İSTANBUL TECHNI CAL UNI VERSI TY INSTI TUTE OF SCI ENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Thesi s by Serzan GÖK
De part me nt : Arc hi tect ure
Progra mme: Buil di ng Technol ogy
FEBRUARY 2006
QUALI TY I MPROVEME NT FOR DOORS AND
RELATED HARD WARE I N USA AND SOLUTI ONS TO THE DOOR AND DOOR HARD WARE INDUS TRY
PREFACE
I a m extre mel y grat eful to my super visor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bil ge I ŞI K, f or introduci ng and moti vati ng me t o t he ar ea t hat I have been wor ki ng on. Her pati ence and opti mis m undoubt edl y hel ped me t o over co me many t ough ti mes. I al so t hank her f or ma ny fruitful discussi ons and suggesti ons perti nent t o t his wor k.
I woul d al so li ke t o t hank my fri end Hasan Ünver f or hi s consist ent support and hi s wi lli ngness t o al ways listen and underst andi ng.
CONTENTS
LI ST OF ABBREVI ATI ONS vii
LI ST OF TABLES viii
LI ST OF FI GURES i x
ÖZET x
SUMMARY xii
1. I NTRODUCTI ON 1
1. 1. Pur pose of t he Thesis 1
1. 2. Scope of t he Thesi s 3
1. 3. Met hodol ogy of t he Thesi s 4
2. DESCRI PTI ON OF DOORS AND DOOR HARD WARE 5
2. 1. General Descri pti on of Door and Door Har dware 5
2. 2. Cl assifyi ng Doors Based on Their Mat eri al 5
2. 2. 1. Wood Door 5
2. 2. 2. Met al Door 7
2. 2. 3. Al u mi nu m Door 8
2. 3. Cl assifyi ng Doors Based on Their Resi st ance 8
2. 3. 1. Bull et Resi st ant Door 8
2. 3. 2. Soundpr oof Door 8
2. 3. 3. Fire Resi st ant Door 9
2. 3. 4. Insul at ed Door 9
2. 4. Cl assifyi ng Doors Based on Their Maneuver 9
2. 4. 1. Sli di ng Door 9
2. 4. 2. Fol di ng Door 10
2. 4. 3. Aut o mati c Swi ngi ng Door 11
2. 4. 4. Bi- Fol di ng Door 11
2. 4. 5. Revol vi ng Door 12
2. 5. Door Fra me 12
2. 5. 1. Wood Fr a me 13
2. 5. 2. Li ght- Gauge Met al Fra me 13
2. 5. 3. Pressed St eel ( Hollo w Met al) Fra me 14
2. 5. 4. Al u mi nu m Fr a me 14
2. 6. Door Har dwar e 14
2. 6. 1. Hi nge 15
2. 6. 3. Contr ol and Securit y Devi ces 16
2. 6. 4. Thr eshol d 18
2. 6. 5. Mat eri al and Fi ni sh of Har dwar e 18
3. GENERAL APPLI CABLE STANDARDS AND QUALI TY
REQUI RE MENTS 19
3. 1. Introducti on 19
3. 2. General Defi niti ons 19
3. 2. 1. Qualit y Assurance Ser vi ces 19
3. 2. 2. Qualit y- Contr ol Servi ces 19
3. 2. 3. Testi ng Agency 19
3. 3. Defi niti ons of t he Part akers t hat are Responsibl e for Qualit y Assurance
of t he Constructi on 19
3. 3. 1. Fabri cat or' s Qualificati ons 19
3. 3. 2. Contract or' s Qualificati ons 20
3. 3. 3. Testi ng Agency' s Qualifi cati ons 20
3. 3. 4. Ar chit ect' s or Owner' s Qualifi cati ons 20
3. 4. Sub mitt al Docu ment s 20
3. 4. 1. Qualifi cati on Dat a 20
3. 4. 2. Report Dat a 20
3. 4. 3. Per mit, Li censes, and Certifi cat es 21
3. 5. Responsi bilities for Qualit y Contr ol 21
3. 5. 1. Fabri cat or’s Responsi bilities for Qualit y Contr ol 21 3. 5. 2. Contract or' s Responsi bilities for Qualit y Contr ol 21 3. 5. 3. Test Agency’s Responsi bilities for Qualit y Cont r ol 22 3. 5. 4. Ar chit ect' s or Owner' s Responsi bilities for Qualit y Contr ol 23
4. QUALI TY ASSURANCE FOR DOOR COMP ANI ES I N
THE UNI TED STATES 24
4. 1. General Qualit y Assur ance for Door Co mpanies i n USA 25 4. 1. 1. Ar chit ect ural Wood wor k Instit ut e ( AWI) 26 4. 1. 2. Nati onal Fire Pr ot ecti on Associ ati on ( NFPA) 26
4. 1. 3. Under writ ers Laborat ori es Inc. ( UL) 27
4. 1. 4. Wi ndo w and Door Ma nuf act urers Associ ation ( WWDA) 28
4. 1. 5. St eel Door Instit ute ( SDI) 28
4. 1. 6. Ameri can Soci et y for Testi ng and Mat eri als ( AST M) 30 4. 1. 7. Ameri can Nati onal St andar ds Instit ut e ( ANSI) 30 4. 1. 8. Buil ders Har dwar e Manuf act urers Associ ation, Inc. ( BHMA) 31
4. 1. 9. Door Har dwar e Instit ut e ( DHI) 32
4. 1. 10. Ameri can Ar chit ect ural Manuf act urers Associ ati on ( AAMA) 33
4. 2. Qualit y Assurance for Wood Doors and Frames 33
4. 2. 2. Nati onal Wood wor k Manuf act urers Associ ati on ( NWMA) , Industry
St andar d I. S. 1- 73 “ Wood Fl ush Doors 35
4. 2. 3. Nati onal Fire Pr ot ecti on Associ ati on, NFPA 80, St andar d
for Fire Doors and Wi ndo ws 35
4. 2. 4. Wi ndo w and Door Ma nuf act urers Associ ation ( WWDA), I. S. 1- A f or
Pr e mi u m Gr ade Wood Doors 35
4. 3. Qualit y Assurance for Met al Doors and Fra mes 35
4. 3. 1. St eel Door Instit ute ( SDI) 35
4. 3. 2. Ameri can Soci et y for Testi ng and Mat eri al ( AST M) 36 4. 3. 3. Ameri can Nati onal St andar ds Instit ut e ( ANSI) 38 4. 3. 4. Nati onal Fire Pr ot ecti on Associ ati on ( NFPA) 39 4. 3. 5. Under writ ers Laborat ori es Inc., UL 10( b) Fire Test for
Door and Fra me Asse mblies 39
4. 3. 6. Door Har dwar e Instit ut e ( DHI) 40
4. 4. Qualit y Assurance for Al u mi nu m Doors and Fr a mes 40 4. 4. 1. Ameri can Ar chit ect ural Manuf act urers Associ ati on ( AAMA) 40 4. 4. 2. Ameri can Soci et y for Testi ng and Mat eri als ( AST M) 41
4. 5. Qualit y Assurance for Door Har dwar e 44
4. 5. 1. Ameri can Nati onal St andar ds Instit ut e / Builders Har dwar e
Ma nuf act urers Associ ation, Inc. ( ANSI/ BHMA) 44
4. 5. 2. Ameri can Nati onal St andar ds Instit ut e / Door Har dwar e Instit ut e
( ANSI/ DHI) 45
4. 5. 3. Nati onal Fire Pr ot ecti on Associ ati on ( NFPA) 46
5. QUALI TY ASSURANCE FOR DOOR COMP ANI ES I N TURKEY 47
5. 1. General Qualit y Assur ance for Door Co mpanies i n Tur key 47
5. 1. 1. Tur ki sh St andar ds Instit uti ons ( TSE) 47
5. 1. 2. The Eur opean Commi tt ee for St andar di zation ( CEN) 48 5. 1. 3. The Eur opean Commi tt ee for El ectrot echnical St andar di zati on 49 5. 1. 4. The Eur opean Tel eco mmuni cati ons St andards Instit ut e ( ETSI) 49 5. 1. 5. Tur key, Eur opean Uni on and St andar di zati on 50 5. 2. Qualit y Assurance for Doors, Door Fra mes and Door Har dwar e 51
5. 2. 1. Qualit y Assurance for Doors 51
5. 2. 2. Qualit y Assurance for Door Fra mes 58
5. 2. 3. Qualit y Assurance for Door Har dwar e 58
6. ANALYSI S OF DOOR AND DOOR HARDWARE VERS US
QUALI TY CONTROL 61
6. 1. Anal ysi s of U. S. Qualit y Assurance 61
6. 1. 1. Anal ysi s of Doors versus Qualit y Assurance 61 6. 1. 2. Anal ysi s of Door Fra mes versus Qualit y Assur ance 62
6. 1. 3. Anal ysi s of Door Har d war e versus Qualit y Assurance 63 6. 2. Anal ysi s of U. S. versus Tur ki sh Qualit y Assurance 64 6. 2. 1. Anal ysi s of US versus Tur ki sh Qualit y Assurance for Doors 64 6. 2. 2. Anal ysi s of US versus Tur ki sh Qualit y Assurance for Door Fra mes 65 6. 2. 3. Anal ysi s of US versus Tur ki sh Qualit y Assurance for Door Har dwar e 66
7. CONCLUSI ON 67
REFERENCES 68
LI ST OF ABBREVI ATI ON
AA MA : Ameri can Ar chit ect ural Manuf act urers Associ ation
ANSI : Ameri can Nati onal St andar ds Instit ut e
AS T M : Ameri can Soci et y for Testi ng and Mat eri als
A WI : Ar chit ect ural Wood wor k I nstit ut e
BHMA : Buil ders Har dwar e Ma nuf act urers Associ ation, Inc.
CEN : The Eur opean Co mmi ttee for St andar di zati on
CENELEC : The Eur opean Co mmi ttee for El ectrot echni cal Standar di zati on
DHI : Door Har dwar e Instit ute
ETSI : The Eur opean Tel eco mmuni cati ons St andar ds Instit ut e
I SO : Int er nati onal St andar ds Or gani zati on
NFPA : Nati onal Fire Pr ot ecti on Associ ati on
N WMA : Nati onal Wood wor k Ma nuf act urers Associ ation
SDI : St eel Door Instit ut e
TSE : Tur ki sh St andar ds Inst uti ons
UL : Under writ ers Labor at ories Inc.
LI ST OF TABLES
Page No
Tabl e 1. 1. Door Mat eri al versus Door Functi on Mat ri x ……….. 61
Tabl e 1. 2. Door Fra me versus Door Matri x ……….. ... 62 Tabl e 1. 3. Door Har dwar e versus Qualit y St andar d Mat ri x ……….. ... 63 Tabl e 1. 4. Mat ri x Tabl e of US versus Tur ki sh Qualit y Assurance for Doors... 64 Tabl e 1. 5. Mat ri x Tabl e of US versus Tur ki sh Qualit y Assurance for Door
Fr a mes... 65
Tabl e 1. 6. Mat ri x Tabl e of US versus Tur ki sh Qualit y Assurance for Door
LI ST OF FI GURES Page No Fi gure 1 Fi gure 2 Fi gure 3 Fi gure 4 Fi gure 5 Fi gure 6 Fi gure 7 Fi gure 8 Fi gure 9 Fi gure 10 Fi gure 11 Fi gure 12 Fi gure 13 Fi gure 14 Fi gure 15 Fi gure 16 Fi gure 17
: Wood Door wit h Gl azing... : Holl ow Cor e Wood Door... : Bull et Resi st ant Wood Door ... : Sli di ng Wood Door... : Sli di ng Al u mi nu m Door ... : Wood Fol di ng Door... : Aut o mati c Swi ngi ng Door... : Bi- Fol di ng Door ... : Revol vi ng Door ... : Wood Fra me... : Pressed St eel ( Holl ow Met al) Fra me... : Hi nge Types... : Lock Set... : Exit Devi ce ... : Door Cl oser ... : El ectri c Stri ke... : Threshol d... 6 6 8 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 14 15 16 16 17 17 18
ÖZET
Ür eti mde kalite yükseltilmesi kavra mı t eknol oji de, yöneti mde, ve i şl et mel er deki baş döndür ücü geliş mel eri n de neti cesi yl e hı zl a deği şti. Kalit e ve t opl a m kalite yöneti mi kavr a ml arı artı k belli bir zü mr eni n aşi na ol duğu kavra ml ar ol makt an çı k mı ş, bu t ezi n konusu ol an kapı ve kapı aksa mı ür et en fir mal ar da da uygul an maya başl anmı ştır. Bu tez çalış ması ndaki odak konusu kapıl ar ve kapı aksa ml arı nı n ür eti mi ni n yapıl ması, dağıtıl ması ve yeri nde mont ajı na yöneli ktir. Topl a m kalit e yöneti mi ve kalit eyi yükselt meyi a maçl ayan akti viteler kapı ve kapı aksa m fir mal arı na, mi mara ve mal sahi bi ne kazandıracakl arı unsurl ar açısı ndan ol dukça öne mli dir.
Tezi n i ki nci böl ümünde i se önce ahşap, met al ve al ümi nyu m kapı t ürleri mal ze me ve fonksi yonl arı na göre; sonra da ahşap, met al ve alü mi nyu m kasa t ürl eri ve en sonunda kapı aksa ml arı konusunda det aylı bir i ncel e me yapıl makt adır.
Tezi n üçüncü böl ü münde genel ol arak uygul an makt a ol an kur all ar ve kalit e st andar dl arı i ncel enmekt edir. Sonra bu st andar dl arı uygul a makl a yükü ml ü böl üml eri n soruml ul ukl arı anl atıl makt adır.
Tezi n dör düncü böl ümde i se Ameri ka Birleşi k Devl etleri’nde yer al an kapı, kapı kasası ve kapı aksa ml arı nda kalite st andar dl arını belirleyen kur ul uşl arı n anali zi yapıl makt adır. Bu böl ümde il k ol arak bu kur ul uşlar hakkı nda bil gi veril dikt en sonra bu kur ul uşl arı n kapıl ar, kapı kasal arı ve kapı aksa m mal ze mel eri i çi n belirledi kl eri st andar dl ar ve uygul a mal arı i ncel enmekt edir.
Tezi n beşi nci böl ümünde i se Tür ki ye’de yer al an kapı, kapı kasası ve kapı aksa ml arı nda kalite st andar dl arı nı belirleyen kurul uşl arı n anali zi yapıl makt adır. Bu böl ümde il k ol arak bu kur ul uşl ar hakkı nda bil gi veril di kt en sonra bu kur ul uşl arı n kapıl ar, kapı kasal arı ve kapı aksa m mal ze mel eri i çi n belirledi kl eri st andar dl ar ve uygul a mal arı i ncel enmektedir.
Al tı ncı böl ümde i se Tür ki ye’deki kapı ve kapı aksa ml arı nda kalite yükseltil mesi i çi n di ğer böl üml er de belirtilen bil giler analiz edil mekte ve tabl ol ar ile açı kl anmakt adır.
Sonuç kı s mı nda Tür k kapı ve kapı aksa mı firmal arı nı n ul usal ve gl obal al anda rekabet edebil mesi i çin kapı ve kapı aksa mı st andar dl arı nı n geliştir mesi, dest ekl e mesi ve süreci sürekli gözl e mle mesi gerekti ği açı kl anmakt adır. Bu hedefi n gerçekl eş mesi i çi n de beşi nci böl ümde açı kl anan t abl ol arı n kull anıl ması öneril mekt edir.
SUMMARY
The r api d changes i n t echnol ogy, manage ment, and pr ocesses have changed t he way qualit y i s pr ovi ded f or producti vit y i mpr ove ment . The concept of qualit y and t ot al qualit y manage ment are appli cabl e not onl y t o s ome s peci al sect ors, but al so t o door co mpani es as well. Thi s t hesi s will f ocus mai nly on t he pr oducti on, s uppl y, and i nst all ati on of doors and t heir rel at ed har dware. The benefits of t otal qualit y ma nage ment acti viti es are enor mous t o t he door industry, archit ect, and owner. The second part of t he t hesi s pr esent s i nf or mati on on door t ypes based on mat eri al s and f uncti ons whi ch i ncl ude wood, met al, and al u mi nu m doors. It al so pr ovi des i nf or mati on on wood, met al, and al u mi nu m doorfra mes; and concl udes wi t h i nf or mati on on t he rel at ed door har dwar e.
The t hird part of t he st udy st arts wit h anal yzi ng t he general appli cabl e st andar ds and qualit y require ment s, while det er mi ni ng t he part akers’ responsi bilities t o provi de t he required qualit y.
The f ourt h part of t he t hesi s i s f ocuses on t he i nstit uti ons i n Unit ed St at es t hat det er mi nes t he qualit y standar ds f or doors, frames, and door har dwar e. Thi s part st arts wit h a bri ef on each i nstit uti on t hat i ncludes i nf or mati on about t he qualit y st andar ds t hat t hese i nstit uti ons st at e f or doors, door fra mes and r elat ed door har dwar e.
The fift h part of t he t hesi s i s f ocuses on t he i nstit uti ons i n Unit ed St at es t hat det er mi nes t he qualit y standar ds f or doors, frames, and door har dwar e. Thi s part st arts wit h a bri ef on each i nstit uti on t hat i ncludes i nf or mati on about t he qualit y st andar ds t hat t hese i nstit uti ons st at e f or doors, door fra mes and r elat ed door har dwar e.
The si xt h part anal yses all t he i nf or mati on pr esented i n t he pr evi ous part s i n mat ri x tabl es i n or der t o pr ovi de sol uti ons t o i mpr ove qualit y st andar ds f or doors and door har dwar e i n Tur key.
The concl usi on poi nt s out t hat i n or der f or t he Tur ki sh door and door har d war e co mpani es t o st ay co mpetiti ve i n t he nati onal and gl obal arena, t hey have t o pr o mot e, devel op, and monit or t he perf or mance st andar ds f or doors and door hard war e. I n or der t o achi eve t hi s goal, t he matri x t abl es presented i n part fi ve are suggest ed.
1. I NTRODUCTI ON:
1. 1. Purpose of t he Thesis:
For many pr ogr essi ve fir ms, qualit y i s a gi ven; a necessit y i n any busi ness. Advance ment s i n t echnol ogy, manage ment, and pr ocesses pr ovi de opportuniti es f or pr oducti vit y i mpr ove ment all t he ti me. Hence, t he t er m “conti nuous i mpr ove ment ” appli es as much t o pr oducti vit y as it does t o qualit y ( Harris, 2000). The concept s of qualit y and t ot al qualit y manage ment are appli cabl e t o all aspect s of t he busi ness. Ho wever, t hi s t hesi s will f ocus mai nl y on t he pr oducti on, suppl y, and i nstall ati on of doors and t heir rel at ed hardwar e.
The benefi ci ar y of all t he t ot al qualit y manage ment acti viti es i s, of course, t he o wner of t he constructi on. As a r esult, f ocus on t he o wner and t he ar chit ect t o ensure t heir satisfacti on ar e criti cal goal s f or door pr oducti on co mpani es ( Thomas, 2000). Owners not onl y benefit from i mpr oved qualit y but al so fr o m i mpr oved producti vit y of archit ect ural out put s thr ough l ower pri ces.
So me door co mpani es use Tot al Qualit y Ma nage ment ( TQM) as an appr oach t o i mpr ovi ng har dwar e and i nst all ati on, t hereby, enhanci ng t he qualit y of t heir doors ( Ri char dson, 1997). TQM al so covers ot her perfor mance f act ors and i mpr ove ment acti viti es i ncl udi ng: pr oducti vit y, fl exi bilit y, j ust -i n-ti me oper ati ons, bench mar ki ng, ti meli ness, reengi neeri ng, concurrent engi neeri ng, cust o mer satisfacti on, keepi ng up e mpl oyee mor al e, and i mpr ovi ng co mmuni cati on a mong e mpl oyees, suppli ers, and cust o mers.
To pr oduce qualit y doors, a qualit y pr ocess i s r equired ( Pegel s, 1995). If i mpl e ment ed strat egi cally, TQM can hel p t he door co mpany obt ai n :
- Mor e appeali ng, l ess variabl e qualit y fro m t he door
- Qui cker, l ess vari abl e r esponse fr o m desi gn and devel op ment t hr ough suppli er and sal es channel s
- Gr eat er fl exi bilit y i n adj usti ng t o cust o mers’ shifti ng vol u me and mi x require ment s
- Lo wer cost t hr ough qualit y i mpr ove ment, re wor k r educti on, and non-val ue-addi ng wast e eli minati on
Int er nati onal and do mestic conditi ons have changed si gnifi cantl y si nce t he Col d War. As it will be anal yzed wi t hi n t he t hesi s, t he soci al and fi nanci al conditi ons i n Tur key ma ke it ver y diffi cult for most Tur ki sh co mpani es t o offer co mpetiti vel y pri ced, hi gh- qualit y goods and ser vi ces. There i s al so gr eat gl obal pr essure; si nce t he Unit ed St at es ( U. S. ) i s no l onger t he onl y pl ayer i n t oday’s i nt ensel y co mpetiti ve gl obal econo my. Eur opean compani es have beco me i mport ant co mpetit ors i n t he mar ket ever si nce t he Eur opean Uni on’s i mpl e ment ati on of t he cust om uni on. Ne w gl obal po wers are al so e mer ging; it i s concei vabl e t hat I ndi a and Chi na wi ll have an enor mous effect on t he worl d’s political and econo mi c f ut ure. The challenge f or Tur ki sh door co mpani es will be t o bri ng a hi gher l evel of qualit y i nt o t heir or gani zati ons i n or der t o pr oduce pr e mi u m pr oducts and ser vi ces t hat cust omer s wa nt and de mand. Pr oduci ng t opnot ch goods and ser vices i s cr uci al t o obt ai ni ng vi ct or y i n t his econo mi c war.
Tur ki sh i nstit uti ons and door co mpani es shoul d be a war e of vari ous critical issues. It is ver y vit al t o kno w t he U. S. qualit y st andar ds when it co mes t o doors, door fra mes and door har dwar e because it may be usef ul t o i mpr ove t he qualit y st andards of Tur ki sh doors and door har dwar e whi ch will hel p Tur ki sh i ndustry t o st ay co mpetiti ve i n t he gl obal worl d. The ot her issue is, when a Tur ki sh cust o mer, i mport er/ export er, testi ng agency or a l a w maker have t he need t o co mpar e t he qualit y st andar ds of Tur key and USA. Thi s will enabl e t he part aker t o underst and t he differences bet ween t hose t wo countri es when it co mes t o qualit y st andar ds of doors and door har dwar e. Thi s wi ll also hel p t he m verify t he door, door fra me and door har dwar e t hat co me fro m USA have t he required standar ds set by US i nstituti ons. Kno wi ng what US i nstit uti ons specify will hel p t he m achi eve t hi s goal.
Al so fro m a Tur ki sh l a wma ker or a t esti ng agency poi nt of vi e w, it will hel p t he m see t he difference bet ween whi ch will show whet her what Tur key has is enough or coul d be i mpr oved or coul d be alt ered. It is also ver y vit al for a Tur ki sh
t he doors, door fra mes and door har dwar e t hat are export ed t o Tur key have t he required and specifi ed qualit y st andar ds or mor e.
1. 2. Scope of t he Thesi s:
Fr o m a qualit y contr ol and i mpr ove ment poi nt of vi e w, doors and door har d war e can be cat egori zed i n a nu mber of opti ons:
- Doors and har dwar e can be cl assifi ed based on t heir mat eri als. These i ncl ude: wood, met al, al u mi nu m or a cust o mi zed mat eri al such as copper/ all oy, gl ass, et c. Al t hough door har dwar e can be pr oduced fr o m a vari et y of mat eri als, t he fi ni sh of t he door har dwar e i s its most i mport ant f eat ure ot her t han it s f uncti on. Ther ef ore, unli ke doors and fra mes, door har dware s houl d be cl assifi ed based on t heir fi nishes mor e t han their mat eri als.
- Functi onalit y can al so be used t o cl assify doors and har dwar e. Doors can be cl assifi ed i n t wo gr oups when it co mes t o f uncti onalit y. The first gr oup i s i nt eri or versus ext eri or doors. The second gr oup i s t he pur pose of t he door, whi ch ma y i ncl ude: doors ser vi ng as di vi der bet ween t wo l ocati ons onl y, resi st ance doors (bull et-resist ant, fire-resist ant), sound- pr oof doors or maneuverabl e doors (sli di ng, f ol di ng, aut o mati c s wi ngi ng, bi -fol di ng or r evol vi ng). Alt hough t he vari et y of door har dware i s li mitl ess, t here are so me har dwar e it e ms t hat ar e co mmonl y used worl dwi de whi ch ar e: hi nges, l ock and l at ch set s, exit devi ce, door cl oser, el ectri c strike and t hreshol d. There ar e t hree mai n cat egori es t o defi ne if a door or a pi ece of har dwar e meet s or exceeds t he code or t he qualit y st andar d, despit e t he di sti ncti on bet ween t hese cat egori es bei ng uncl ear. They i ncl ude: qualifi cati on data, report dat a and per mit, and li censes and certifi cati on. - Ther e ar e several part akers t hat are r esponsi bl e i n ens uri ng t he qualit y control of
doors and har dwar e whi ch ar e: f abri cat or, i nst aller, t esti ng agency, and archit ect and owner/ owner’s represent ati ve.
- Doors and har dwar e are cl assifi ed based on qualit y st andar ds set up by U. S. i nstructi ons. Alt hough t here are nu mer ous i nstit uti ons i nvol ved i n setting up qualit y st andar ds, t he ones covered i n t hi s t hesi s ar e: Ar chit ect ural Wood wor k Instit ut e ( AWI), Nati onal Fi re Pr ot ecti on Associ ati on ( NFPA), Underwrit ers Labor at ori es I nc. ( UL), Wi ndo w and Door Ma nufact urers Associ ati on ( WWDA),
St eel Door I nstit ut e ( SDI ), Ameri can Soci et y f or Testi ng and Mat eri als ( AST M), Ameri can Nati onal St andar ds I nstit ut e (ANSI), Buil ders Har dwar e Ma nuf act urers Associ ation, I nc. ( BHMA) , Door Har dwar e I nstit ut e ( DHI), Ameri can Ar chit ect ural Ma nuf act urers Associati on ( AAMA), and Nati onal Wo od wor k Manuf act urers Associ ati on ( NWMA).
- Doors and door har dware are cl assifi ed i n Tur key based on qualit y st andar ds set up by Tur ki sh and Eur opean i nstit uti ons whi ch ar e: Tur ki sh St andar ds Instructi ons ( TSE), The Eur opean Co mmi tt ee for St andar di zati on ( CEN), t he Eur opean Co mmi tt ee f or El ectrot echni cal St andardi zati on ( CENELEC) and t he Eur opean Tel eco mmuni cati ons St andar ds Instit ut e ( ETSI).
Al t hough each of t hese cat egori es can be a t hesi s on t heir o wn, gi ven t he vari et y of doors, door har dwar e, and qualit y st andar ds, t he scope of t hi s t hesi s will be l i mit ed t o t he mat eri als, f uncti ons, and qualit y assurances of door and door har dware by U. S. and Tur ki sh i nstit uti ons.
1. 3. Met hodol ogy of t he Thesi s:
Aft er det er mi ni ng t he mat eri al and f uncti on of t he door or door har dwar e, t hey wi ll be cat egori zed i n a mat rix based on qualit y st andar ds. The mat ri x t abl es expl ai ned at t he end of t hi s t hesi s can be usef ul f or Tur ki sh door and door har dwar e co mpani es. By defi ni ng t he mat erial, f uncti on, and quality assurance of a door or a door har dwar e, a door co mpany can det er mi ne t he qualit y i mpr ove ment s t hey have t o use from U. S. and Tur ki sh qualit y i mpr ove ment poi nt of vi e ws. Ther e ar e t wo di fferent t ypes of matri x t abl es present ed.
The first gr oup of matri x tabl es sho w what each U.S. i nstit uti ons specify for any ki nd of door, door fra me and har dwar e. These t abl es hel p t o underst and t he U. S. qualit y st andar ds specifi ed for doors and door har dwar e. They are also hel pf ul if there is a need t o conduct qualit y anal ysi s t o t he doors, door fra mes and door har dware t hat are export ed fro m USA.
The second gr oup of mat ri x t abl es co mpar e what Tur ki sh and U. S. i nstit utions specify for any ki nd of door, door fra me and door har dwar e. These t abl es are usef ul t o underst and t he differences bet ween t hose t wo countri es when it co mes to qualit y st andar ds of doors and door har dwar e.
2. DESCRI PTI ON OF DOORS AND DOOR HARD WARE:
2. 1. General Descri pti on of Doors and Door Hardware:
A door i s a str uct ure ma de up of wood, met al, alu mi nu m, gl ass, et c. i n order t o l et peopl e, ani mal s, and obj ect s t o pass fr o m one l ocati on t o anot her ( Fi gur e 1).. Doors can be cl assifi ed based on many f eat ures but t he most co mmon cl assificati ons ar e based on mat eri al and functi on.
The earli est recor ds of doors are f ound i n t he pai nti ngs of t he Egypti an t o mbs, i n whi ch t hey ar e s ho wn as si ngl e of doubl e wood doors. The most anci ent doors t hat wer e recor ded i n hi st ory are t he ones made f or Ki ng Sol omon’s t e mpl e whi ch wer e wood doors cased i n sil ver or br ass. The si ze, shape, mat eri al or decorative car vi ng have changed fr o m ti me t o ti me but doors have been used al most si nce t he begi nni ng of ci vili zati on.
2. 2. Cl assifyi ng Doors Based on Thei r Mat eri al: 2. 2. 1. Wood Door:
Doors wit h wood, har dboar d, or pl asti c f ace sheet s bonded t o a wood bl ock or parti cl e boar d cor e mat erial wit h untreat ed wood edges f all i nt o t hi s cat egor y ( Fi gur e 1). It i s essenti al t o underst and t he attri but es of wood as a mat eri al. Wood i s t he har d fi br ous s ubst ance f ound bet ween t he pit h and bark of a t r ee’s br anches and t r unk. Wo oden doors usuall y have a wood fi ni shi ng t hat i s can be achi eved t hr ough pl anni ng, sandi ng and s ubsequentl y, st ai ni ng, varni shi ng, waxi ng, or pai nti ng of t he wood s urface of t he door. Because of its avail abilit y, easy wor kabilit y, and i nsul ati ng pr operti es, wood i s a very usef ul door mat eri al (Si mmons, 2001). Thi s i s es peci all y true due t o t he mass pr oducti on of pl ywood t hat brought about t he wi despread use of fl ush doors, whi ch now account s f or most wood doors used i n all t ypes of constructi on.
Fi gure 1 – Wood Door wit h Gl azi ng ( Meyer- Bohe, 1987)
- Holl ow Cor e Wood Door: Holl ow cor e doors are fl ush wood doors consi sti ng of wood, wood deri vati ve, or cl ass A i nsul ati on board ( Fi gur e 2). Fl ush door s wi t h holl ow cor es ar e used f or i nt eri or l ocati ons i n r esi denti al and s o me li ght -co mmer ci al buil di ngs. They ar e occasi onall y used as ext eri or doors i n r esi denti al buil di ngs and can ser ve satisfact oril y i n t hat use if bonded wi t h wat er pr oof adhesi ves and pr ot ect ed fr o m t he weat her. They gener all y do not pr ovi de as much heat or s ound i nsulati on as s oli d core doors, but can be used wher e t hese fact ors are not critical ( Simmons, 2001).
Fi gure 2 – Holl ow Cor e Wo od Door ( Meyer- Bohe, 1987)
- Soli d Cor e Wood Door: Soli d cor e doors are doors t hat have a cor e of s olid wood or mi neral co mpositi on ( A WI, 1998). A s oli d core i s a wood bl ock, si ngl e speci e, surfaced t wo si des, no spaces or defect s i mpairing strengt h or vi si bl e t hr ough har dwood veneer f aci ng. Soli d-core construction i ncreases t he di mensi onal st abilit y of a door, pr ovi des t her mal i nsul ati on, and may add s ound i sol ation and fire r esist ance. Soli d-core doors ar e co mmonl y used as entrance and ot her ext eri or doors, but may al so be used wher e s ound or fire r ati ngs are r equi red ( Si mmons, 2001).
2. 2. 2. Met al Door:
Met al doors are doors composed of fl ush or panel desi gns wi t h a st eel face of not l ess t han 20- gauge st eel. It is fabri cat ed of sheet steel and r ei nf orced by light met al channel s; has eit her a holl ow or s oli d cor e, and i s s o meti mes fill ed wi t h a li ght fill er mat eri al for acousti cal, fire-resist ance or bull et-resist ance pur poses.
- Holl ow Cor e Met al Door: Holl ow cor e doors are fl ush met al doors of holl ow-core constructi on. Holl ow met al doors are availabl e i n st eel gauges fr om 20 t o 12; whi ch gauges t o use depends on wher e and ho w a door wi ll be used. Hol l ow met al doors consi st of a cor e, faces, t ops, and bott oms. There are t wo t ypes of core constructi on. I n one t ype, cores are holl ow and br aced wit h st eel stiffeners. Most of t hese cor es ar e fill ed wi t h t he manuf act urer’s st andar d firepr oof, r ot -pr oof, and s ound- deadeni ng mat eri al. I nsul at ed doors are fill ed wi t h gl ass fiber or pl astic f oa m i nsul ati on. In t he second f or m of core constructi on, a door’s face sheet s are l a mi nat ed t o a cor e of i mpr egnat ed kraft paper honeyco mb, pl asti c foa m i nsul ati on, or mi neral fi ber bl ocks ( Si mmons, 2001). The t ops and bott o ms of st andar d doors are fi nished wi t h a r ecessed, wel ded-i n cl osure. Ext eri or doors have t ops and bott o ms f or med fl ush as an i nt egral part of t he door constructi on or are fi ni shed wi t h a wel ded-i n i nvert ed channel. Bott oms may al so be fitt ed wi t h a recess for weat herstri pping.
- Soli d Cor e Met al Door: Soli d cor e doors have a core of soli d met al or mi neral co mpositi on.
2. 2. 3. Al u mi nu m Door:
Al u mi nu m doors are doors t hat have al u mi nu m stiles and r ails, usuall y gl azed. Whi l e anal yzi ng an al u mi nu m door, it i s i mport ant t o underst and t he attri but es of al u mi nu m as a mat eri al. Al u mi nu m i s a l ustrous, sil ver- white, non magneti c, li ght wei ght met al whi ch i s ver y mall eabl e; and has good t her mal and el ectri cal conducti vit y. It i s al so a good r efl ect or of bot h el ectri c and li ght. I n constructi on, most al u mi nu m is used i n all oy f or m because of added strengt h; f urt her strengt hened by heat treat ment; used i n extr usi ons, casti ngs, and s heet s. It has excellent r esist ance t o oxi dati on; oft en anodi zed f or bett er corrosi on r esi st ance, surface har dness, and ar chit ectur al col or require ment s.
2. 3. Cl assifyi ng Doors Based on Thei r Resi st ance: 2. 3. 1. Bull et Resi st ant Door:
Bull et resi st ant doors are doors wit h an asse mbl y consi sti ng of s peci ally st acked bull et resi st ant mat eri al wi t h wood or ot her fi ni shes on t he ext eri or ( AWI, 1998). The layers are bonded under heat and pressur e ( Fi gure 3).
Fi gure 3 - Bull et Resi st ant Wood Door ( Ra msey, 2000)
2. 3. 2. Soundproof Door:
A s oundpr oof door i s an asse mbl y especi all y construct ed t o pr ovi de gr eat er s ound att enuati on t han t hat pr ovi ded by a conventi onal door; it usuall y carri es a r ati ng i n ter ms of its sound t rans missi on cl ass. The i nteri or part of t he door has s ound-i nsul atound-i ng cor e, whound-i ch has a sound t rans mound-issound-i on cl ass r atound-i ng of 36, 42, or 44. The barri er faces ar e separated by a voi d or da mpi ng co mpound t o keep f aces fr o m
vi brati ng i n uni son. Someti mes t he door may have s peci al st ops, gasket s, and t hreshol d devi ces as well.
2. 3. 3. Fi re Resi st ant Door:
Doors wit h fire-endur ance r ati ngs by t he Underwrit ers’ Labor at ori es, I nc., or ot her recogni zed and appr oved l abor at ori es i n Unit ed St at es ar e kno wn as fire r esist ant doors ( UL, 2000). The t ypes of fire-rati ngs are:
- Cl ass A: 3 hours: f or door ways or ot her openi ngs t hr ough a wall separ ati ng buil di ngs or di vi di ng a singl e buil di ng i nt o fire areas.
- Cl ass B: 1 or 1- ½ hours: for door ways or ot her openi ngs i n encl osures of verti cal transport ati on t hr ough buil di ngs such as el evat ors, st airs, et c.
- Cl ass C: ¾ hour; for doors i n corri dor and r oo m partiti ons
- Cl ass D: ½ hour; f or doors and s hutt ers i n ext eri or wall s whi ch ar e s ubj ect t o severe fire exposure from out si de t he buil di ngs
- Cl ass E and Cl ass F: ¾ hour; f or doors, shutt ers, or wi ndo ws i n ext eri or wall s whi ch ar e s ubj ect t o moderat e or li ght fire exposure r especti vel y fr o m out side t he buil di ng.
2. 3. 4. Ins ul ated Door:
Insul at ed doors ar e doors t hat have hi gh r esi st ance t o heat fl ows. These doors have an i nner cor e of pl asti c foa m i nsul ati on; hi gh R- val ues ( R- 8 t o R- 15), and ar e even mor e effecti ve t han t he co mbi nati on of pri me and st or m doors whi ch r educe heat fl ow. I nsul at ed doors are oft en i nst all ed wi t h ma gneti c weat her-stri ps t hat ar e rel ati vel y airti ght and mini mi ze heat l oss by i nfiltrati on ( Si mmons, 2001).
2. 4. Cl assifyi ng Doors Based on Thei r Maneuver: 2. 4. 1. Sli di ng Door:
A sli di ng door i s an asse mbl y mount ed on t rack, whi ch sli des i n a hori zont al directi on, usuall y parall el t o one wall ( Fi gure 4 and 5). Sli di ng doors are a parti cul ar concer n i n securi ng a buil di ng ( Ra msey, 2000). The l ocki ng devi ces shoul d i ncl ude verti cal r od, or l evel bolts, at t he t op and botto m; t he fra me shoul d be s oli d or rei nf orced at t he l ocki ng poi nt s. The stil e must al so be r ei nf orced at t he l ocki ng
poi nt s. The operati ng panel s shoul d be desi gned so t hat t hey cannot be lift ed out of t heir tracks when i n t he l ocked positi on. Gl azi ng and ot her co mponent s s houl d be i nst all ed fro m t he i nsi de so t hat entry cannot be gai ned by di sasse mbl y.
Fi gure 4 - Sli di ng Wood Door ( Ra msey, 2000)
Fi gure 5 - Sli di ng Al u mi nu m Door ( AAMA, 2001)
2. 4. 2. Fol di ng Door:
Fol di ng doors ar e one of t wo or mor e doors whi ch ar e hi nged t oget her so t hat t hey can open and f ol d i n a confi ned space ( Fi gure 6). Fol di ng doors are door pai rs hi nged t oget her wit h pi vot s at t he j a mb. Tr ack- gui ded hangers and t r oll eys all ow t he doors t o f ol d agai nst each ot her when t hey open. Fol di ng doors r equire l ess fl oor space t han ot her door t ypes, but t he t hi ckness of t he door panel s r educes t he cl ear openi ng. These doors ar e pri maril y vi sual screens, f or l ocati ons s uch as cl oset s, space di vi ders, resi denti al l aundr y encl osures, and ot her ar eas wher e air circul ati on i s desirabl e. They ar e not s uit abl e wher e sound i nsul ati on or pri vacy i s a pri me require ment. The f ol di ng operati on al so makes t he m usef ul wher e door s wi ngs ar e obj ecti onabl e ( Si mmons, 2001).
Fi gure 6 – Wood Fol di ng Door ( Meyer- Bohe, 1987)
2. 4. 3. Aut o mati c Swi ngi ng Door:
An aut o mati c s wi ngi ng door i s equi pped wi t h har dwar e, per mitti ng it t o s wi ng 90 degr ees i n eit her directi on fro m t he pl ane of its frame ( Fi gure 7).
Fi gure 7 - Aut o mati c Swi ngi ng Door ( AAMA, 2001)
2. 4. 4. Bi- Fol di ng Door:
A bi -f ol di ng door has t wo pairs of l eaves, each pair consi sti ng of an out er end and i nner l eaf whi ch ar e hi nged t oget her; each i nner l eaf i s hung fr o m an over head t rack; each out er l eaf is pi vot ed at t he j a mb ( Fi gure 8).
Fi gure 8 - Bi- Fol di ng Door ( AAMA, 2001)
2. 4. 5. Revol vi ng Door:
A r evol vi ng door i s an ext eri or door consi sti ng of f our l eaves, (at 90 degrees t o each ot her) whi ch pi vot about a co mmon verti cal axi s wit hi n a cyli ndri call y s haped vesti bul e, pr eventi ng t he di rect passage of ai r t hr ough t he vesti bul e, t hereby eli mi nati ng t he drafts from out si de ( Fi gure 9).
Fi gure 9 - Revol vi ng Door ( AAMA, 2001)
2. 5. Door Fra me:
An asse mbl y built i nt o a wall consi sti ng of t wo upri ght me mbers (j a mbs) and a head (li nt el) over t he door way; encl oses t he door way and pr ovi des support on whi ch t o
hang t he door. Whil e anal yzi ng t he doorfra me, it i s essenti al t o r e member s o me desi gn f act ors. A ri gi d fra me and a sash ar e ver y i mport ant t o r esi st pr yi ng and shoul d be r e movabl e fr om i nsi de i f it i s an ext eri or door. Al so, t he qual it y of t he har dwar e–its pl ace ment and anchor age–are ver y criti cal i ssues whil e desi gni ng a door fra me. Speci al att enti on must be gi ven t o t he use of weat her stri ppi ng, i f it i s an ext eri or door or if extre me i nt eri or physi cal conditi ons exi st ( Ra msey, 2000).
The fi ni shi ng of t he fra me i s al so an i mport ant i ssue t hat shoul d be consi dered whil e anal yzi ng a door fra me. Es peci all y wood and met al door fra mes s houl d recei ve at least on s hop coat of r ust-i nhi biti ve pri mer bef ore deli ver y t o t he j ob site. I n ver y corr osi ve at mos pheres, such as salt wat er beach l ocati ons, it i s advi sabl e t o have doors and fra mes t o be met al and hot- di pped gal vani zed for additi onal pr ot ecti on.
2. 5. 1. Wood Fra me:
Head and j a mb me mbers can be fra med wi t h fra mes made of wood, hardboar d, or pl asti c face sheet s usually bonded t o a wood bl ock ( Fi gure 10).
Fi gure 10 – Wood Fra me ( Meyer- Bohe, 1987)
2. 5. 2. Li ght- Gauge Met al Fra me:
Li ght- gauge met al fra mes have head and j a mb me mbers, wit h or wi t hout a t r anso m panel or li ght- gauage st eel. Thi s t ype of fra me is inst all ed over fi ni shed wall.
2. 5. 3. Pressed Steel ( Hol l ow Met al) Fra me:
Pr essed st eal fra mes have head and j a mb me mbers, wit h or wit hout soli d or gl azed transo ms or si deli ght s of 18- gauge st eel ( 1. 5 hr maxi mu m r ati ng). Thi s t ype of fra me is required for most st eel doors ( Fi gure 11).
Fi gure 11 – Pressed St eel ( Holl ow Met al) Fra me ( Meyer- Bohe, 1987)
2. 5. 4. Al u mi nu m Fra me :
Al u mi nu m fra mes have head, j a mb me mbers, and al u mi nu m. Thi s t ype of fra me i s required for most al u mi nu m and fi ber gl ass rei nf orced doors.
2. 6. Door Hardware:
It e ms t hat are used on doors and fra mes s uch as hi nges, l ocks, cat ches, et c. have a fi ni shed appearance as well as a f uncti on, especi all y t hose used wi t h doors, wi ndo ws, and cabi net s. These it ems ar e al so kno wn as fi ni sh har dwar e or archit ect ural har dwar e. The door har dwar e may be consi dered part of t he decor ati ve t reat ment of a roo m or buil di ng, f or t hi s r eason t he qualit y anal ysis of door har dwar e i s as i mport ant as t he door itself. Today, t he vari et y of door har dwar e i s enor mous, ho wever, i n t hi s t hesi s t he wi del y used hardwar e t ypes wer e consi dered:
2. 6. 1. Hi nge:
A hi nge i s desi gned t o mortise i nt o t he edge of t he door and i nt o t he r abbet of a doorfra me ( Fi gure 12). Door mat eri al, door wei ght, door di mensi ons, hi nge wei ght, mat eri al fi ni sh and s pecial f eat ures ar e ver y i mport ant whil e specifyi ng what ki nd, ho w, and ho w ma ny hi nges s houl d be used f or a door. Al so whi ch t ype of t he fra me ( met al, wood, al u mi nu m), cl earance, and conditions of usage ( ext eri or or i nt eri or door) are cr uci al fact ors i n det er mi ni ng what ki nd of hi nges t o use ( Ra msey, 2000). Us uall y f or a st andar d door, t hree hi nges shoul d s uffi ce. There i s anot her t ype of hi nge call ed a conti nuous hi nge, whi ch i s desi gned t o be t he sa me l engt h as t he movi ng part t o whi ch it i s appli ed. An exa mpl e i s t he li d coveri ng t he keys of a pi ano.
Fi gure 12 – Hi nge Types ( Meyer- Bohe, 1987)
2. 6. 2. Lock and Lat ch Sets:
Locks and l at ches are i ntended f or i nst all ati on i n hol es bor ed i n a door. Based on t he charact eristi cs of t he door, t here are four mai n t ypes of l at ches and l ocks:
- Passage l ock: Lat ches can be operat ed by a handl e fro m eit her si de at all times. - Pri vacy l ock: Out si de handl e i s l ocked by a push- butt on i nsi de ( or i f i t ’s a
deadbolt l at ch, by a t ur n) and unl ocked by an e mergency key out si de.
- Ent r y l ock: Out si de entry i s made i noperati ve by mechani cal means, ot her t han a key, on t he i nsi de; a l atch bolt i s operat ed by key i n t he out si de handl e or by ma nual means fro m t he insi de handl e.
- Cl assr oo m l ock: Out si de handl e i s l ocked fr o m t he out si de by key; when t he out si de handl e i s l ocked, a l at ch bolt may be r etract ed by key fr o m t he out si de or by r ot ati ng t he i nsi de handl e ( Fi gure 13).
- El ectro- magneti c l ock: A l ock t hat uses a magnet to hol d t he door cl osed.
Fi gure 13 - Lock Set ( Ra msey, 2000)
2. 6. 3. Cont rol and Security Devi ces:
- Exit Devi ce: A door-l ocki ng devi ce desi gned t o gr ant i nst ant exit by pr essi ng on a cr oss bar t hat rel eases t he l ocki ng bolt or l at ch. Exit devi ces consi st of a bar acr oss a door, whi ch, when depr essed, unl at ches t he door t o per mit easy exit even when t he door i s l ocked. Ma ny st yl es and mat eri als are avail abl e. Doors wi t h exit devi ces ar e equi pped wit h cl osers and aut o maticall y l at ch upon cl osi ng. Exit devi ces are r equired, by code, on exit doors i n most publi c buil di ngs ( Si mmons, 2001). There are t hree mai n t ypes of exit devi ces: Ri m Type ( Surface), Morti se Type and Touch Bar ( Fi gur e 14).
Fi gure 14 – Exit Devi ce ( Ra msey, 2000)
- Door Contr ol- Cl oser: A devi ce needs t o co mbi ne a spri ng for cl osi ng and a co mpr essi on cha mber i nto whi ch t he li qui d or air escapes sl owl y, t hus pr ovi di ng a means of contr olli ng t he speed of t he cl osi ng acti on. There are four mai n t ypes of door cl oser ( Ra msey, 2000):
The first one is surface mount ed door cl oser/ hol der/ det ect or: A co mbi nati on devi ce (cl oser/ hol der/ detect or) can have i oni zati on, phot oel ectri c, or heating
devi ces t o det ect s moke or any co mbusti on pr oduct s, and can hol d open or cl ose t he door. So me co mbi nati on devi ces are connect ed t o t he fire al ar m syst e m of t he buil di ng, but may also be used mer el y t o rel ease and cl ose t he fire or s moke-barri er doors wit hout such a connecti on.
The second one is surface mount ed door cl oser/ hol der: A co mbi nati on of closer and hol der will hol d i n open positi on when i ncor por at ed wit h an i ndependent det ect or or when wired int o any t ype of fire det ecti ng syst e m ( Fi gure 15). The t hird one is surface mount ed door cl oser: There are t hree ways t o mount surface cl osers; hi nge si de, parall el ar m, and t op j amb. A wi de vari et y of br acket s, i ncl udi ng cor ner and sofitt t ypes is availabl e t o meet var yi ng door and fra me conditi ons.
The f ourt h one is concealed door cl oser: Thi s is a type of cl oser t hat is conceal ed i nsi de t he doorfra me.
Fi gure 15 – Door Cl oser ( DHI, 2001)
- Hi gh Securit y Cyli nder: An auxili ar y cyli nder havi ng a spri ng l at ch bolt and functi oni ng i ndependently of, and pr ovi di ng additional securit y t o, t he regul ar l ock of t he door.
- El ectri c Stri ke: An el ectrical devi ce t hat per mit s rel easi ng of t he door fro m a re mot e contr ol ( Fi gure 16).
Fi gure 16 – El ectri c Stri ke ( DHI, 2001)
2. 6. 4. Thres hol d:
A st ri p f ast ened t o t he floor beneat h a door, usuall y r equired t o cover t he j oi nt wher e t wo t ypes of fl oor ma teri al meet ( Fi gur e 17). Alt hough t he t ype, shape, and di mensi on of t he t hreshol ds var y, t here are t hree t ypes t hat are wi del y used. They ar e br onze, al u mi nu m, and steel t hreshol ds. Thr eshol ds can be al so cat egori zed based on t he asse mbl y secti on, pi ece quantit y, and t he l ocati on t o be used
Fi gure 17 – Thr eshol d ( DHI, 2001)
2. 6. 5. Mat eri al and Fi ni s h of Hardware:
Har d war e has a fi ni shed appearance as well as a functi onal pur pose and may be consi dered a part of t he decorati ve treat ment of a roo m or buil di ng. It is essenti al t o pr ovi de qualit y of fi nish, i ncl udi ng t hi ckness of plat es or coati ng (if any),
co mpositi on, hardness and ot her qualities compl ying wit h manufact urer’s standar ds but i n no case l ess t han specifi ed by referenced standar d for t he appli cabl e units of har dwar e. Alt hough t he t ypes of fi nishes var y, t he co mmon ones t hat are bei ng used i n t he US are: US26 ( Bright Chr o me), US26 D ( Sati n Chr o me), US28 ( Satin
3. GENERAL APPLI CABLE STANDARDS AND QUALI TY REQUI RE MENTS:
3. 1. Introducti on:
The ad mi ni strati ve and pr ocedur al r equire ment s f or qualit y ass urance and qualit y contr ol are one of t he vital st eps especi all y at t he begi nni ng of t he constructi on. It i s t he manufact urers’ or i nst allers’ responsi bilit y t o pr ovi de t he mat erials or ser vi ces t hat meet or exceed t he specifi call y na med code or st andar d. I n or der t o pr event a rej ecti on by t he archit ect or t he owner, it is ver y cruci al t o meet t he qualit y st andar ds.
3. 2. General Defi niti ons:
3. 2. 1. Quality- Ass urance Servi ces:
Acti viti es, acti ons, and pr ocedur es perf or med bef ore and duri ng execut i on of t he wor k t o guar d agai nst defect s and defi ci enci es and ensure t hat pr oposed constr ucti on co mpli es wit h require ment s.
3. 2. 2. Quality- Cont rol Servi ces:
Test s, i nspecti ons, pr ocedur es, and r el at ed acti ons duri ng and aft er execut i on of t he wor k t o eval uat e t hat co mpl et ed constr ucti on co mpl y wit h r equire ment s ( Li ska, 1988). Ser vi ces do not i ncl ude contract enf orceme nt acti viti es perf or med by t he archit ect, or ot her contr ol fracti ons.
3. 2. 3. Testi ng Agency:
An entit y engaged t o perfor m s pecifi c t est, i nspecti ons, or bot h. Testi ng l abor at or y means t he sa me as t esti ng agency.
3. 3. Defi niti ons of t he Part akers t hat are Responsi bl e f or Quality As s urance of t he Constructi on:
3. 3. 1. Fabri cat or’s Qual ificati ons:
A fir m experi enced i n produci ng pr oduct s si mil ar t o t hose i ndi cat ed f or t he pr oj ect and wi t h a r ecor d of successf ul i n-ser vi ce perfor mance, as well as suffi ci ent pr oducti on capacit y t o produce required units.
3. 3. 2. Contract or’s Qualificati ons:
A fir m or i ndi vi dual experi enced i n i nst alli ng, erecti ng, or asse mbli ng wor k si mil ar i n mat eri al, desi gn, and ext ent t o t hat i ndi cat ed f or t he pr oj ect, whose wor k has result ed i n constructi on wi t h a recor d if successf ul i n-ser vi ce perf or mance.
3. 3. 3. Testi ng Agency’s Qualificati ons:
An agency wi t h t he experi ence and capabilit y t o conduct t esti ng and i nspecti ng as required by Tur ki sh or US st andar ds, and t hat s peci ali zes i n t ypes of t est s and i nspecti ons t o be perf or med.
3. 3. 4. Architect’s Qualificati ons:
One who was t rai ned and li censed by an ar chit ect ural i nstit ut e t o desi gn and super vi se t he constructi on of t he buil di ngs.
3. 4. Sub mitt al Docu me nts:
Ther e ar e s o me docu ment s t hat t he manuf act urer or i nst all er shoul d pr ovi de t o de monstrat e t heir capabilities and experi ence.
3. 4. 1. Qualifi cati on Dat a:
An i ndependent t esti ng agency shoul d sub mit a certifi ed writt en r eport of each i nspecti on, t est or si mil ar ser vi ce, t o t he archit ect or owner.
3. 4. 2. Report Dat a:
A writt en r eport of each i nspecti on, t est or simi l ar ser vi ce t hat i ncl udes at l east bel ow- menti oned i nf or mati on ( Li ska, 1988).
- Dat e of issue
- Pr oj ect title and nu mber
- Na me, addr ess and t el ephone nu mber of t esti ng agency - Dat es and l ocati ons of sampl es and t ests or i nspecti ons - Na mes of i ndi vi dual s maki ng t he i nspecti on or t est - Desi gnati on of t he wor k and t est met hod
- Identifi cati on of t he pr oduct and specifi cati on secti on - Co mpl et e i nspecti on or test dat a
- Test results and an i nt er pret ati on of t est results
- Ambi ent conditi ons at t he ti me of sa mpl e-t aki ng and t esti ng
- Co mme nt s or pr ofessi onal opi ni on as t o whet her i nspect ed or t est ed wor k co mpli es wit h t he contract docu ment require ment s
- Na me and si gnat ure of l abor at or y i nspect or - Reco mme ndati ons on retesti ng
3. 4. 3. Per mit, Li censes, and Certifi cates:
For t he owner’s or architect’s recor ds, it is ver y essential t o sub mit copi es of per mits, licenses, certifi cati ons, i nspecti on r eport s, rel eases, j urisdi cti onal settl e ment s, noti ces, recei pt s f or f ee pay ment s, j udg ment s, correspondence, r ecor ds, and si mil ar docu ment s, est ablished for co mpli ance wit h st andar ds and r egul ati ons beari ng on perf or mance of t he wor k.
3. 5. Res ponsi biliti es for Quality Cont rol:
3. 5. 1. Manuf act urer’s Res ponsi bilities for Quality Control:
Wher e i ndi cat ed, it is t he manufact urer’s responsi bilit y t o engage a fact ory-aut hori zed ser vi ce r epresent ati ve t o i nspect t he fi el d-asse mbl ed co mponent s and equi p ment i nst all ati on, i ncl udi ng ser vi ce connecti ons. Sub mitti ng t he r eport results i n writi ng is also a part of the pr ocess.
3. 5. 2. Contract or’s Responsi bilities for Quality Control:
Pr ovi di ng qualit y contr ol ser vi ced r equired by aut horiti es i s a pr erequi sit e of t he contract or t hat suppli es, f ur ni shes, and i nst alls t he r equired constr ucti on it e m ( Si mmons, 2001). Wherever t he ser vi ces ar e i ndicat ed as contract ors’ r esponsi bilit y such as t he contract, addendu ms, me mor andu ms, change or ders; it i s t he contract or’s responsi bilit y t o engage a qualifi ed t esti ng agency t o perf or m t hese qualit y-contr ol ser vi ces. The ot her responsi bilities of t he contractor are:
- Whi l e pr ovi di ng t hese ser vi ces contract ors shoul dn’t e mpl oy t he s a me entit y engage by t he ar chit ect or t he o wner t o pr event a l egal pr obl e m, unl ess it i s agreed t o i n writi ng by two parti es.
- It i s ver y vit al t o notify t he t esti ng agenci es i n advance of ti me when t he wor k t hat requires t esti ng or i nspecti ng t o be perf or med
- Wher e qualit y contr ol servi ces ar e i ndi cat ed as t he contract ors’ responsi bilit y, it is essenti al t o sub mit a certifi ed writt en report of each qualit y contr ol ser vi ce. - It i s al so cr uci al t o be awar e of t he qualit y control t esti ng t hat aren’t specifi ed i n
t he contract but are request ed by t he owner or t he archit ect.
- In any st age of t he qualit y contr ol, it i s i mport ant t o s ub mit t he copi es of each writt en r eport not onl y t o t he o wner and t he ar chitect, but al so t o t he aut horiti es t hat have j urisdi cti on i n order t o prevent any misunderst andi ng or a l egal clash. - Regar dl ess of whet her ori gi nal t ests or i nspecti ons ar e contract or’s responsibilit y,
it i s defi nit el y t he r esponsi bilit y of t he contract or t o pr ovi de qualit y cont r ol ser vi ces when a r e-t esti ng and/ or r e-i nspecti ng i s necessar y f or t he constructi on t hat revi sed or r epl aced wor k t hat f ails t o co mpl y wi t h t he r equire ment s est ablished by t he contract docu ment s.
- It i s ver y vit al f or t he contract or t o coor di nat e sequence of acti viti es t o acco mmodat e r equi red qualit y-assurance and qualit y contr ol ser vi ces wi t h a mi ni mu m of del ay and t o avoi d necessit y of r e movi ng and r epl aci ng constructi on t o acco mmodat e t esti ng and i nspecti ng.
- Repair and pr ot ecti on ar e Cont ract or’s r esponsi bilit y, regar dl ess of t he assi gn ment of responsi bilit y for qualit y contr ol servi ces.
3. 5. 3. Test Agency’s Responsi bilities for Quality Control:
One of t he most i mport ant r esponsi bilities of t he test agency i s cooperati ng wi t h t he archit ect, t he o wner and t he contract or i n perfor mance of t he duti es (Si mmons, 2001). It i s a pr erequi site f or t he t est agency t o pr ovi de qualifi ed personnel t o perf or m r equired t est s and i nspecti ons. The ot her responsi bilities of t he t est agency are:
- Notifyi ng t he ar chit ect, the o wner and t he contract or pr o mpt l y of irregul ariti es or defi ci enci es obser ved i n the wor k duri ng perf or mance of its ser vi ces
- Int er preti ng t est s and i nspecti ons and st at e each r eport whet her t est ed and i nspect ed wor k co mpli es wi t h or devi at es fro m require ment s
- Sub mitti ng a certifi ed wr itt en r eport of each t est, i nspecti on, and si mil ar qualit y-contr ol ser vi ce t hr ough the y-contract or
- Not r el easi ng, r evoki ng, alt eri ng nor i ncreasi ng r equire ment s of t he contract docu ment s
- Not perf or mi ng any duties of t he o wner, t he archit ect or t he contract or besi des t he request ed t ask
3. 5. 4. Architect’s Responsi bilities for Quality Control:
An ar chit ect can be consi dered t he most i mport ant fi gure t o mai nt ai n qualit y cont r ol duri ng t he desi gn and constructi on phases. I n order t o mai nt ai n t he qual it y cont r ol duri ng t he desi gn phase, an ar chit ect shoul d be f ami li ar wit h all codes and st andar ds required f or any t ype of constructi on det ails at any ti me. Duri ng t he constr ucti on phase, an ar chit ect shoul d make peri odi c sit e vi sits i n or der t o st ay f a miliar wi t h t he pr ogress of wor k s o t hat he/ she can make s ure t he qualit y expect ed from t hat constructi on i s f ulfilled. Anot her r esponsi bilit y of an ar chit ect i s r evi e wi ng all s hop dr a wi ngs, pr oduct dat a and pr oduct sa mpl es t o make s ure t hey ar e up t o codes and qualit y st andar ds required by t he owner, gover n ment and ot her i nstit uti ons.
4. QUALI TY ASSURANCE FOR DOOR COMP ANI ES I N USA:
The buil di ng constructi on i ndustry i s made up of so many di verse i nt erest gr oups t hat it has not been possi bl e t o devel op a si ngl e co mpr ehensi ve set of crit eri a or st andar ds accept abl e t o all concerned t o pr ovi de an advanced qualit y t o doors and t heir co mponent s.
It i s necessar y t o cl arify so me t er ms, bef ore begi nni ng t o i dentify so me st andar ds t o i mpr ove t he qualit y of doors, fra mes and door hardwar e. There i s so much conf usi on i n t he i ndustry about the use of t he t er ms “specificati on, st andar ds and codes”. Unf ort unat el y, t he t hree are oft en err oneousl y used i nt erchangeabl y, whi ch can l ead t o so me conf usi on.
In t he sense t hat t hey ar e a det ail ed pr eci se descripti on of a pr oduct or pr acti ce, so me constructi on i ndustry st andar ds coul d be call ed s pecifi cati ons, and s o me are s o call ed by t heir pr oducers. So me of t he manufact urers’ dat a t hat desi gners, bui l ders, and o wners r el y on ar e al so s pecifi cati ons i n t he di cti onar y sense, and t hose dat a ar e so meti mes call ed s pecificati on by t he manuf act ures. But calli ng eit her of t he m specifi cati ons s o meti mes l eads t o conf usi on. Theref ore, referri ng t o constr ucti on i ndustry st andar ds as “standar ds” and manufact urer’s dat a as “pr oduct descri pti ons” or “pr oduct literat ure” wi ll prevent any ki nd of conf usi on. Unl ess specificall y modified i n a l egal contract, it is advi sed t hat t he t er m “specificati on” i s used i n its narr ow constructi on i ndustry meani ng.
Whe n sel ecti ng mat eri als or det er mi ni ng t he s ui tabilit y of mat eri als and met hods, specifi ers and buil ders r efer t o a vari et y of i ndustry st andar ds. So me st andards r esult from t he eff orts of manuf act urers, pr ofessi onal s, and t rades- peopl e t o si mpl if y and i ncrease t he effi ci ency of t heir wor k or t o ensure a mi ni mu m l evel of qualit y. Ot her st andar ds are t he wor k of gover n ment al agenci es and ot her gr oups i nter est ed i n est ablishi ng mi ni mu m l evel s of safet y and perf orma nce. Theref ore, st andar ds t ake a vari et y of for ms dependi ng on t heir source and purpose.
Constr ucti on st andar ds have t wo basi c obj ecti ves. The first obj ecti ve i s t o est ablish level s of qualit y t hat ma y be r ecogni zed by a user, specifi er, appr over, or buyer of a mat eri al, pr oduct, or syste m. The second obj ecti ve i s t o st andar di ze or si mplif y s uch vari abl es as di mensi ons, vari eti es, and ot her charact eristi cs of specifi c pr oduct s s o as t o mi ni mize vari ati ons i n manuf act ure and use.
Whi l e anal yzi ng t he above- menti oned i ssues, it must be not ed t hat t he standar ds t hat are bei ng wi del y used i n Unit ed St at es of Ame ri ca will be t he mai n f ocus of t hi s t hesi s.
4. 1. General Quality Ass urance for Door Co mpani es i n USA:
Ther e are s o me basi c r ules t hat t he door co mpani es must be a war e of; besi des t he det ail ed st andar ds, l ocal and general codes, architect s’ speci al request s for det ails, t he co mpani es shoul d compl y so me qualifi cati on meas ures.
Fi rst of all t he door, fra me and door hard war e co mpani es speciali zi ng i n ma nuf act uri ng t hese co mponent s shoul d have a mi ni mu m r equi red year of docu ment ed experi ence. Thi s experi ence r ange coul d var y fr o m pr oj ect t o pr oj ect. I n general, a gover n ment al pr oj ect i s li kel y t o be more concer ned about t hi s i ssue t han a s mall co mmer ci al pr oj ect.
Al so t he door co mpany speci ali zi ng i n perf or mi ng t he i nst all ati on of doors, fra mes and door har dwar e s houl d have a mi ni mu m r equired year of docu ment ed experi ence. And fi nall y, co mpl yi ng wi t h t he r equire ment s sho wn on t he pr oj ect dra wi ngs or specifi cati ons i s a pr erequi sit e f or t he door, frame and door har dwar e co mpany. If co mpl yi ng wi t h t he pr oj ect dr a wi ngs t o pr ovi de t he s pecifi ed doors, fra mes and door har dwar e i s not possi ble, t he co mpany s houl d pr ovi de a pr oposal i ndi cati ng t he substit ut e mat eri als, equi p ment, or met hods t o be used i n t he wor k, i n li eu of t hose specifi ed i n t he dra wi ngs or specifi cati ons.
Ther e are t wo t ypes of f or med door and fra me uni ts, whi ch ar e st andar d and cust o m. St andar d units are mass-pr oduced and sol d t o r et ails outl ets such as l u mberyar ds and ho me cent ers. St andar d units are al so made f or a parti cul ar pr oj ect wher e t hey have been specifi ed. Cust o m units are manuf act ured especi all y f or a parti cul ar pr oj ect t o suit an owner’s or an archit ect’s desi gn. Bot h t ypes shoul d meet t he sa me st andar ds
of qualit y. For exa mpl e f or med car bon st eel, stai nl ess st eel, wood and al u mi nu m doors may be eit her st andar d or cust o m. Copper-all oy doors and fra mes are cust o m. Ther e are s o many st andard setti ng and t esti ng agenci es det er mi ned vari ous st andar ds for doors, fra mes and door har dwar e. I n additi on t o gover n ment al agenci es, t hese or gani zati ons have been est ablished whose pri mar y pur poses are t he setti ng st andar ds or t he t esti ng of mat eri als and pr oduct s t o ensure t hat t hey compl y wi t h est ablished st andar ds. Whe n a mat eri al or product i s co mpl i ance t est ed by it s ma nuf act urer, its trade associ ati on, or an i ndependent t esti ng agency, a t esti ng st andar d pr oduced by one of t he agenci es t hat are menti oned bel ow i s often used as t he st andar d for t esti ng procedur e.
4. 1. 1. Architect ural Woodwork Instit ute ( AWI) :
Est ablished i n 1953, The Ar chit ect ural Woodwor k I nstit ut e ( AWI) has hel ped t housands of archit ect ural wood wor k pr ofessi onal s gr ow t heir busi nesses and t ake t heir careers t o t he next l evel. Wi t h mor e t han 2, 800 me mbers i n Nort h Ameri ca, A WI t oday i s r ecogni zed as t he pr e mi er source f or net wor ki ng, educati on and i ndustry kno wl edge ( AWI, 1998).
A WI pr o mot es t he val ue of ar chit ect ural wood work and educat es t he i ndustr y on t he hi ghest qualit y st andar ds. AWI al so pr ovi des opport uniti es f or t he educati on, t rai ni ng and net wor k opport uniti es t o ensure t he pr o moti on of qualit y st andar ds.
The i nstit ut e has t hree di vi si ons. The first one i s t he manuf act urer di vi si on s pecifi ed by desi gn pr ofessi onal s i ncl udi ng all exposed wood, decorati ve l a mi nat es and ot her mat eri als. The second on i s t he suppli er di vi si on, focuses on pri maril y s uppl yi ng r a w mat eri als, pr oduct s or servi ces t o ar chit ect ural wood wor k manuf act urers. The t hir d on i s t he affili at e di vi si on f or i ndi vi dual s who wi sh t o s upport t he obj ectives of t he archit ect ural wood wor k i ndustry and do not qualify as eit her manufact urer or suppli er.
4. 1. 2. Nati onal Fi re Protecti on Associ ati on ( NFPA):
The Nati onal Fi re Pr ot ecti on Associ ati on ( NFPA) was or gani zed i n 1896 t o pr o mot e t he sci ence and advance t he met hods of fire pr ot ecti on. NFPA i s a nonpr ofit educati onal or gani zati on t hat publishes and di stri but es vari ous publi cati ons on fire safet y, i ncl udi ng model codes, mat eri als st andar ds, and r eco mme nded pr acti ces.
These t echni cal mat eri als, ai med at mi ni mizi ng l osses of life and pr operty by fire, and ar e pr epared by NFPA Techni cal Co mmi tt ees and ar e adopt ed at t he annual meeti ng of t he Associ ation. All are published as Nati onal Fi re Codes, a 12- vol u me co mpil ati on of NFPA’s official techni cal mat erial ( NFPA, 1999).
4. 1. 3. Under wri ters Laborat ori es Inc. ( UL):
Under writ ers Labor at ories I nc. ( UL) i s chart ered as a nonpr ofit or gani zati on t o est ablish, mai nt ai n, and oper at e l abor at ori es f or t he exa mi nati on and testi ng of devi ces, syst e ms, and mat eri als. The st at ed obj ecti ves of UL ar e t o det er mi ne t he rel ati on of vari ous devi ces, syst e ms, and mat eri als t o life and pr opert y and t o ascert ai n, defi ne, and publish st andar ds, cl assifi cati ons, and s pecifi cati ons f or mat eri als, devi ces, pr oduct s, equi p ment, constructi ons, met hods, and s yst e ms affecti ng hazar ds t o life and pr opert y ( UL , 2000).
UL, f or med i n 1894, was ori gi nall y subsi di zed by st ock i nsurance co mpani es. Bef or e t he t ur n of t he cent ur y, as ne w el ectri cal devi ces and pr oduct s ca me r api dl y i nt o t he mar ket, it beca me necessar y t o t est and i nspect t he m t o ensur e publi c saf et y. The Nati onal Boar d of Fi re Under writ ers ( no w t he Ameri can I nsurance Associ ati on) or gani zed and sponsored UL t o meet t his de mand.
UL beca me self-supporti ng i n about 1916. To s ust ai n its t esti ng pr ogr a m, UL contract s wit h a pr oduct sub mitt er f or t esti ng, reporti ng, and li sti ng of devi ces, syst e ms, or mat eri als on a ti me and mat eri al basi s. The cost of t he i nspection ser vi ce is pr ovi ded f or eit her by an annual f ee or by ser vice char ges f or l abel s, dependi ng on t he t ype of t he ser vi ce. Mat eri als and pr oduct s carr yi ng UL l abel s and certifi cat es must meet published st andar ds of perf or mance and manuf act ure and ar e subj ect ed t o UL i nspecti on duri ng manuf act ure.
Al t hough pri maril y i nt erest ed i n publi c safet y, UL’ s poli cy i s t o li st and label onl y pr oduct s t hat perf or m t heir i nt ended f uncti on. If a pr oduct does not perf or m wi t h reasonabl e effi ci ency, even t hough it may be perfectl y safe, it does not qualify f or a UL l abel.
UL st andar ds ar e desi gnat ed by t he i niti als UL, foll owed by a code nu mber. No dat e of l ast revisi on i s i ndi cat ed by t he nu mber. For exa mpl e, UL 70, “Septi c Tanks, Bit umi nous Coat ed Met al,” was issued i n 1993.
