Indoor concentrations of pmr0/pm2.s in Marmara University lıbrary

Vol.

18

No4

2017

JOURNAL

of

ENVI

RONMENTAT

PROTECTION

AND

TCOLOCY

Oflicial Journal of the Balkan Environmental Association

Editorisl Bo{rd

Honorory and Founding Editor

Vosniakos F., Creece Ediror-in Chief Ivanov S. K.. Bulg6ria Associole Edirot Nikolaou K.. Greece

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Ait'pollution

S. BORZA, M. INTA. MultirriteriaAnalysis ofAir Pollution in Urban Envircnment due to Road G. GUNES, E. BOZKURTKOPUZ, S. SONMEZ,N. CAKIR.lndoorConcenhahonsolPMr/PM,5

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L. S. HUANG. Assessment of Indoor _{Environmental Qualiry in Classroom} in Elementary

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l3l9

CHENG-CHIEN KUO, YI-CHE WANG, HONG-CHAN CHANG, IYUN-SIAN WU. Regional Co-generation Energy Dispatch Using a Dual Objective Improved Particle Swarm Optimisation

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1328

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ftom Atakoy Wastewater Treatment Plant in Istanbul

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1337

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LI.

Evaluation of Primary Energy Saving and Environmental Benefit Potential Performance ofMicro-cogeneration System Considering Both Plant and Demand Side

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C. SCRIBA, E. C. MUSAT, E. A. SALCA, V D. CIOBANU. Influence of Energy Willow Crops on Soil Features in the Case ofa Contaminated Land...

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C.-E. PREDA. Sulphur Pollution of Soils in the Doicesti Steam Power Plant Area

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QI SHAOQUN, XIALISHUANG, WAN LUHE, ZHANGYUWEI. Design and Implementation

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1372

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1380

M. L. VICA, D. POPA,M. GLEVITZKY, C. SISERMAN, H. V MATEI. Quality of Drinkable

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Comparative Study ... 1389 Soil pollution

S. MASU, E. GRECU, M. POPA, I. ONCIOIU. Aspects rn siru Oil Polluted Soil

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1403

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M. BABAU, V. MICLE, G. E. DAMIAN, S. VARVARA. Health tusk Assessment Analysis in

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1425 G. O. ERGUVEN, N. YILDIRIM. Persistence ofTwo Sulphonylurea Herbicides in Wheat Planted

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1432

M. BRANKOY V DRAGICEVIC, M. SIMIC, M. FILIPOVIC, M. KRESOVIC, V MANDIC.

Diminishing Herbicide Shess in Maize Inbred Lines by Application ofFoliar Fertiliser

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1440

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KURUCU, R.-A.

DURING, D. ANAC. Multicriteria Approach to Determine Potential Organic FarmingAreas in Aliaga Basin Covering Multi-purpose Used

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1450

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DU,

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L. CAI. Adaptability Study on Leaf

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LONG-SHENG HUANG, DENG-FONG LIN. Energy Conservation Perspective to Explore

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Distdcts in Macau

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UNGUR,

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LI

DANDAN, ZHENG YUANPAN,

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GUIBAO. Study of the Effect

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1593

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ZHANG WEN-TAO, WANG SHUAI, DU XIN.HUI.

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LU ZHENG, JIANG HAO, HU HUl, WU JING,

cU

XIN. Prediction of Carbon Dioxide

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C. H. WU, J. H. TIAN. Optimal Energy Management for an Air/Electric Hybrid Scooter

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1728

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A. ANDJELi(OVIC, R. RISTIC, M. JANIC, V DJEKOVIC, N. ZIVANOVIC, V SPALEVIC.

Genesis of Sediments and Siltation of the Accumulation 'Duboki Potok' of the Barajevska

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1735

E nvi rcnmental economics

I. C. MURESAN, G. O. CHICIUDEAN, R. HARUN, F. H. ARION, A. PORUTIU, D. I.

CHICIUDEAN,

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G. OROIAN,

M. I.

JITEA. Constraints on Use of Renewable Energy

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CU YAQING. Research on Ecological Compensation in Island Tourism Destination Based on

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. ...

1765

Authors

Index...

1772

1676

Jotonal of Environmental Protection and Ecologt 18, No

1,

1311-1318 (2017)

Ait pollution

INDOOR CONCENTRATIONS

OF

PMr0/PM2.s

IN MARMARA

UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY, ISTANBUL

G. GUNES*, E. BOZKURT KOPUZ, S. SONMEZ, N.

CAKIR

Department of Information and Document Managemen4 Faculty of Fine Arts,

Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey

E- mail : gus s un. gun e s@marmara. e du-

tr

Abstract. Twenty-four-hour PMr5 and PMr0 sarnples were collected in the Marmara University Library Building, Istanbul, Turkey from January 5, 2014 to December 3l, 2014. The ambient mass concentrations ofPM, _r and PM,n were determined by a gravimetric method. Interior environmental conditions can effect on library employees and users so the measured PMr _s and PMro concentra-tions were compared to national and intemational Air _Quality Standards (EPA, EU, WHO), which were generally below the limit values. However, the limit values were exceeded during the exam

periods. PM1, and PMro concenftations were generally low in the summer The number of library users in different rooms in the Marmara University Library was recorded and the user numbers also increased during the exam periods. The PM levels correlated well with the number of library users.

Indoor PM values in the Marmara University Library Building were higherthan the outdoor values

in Umraniye, Istanbul during the exam periods; however they were lower in general. PM values

in different libraries were lower than PM values in Marmara Univelsity Library Building. Healthy environment for employees and useN in the library building can be provided by some measures such

as the adequate heat and air-conditioning systems. Kewolds. iodoo\ pafiiculate mattet library.

AIMS

AND

BACKGROUND

The aims of the study was to make an inventory of particulate matter in Marmara University Library and analysed for employee and user health.

Libraries and archives, as areas where books are usually protected and stored

can be dusty, damp, and lightless and contain deposits ofvarious insects and

mi-croorganisms. The primary physical factors affecting the health ofemployees and users are temperatue, humidity, dust. Furthermore, microbiologic risk factors are

bacteria, viruses, fungi, and molds in library buildings. One of the major sources

of pollution affecting air quality and human health in the indoor environment is

particulate matter (PM,o, PMr,, and PM,). Indoor air quality is a big concem for

employee and user health in libraries because prolonged exposure to particulate

matter may lead to various health problems such as eye, nose and throat irritations, itching, allergies, cancer, respiratory disease, and heart conditions.

' _For correspondence.

Even though there have only been a limited number

of

scientific and ex-perimental data reported on this subject in Turkey, an increase in the amount

of

research on this subject has been observed over the last 15 years. The scientific

research related to indoor and outdoor air quality can be classified as the charac-terisation ofindoorr-e and outdoor particulate matter, the measurements ofvolatile

organic compoundsr0 bioaerosolsrr, temperature and humidity, the determination of microbiologic factors and microorganismsr2, and the analysis ofthe elemental concentrations ofpollutants. In published data, nasal obstmction, pharyngitis, flu, wheezing, indigestion, eye irritations, eye pruritus, visual loss, headache, nausea, redness ofskin, itching, fever, cold, heart trouble, and hearing loss were reported

as health complaintsr3r4 and symptoms due to poor indoor air quality and an

em-phasis has been given to the importance of this subject.

In general, coarse and fine particles can be formed as a result of processes

such as the crushing and venting of dust due to the movement of individuals in

the library. Heating and ventilating systems in libraries are not only important to the health and comfort ofthe library staff and users but also for the preservation

of

library materials. In indoor environments where thermal comfort conditions

and ventilation are inadequate, users and employees may be affected by hot or

cold, work efficiency may be reduced, or health problems may occur, in addition air pollutants may damage library material due to physical, biological or

chemi-cal reasons. The presence of gases and dust in the working environment requires

ventilation systems to control these risks. HVAC (Heating, Cooling, Ventilation

and

Air

Conditioning) systems have excellent filtration systems

for

airborne

particulate mafter and gasesr5. Management ofindoor air quality in libraries is an

important factor in terms ofhealth and productivity; however, it can not solve all

the problems caused in a building.

EXPERIMENTAL

By using 4Jitre-per minute-pumps and impactors,

PM*

and PM,o samples were obtained during the experimental period of January 5-December 3

l,

2014 in the

Marmara University Central Library. Samples with size-selective inlets for the

PM,, and PM,o ffactions were used to characterise the particulate matter on

alter-nate days. The air volume was 5.76 m3. Gravimetric analysis was performed to

determine the indoor

PM-

and PM,o mass concentrations in Clean Room. For the gravimetric analysis, the Clean Room air conditions were fixed. The

intemal temperature and humidity values were recorded every 5 min at the Clean

Room via a portable data logger (Microlog). Two dehumidifiers (Pro

Air)

and

two humidity transmitters (Arcelik) were used to fix the air humidity (Fig. la).

Fig.

l

Dehumidifier (Pro Air) and humidity transmitter (Arcelik)

_-

a, a sensitive microbalance (Mettler Toledo MX5) _- D, the Haz-Dust Environmental Particle Air Monitor (EPAM5000) _- c, and

filters in a laminar flow cabinet _- d

The PTFE filters (PALL Corporation) in the laminar flow cabinet were held under fixed air conditions

for

approximately 24

h in

the Clean Room before

weighed. After being weighed with a

I

pg sensitive microbalance (Mettler Toledo

MX5) (Fig. 16), the filters were placed in the Haz-Dust Environmental Particle

Air Monitor (EPAM5000) in the Marmara University Library _Gig. 1c). Parriculate matter was collected on each filter for

24h

and later the filter were put in a petri

dish (Isolab 60 x 15 mm) and transferred to the Clean Room where the humidity

and temperature conditions were fixed (Fig.

ld).

The recorded temperature and

humidity values over24 h (+ I h) were stabile forJanuary 05, September03,2014,

June 12, February 27, Jt:l;re 25, February 21, and,April 25, 2014, and for January 22, April25,2015; therefore on these days, filters in the Clean Room held at fixed conditions. Again the filters were held at fixed air conditions for approximately

24 h before being weighed. The temperature was set to a convenient fixed value

(typically 20"C) and the humidity was set to 37%o for _{approxim ately 24 h} for the

fixed air conditions.

RESULTS

AND

DISCUSSION

The change in the PM,o and

PM*

data

in

pglm. is given in Figs 2 and 3. The average values of PM,o and PMr., are 43.63 and 28.10 pglm3,respectively. The

standard deviations of PM,o and

PM*

are35.94 and20.94 pg/m3,respectively. The

maximum values of PM,o and

PM*

are 157.01 and 100.00 pglmr, respectively. The minimum values of PM,o and

PM*

are 1.98 and 2.08 pg/mr, respectively.

For the year 2014,limit values for the 24hmean and annual mean were deter-mined to be 100 and 60 pglm, according to the Air _Quality Standard for Turkey's.

EU air quality limit values for PM,o are 50 pglm3 for the 24 h mean and 40 pglmt for the annual meanr6. WHO air quality limit values for PM,o are 50 pglmt for the

24 h mean and 20

pgm'

for the annual meanrT. Some values of PM,o in Marmara University Library are above the limit values as stated in the Air _Quality Standard

for Turkey, EU, and WHO as shown in Fig. 3.

180.000 160.000 140.000 120.000 r00.000 80.000 60.000 40.000 20.000 0.000

Fig. 2. Variation and comparison of PM,o concentrations with Turkey, EU, and WHO Air Quality

Standards during the experimental period of January 5-Decemb er 31, 2014 =Hii=RFiFR=RRRRR=HRRRRRRR

-;-o. Jo'o 1o e'dg {9 +9;";;;.1*:.d--di

EE;es3el's€3r5Fa€+ErElxli

date +*stv=ssv=svv=v=sv RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR ;f;doio d-'--j^iddi++de _'dr od

EEFss?s:iuFegggg5i

a date I Libmy values - Air Quality St nd{d Tukey I Library values - Air Quality Standard EPA. EU Air Qualiry Standtrd wHo 120.000 i 100.000 b 80.000 -- 60.000

i

+o.ooo 20.000 0.000

Fig. 3. Variation and comparison of the PM, _, concentrations with Turkey, EU, and WHO Air Quality

Standards during the experimental period ofJanuary 5- December 31,2014

EPA air quality limit values for

PM*

are 40 pglms for the 24hmean and

l5

pglm'for the annual mean. EU air quality limit values for

PM*

are 40 pglm3 for

the 24 h mean and 20 pglm' for the annual meanr6'r8. The

Air

Quality Standard

WHO limit values for

PM*

are25 pglm3 for the24 h mean and 10 pglmt for the

annual meanrT. Figure 4 indicates the high values of PMr., that exceed the health

protection limits fixed in the EPA, EU, and WHO.

The concentrations of indoor PM and outdoor PM were compared. The outdoor

PM values are taken from the municipality registered in Umraniye, lstanbul. Low

measured PM values in the library compared to the outdoor PM values are thought to be beneficial to the health of library employees and users. The ratios during

the student holidays show that the indoor PM values are less than the outside PM

values; however, most of the indoor PM values during the school term are higher

than the outside PM values (Fig. a).

6 g _4.5 54 > 3.s a--> 1.s :" 05

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===

3,

gi#

!i

e

!f

E

ssi;-

<ggox:c8g

rr

-zeoA

date

Fig.4. Comparison ofthe indoor (library) and outdoor (Umraniye) PM concentratioN during the experimental peiod ofJanuary 5-December 3l, 2014

The published

PM*

and PM,o concentrationslr.re 20 _{were listedr. Indoor PM",}

limit concentrations are 20 pg mr for Norway, l5 pg mr for Flamany, 150 gg

mr

for China, and 40 pg m r _{for Canada. Indoor PM,o limit concentrations}

are 40 pg

mifor

Flamany and 180 pg m 3 _{for China2'. Measured PM,o data collected}

in the Marmara University Library are between 2 and 157 pg/mr and are compared with

data from the literature. The measured PM,o data in Marmara University Library are

higher than those collected in buildings in southem Taiwanrr.

lt

is seen that some

values of PM,o in Asadi et al. studyle are above the limit values stated in Porhrgal Regulations. InAsadi et al. studyl'!, the PM,o values in office rooms and classroom

were higher; however, their library values were smaller than measured PM,o values in the Marmara Universiry Library. Hsu et a1.11 and Karaca PM, _{rvalues2o are} lower

than the limitvalues and measured

PM*

values in the Marmara University library.

^180i

; iia

rravrmetric

-i'!i r

I

measurernent

E

_il

f1**fl1-.1----

.."".",

:::::3:S:::::::: records

s6AsEEEEEas€5EE3

;."""'""'

Fig. 5. Comparison of the gravimetric measurement data and monitor records for indoor PM,o con-centrations in the Marmara University Library ftom January 5 to December 31. 2014

The collecting and monitoring of

PM*

and PM,o in the Marmara University Library were done simultaneously. Collected

PM*

and PM,o were measured

us-ing a gravimetric method and the monitored records were saved on the computer

daily. When the monitor records of Gunes et al.r are compared with the

gravimet-ric analysis, the gravimetric measurement data for Marmara University Library

were higher than the monitor records for

PM*

and PM,o (Figs 5 and 6). For the

gravimetric measurement data and the monitor records for indoor

PM*

and PM,o,

the sharply decreasing and increasing periods overlap. The PM values are high

during school times and low during holidays for both the gravimekic measurement analysis and the monitor records.

I monito.

Fig. 6. Comparison ofgravimetric measurement data and monitor records for indoor PM, j

concentftl-tions in the Marmara University Libmry flom January 5 to Decembq3l,2014

'sr$sr.)+ +i q,)r _{r"! Jf-}

^C 1'une (lr.lrl

-,

:;l

;.

.;:::::,

]-

:1*:

::-"-Fig. 7. Variation in the number of library users in the Marmara University Library Building hall and

main door during the experimetrtal period ofJanuary

5

December 3t,2014

The number of library users in the Marmara University Library was recorded

for every hour during the experimental period of January S-December 31, 2014 and the variation in the total daily library numbers are shown in Fig. 7. The PM

value increase was highly synchronised with the number of library users. Figure

7 indicates overcrowding during exam periods. PM,oshowed positive correlations with library user numbers for the second floor 7/24 service hall, the first floor 7/24 service hall, the Intemet room, the DVD service hall, and the library

mail

door. 1316 180 ^ 160 t 140 > 120 -1 roo rt 80 40 20 0 n1n^lnnn.!n.!n4 ci F ui ;.,i.t di d ni ; di ui

t

:'x'r E E E r::,::

!

:

These correlation values are 0.53,0.52,0.29, and 0.53, respectively.

PM*

also showed positive correlations with library user number for the second floor 7/24 service hall, the first floor 7/24 service hall, the Intemet room, the DVD service

hall, and the library main door. These correlation values are 0.55, 0.57 _,0.37, and

0.61, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The indoor PM,o and

PM*

in

the 7124 serviced Marmara University Central Library where library users and employees spend a substantial portion of their

time are investigated. The PM,o and PM, _{, mass} concentrations and the number

of

library users were evaluated during the period ofJanuary 5-December 31,2014.

PMro mass concentrations ranged from 2.08 to 100 pglm3. Concentrations of PM,J

and PM,ohad significant seasonal variation because they were low in summer.

A

comparison ofthe PM concentrations and the number ofusers showed that there

was an increase during exams.

Comfort conditions such as heat, humidity, ventilation, acoustics, and light-ing within a building can increase the indoor working potential of individuals.

Therefore, the presence

ofPM

in the indoor environment accompanied by a lack

ofadequate ventilation systems in the university library building presents a health

risk for employees and users.

Acknowledgements. This study was supported by the Marmara Unive$ity, Scientific Research

Projects Committee (BA?KO) with the project number FEN-B-120613-0272. Outdoor particulate

matter data for Ummniye was supported by the Marmara Clean Air Centre in Ministry

ofEnviron-ment and U!ba[ Planning.

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Received 25 September 2017

Revised 2l October 2017