Effects of High Degree Deacetylated Chitosan Supplementation on
Performance and Egg Quality of Laying Hens
Afshin Farivar1, Naeim Saber1, Zeynep Şahan2Uğur Serbester3, Fatma Yenilmez4, Ahmet Tekeli5, Aygül Küçükgülmez6, Ali Eslem Kadak6, Mehmet Çelik6, Ladine Çelik1
and Hasan Rüştü Kutlu1
1
Çukurova University, Agricultural Faculty, Dept. of Animal Science, Adana, Turkey, 2Adıyaman University, Vocational School of Kahta, Adıyaman, Turkey, 3Niğde University,
Vocational School of Bor, Niğde, Turkey, 4
Çukurova University, Vocational School of Tufanbeyli, Adana, Turkey, 5Yüzüncü Yıl University, Agricultural Faculty, Dept. of Animal Science Van, Turkey, 6Çukurova University, Fisheries Faculty, Dept. of Seafood Processing
Technology, Adana, Turkey Corresponding email: ladine@cu.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to evaluate whether dietary chitosan with high degree of deacetylation (minimum 90%) would affect laying performance and egg quality of laying hens. Thirty four weeks old layers were divided into 5 dietary groups of similar body weight, comprising 14 birds each. The birds were fed standard layer diets containing 0, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 ppm high deacetylated chitosan for 8 weeks period. The birds were housed in individual cages in a complete randomized design. A 16:8 hours light:dark photoperiod was employed. Feed and water were given ad libitum. Laying performance was assessed by recording feed intake, egg weight, daily egg production; egg quality. The results showed that high degree deacetylated chitosan supplementation had no significant effects on feed intake, egg weight, egg mass, body weight, and egg quality. However, dietary supplemental high degree deacetylated chitosan increased lightness of yolk (p<0.05), decreased (p<0.05) feed conversion , and breaking strength of shell. The results suggest that different levels of dietary high degree deacetylated chitosan may not improve performance and egg quality of laying hens regardless of the supplementation levels.
Key Words: Laying hen, High degree deacetylated chitosan, Performance, Egg quality INTRODUCTION
Chitosan is a bioactive polymer obtained from marine crustaceans and the deacetylated (to varying degrees) form chitin, which unlike chitin, is soluble in acidic solutions. Chitosan has three types of reactive functional groups, an amino group as well as both primary and secondary hydroxyl groups at the C-2, C-3 and C-6 positions, respectively. Chemical modifications of these groups have provided numerous useful materials in different fields of application. On the other hand, since the biodegradation of chitin is very slow in crustacean shell waste, accumulation of large quantities of discards from processing of crustaceans has become a major concern in the seafood processing industry (Shadidi et al., 1999). There could be many ways to alleviate environmental pollution, one of them is processing wastes to produce by product to use in animal nutrition to feed the animal or produce functional food for human nutrition. The present research was aimed to investigate production and usability of chitosan, which are produce from marine crustacean shell waste.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Prior to the trial, seventy 33-weeks-old layers were fed ad libitum with a standard layer diet for a week period, during which daily egg production and egg weight were recorded. At the beginning of the trial period, when the birds were 34 weeks old, they were divided into 5 experimental groups of similar mean body weight and laying performance, comprising 14
Proceedings of the 16th AAAP Animal Science Congress Vol. II 10-14 November 2014, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
birds each. The birds were fed a diet supplemented with 0, 200, 400, 800 or 1600 ppm high deacetylated chitosan for 8 weeks. High deacetylated chitosan produced from marine crustacean shell waste. The standard layer (The first phase-cage) diet obtained from a commercial feed company was used as a basal feed. The birds were housed in individual layer cages of three-tier battery blocks in a complete randomized design at a conventional ambient temperature (20-22°C) with a relative humidity of 60-70%. Light was provided 16 hours (from 05:00 to 21:00) each day. Performance was determined daily by measuring feed intake, egg mass, feed conversion ratio (egg mass:feed intake) and egg production (in house, number and weight). Egg quality was estimated by measuring egg-shape index (width/length), shell weight, shell thickness, egg weight, yolk weight, albumen weight, albumen height, yolk index (weigh/height) and yolk colour score (Hunter Lab) of each egg obtained on the third day of every week. Shell samples from top, middle and bottom of the egg were measured for thickness using a micrometer and the mean was calculated prior to statistical analysis.
The data obtained in the experiment were analysed using the General Linear Models (GLM) and orthogonal polynomial of SAS (1985). Linear, quadratic, and cubic effects were determined by orthogonal polynomial contrasts.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The performance and egg quality of laying hens receiving different level high degree deacetylated chitosan are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1. Effects of high degree deacetylated chitosan supplementation on performance and
egg quality in laying hens
Parameters High Degree Deacetylated Chitosan (ppm) SED P Mean Effects ¥
0 200 400 800 1600 L Qd C Qa
Laying performances
Initial body weight (g) 1686.94 1678.57 1655.00 1651.43 1655.36 - - - - - Final body weight (g) 1834.17 1833.21 1806.07 1866.79 1838.21 - - - - - Total feed intake (FI;
g/bird/56 days) 5894.00 5885.43 6018.71 6190.93 5955.36 - - - - - Egg mass (EM; g/bird/56
days) 3272.02 3230.85 3193.35 3151.22 3074.70 - - - - -
Feed conv. ratio (FI/EM) 1.83b 1.83b 1.88ab 2.01a 1.92ab - * - - -
Mean egg weight (g/day) 60.96 60.35 60.86 62.21 59.73 - - - - -
Num.of eggs (/bird/56 days) 53.65 53.43 52.43 50.57 51.29 - * - - - Egg qualities
Egg weight (g/egg) 61.15 60.24 60.82 61.88 59.75 0.39 - - - - -
Shell weight (g/egg) 7.32 7.10 7.15 7.27 7.08 0.04 - - - - -
Yolk weight (g/egg) 15.38 14.93 15.40 15.57 15.10 0.12 - - - - - Albumen weight (g/egg) 38.45 38.20 38.27 39.05 37.58 0.34 - - - - -
Shape index (%) 77.70 78.19 77.84 78.01 77.31 0.30 - - - - -
Egg yolk index 46.43a 45.62ab 44.54b 45.79ab 45.29ab 0.23 - - - - -
Albumen index 8.98 8.66 8.54 9.07 8.82 0.19 - - - - - L (lightness) 54.55b 55.99a 55.66ab 55.63ab 54.73b 0.17 * - ** - - a (redness) 17.88 17.56 18.03 17.83 17.95 0.08 - - - - - b (yellowness) 62.50 62.69 62.77 62.56 61.48 0.33 - - - - - Haugh unit 83.01 82.38 82.28 83.45 83.36 0.70 - - - - - Breaking strength (kg/cm²) 5.88a 5.50ab 5.15b 5.60ab 5,44ab 0.08 * - * - - Mean shell thickness (µm) 393.94 391.53 391.42 393.78 386.99 1.92 - - - - -
* p<0.05; ** p<0.01; - Not significant (p>0.05) ¥: L:linear; Qd: quadratic; C: cubic; Qa:quartic effects SED: standard error of difference between means.
Sustainable Livestock Production in the Perspective of Food Security, Policy, Genetic Resources and Climate Change
The experiment was conducted to determine the appropriate inclusion of high deacetylated chitosan for use in laying hen diets. The results showed that high degree deacetylated chitosan supplementation had no significant effects on body weight, feed intake, egg mass, and egg weight. Increasing levels of high deacetylated chitosan supplementation were associated with a linear decrease in feed conversion rate (p<0.05). The number of egg was also depressed when high deacetylated chitosan was incorporated at the higher level (800 ppm chitosan). The lightness of yolk score (p<0.01) and breaking strength of shell (p<0.05) affected quadraticly with increased levels of high degree deacetylated chitosan.
Decreased feed conversion ratio and number of egg were observed in this study. Khambualai et al. (2009) reported that growth performance of broiler was improved by supplementary a low content of chitosan, and this may be attributed due to the presence of hypertrophied villi and epithelial cells. Vrzhesinskaia et al. (2005) showed that the most optimal dose of chitosan for the improvement of eggs nutritive value was 10 mg. Vakhramova (2008) recommended the addition of acid soluble chitosan more than water soluble chitosan to ration for productivity and quality parameters of laying hens. Świątkiewicz et al. (2013) showed that additive as feed chitosan can positively affect the performance of layers given the well-balanced diet with a high concentration of DDGS (200 g/kg). However, feeding diets containing viscous chitosan has been shown generally to reduce body weight and feed intake in broiler chickens (Razdan and Petterson, 1994; Razdan et al., 1997). Lim et al. (2006) reported that 100 ppm copper in chitosan chelate (Chitosan-Cu) did not affected performance of broiler chickens. It has been reported that at a higher inclusion (5.0 g/kg) chitosan had no effect on broiler growth (Shi et al., 2005). It has also been reported that fat digestion and absorption might be inactivated by feeding high level inclusion of chitosan (Deuchi et al., 1994; Kobayashi et al., 2002), leading to depressed growth performance in rats and broilers. Tarasewicz et al., (2003) also reported that 5.2 ml of chitosan/1.2 kg feed supplementation decreased feed intake, number of eggs and increased feed intake per egg in laying quails. Hirano et al., (1990) found a lower feed intake by feeding an excessive amount of chitosan for a long term (3.6-4.2 g of chitosan per kg of body weight per day for 189 days). In the present study, linear reduction in egg number was observed by higher level chitosan supplementation because of incomplete digestion of chitosan. Chitosan causes high viscosity in the gastrointestinal system due to its high water-holding capacity (Razdan and Petterson, 1994). Therefore, the poor growth performance detected in the treatment groups could be attributed to increased viscosity caused by supplemental chitosan.
In the present study, it is shown that supplementation of high degree deacetylated chitosan increases yolk lightness and decreases breaking strength. Davis et al. (2000) showed that supplemental chitosan in layer diets significantly decreased egg and yolk weights in early laying period. Tarasewicz et al., (2003) noted that egg shell thickness slightly increased in quails fed a 5.2 ml of chitosan for 1.2 kg feed. Results from the current study showed deterioration in some egg quality parameters in chitosan groups, which may indicate high deacetylated chitosan could impair egg quality.
IMPLICATIONS
It could be concluded that providing dietary high degree deacetylated chitosan, which is produced from marine crustacean shell as a waste product of seafood industry, have no promising potential to increase performance and egg quality of laying hens regardless of the supplementation levels.
Proceedings of the 16th AAAP Animal Science Congress Vol. II 10-14 November 2014, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was carried out with the support of the The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK). Authors would like to thank TUBITAK for supporting the Project.
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