ADA9D3B:;5 D3;@83>> ,&($ 25,(17$/,6 479;@@;@9 8DA? F:7 >35= ,73 5A3EF A55GDE 3E 3 ?;J76 8AD7EFI;F:4DA36>738EB75;7E?AEF>K $*8625,(17$/,6 47FI77@ ? 3@63BB73DE3E3BGD78AD7EF47FI77@ ?A@F:7@ADF:835;@9E>AB7EA8 ;D7EG@3@63EF7D@>35= ,73?AG@F3;@E ,&($25,(17$/,6 8AD7EFE3D7 3>EA I;67EBD736 3F 3@ 7>7H3F;A@ A8 ? ;@ F:7 d3HE3F D63@G5 )AEA8 3@6 3D:3> 43E;@E ;@ F:7 73EF7D@ 435=I3D6E;67A8>35=,73D79;A@ "@EA?7GBB7DB3DFEA8F:7E73D73E ,&($25,(17$/,6 8AD7EFE3D73EEA5;3F76I;F: ,1866</9(675,6 3@6 %,(6125'0$11,$1$ -:7 ?AEF BDA6G5F;H7 ,&($25,(17$/,6 8AD7EF A55GDE ;@F:7)7K@;D>; >A53>;FK ;@D63@G543E;@. )' /797F3F;A@BDA8;>7E;@' ,6;D75F;A@8DA?F:7I7EF7D@B3DFA8 7973@ +79;A@F3>3K3@687 . -:7:7;9:FA8 EA?7 ,&($25,(17$/,6 3FF3;@FA ? ,&($25,(17$/,6 FD77?F3>>:36477@5GF6AI@ ;@F:7 B3EF >F:AG9:F:7:;9:7EFA@7;@F:73G53EGE&AG@F3;@E;E?F3>>>7?63_c F3>3K F3>3K (7$/ F3>3K3@687 4 %,(6 %25108//(5,$1$ 8AD7EFE A55GD ;@ F:7 ?;66>7 3@6 I7EF7D@ B3DF A8 >35= ,73 D79;A@ -:7E7 8AD7EFE 3D7 I;67EBD736 A@ F:7 @ADF: 835;@9 E>AB7E A8 $GD7 &AG@F3;@E !7D7 BGD7 8;D 8AD7EFE 3D7 ?AEF>K 5A??A@ A@ F:7 @ADF: 835;@9 E>AB7E 3@6 GBB7D B3DFE A8 F:7 EAGF: 835;@9 E>AB7E D757;H;@9 8A9 ,186 6</9(675,6 $*86 25,(17$/,6 3@6 +2'2'(1'5213217,&80!$;86%$&&$7$8;866(03(59,5(16 3@6AF:7DE:DG4E3D7BD7E7@F3E9DAG@6H797F3F;A@3@6 3D7A4E7DH76I;F:;@ %,(6%25108//(5,$1$ 8AD7EF (@F:7AF:7D:3@6 F:7 @ADF:835;@9E>AB7EA8F:7?AG@F3;@E97FF;@9 8A9;@F:7I7EF7D@435=I3D6B3DFA8F:7>35=,73 D79;A@ ;E@3FGD3> A55GDD;@93D73EA8 %25108//(5,$1$ 8AD7EF -:7 @ADF:835;@9E>AB7EA8">93L&AG@F3;@E3@6.>G A?3@;5?AG@F3;@D3@97E3D7F:7?3;@6;EFD;4GF;A@3>3D73EA8BGD7 %,(6 %25108//(5,$1$ %,(6 %25108//(5,$1$$*86 25,(17$/,6 8AD7EFE -:7 47EF 7J3?B>7 ;E E77@ ;@ F:7 73EF7D@ 7JF7@E;A@A8.>G A?3@;5?AG@F3;@D3@97;9 %,(6(48,752-$1, 8AD7EF F:77@67?;5EB75;7E8AD@3FA>;3 ;E 5A??A@ A@F:7GBB7D@ADF:835;@9E>AB7EA8$3L&AG@F3;@E;@F:7,0B3DFA8&3D?3D3D79;A@87 (7$/ ,186 1,*5$ 3@6 $*86 25,(17$/,6 3D7 3>EA 5A??A@ ;@ EA?7 B3DF A8 %,(6 (48,752-$1, 8AD7EF O7B7> (7 $/ F3>3K 487 (7$/ 387 (7$/ 4 -:7'ADF:@3FA>;3@&AG@F3;@E34AG@6;@?3@K3>B;@79D3EE7E 34AH7 ? 4"(4-)$#/,$#/.3).%.3!,#/.)&%1/42&/1%232-:7E78AD7EFE3D7?3;@>K5A?BAE76A8 ,1866</9(675,6 I:;5:;E 97@7D3>>K I;67EBD736 A@F:7EAGF:835;@9E>AB7EA8F:7435=I3D6D79;A@A8>35=,733@6F:7:;9:B>3F73GEA8' @3FA>;3 )GD7 3@6 BDA6G5F;H7 ,186 6</9(675,6 8AD7EFE 3D7 5A??A@ A@ F:7 DLGDG? $3DE 3@6 D63:3@ )>3F73GE >7?63_ O7B7> (7 $/ -7F;= F3>3K 3@6 87 -:7 ?73@ 3@@G3> F7?B7D3FGD7 ;E G@67DNF:7F7?B7D3FGD7EA@EA?763KE6GD;@9I;@F7D83>>47>AI N 3@6D;E76GD;@9EG??7DE7J5776E N. 797.

(23) 798. Ibrahim Atalay et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 –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c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c=>c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cLc>cD?3= D;H7D H3>>7K GD3_3@ -3e=]BD^ 3@6 $3D34^= =EAK F3>3K 3@6 87 "@ F:7E7 3D73E 6DK 8AD7EFE 3D7 5A?BAE76 A8 ,186 %587,$ 81,3(586 ?AEF>K 2;<&('586 (;&(/6$ $/,8586 63,1$ &+5,67, 8(5&86 EB75;7E ?3;@>K 8(5&86 &2&&,)(5$ ,1)(&725,$ 3(75$($ 3D7 I;67EBD736 ,186 %587,$ 8AD7EFE A55GD 3>A@9 F:7 D433 ';=E3D 3@6 GD3_3@ -3e=]BD^ 67BD7EE;A@E 7EB75;3>>KA@F:7E>AB7E835;@9@ADF: -:7 >AI>3@6E A8 &3D?3D3 +79;A@ EG5: 3E ,3=3DK3 D;H7D H3>>7K 47FI77@ 7KH7 FAI@ 3@6 ,3DcK3D 3? %3=7 )3D36;E7 .>G343F GDE3 67BD7EE;A@ 3D7 F:7 ?3;@ 6;EFD;4GF;A@3> 3D73E A8 ,186 %587,$ 3@6 ?3CG;E H797F3F;A@ -:7 >AI>3@6E AD F75FA@;5 67BD7EE;A@E A8 %3=7E +79;A@ I:;5: ;E F:7 LA@A75AFA@7 47FI77@ "@@7D @3FA>;3 5A@F;@7@F3> 5>;?3F7 3@6 &76;F7DD3@73@ 5>;?3F7 3D7 F:7 ?3;@ @3F;H7 3D73E A8 A55GDD7@57 A8 ,186 %587,$ 3@6 8(5&86 8AD7EFE &GF3E;@>A53F76;@F:7&;66>7B3DFA8-3GDGE&AG@F3;@ 47>F;EF:76D;7EFB3DFA8F:7 &76;F7DD3@73@D79;A@ -:7.

(24) Ibrahim Atalay et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 –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

(25) ?3@65A@F;@G73E :;9: 3E ? "@ 7@FD3> @3FA>;3 8(5&86 38%(6&(16 3@6 81,3(586 EB 3D7 ?3;@>K 6;EFD;4GF76 47FI77@ . ? ,186 1,*5$ 8AD7EF 479;@E 38F7D ? 3@6 5A@F;@G7E GB FA EG43>B;@7 9D3EE>3@6 &AEF A8 F:7 @3F;H7 H797F3F;A@A8"@@7D@3FA>;3:3E477@E7D;AGE>K67EFDAK763@66797@7D3F76 -:7E73D73E3D75AH7D76I;F:F:7EF7BB7 H797F3F;A@53>>763@F:DABA97@;5EF7BB7.E>G O7F;= +7?@3@F4>35=B;@78AD7EFE3D7A@>K 5A??A@ ;@F:7 EAGF:7D@ B3DF A8 @=3D3 @3?7>K 7K@3? 8AD7EF F:7 EAGF:7D@ B3DF A8 $36c@:3@c FAI@ 3@6 ;@ F:7 1AL93F O3?>c_c ,?3>>5>GEF7DEA8 ,1861,*5$ A55GD ;@F:7,B3DFA8"@@7D@3FA>;3 -:7BDA6G5F;H;FKA8F:7 ,1861,*5$ 8AD7EFE:7D7 ;E >AI 6G7 FA 3D;6 5A@6;F;A@E -:7 E:DG4 >3K7D A8 ,186 1,*5$ 8AD7EF ;E ?3;@>K 5A?BAE76 A8 8(5&86 38%(6&(16 81,3(586 3@6 ,6786/$85,)2/,86 ?AEF>K5A??A@A@F:7E;>;57AGE3@6HA>53@;5FG883@6E3@6 @AF34>K;@F:7$]DA_>G )3EE;@'A88KA@=3D3:;E3D5;FKF3>3K3@687 3 4 (3=5>GEF7DE 5A?BAE76A8 81,3(5862;<&('586 (;&(/6$ 3@6 &20081,6 3D7 5A??A@ A@H7DK>;?;F763D73E EG5:3E@ADF:7D@7697EA8?AG@F3;@E EAGF:7D@7697EA8,G@6;=7@ &AG@F3;@E 3@647FI77@O3KcD3>3@ =63_?367@; FAI@E;@I7EF7D@7697EA8=?AG@F3;@E (3=8AD7EFE?3;@>K5A?BAE76A8 8(5&8638%(6&(16 35>;?3JA3=EB75;7E 8AD"@@7D@3FA>;3 ;E5A??A@ 3DAG@6=?AG@F3;@3@6=63_?367@; FAI@ O7F;= %-)!1)$24"(4-)$#/,$/!+&/1%232 "@F:7I7EF7D@3@6EAGF:7D@B3DFA83EF@3FA>;3BDA6G5F;H7A3=8AD7EFE 3D7 I7>>D7BD7E7@F76 4753GE7F:7?AG@F3;@AGE3D73EA8@ADF:7D@B3DFA8F:7,@3FA>;33@6F:7I7EF7D@B3DFA83EF @3FA>;397F34G@63@FBD75;B;F3F;A@D735:;@9GBFA?AD7F:3@ ?? F:;E8;9GD7;EAH7D3F>73EF ??;@F:7:;9: EAGF: 835;@9 E>AB7E A8 , -3GDGE 3@6 &7D53@ ?AG@F3;@E ;9 -:7E7 3D73E 3D7 5AH7D76 I;F: A3=E 8AD7EFE 5A?BAE76A8 8(5&86%5$17,,/,%$1,,7+$%85(16,6 EEB 0$&52/(3,6 3@6 ,1)(&725,$ &3<AD;FKA8A3=8AD7EFE;@ F:7 3@6 , @3FA>;3 :3H7 477@ B3DF>K 3@6 5A?B>7F7>K 67EFDAK76 F3>3K (LFGD= (7 $/ )D7E7@F>K ?AEF A8 F:7 BDA6G5F;H7 8AD7EFE A55GD ;@ F:7 H;5;@;FK A8 ;@9]> 3@6 &3D6;@ BDAH;@57E 3@6 EA?7 B3DFE A8 &7D53@ &G@LGD?AG@F3;@E "D3@A -GD3@;3@EF7BB7H797F3F;A@A55GDE3E39DAG@68>AD3;@?AEFA8A3=8AD7EFE %$)3%11!.%!.%$).%&/1%232 -:75A3EF3>47>FA8F:7EAGF:7D@B3DFA8 3>>;BA>;B7@;@EG>33@6F:7 793@ 3@6 &76;F7DD3@73@5A3EFE3D7G@67DF:7;@8>G7@57A8&76;F7DD3@73@5>;?3F7 -:7?3;@@3FGD3>6;EFD;4GF;A@3D73EA8 ,186 %587,$ 8AD7EFE 3D7 5A??A@ 3E 5>;?3J H797F3F;A@ A@ F:7 >AI7D AD F:7D?A 47>F A8 F:7 7973@ &3D?3D3 3@6 &76;F7DD3@73@ D79;A@E 3@6 F:7K 3D7 H7DK D7E;EF3@F FA 6DAG9:F 7D?;@3F;A@ 3@6 D797@7D3F;A@ 3D7 ?G5: ?AD7 6A?;@3F;@9F:3@AF:7D8AD7EFFD77ED76B;@7E776;EH7DKD7E;EF3@FFAF:78AD7EF8;D7EF3>3K (7$/ (LFGD= (7$/ 4 .KE3> (7 $/ )DAF75F76 8;D7 3D73E 3D7 A55GB;76 4K D76 B;@7 E776>;@9E ;@ 3 H7DK E:ADF F;?7 "F 479;@E3FF:7E73>7H7>3@6D;E7EGBFA ?;@&3D?3D3 ?;@F:7 793@ D79;A@3@6 ?;@F:7 &76;F7DD3@73@D79;A@ -:7E78AD7EFE3>EAA55GDA@F:767BD7EE;A@E 53>>76-3eAH3 D433 ';=E3D (E?3@5c= $3D9c3@6 GD3_3@ -3e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

(26) 800. Ibrahim Atalay et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 – 805. /(17,6&867(5(%,17+86/($ (8523$($ 7<5$;2)),&,1$/,6 9DAIA@>AI7DEFADK A8);@GE4DGF;38AD7EFE;@F:7 7973@ 3@6&76;F7DD3@73@D79;A@E(LFGD= (LFGD= (7$/ 0:7@);@GE4DGF;38AD7EFE3D7B3DF>K3@65A?B>7F7>K 67EFDAK76F:7?3CG;EH797F3F;A@EBD736E;@F:75>;?3J);@GE4DGF;38AD7EF3D73E ADF:;ED73EA@ ?3CG;EH797F3F;A@ ;@F:7&76;F7DD3@73@D79;A@;EE75A@63DKH797F3F;A@(LFGD= (7$/ 3 "@BDAF75F763D73E?3CG;E 7>7?7@FE 9DAI 3E FD77E (LFGD= (7 $/ "8 ,186 %587,$ FD77E 3D7 5A??A@ 3?A@9 EB3DE7 ?3CG;E EF3@6E F:7 E776E97D?;@3F7A@AB7@EG@@KE;F7E3?A@9F:7E73@6AH7DF;?7 ,186%587,$ 393;@A55GB;7EF:7EB3DE7?3CG;EE;F7E ,A ?3CG;E H797F3F;A@ D7?3;@E ;@ F:7 >AI7D EFADK A8 );@GE 4DGF;3 (@ F:7 AF:7D :3@6 ;@ 67@E7 ?3CG;E 3D73E 97D?;@3F;A@A8F:7D76B;@7E776E;EBD7H7@F76 4753GE7);@GE4DGF;3E776E97D?;@3F7A@43D7EA;>D;5:;@?;@7D3>E 3@6G@67D6;D75FEG@>;9:F &3CG;E 7>7?7@FE :3H7 3 677B DAAF EKEF7? EA F:3F F:7K A55GD 7H7@ A@ F:;@ EA;> 5AH7D EFA@K DA5=K 3D73E .E>G F3>3K &AEFA8F:7?3D77H7D9D77@3@683EF 9DAI;@9;@5:3D35F7D "8F:7K3D75>73D 5GF8D7CG7@F>KF:7;D 4;A?3EEBDA6G5F;H;FK;@5D73E7E &3CG;E3D73EE7DH73EF:7?3;@9D3L;@93D73E8AD3@;?3>E 7EB75;3>>K9A3FE 8(5&86 &2&&,)(5$ ,/(; ,67$&,$ /(17,6&86 ,6786 EBB 3@6 $/,&2720( 9,//26$ 3D7 D7E;EF3@F FA 8AD7EF 8;D7E 3@6 F:7K D797@7D3F78DA?DAAFEFA5=E38F7D8AD7EF8;D7 -:7D78AD7 ?3CG;EH797F3F;A@;@F:7=3DEF;5>3@6F7@6EFA47EF34;>76G7 FAF:7835FF:3FF:7DAAFEA8?3CG;E7>7?7@FE67H7>AB677B>K3>A@9F:75D35=E3@647FI77@F:7>;?7EFA@7EFD3F3 -:;EE:DG4K H797F3F;A@;EE>;9:F>K E:ADF7DF:3@ ?3CG;E3@6 3>EA53>>76>AI ?3FADD3> "FA55GB;7E3>>B3DFEA8F:7 5A3EF3> 3D73E A8 -GD=7K -:7 H797F3F;A@ ;E 5A?BAE76 A8 >AI F:AD@K 8AD?3F;A@E ?3;@>K A8 :7?;EB:7D;53> E:DG4E I:;5:3D797@7D3>>K675;6GAGE6GD;@9F:76DKE73EA@67H7>AB3FB>357EI:7D74AF:?3CG;E3@6D76B;@78AD7EFE3D7 5A?B>7F7>K5>73D76 -:7D73D7@AE7>75F;H7388;@;F;7ED7>3F76FAB3D7@F?3F7D;3>E "@835FF:793DD;9G7H797F3F;A@ A55GDE 4AF:;@ ,186%587,$ 8AD7EFE3EI7>>3E;@ F:7?3CG;E &3CG;E3@693DD;9G7 8AD?3F;A@EA55GDI;67>K;@F:77973@ D79;A@ ;@ F:7 I7EF @3FA>;3 87 (7 $/ GF 93DD;CG7 H797F3F;A@ ;E 6A?;@3@F ;@ F:7 3D73E I:7D7 @3FGD3> 7CG;>;4D;G? :3E 9AF 67F7D;AD3F76 3@6 A@ 5A?B>7F7>K 4GD@F 3D73E (@ F:7 AF:7D :3@6 EFA@K 3@6 3D;6 B3DFE A8 F:7 F:7D?A &76;F7DD3@73@ 47>F 3D7 5AH7D76 I;F: 93DD;9G7E 87 -:7 47EF 7J3?B>7 ;E F:7 &GF 3E;@ I:;5: ;E 6D;7EF B3DF;@F:7D79;A@6G7FAD3;@E:36AI 87 3

(27)

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e7:;D %3=7_;D6;D ,]_^FB>3F73G47FI77@@F3>K3 3L;B3E33@6;@F:773EF7D@ B3DF A8-3GDGE ?AG@F3;@E $3DE3@Fc BDAH;@57 $3@F3D5; AL=GE F3>3K 3 F3>3K 87 F3>3K (7$/ %,(6 &,/,&,&$ 8AD7EFE A55GD 47FI77@ ? A@ F:7 E>AB7E 835;@9 @ADF: 3@6 ? A@ F:7 E>AB7E 835;@9 EAGF: ;@ -3GDGE &AG@F3;@E -:7 ABF;?G? 9DAIF: 3D73E 3D7 97@7D3>>K A55GD 47FI77@ ? %,(6 &,/,&,&$ 3BB73DED3D7>K;@BGD7EF3@6E4GF;E?AEF>K?;J76I;F: ,1861,*5$ 3@6 ('586/,%$1, )GD7 %,(6 EF3@6E3D7 5A??A@A@F:78A99K3D73EA8-3GDGE&AG@F3;@E 7EF7J3?B>7 A8 BGD7 %,(6 EF3@6E 3D75A??A@ ;@ F:7H;5;@;FKA8 O3?>cK3K>3FAI@ ;@?;66>7-3GDGE&AG@F3;@E %,(6&,/,&,&$ 8AD7EFE3D73>EA 5A??A@ 47FI77@ ?;@F:7 'GD?3@AE?AG@F3;@E 3EF A8"E=7@67DG@ G>8F3>3K3@687 3 4AL=GE ('586/,%$1, ;EA@7A8F:75>;?3JFD77EA8ADA &76;F7DD3@73@47>F479;@@;@93F3@7>7H3F;A@A8 ?3@6D735:7E GBFA ?A@F:7EAGF:7D@E>AB7EA8F:7-3GDGE&AG@F3;@E "F3>EA5A@F;@G7EGBFA ?;@F:7;@@7DE75F;A@A8 F:7?AG@F3;@E -:7?3;@6;EFD;4GF;A@3>3D73EA85763D8AD7EFE7JF7@647FI77@AL&AG@F3;@5cB3K3?;@F:7I7EF 7973@ +79;A@ 3@6 :cD 3@6 'GD ?AG@F3;@E ;@ F:7 73EF "F 5A@F;@G7E FAI3D6E F:7 EAGF:7D@ 4AG@63DK A8 "@@7D @3FA>;3 763D 8AD7EFE A55GD 4AF: ;@ ?;J76 3@6 BGD7 EF3@6E A55GBK;@9 F:7 3>F;FG67E 47FI77@ ? ;@ F:7 H7DF;53>6;D75F;A@;@F:7EAGF:7D@B3DFEA8F:7-3GDGE ?;@F:7435=I3D63D73EA8F:7-3GDGE&AG@F3;@E 3@6 ? 3@6 ?;@F:7'GD&AG@F3;@E 73EFA8 -3GDGE.

(29) Ibrahim Atalay et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 – 805. )' &3;@8AD7EF9DAGBE355AD6;@9FAF:775A>A9;53>D79;A@EA8-GD=7KF3>3K . 801.

(30) 802. Ibrahim Atalay et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 – 805. "F53@475>73D>KE3;6F:3F5763D3HA;6EF:77JFD7?7?3D;F;?73EI7>>3E5A@F;@7@F3>5>;?3F7E;@@3FA>;3 "FBD787DE :G?;65AA>I;@66GD;@9F:7 H797F3F;H7B7D;A6 -:;EI;@64>AIE8DA?F:7@ADF:7D@E75FADE;@F:7%3=7E+79;A@3@6 EAGF:7D@ E75FADE ;@ F:7 GBB7D B3DF A8 -3GDGE &AG@F3;@E -:7D78AD7 ABF;?G? 9DAI;@9 3D73E A8 5763D A55GD ;@ F:7 FD3@E;F;A@3>D79;A@ 53>>76%3=7E+79;A@LA@A75AFA@7 47FI77@ &76;F7DD3@73@3@6"@@7D@3FA>;33@6 A@F:7 GBB7D EAGF: E>AB7E A8 -3GDGE &AG@F3;@E F3>3K 3 >F:AG9: ;F :3E 477@ D7BADF76 F:3F 5763D A@>K 9DAIE A@ F:7 =3DEF;5>3@6E;@-3GDGE&AG@F3;@E,7H;? F:7E7FD77E9DAIA@3>>B3D7@F?3F7D;3>E5A@F3;@;@9?3D>67BAE;F E5:;EF CG3DFL;F7 3@6>;?7EFA@747>A@9;@9FA-7DF;3DK &7EALA;53@6)3>7ALA;57D3E #G@;B7D81,3(586(;&(/6$81,3(586)2(7,',66,0$8AD7EFE3D75A??A@A@F:7GBB7DB3DFE-3GDGE&AG@F3;@E;@ B>357E I:7D7 5A@;87DAGE 8AD7EFE 5A?BAE76 A8 5763D 3@6 4>35= B;@7 :3H7 477@ 5A?B>7F7>K D7?AH76 E EG5: F:7 <G@;B7D6A?;@3F763D73E53@47D793D6763E3D79D7EE;H7EF7B3@6

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cDc= DA36 >73H76675;6GAGE8AD7EFE3EEA5;3F76I;F: $*8625,(17$/,6$67$1($6$7,9$!,/,$720(1726$ 7F5 3>EA9DAI A@F:7I7EF 835;@9E>AB7A8F:7'GD&AG@F3;@E4753GE7A8F:7835FF:3F&76;F7DD3@73@:G?;63;DD;E;@98DA?F:7 G>8 A8"E=7@67DG@>736EFAADA9D3B:;5D3;@3@68A98AD?3F;A@;@F:;E3D736GD;@9F:7EG??7DE 8(5&8698/&$1,&$I:;5:;EF:77@67?;53@6D7>;5FEB75;7E6;EFD;4GF76A@-3GDGE &AG@F3;@EA@>K8>AGD;E:7EA@ =3DEF;567BD7EE;A@EI;F:F:;5=3@663?BEA;>5AH7D;@F:77679]>3@63HD3L?AG@F3;@E "@F:;E:34;F3F39DAGBA8 :G?;6 FD77E 3@6 E:DG4E 47>A@9;@9 FA GDA ,;47D;3@ 7>7?7@FE EG5: 3E 25%86 7250,1$/,6 !,/,$ 58%5$ 5$;,186 (;&(/6,25 "/086 */$%5$ 3@6 675<$ &$53,1,)2/,$ A55GD I;F: 8(5&86 98/&$1,&$ 5>GEF7D ]=e;@ F3>3K 3. )' /797F3F;A@BDA8;>7E;@' ,6;D75F;A@8DA?I7EFA8>35=,73+79;A@F3>3K3@687 . (/,&7)25(676$1'&/867(56 -:7 D7>;5F H797F3F;A@ A55GDE ;@ F:7 :;9:7D B3DFE A8 ?AG@F3;@E GD;@9 F:7 >3EF 9>35;3> B7D;A6 ?3J;?G? B:3E7 A55GDD76 6GD;@9 K73DE ) F:7 GBB7D B3DFE ?AD7 F:3@ ? :;9: 7@5;D5>;@9 F:7 5A3EF3> 3D73E A8 @3FA>;3 3@6 F:7 ?AG@F3;@E ?AD7 F:3@ ? 3>F;FG67 ;@ F:7 ;@@7D B3DF A8 @3FA>;3 I7D7 A55GB;76 4K F:7 9>35;7DE .@67DF:75A>6 EA?7I:3F6DK5>;?3F;55A@6;F;A@F:7GDA ,;47D;3@B>3@FE>;=7 ,1866</9(675,6 (78/$ EB I7D7I;67>K6;EFD;4GF7647>AIF:79>35;3F763D73E3@6?;9D3F763E83D3EI7EF7D@@3FA>;33@6:;9:EAGF:7D@B3DFEA8.

(32) Ibrahim Atalay et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 – 805. -3GDGE &AG@F3;@E GD;@9 F:7 BD7E7@F 5>;?3F;5 5A@6;F;A@ F:7E7 FD77E ?;9D3F76 FAI3D6E F:7 GBB7D B3DF A8 F:7 ?AG@F3;@E 7EB75;3>>K @ADF: 835;@9 E>AB7E "@6776 F:7 4;D5: 5A??G@;F;7E 3D7 5A??A@ A@ F:7 D5;K7E HA>53@;5 ?AG@F3;@;@"@@7D@3FA>;3 _Dc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d3He3F 3@6 D63@GX 43E;@E ;@ F:7 73EF7D@ 435=I3D6D79;A@A8>35=,73 (@ F:7 AF:7D :3@6 F:7 343@6A@76 39D;5G>FGD3> 8;7>6E 3@6 3D73E 5>73D 5GF ;@ F:7 @ADF:7D@ B3DF A8 F:7 'ADF:7D@ @3FA>;33D78;DEFA55GB;764K ,1866</9(675,6 3@6 ,1861,*5$ D797@7D3F;A@E4753GE7A8F:7835FF:3FE776EA8F:7E7 B;@7E97D?;@3F7A@>KA@F:77JBAE76?;@7D3>D;5:EA;>EF3>3K3@687 3 4 -:7 5A?BAE;F;A@ A88AD7EFH797F3F;A@;@-GD=7K 5:3@97E5A@E;67D34>K;@F:7:AD;LA@F3>3@6H7DF;53>6;D75F;A@7H7@ ;@ F:7 E3?7 5>;?3F;5 D79;A@ 6G7 FA F:7 FABA9D3B:;53> FD3;FE A8 ?3@K :34;F3FE -:7 ?AG@F3;@AGE 3D73E A8 @3FA>;3 5A@F3;@34G@63@FB>3@FEB75;7E3@68AD7EFFKB7E355AD6;@9FA6;887D7@F5>;?3F7FKB7E3@6DG9976FABA9D3B:KD7EG>FE;@ F:78AD?3F;A@A8>A53>5>;?3F7E '3?7>KF:73>F;FG67;@F:7?AG@F3;@AGE3D73E>736EFAH7DF;53>LA@3F;A@A88AD7EFE 0753@A4E7DH73F>73EFF:D773>F;FG6;@3>8AD7EF47>FE;@F:7:;9: ?AG@F3;@D3@97E F3>3K 87 4 EB75F835FAD3>EA366EFAF:79DAIF:A86;887D7@F8AD7EFFKB7E47FI77@@ADF:3@6EAGF:E>AB7EA8F:7?AG@F3;@EA@ E3?7 7>7H3F;A@E AD 7J3?B>7 ,&($ 25,(17$/,6 8AD7EFE A55GD A@ F:7 @ADF: 835;@9 E>AB7E A8 @ADF: I:;>7 ,186 6</9(675,6 8AD7EFE 9DAI A@F:7EAGF:7D@E>AB7EA8F:7'ADF:@3FA>;3@&AG@F3;@E &;J768AD7EFE3D73EEA5;3F76I;F: @AF A@>K 4DA36 >73H76 675;6GAGE 8AD7EF 4GF 3>EA 5A@;87DAGE 8AD7EFE A55GD A@ F:7 :G?;6 :34;F3FE AD ;@EF3@57 F:7 :G?;6 ?;>65A@6;F;A@EEGBBADFF:79DAIF:A8@G?7DAGEFD77E3@6E:DG4E;@F:75A3EF3>B3DFA8>35=,73 )GD78AD7EFE9DAIA@F:77JFD7?75A@F;@7@F3>3@6E7?;3D;65>;?3F;55A@6;F;A@E;@F:7'3@6"@@7D@3FA>;33@6 GBB7D B3DFE A8 F:7 ?AG@F3;@E "@6776 F:7 7J;EF7@57 A8 BGD7 ,186 6</9(675,6 8AD7EFE ;@ F:7 :;9: B>3F73G A8 ' @3FA>;3 ;E 6G7 FA F:7 BD7H3>7@57 A8 H7DK 5A>6 3@6 EG4:G?;6 E7H7D7 5A@F;@7@F3> 5>;?3F;5 5A@6;F;A@E I:7D73E E7?;3D;65A@6;F;A@E8AD?3:34;F3F8ADF:79DAIF:A8387IFD77E3@6E:DG4E3E;E"@@7D @3FA>;3 /.#,42)/.2 "@ -GD=7K F:7D7 3D7 ?3@K FKB7E A8 8AD7EF 5>3EE;8;53F;A@E 355AD6;@9 FA E;F7 5>3EE ;@67J K;7>6E 3@6 @3FGD3> 6;EFD;4GF;A@ H797F3F;A@ 5A?BAE;F;A@ 3@6 EA A@ "@ F:7E7 BG4>;53F;A@E 7J35F 5>3EE;8;53F;A@ 67B7@6;@9 A@ 5>;?3F;5 D79;A@E 3@6 F:7 3>F;FG6;@3> 47>FE ;E ?AEF>K ?;EE;@9 -:7D7 ;E 3 @776 8AD ;@H7EF;93F;A@E FA 47 G@67DF3=7@ A@ F:7 5>3EE;8;53F;A@A8H797F3F;A@;@F:7>A53>3@6D79;A@3>5A@F7JF ,A?7BG4>;53F;A@E8A5GEA@F:75>3EE;8;53F;A@A88>AD3 3@6:7D4357AGEH797F3F;A@ AF:7DEE:AI 5A?B>;53F76D7EG>FEA@F:78AD7EF5>3EE;8;53F;A@67B7@6;@9A@F:7>;F7D3FGD7 5A>>75F76OA>3=3@6+AF:7D:3@ "@F:;E3DF;5>76;E5GEE;A@:3ED7HA>H763DAG@6F:78AD7EFH797F3F;A@A8-GD=7K4GF F:73D73A8-:D357:3E@AF477@ ;@5>G676 07:3H7FD;76FAD7H;7I?3;@8AD7EFFKB7EA8-GD=7KFA97F:7DI;F:F:7BDA8;>7E?AEF>K;@F:7' ,6;D75F;A@E. 803.

(33) 804. Ibrahim Atalay et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 –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

(34) @=3D3 F3>3K " 4 "@FDA6G5F;A@FA 7A?ADB:A>A9KA8-GD=7K @6 6;F;A@ 97.@;H 35G>FKA86G53F;A@)G4> 'A "L?;D F3>3K " 3 -:775A>A9KA84775:$*8625,(17$/,6 %;BE=K8AD7EFE3@6F:7;DLA@;@9;@F7D?EA8E776FD3@E87D )G4> A8&;@;EFDKA8 AD7EFDK ;D75FAD3F7A8;?BDAH7?7@FA88AD7EFFD77E3@6E776E)G4> @A @=3D3 F3>3K " 4 -:7)3>7A97A9D3B:KA8F:7'73D3EFDA?%3F7)>7;EFA57@7FA3D>K!A>A57@73@6:G?3@"?B35F 97.@;H7DE;FK)D7EE "L?;D -GD=7K F3>3K " /797F3F;A@ 7A9D3B:KA8-GD=7K 97.@;H )D7EE "L?;D -GD=7K F3>3K " 8875FEA85>;?3F;55:3@97EA@F:7H797F3F;A@;@F:7'73D3EF G>>7F;@ 67>3,A5;\F\67 \A9D3B:;7Q9KBF7 /A> F3>3K " )3>7A7H;DA@?7@F3>5A@6;F;A@EA8F:7>3F7)>7;EFA57@73@673D>K!A>A57@7;@@3FA>;3 "@*G3F7D@3DK7E7DFE3@6>;?3F;5 :3@97 6E , >E:3D:3@ $ 0 >7@@;7 % 0:;FF>73@6 ,F $7@63>> 3>=7?3

(35) +AFF7D63?

(36) DAA=8;7>6 B F3>3K " 5A>A9KA8AD7EFE;@-GD=7K ,/9$$/&$1,&$ F3>3K " 5AD79;A@EA8-GD=7K &;@;EFDKA8AD7EFDK)G4> 'A F3>3K " 8875FEA8F:7@3FA>;3@&AG@F3;@AGED73EA@F:7;A6;H7DE;FK3E7,FG6K8DA?F:7'ADF:7D@@3FA>;3@&AG@F3;@E3@6 -3GDGE&AG@F3;@E ;@!;9:&AG@F3;@+7?AF7,7@E;@93DFA9D3B:K"@F7D@3F;A@3>,K?B 6E / $3G8?3@@ 0 ,G>E7D D3L7D,5:D;8F7@ 67D 7A9D3B:;7G@6+3G?ADE5:G@9 3@6 F3>3K " 5AEKEF7?5A>A9K3@6 7A9D3B:K &7F3)D7EE "L?;D F3>3K " BB>;76>;?3FA>A9K &7F3)D7EE "L?;D -GD=7K F3>3K " ,A;>AD?3F;A@ >3EE;8;53F;A@3@6 7A9D3B:K F: 6 &7F3 )D7EE "L?;D -GD=7K F3>3K " & -7F;= ( 1c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c=A_>G & ;A>A9K3@6,;>H;5G>FGD7A8-GD=;E:+76);@7);@GE4DGF;3-7@ (D?3@5c>c_c 7>;eF;D?7H7 (D?3@13@9c@>3Dc;>7&^5367>7!;L?7F>7D;@;7EF7=>7?7/3=8c13Kc@c %3L7D(8E7F&3F433Ec E @=3D3 AK63=& H7O3>c=A_>G& ;A>A9K3@6,;>H;5G>FGD7A8%743@A@763D76DGE>;43@; +;5: (D?3@5c>c_c 7>;eF;D?7H7(D?3@ 13@9c@>3Dc;>7&^5367>7!;L?7F>7D;@;7EF7=>7?7/3=8c13Kc@c %3L7D(8E7F&3F433Ec E @=3D3 AL=Ge '3FGD3>6;EFD;4GF;A@3@6E;>H;5G>FGD7873FGD7EA8 %,(6&,/,&,&$ 3DD 7@7D3>6;D75FAD3F7A88AD7EFDK)G4> 'A ,7D;3>'A @=3D3 O7B7> ' & ^@63D ^@7> +7>3F;A@E47FI77@763B:;5835FADE3@6;?BADF3@F355GD3@573D73EA8 ,1866</9(675,6 ;@-GD=7K -."-$)G4> O7F;= + /797F3F;A@A8-GD=7K" 5A>A9K3@6/797F3F;A@A8"@@7D@3FA>;3 ,7>5G=.@;H 35G>FKA8DFE3@6,5;7@57E)G4> @A $A@K3 OA>3= ! +AF:7D63? +7H;7IA8F:7AD7EF/797F3F;A@A8-GD=7K"FE,F3FGE )3EF3@6)D7E7@F3@6"FEGFGD7A@E7DH3F;A@ ,2/2*<$1'19,5210(17 A@?7L 1 )>3@F97A9D3B:KA8-:D357 67$1%8/ "1,9167,787(2)(2*5$3+< aEF3@4G> A@?7L 1 )>3@F97A9D3B:KA8$A537>;)7@;@EG>3 "EF3@4G>.@;H "@EF;FGF7A8 7A9D3B:K)G4> "EF3@4G> 87 + 5A>A9;53>5A@6;F;A@EA8@3FGD3>H797F3F;A@;@1G@F&AG@F3;@ !85.,6+(2*5$3+/,&$/2851$/ 87 + 3 D?7@7=O3Kc!3HL3EcA_3>(DF3?SL7>>;=>7D; U K3Kc@>3Dc@A aEF3@4G> BB ",' . 87 + 4 "?B35FA85>;?3F7A@6;EFD;4GF;A@A8@3FGD3>H797F3F;A@;@.BB7D 76;LD;H7D43E;@ !85.,6+(2*5$3+,&$/2851$/ 87 + , ,]@?7L =A>A<;=H7>AD;EF;=]L7>>;=>7D;@79]D7-^D=;K7AD?3@H7<7F3EKA@G@G@4]>97E7>63_c>c?c "/ .>GE3>A_D38K3 ,7?BALKG?G HDGB3;D>;_;,^D75;@67-^D=;K7g67]>97E7>3D=>c>c=>3D U -^D=;K7A_D38K3EcD3eFcD?3H7.K9G>3?3&7D=7L; ;>6;D;>7D$;F34c @=3D3 87 + ,AK=3@ , ,]@?7L a ^D743> GD:3@;K7 A_3>$3K@3=7_7D>7D; E ,;EF7?(8E7F @=3D3.

(37) Ibrahim Atalay et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 788 – 805 87 + ,AK=3@ a ^D743> F3EAK , ,]@?7L 5A>A9;53>5A@6;F;EA@E3@6;EFD;4GF;A@A8/797F3F;A@A@,AGF:7D@,>AB7EA8$3L &AG@F3;@ -GD=7K #AGD@3>A83>=3@ 5A>A9K /A> 'A 87 + ,AK=3@, ,]@?7L a ^D743> 3 &A@G?7@F3>-D77EA86D7?;F =?3F)D7EE 87 + ,AK=3@ a ^D743> , ,]@?7L 4 3>c=7E;Dg;@_3X>3DcH7O3>c>3Dc 3>c=7E;D7>6 13Kc@>3Dc@A -^D=;K7 G57> , $ (L=3@, 7>;= 1G57> & (LFGD= @(H7DH;7IA8F:7 7A4AF3@;53>,FDG5FGD7A8-GD=;E: ,1866</9(675,6 3@6 $53,186 %(78/86 AD7EFE $.,67$12851$/2)27$1<

(38)

(39) $3@F3D5; +7>3F;A@E:;BE47FI77@6;EFD;4GF;A@A8@3FGD3>FD77E3@64GE:EB75;7E3@6@3FGD3>A55GDD7@575A@6;F;A@E;@F:7&76;F7DD3@73@ +79;A@ "EF3@4G>.@;H 35G>FKA8AD7EFDK)G4> @A &3K7D ! ! =EAK 03>67D67D-GD=7; ,FGFF93DF f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c ! 3:36;D @(H7DH;7IA8F:7%3@679D363F;A@)DA4>7?E;@3EF@3FA>;3 )DA5776;@9EA8F:7 ;8F:"@F )@9;@77D;@9A@9D7EE d3@>cGD83 -GD=7K (LFGD= & , G57>, ,3=53>; AD= 13D5; AD= 3 @AH7DH;7IA8B>3@F6;H7DE;FK3@6>3@6679D363F;A@;@F7D35F;A@E;@F:7 73EF7D@&76;F7DD3@73@ :3BF7D ;@'3FGD3>@H;DA@?7@F3@6G>FGD7;@F:7&76;F7DD3@73@+79;A@6E 87 (7$/ 3?4D;697,5:A>3DE )G4> .$ BB (LFGD= & 7>;= GH7@E7@ !3?L3A9>G 4 5A>A9KA8F7DF;3DKD7>;5F7@67?;5 ,48,'$0%$5 25,(17$/,6 &;>> 8AD7EFE 25(67 &2/2*<$1'$1$*(0(17 (LFGD= & =EAK, G57> >FG@639 3 ;A6;H7DE;FKA@E7DH3F;A@ 3E7,FG6K8DA?GDAB7-GD=7K )DA5 A8@6 "@F7D@ A@8 h;A6;H7DE;FK;EAGD%;87h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

(40) @=3D3 .E>G - +7E73D5:A8EA5;A>A9K3@675A>A9KA8H797F3F;A@47FI77@$G5G=&7@67D7E3@6GKG=&7@67D7ED;H7DE;@F:7I7EFA8K6;@ 3L;.@;H )G4> 'A 35G>FKA8DFE3@6,5;7@57E)G4> @=3D3 .KE3> " GH7@E7@, 7>;=! (L57>;= & (LFGD= -:7)AEF;D7)>3@F;H7DE;FKA8 3>>;BA>;'3F;A@3>)3D=-GD=7K !+( $/$<6,$125(67(5 .KE3> " , 7>;= $3D34353= & (LFGD= )>3@F,B75;7E&;5DA7@67?;E? +3D;FK3@6A@E7DH3F;A@A8)E7G6A >B;@72A@7A8$3L639; &F "63'3F;A@3>)3D=;@-GD=7K 52&(',$ 2&,$/ (+$9,25$/ &,(1&(6 >E7H;7D 13>X;@ , /797F3F;A@A8I7EF7D@>35=,73+79;A@,3=3DK3 ;>KAE6;EFD;5F "EF3@4G>.@;H "@EF;FGF7A8 7A9D3B:K ): -:7E;E "EF3@4G> 13>F;D;= "67@F;8;53F;A@ G;678AD(3=E8(5&86 EBB ;@-GD=7K &;@;EFDKA89D;5G>FGD73@6AD7EFDK 7@7D3>;D75FAD3F7A8AD7EFDK )G4> @=3D3 27;EF 0 / , AFFF7?3 %3F7*G3F7D@3DKH797F3F;A@A8F:7'73D3EF 7;:78F7LG?-G4;@97DF>3E7E/AD67D7@(D;7@FE+7;:7 '3FGDI;EE7@E5:38F7@'D D %G6I;9+7;5:7DF/7D>39 0;7E4367@. 805.

(41)