Ecogeography of Kaz Mountain ecosystem

Tam metin

(1)Available online at www.sciencedirect.com. ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 167 – 175. ,96C5 !?E6C?2E:@?2=6@8C2A9J+J>A@D:F> '%

(2) . 4@86@8C2A9J@7#2K%@F?E2:? 64@DJDE6> !D2UC632= *646A 76 +U=6J>2?+T?>6K35F==29+@J<2? %0B/)7-6#2-:)67-8=%'908=3*687%2(!'-)2')7)4%681)283*)3+6%4,=

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© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. L

(4) ,96FE9@CD (F3=:D9653J=D6G:6C $E5 Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of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

(5)

(6) 72I?@?6. 1%-0%((6)77 C646A6769@E>2:= 4@>. 1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of GEOMED2013. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.093.

(7) 168. Isa Cürebal et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 167 – 175. 2=D@E96C68:@?DH96C6E96D@FC46D@72==C:G6CD:?E96H@C=52C6=@42E65!G6D6E2= E2=2J

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11) '?6 E6?E9@7E96H@C=5A@AF=2E:@?C6D:56D:?>@F?E2:?64@DJDE6>D@C:?E96:C4=@D6G:4:?:EJ. ,FC<6J :D2>@F?E2:?@FD4@F?ECJ2?592=7@796CDFC72462C62:D4@>A@D65@72C62DH:E96=6G2E:@?D9:896CE92?

(12)

(13)

(14) > =6G2E:@? :?4C62D6D 7C@> E96 H6DE E@ E96 62DE 2?5 2 DF3DE2?E:2= A2CE @7 E96 A@AF=2E:@? =:G6D :? @C 2C@F?5 >@F?E2:?@FD2C62D %@F?E2:?2C62D:?,FC<6J2C6C:49:?7=@C2:?255:E:@?E@A@DD6DD:?82?23F?52?46@76?56>:4 DA64:6D E2=2J2?576

(15)

(16) PKEUC<6E 2=

(17)

(18) . *64:AC@42= C6=2E:@?D9:AD 36EH66? =:G:?8 ?2EFC2= 7=@C2 2?:>2=D 2?5 >2?<:?5 2?5 ?@? =:G:?8 C@4<D =2?5 7@C>2E:@?D4=:>2E6D@:=2?5H2E6C6?G:C@?>6?E2=6=6>6?ED:?#2K%@F?E2:?2C6C2E96C7C28:=62?5D6?D:E:G676

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24) @H6G6C #2K %@F?E2:? :D @?6 @7 E96 C2C6 2C62D :? ,FC<6J H9:49 92D 4@?D6CG65 :ED ?2EFC2= AC@A6CE:6D =:>2E6 2?5 9J5C@=@8:42= 492C24E6C:DE:4D 92G6 A=2J65 2? :>A@CE2?E C@=6 :? E9:D 4@?D6CG2E:@? ,96 2C62 C646:G6DDF77:4:6?E2>@F?E@7C2:?2?5:DC:49:?E6C>D@7DFC72462?58C@F?5H2E6C (C@E64E652C62D:?E96C68:@?2=D@ 92G62?:>A@CE2?E7F?4E:@?:?E96DFDE2:?23:=:EJ@7E9664@DJDE6> 6@>@CA9@=@8:4492C24E6C:DE:4D4=:>2E6?2EFC2= G686E2E:@?7=@C2 2?5H2E6C2C62>@?8E96>2:?724E@CDE92E56E6C>:?6E96@A6C2E:@?2?564@=@8J@7E9664@DJDE6>:? #2K%@F?E2:?. %65:E6CC2?62? 4=:>2E6 AC6G2:D 2C@F?5 E96 #2K %@F?E2:? @H6G6C E@ E96 ?@CE9 2JC2>:S 2?5 06?:46 56AC6DD:@?DE92E2C6765E9C@F89E96C2:?2?5D?@H72==:?E969:896C2C62D:?#2K%@F?E2:?2?5E@E96D@FE9G2C:@FD C:G6CDE92E7=@H:?E@5C6>:E2J2=D@6I:DE !??6CA2CED@76249@7E96G2==6JD92G6>:4C@4=:>2E:42C62D2?5923:E2ED. ?E9C@A@86?:4:>A24E:DG6CJDEC@?8@?#2K%@F?E2:?64@DJDE6> ,96G:4:?:EJ@7E96>@F?E2:?D92D366?FD657@C E9@FD2?5D @7 J62CD 3J 9F>2?D 2?5 E96C67@C6 E96 ?2EFC2= G686E2E:@? H6C6 52>2865 56DEC@J65 @C 568C2565 DF3DE2?E:2==J. #2K%@F?E2:?:DD:EF2E65@?E96?@CE96C?4@2DED@75C6>:E2J:?E96H6DE ?@CE9H6DE@7,FC<6J2?57@C>DE96 3@C56C36EH66?E966862?*68:@?2?5E96%2C>2C2*68:@? ,96D@FE92?562DE@7E96>@F?E2:?>2DDH:E9C@F89=J.

(25)

(26)

(27) <> DFC72462C62:D=@42E65:?2=Z<6D:CAC@G:?462?5E96?@CE92?5H6DE@7E96>@F?E2:?>2DD:D:?4=F565:? N2?2<<2=6AC@G:?46 ,96?@CE92?5D@FE9@7E96>@F?E2:?>2DD:DDFCC@F?5653J2JC2>:SG4:=6C56AC6DD:@?2?5 5C6>:E2JC6DA64E:G6=J. ,96 8@2= @7 E9:D DEF5J :D E@ :56?E:7J E96 64@=@8J 2?5 64@DJDE6>D @7 #2K %@F?E2:? =:>2E@=@8:42= 52E2 7C@> 5C6>:E%6E6@C@=@8J+E2E:@?C6=2E65E@E6>A6C2EFC6AC64:A:E2E:@?2?5H:?57@C2=6?8E9JA6C:@5

(28)

(29) H6C6 FE:=:K65E@AC6D6?EE96C6=2E:@?D9:A36EH66?G686E2E:@?E92E492?86G6CE:42==J5F6E@@C@8C2A9:4:>A24E2?54=:>24E:4 A2C2>6E6CD ,@A@8C2A9:4>2AD@7E96DEF5J2C62D42=65

(30)

(31)

(32) H6C6FD65:?86?6C2=86@>@CA9@=@8:42DD6DD>6?E 2?5 :? AC@7:=:?8 2?5 4C@DD D64E:@?D 6@=@8:42= >2AD D42=65

(33)

(34)

(35)

(36) 2?5

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41) H6C6 FE:=:K65 :? 4@>A:=:?8 :?7@C>2E:@?23@FEE9686@=@8J@7E96DEF5J2C62. #2K %@F?E2:? :D 2 =2C86 ?2EFC2= >6492?:D> 2? 64@DJDE6> E92E 4@>A=6E6D 6249 @E96C H:E9 :ED A9JD:42= 2?5 3:@=@8:42=6=6>6?ED2?5E92EH@C<DE@86E96C:?>FEF2=C6=2E:@?D9:AD :@86@8C2A9J6=6>6?ED2=@?8H:E986@=@8:42= 86@>@CA9@=@8:4A65@=@8:42=2?59J5C@=@8:42=6=6>6?EDAC@G:56E9664@DJDE6>^D:?E68C:EJ. ,9:D 64@DJDE6> H2D 6DE23=:D965 @? 2 7@F?52E:@? 4@>A@D65 @7 =:G:?8 2?5 ?@? =:G:?8 6=6>6?ED ,96D6 2C6 86@>@CA9@=@8:42?586@=@8:42=DECF4EFC64=:>2E6D@:=2?5H2E6C7=@C272F?22?5>2?<:?5. )31364,303+-',%6%'8)6-78-'7 6@>@CA9@=@8:4 492C24E6C:DE:4D 2C6 E96 7@F?52E:@? @7 #2K %@F?E2:? 64@DJDE6> %@F?E2:?D 9:==D G2==6JD 2?5 E96:C 5:C64E:@?D 6=6G2E:@?D 6IA@DFC6 4@?5:E:@?D 2?5 D=@A6 568C66D 42CCJ 492C24E6C:DE:4D E92E 27764E E96 64@DJDE6>. !?E6C?2= 2?5 6IE6C?2= 724E@CD A=2J65 2? 24E:G6 C@=6 :? E96 7@C>2E:@? @7 E96 E@A@8C2A9J @7 E96 2C62 ,64E@?:4 >@G6>6?ED42FD65E967@C>2E:@?D@772F=EDE92E5:G:565E96>@F?E2:?D:?E@3=@4<D 6?6C2=5:C64E:@?:?H9:49#2K %@F?E2:?=:6D:D62DE H6DE2?52D2C6DF=EE96D=@A6D7246?@CE92?5D@FE9 *:G6CDE92ED6EE=65:?=2E:EF5:?2=72F=E=:?6D @A6?65H:56G2==6JD:=8:? 766E2=

(42)

(43)

(44)

(45) 2

(46)

(47) 3 ,965:C64E:@?:?H9:49E96>@F?E2:?=:6D27764ED.

(48) Isa Cürebal et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 167 – 175. 3@E9E964=:>2E62?5E967=@C2 ,96>@F?E2:?>2DD@3DECF4EDE964@=5?@CE96C?H:?5DE92E2C65@>:?2?E:?E96C68:@? 2?5AC6G6?EDE96:C6?EC2?46:?E@5C6>:E2J ,96C67@C6H:?E6CD2C@F?5E9632JD96=E6C65E9:DH2J2C6>:=5. =6G2E:@? :? E96 >2;@C:EJ @7 E96 #2K %@F?E2:? 2C62 :D 23@G6

(49)

(50)

(51) > ,6>A6C2EFC6D 5C@A 2?5 AC64:A:E2E:@? :?4C62D6D5F6E@6=6G2E:@? 724E@C @?EC2DED36EH66? D@FE96C?2?5 ?@CE96C? D=@A6D:?#2K%@F?E2:?64@DJDE6>2C6 DEC@?8:?6G6CJC6DA64E /9:=6C6=2E:G6=JI6C@A9:=@FDA=2?EDH:E99:896CE6>A6C2EFC6?665D8C@H:?D@FE96C?D=@A6D 9J8C@A9:=@FD A=2?E 4@>>F?:E:6D 2?5 DA64:6D 2C6 >@C6 4@>>@? :? E96 ?@CE96C? D=@A6D D 2 A9JE@86@8C2A9:42= C67=64E:@?@7E96:>A24ED@76IA@DFC6A=2?E4@>>F?:E:6D2?5DA64:6D:?%65:E6CC2?62?492C24E6C92G66IA2?565:? D@FE96C? 724:?8 D=@A6D H96C62D A=2?E 4@>>F?:E:6D 2?5 DA64:6D E92E 36=@?8 E@ E96 =24< +62 A9JE@86@8C2A9:42= C68:@?2C6@3D6CG65:?E96D=@A6DE92E7246E96?@CE9. !?#2K%@F?E2:?G2C:2E:@?D2C6@3D6CG65:?E962>@F?E@7DF? =:89EC646:G653JE96D=@A6DE92E7246D@FE92?5 ?@CE9:?DF>>6C2?5H:?E6C *F88652C62:?E96D@FE96C?D=@A6D42FD6DDF?=:89EE@2CC:G62EE96D6D=@A6DH:E9C:89E@C 4=@D6E@C:89E2?8=6D H9:49C6DF=ED:? >@C66?6C8J:?E2<62?5DEC@?86C962E ,96C67@C6:?D@=2E:@?:DDEC@?86C:?E96 D@FE96C? 724:?8 D=@A6D @7 #2K %@F?E2:? ,92E D:EF2E:@? 2=D@ A=2JD 2? :>A@CE2?E C@=6 :? E96 724E E92E H:?E6CD 2C6 >:=56C. 3F?52?46 @7 G2==6JD :? #2K %@F?E2:? E96:C 5:C64E:@?D 56AE9 2?5 9F>:5:EJ 2C6 2>@?8 E96 >@DE :>A@CE2?E A9JD:42=6=6>6?ED:?E9664@DJDE6> 3@FEE6?G2==6JD2EE96=62DE4C@DDE96D6>@F?E2:?D9@C:K@?E2==J:?E96?@CE92?5 :?E96D@FE9 @H6G6C?@?6@7E96D6G2==6JD4C@DD#2K%@F?E2:?7C@>6?5E@6?5:?E96?@CE9 D@FE95:C64E:@? ,96 G2==6JDJDE6>D@7D@FE96C?2?5?@CE96C?D=@A6D2C6:?56A6?56?E@76249@E96C +@>6@7E96G2==6JDH6C64FE566A=J 5F6E@E96D6G6C:EJ@7E96E64E@?:4>@G6>6?ED2?56C@D:@? !?D@>642D6D2AAC@I:>2E6=J2C6=2E:G62=E:EF565:776C6?46 @7

(52)

(53)

(54) >6I:DED :776C6?46:?6=6G2E:@?36EH66?E96G2==6J7=@@C:?E96=@H6CD64E:@?D@7[29:?C66<.2==6J2?5 E969:896DED64E:@?:?E96FAA6C32D:?:D23@FE

(55)

(56)

(57) > G2==6J7=@@CD2C6?2CC@H2?5D=@A6D2C6DE66A ,96C67@C6D@>6 @7E96G2==6JD42CCJE96492C24E6C:DE:4D@742?J@?D. :8 6@>@CA9@=@8:42=>2A@7E96#2K%@F?E2:?. 169.

(58) 170. Isa Cürebal et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 167 – 175. ,96D6 492C24E6C:DE:4D @7 E96 G2==6JD 27764E E96 4@?5:E:@?D @7 E96:C :?D@=2E:@? 9F>:5:EJ 2:C >2DD6D 2?5 >:4C@4=:>2E6D FC2E:@? @7 :?D@=2E:@? 2?5 E96C67@C6 E96 :>A24E @7 DF? 564C62D6D :? 566A G2==6JD 2?5 2 9F>:5 6?G:C@?>6?E :D 86?6C2E65 249 G2==6J @? E96 D@FE96C? D=@A6D @7 #2K %@F?E2:? E92E C646:G6D 9:89 :?D@=2E:@? :D 2 >:4C@4=:>2E62C62:?E96D64@?5568C66H:E99F>:56?G:C@?>6?ED ,96C67@C6>2?JA=2?EG2C:6E:6DE92E2C6D6?D:E:G6 E@ =@H E6>A6C2EFC6D H9:49 6?;@J H2E6C 42? 36 7@F?5 :? E96D6 G2==6JD $2FC6= %9697 23&-0-7 >JCE=6 =6897 '31192-72?5DE@C2I!8=6%<3**-'-2%0-72C62>@?8E96A=2?EDA64:6D7@F?5:?G2==6JD. DA64:2==J 5FC:?8 E96 DF>>6C G2==6JD 492??6= E96 3C66K6D E92E 2C6 86?6C2E65 2D 2 C6DF=E @7 =@42= 2:C AC6DDFC6 36EH66?E969:896CD64E:@?D@7E96>@F?E2:?2?5E96D622?5:?4C62D6E96:C:>A24E !?DF>>6C?:89EDE964@@=2:C@7 E969:896CD64E:@?D@7E96>@F?E2:?56D46?5DE@H2C5DE964@DED3JAC6D6CG:?8:EDG6=@4:EJ2?5:>A24E ,9:D4@@=2:C 62D6DE969@E2?5>F88J2:C@7E96DF>>6CD62D@? @H6G6CE9:D:>A24E:D76=E>@C6:?E6?D6=J2EE96=@H6CD64E:@?D @7E96G2==6JD2?5:?2C62DH96C6G2==6JD6IA2?5E@H2C5DE964@2DE. =2E=2?5D :?4=F565 :? E96 =@H 2?5 9:89 D64E:@?D :? #2K %@F?E2:?D 92G6 2 7F?4E:@? :? E96 64@DJDE6> 2?5 E96J AC@G:565:G6CD:EJ:?E9664@DJDE6> +@>6@7E96D67=2E=2?5D2C63JE964@2DED2?5@E96CD2C6=@42E65:?9:896C=2?5D. =2E 2C62D 3J E96 4@2DED 2C6 6>32?<>6?ED H96C6 >2E6C:2=D DF49 2D D2?5 4=2J D:=E 2?5 A633=6D 2C6 4@==64E65. .686E2E:@?4@>A@D65@792=@A9JE:4DA64:6D42?367@F?5@?E96D2=EJD@:=3JE962C62D4=@D6E@E96D62. =2E=2?5DH:E9?2CC@HDFC72462C62D86?6C2E653JDECF4EFC2=C62D@?D2?56C@D:@?42?36D66?@?E96D=@A6D@7#2K %@F?E2:? E92E 7246 E96 D@FE9 ,96J FDF2==J 4@?DE:EFE6 E96 2C62D H96C6 G:==286D 2C6 D:EF2E65 2?5 D@>6 @7 E96> 2C6 D>2==D42=65A=2E62FD ,96D63C66KJ2C62DH:E92G:6H@7E9632J2?5DFCC@F?565H:E97@C6DED2C686?6C2==J7@F?5:? =6G6=D36EH66?

(59)

(60) >2?5

(61)

(62) >. =2E=2?5DC6=2E65E@86@>@CA9@=@8:46C@D:@? A6C:@5D6I:DE:?E96DF>>:ED@7E96>@F?E2:?D ==E96D67=2E=2?5D2C6 E96A=2E62FDFD65:?E96DF>>6C>@?E9D. )303+-'%0,%6%'8)6-78-'7 #2K%@F?E2:?92DE96492C24E6C:DE:4D@72@A6? E@AA=FE@?:425@>6H9@D64@C6H2D4@>A@D65@7E64E@?:42==J3J 8C2?:E6 8C2?@5:@C:E632D658233C@ !E:D2F?:E@7J36<%@F?E2:?D@FE4C@AA653J8C2?:E6C@4<D:?E96DJDE6> @G6C =2J6CDH9:4992G6>6E2>@CA9:4492C24E6CD2C6A2CE:2==J@A6? ,96E64E@?:4DDECF4EFC62?5=:E9@=@8:42=492C24E6C:DE:4D @7E96C@4<D2C667764E:G6 @?E96@A6C2E:@?@7E9664@=@8:42=>6492?:D>. *@4<5:G6CD:EJH:E9G2C:@FD =:E9@=@8:6D 92G642FD656?C:49>6?E@7>24C@2?5>:4C@C6=:67DA64:6D3J27764E:?8E96 4@?5:E:@?D@7 H62E96C:?82?56C@D:@?2?56DE23=:D9652 8C@F?5 7@CD@:=5:G6CD:EJ ,C2?DA@CE65 D@:=DF492D2==FG:2= 2?5 4@==FG:2= 2?5 D@:= H9@D6 E6IEFC6D 2?5 DECF4EFC6D 2C6 5:776C6?E 7C@> 6249 @E96C DF49 2D 4=2J65 2?5 D2?5J D@:= C6?5K:?2D?@? 42=42C6@FD3C@H?D@:=2?53C@H?D@:=6>6C865 65C@4<A=2J652AC:>2CJC@=67C@>E:>6E@E:>6:? 56E6C>:?:?8E96D@:=492C24E6C:DE:4D. 0-1%8) ,96C67@C6 #2K %@F?E2:? :D :?4=F565 :? E96 %65:E6CC2?62? C68:@? +:?46 6=6G2E:@? 4C62E6D 2? @C@>65:E6CC2?62? =2J6C :E 92D EH@ D6A2C2E6 492C24E6C:DE:4D :? E6C>D @7 64@DJDE6> 4=:>2E6 2D =@H6C 2?5 FAA6C K@?6D ,6>A6C2EFC6 AC64:A:E2E:@? H:?5 C6=2E:G6 9F>:5:EJ 2?5 4=@F5:?6DD 2C6 E96 >2:? 4=:>2E6 A2C2>6E6CD H9:49 2C6 67764E:G6 @? E96 64@DJDE6>:?G2C:@FDH2JD2?5 >2??6CD. %65:E6CC2?62?4=:>2E64@?5:E:@?D2C65@>:?2?E:?E96D@FE9=@H6CK@?6 /:?E6CD2C6>:=52?5C2:?J2?5DF>>6CD 2C69@E2?55CJ +62D@?2=5:DEC:3FE:@?@7AC64:A:E2E:@?:D?@E6G6? 3@FE @7AC64:A:E2E:@?@44FC:?H:?E6C2?5 :?DF>>6CC6DA64E:G6=J. +F>>6CE6>A6C2EFC6D2C69:896C4@?D:56C:?8E962=E:EF56 +F>>6CE6>A6C2EFC6D@7E96DE2E:@?DH:E94@?E:?6?E2= 4@?5:E:@?D2C62=D@=@H6C ,96C62D@? 7@CE9:D492?86:D32D65@?E96 724EE92EE96 D62AC6G6?ED 962E6I92FDE:@?2E ?:89ED3J24E:?8=:<62E96C>@DE2EE92E4@?EC@=DE96E6>A6C2EFC6 +:?46E962C62:DF?56CE9667764E@79:89AC6DDFC6 2?E:4J4=@?6 4@?5:E:@?D 5FC:?8 E96 DF>>6C >@?E9D E96 H62E96C :D 4=62C 2?5 :?D@=2E:@? A6C:@5 :D =@?86C ??F2= :?D@=2E:@?A6C:@5:D

(63) 9@FCD2C@F?5#2K%@F?E2:?DUS=U

(64)

(65) . @E2?5DF??JDF>>6CD92G6AC@>@E65E966IA2?D:@?@7DA64:6DH:E99:89?6657@CE6>A6C2EFC62?5=:89EE92E2C6 C6D:DE2?EE@5C@F89E.

(66) Isa Cürebal et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 167 – 175. ,96D62D@?2=4@FCD6@7AC64:A:E2E:@?:?E96#2K%@F?E2:?D:D86EE:?8>@5:7:653JE96:?7=F6?46@7 @C@8C2A9J5F6 E@ 2=E:EF56 %2I:>2 AC64:A:E2E:@? :? #2K %@F?E2:? 64@DJDE6> 244FC :? E96 H:?E6C 3642FD6 E96 86?6C2= 2E>@DA96C6 4@?5:E:@?DD9@HE92E%65:E6CC2?62?EFC?D:?E@2=@HAC6DDFC67:6=5>2C:?6A@=2C%(2:C>2DD:?4C62D6D:ED67764E 2?57@C>D27C@?E H:E9E96 >2C:?6EC@A:42=%,2:C>2DD +:?46E96D67C@?ED4C62E6 >@3:=656AC6DD:@?DE92E2CC:G6 7C@>E96H6DEC2:?J2:C>2DD6DC6249E96#2K%@F?E2:?64@DJDE6>7C@>E96H6DE6C?D64E@CD@FE9H6DE2?52C6=6E :?E@ E9C@F89 E96 5C6>:E 2J ,9:D H:?5 E92E 3C:?8D E96 C2:?J 2:C >2DD6D :D E96 D@FE9H6DE H:?5 ,96 H62E96C :D 4=@F5J9F>:52?5H2C>:?E96H:?E6C>@?E9D /96?E96:?4@>:?82:C>2DD6D2C:D6@?E96D=@A6D@7#2K%@F?E2:? D6G6C:EJ @7 E96 AC64:A:E2E:@? :?4C62D6D %@F?E2:?D 4C62E6 2? @C@8C2A9:4 67764E E92E C6DF=ED :? 23F?52?46 @7 C2:?. /:?E6C AC64:A:E2E:@? :D 86?6C2==J :? E96 7@C> @7 C2:? 2?5 :E E2<6D E96 7@C> @7 D?@H :? E96 FAA6C K@?6 H96? E96 E6>A6C2EFC6:DG6CJ=@H /:?E6CAC64:A:E2E:@?D66ADF?56C8C@F?52?57@C>D8C@F?5H2E6C56A@D:ED2BF:76CD:?2C62D H96C6E96=:E9@=@8:42=492C24E6C:DE:4D@7E968C@F?52C6DF:E23=6 ,96J86?6C2E6DAC:?8D2?5C6D@FC46DH:E923F?52?E 7=@HH9:49D66A@G6CE96E@A@8C2A9J:?2AAC@AC:2E62C62D. C:54@?5:E:@?D2C65@>:?2?E:?#2K%@F?E2:?5FC:?8E96DF>>6C +92C6@7 DF>>6CAC64:A:E2E:@?:?E962C62:D :?E96DF>>6CD @E2?52C:5DF>>6CDH:E94=62CD<:6D2?523F?52?EDF?=:89E92G6C6DF=E65:?E966IA2?D:@?@7 96=:@A9:E:42?5I6C@A9:E:4A=2?EDA64:6D2?54@>>F?:E:6D:?E96D@FE96C?D=@A6D:?E96=@H6CK@?6. +F>>6C2C:5:EJ5@6D?@E4@?DE:EFE62?:>A@CE2?EAC@3=6>:?#2K%@F?E2:?64@DJDE6> H9:49:DC:49:?E6C>D@7 H2E6CD:?46E9686@=@8:42=2?586@>@CA9@=@8:4DECF4EFC62==@HDDE@C286@723F?52?EH:?E6CAC64:A:E2E:@?:?DF:E23=6 2C62D2?5A2DD286@7E96F?56C8C@F?5 H2E6CE@E96DFC7246:?E967@C>@78FD9:?8DAC:?8D. #2K%@F?E2:?64@DJDE6>42FD6DE96?@CE96C?D64E@CH:?5D6DA64:2==JE96?@CE962DE6C5@>:?2?E:?E965:C64E:@? @786?6C2=AC6DDFC646?E6CD:?,FC<6JE@3=@H:?E9662DE6C?5:C64E:@? ,965@>:?2?EH:?55:C64E:@?:?E96D@FE96C? H:?8@7E9664@DJDE6>:DE9662DE =E9@F8962DE6C?D64E@CH:?5D2C64@=55FC:?8E96H:?E6CE96J82:?24@@=2?55CJ 492C24E6CH96?E96JC6249E964@2DED. 2DE6C?H:?5D3=@H2D5CJH:?5D5FC:?8E96DF>>6C =E9@F89D@>6H92EH2C>65 E96J2C6DE:==E964@@=6DEH:?5D @7E96DF>>6C. /:?5D E92E 5@>:?2?E 7C@> E96 D64@?5 568C66 :? E96 D@FE96C? D64E@C :? E96 #2K %@F?E2:? 64@DJDE6> 2C6 D@FE962DE6C?H:?5DH9:492C6492C24E6C:K653J5CJ?6DD2?5H2C>E9 ,96JH2C>FA2D2C6DF=E@73=@H:?87C@> 9:89 8C@F?5E@=@H8C@F?52?582:?962E FC:?8E96DF>>6CE96J2C6DE:==5CJ3FEH2C>. /:?5D E92E 3=@H 7C@> E96 5:C64E:@? @7 62DE 2?5 D@FE962DE 92G6 E96 67764E @7 C6=2E:G6=J 564C62D:?8 E96 9F>:5:EJ. ,92E^DH9JE967=@C2:DI6C@A9:=@FD:?2==A=246D@E96CE92?G2==6J7=@@CD2?52C62DC:49:?F?56C8C@F?5H2E6C ,FC<:D9 A:?64@>>F?:E:6DI6C@A9:=@FD@2<7@C6DED2?5>2BF:D2C6A=2?EDE92EAC@G6E96D64@?5:E:@?D. ,96 H:?5D E92E 3C:?8 AC64:A:E2E:@? :? E96 #2K %@F?E2:? 64@DJDE6> 3J 3=@H:?8 @G6C E96 D62 2C6 D@FE9H6DE 2?5 H6DEH:?5D =E9@F89:?E96E9:C5C2?<:?E6C>D@72??F2=?F>36CD@73=@HDE96J2C6:>A@CE2?E5F6E@6DE23=:D9:?82 32D67@CE96C6DE@7E96AC64:A:E2E:@?5F6E@E969F>:5:EJE96JAC@G:56 ,96D6H:?5D2C69F>:5 H2C>:?E96 H:?E6C 2?5H2C>DE96 2:C:?4C62D6DE969F>:5:EJ2?542FD6DAC64:A:E2E:@? FC:?8E96DF>>6CE96J2C6=6DD@3D6CG65 ,96 >@DE :>A@CE2?E 492C24E6C:DE:4 @7 E96D6 H:?5D :D E96 9F>:5:EJ E96J 3C:?8 5FC:?8 E96 H:?E6C 2?5 E96 DF>>6C. +@FE9H6DE6C? 2?5 H6DE6C? H:?5D 2C6 @?6 @7 E96 C62D@?D H9J H:?E6CD 2C6 >:=5 :? E96 D@FE96C? D64E:@?D @7 E96 #2K %@F?E2:?64@DJDE6> ,96C67@C64@?5:E:@?D7@CE966IA2?D:@?@7DA64:6D2?54@>>F?:E:6DE92E2C6D6?D:E:G6282:?DE 7C@DE 2C6 AC@G:565 G6? >2BF:D 6=6>6?ED EJA:42= E@ %65:E6CC2?62? 4=:>2E6 DF49 2D 8F> (:DE24:2 =6?E:D4FD 2?5 >JCE=6=6897'31192-792G67@F?5DF:E23=6923:E2E7@CE96>D6=G6D. =:>2E64@?5:E:@?D:?E96?@CE96C?D=@A6D@7#2K%@F?E2:?2C65:776C6?E7C@>E9@D6:?E96D@FE9 ??F2=2G6C286 E6>A6C2EFC6:D M=@H6C4@>A2C65E@E96D@FE9 *2E96CE92?32D65@?5:776C6?46D:?=2E:EF56E9:D:D>2:?=J5F6E@ E96 @A6??6DD @7 E96 #2K %@F?E2:? 64@DJDE6> E@ 4@=5 2:C >2DD6D 4@>:?8 7C@> E96 D@FE9 *6D62C49 C6DF=ED 4=62C=J D9@HDE92EH:?E6CD92G6A2CE:2==J=@DEE96:C>:=5492C24E6C2?5E92EDF>>6CE6>A6C2EFC6D92G6D@>6H92E5C@AA65 !E :D@3D6CG65E92E D@>6 >2BF:DDA64:6DD6?D:E:G6E@ 7C@DE92G6366?C6A=24653J@E96CEJA6DE92E5@?@E 9:89=J?665 H2C>E9 :? ?@CE96C? 2C62D @C :?DE2?46 8F> -78%'-% 0)28-7'97 2?5 >JCE=6 =6897 '31192-7 2C6 ?@E 7@F?5 :? D=@A6DE92E7246E96?@CE9 @H6G6CE9636649%+9736-)28%0-7H9:49:D?@E@3D6CG65:?E96D=@A6D724:?8E96D@FE9 :DE965@>:?2?E6=6>6?E:?E96?@CE96C?D=@A6D@7E9664@DJDE6>. =E9@F89E96C62C6?@E3:85:776C6?46D36EH66?E96D@FE92?5E96?@CE9D64E@C:?E6C>D@7AC64:A:E2E:@?C68:>6E96 D92C6@7DF>>6CAC64:A:E2E:@?:?E96?@CE9:?4C62D6DFAE@ ,92ED:EF2E:@?D9@HDE92EE96D6G6C:EJ@75C@F89E:D 564C62D653J?@CE96C?67764ED ,96D92C6@7H:?E6CAC64:A:E2E:@?:D4=@D6E@@?62?@E96C:?E96?@CE92?5E96D@FE9. 171.

(67) 172. Isa Cürebal et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 167 – 175. =@F5:?6DD5FC:?8DF>>6C>@?E9D:D>@C62AA2C6?E:?E96?@CE9 ??F2=2G6C286C6=2E:G69F>:5:EJ:D:?E96 D@FE92?5:?E96?@CE9 ,9:DD:EF2E:@?>2J36C6=2E65E@E9667764ED@7E962:C>2DD6D2CC:G:?87C@>E96?@CE9. ,96AC:>2CJ5@>:?2?EH:?55:C64E:@?D@7E9664@DJDE6>:?E96D@FE92?5?@CE92C662DE2?5?@CE962DEC6DA64E:G6=J. !?24EF2=:EJ3@E9H:?5D2C6E96AC@5F4ED@7E96D2>6AC6DDFC6>6492?:D> &@CE962DE6C?H:?5D2CC:G62EE96D@FE96C? D64E@C7C@>E9662DED:?46E96J42??@E8@@G6CE96#2K%@F?E2:?>2DD +:?46E962D46?5:?8C2E96CE92?56D46?5:?8 492C24E6C@7E96?@CE962DE6C?H:?5D:?2JC2>:S56AC6DD:@?:D5@>:?2?E9F>:5:EJ:D:?4C62D65. +@FE9H6DE6C? H:?5D2C65@>:?2?E5FC:?8E9672== DAC:?8A6C:@5 ,9:D9F>:5 H2C>2:C >2DD4@>6D@G6CE96D62 2?5 42FD6D E96 9F>:5 2:C E@ 4@==:56 H:E9 #2K %@F?E2:? DJDE6> 2?5 4@?56?D6 E@ 86?6C2E6 23F?52?E 2>@F?ED @7 AC64:A:E2E:@? ,96 67764ED @7 E96D6 H:?5D 2C6 76=E :? 2JC2>:S 56AC6DD:@? E9C@F89 #2C2>6?56C6D DEC62> #2=<Z> 56AC6DD:@?D6A2C2E657C@>2JC2>:S56AC6DD:@?H:E92E9C6D9@=5:D>@C6@A6?E@E96:>A24E@7E96?@CE9 +:?46E96 ?@CE96C?D64E:@?@7E96DJDE6>:D@A6?E@9F>:52?54@@=2:CE92E2CC:G6DE9C@F89%2C>2C2E9664@=@8:42=4@?5:E:@?D 2C6A@D:E:G6:?E6C>D@77=@C2 ,96C67@C69F>:57@C6DED4@>A@D65@79J8C@A9:=@FDDA64:6D92G66>6C865:?E96?@CE9. F>:5 4@@= 4@?5:E:@?D E92E :?4C62D6 E96:C :>A24E H:E9 @C@8C2A9:4 724E@CD 2E H@C< 92G6 =6E E96 36649 D6DD:=6 @2< 9)6'977)77-0-*036%9@C?362>2?5#2K%@F?E2:?7:C &-)7)59-863.%2-E@@3E2:?DF:E23=6923:E2E:?E96?@CE96C? D=@A6D.

(68) !3-0,%6%'8)6-78-'7 65C@4<2?586@>@CA9@=@8JA=2J256E6C>:?2?EC@=6:?E96D@:=D@7#2K%@F?E2:?64@DJDE6> ==FG:2=6?E:D@= D@:= 56G6=@A65 @? E96 4@==64E:@? 56A@D:ED :? E96 =@H6C K@?6 @H6G6C E96J 2C6 C6A=2465 3J D2?5J 2?5 A633=65 362496D?62CE96D9@C6D ,96J2C6C6A=24653J2==FG:2=>2E6C:2=D8C25F2==J ==FG:2=D@:=:DC:49:?E6C>D@7D2=E2?5:D 92=:@>@CA9:4 2=@A9JE6A=2?ED6IA2?5@?E96D6D@:=D +2=E4@?E6?E@7E96D@:= 564C62D6D7C@>E96D9@C6=:?6E@H2C5D E96:?=2?5 (=2?EDA64:6DE92EDE2CEDH:E9 !%0-'362-%)9634%)% !%0-'362-% DA 4@?E:?F6D:?=2?5H:E9E2>2C:I"%1%6-< DA 2?5C665,6%+1-8)7 DA . J5C@>@CA9:4D@:=:D7@F?5:?2C62DH96C6F?56C8C@F?5H2E6C=6G6=D 2C69:89:?2==FG:2=4@2DE2=G2==6JD2?5E96 D@:=92D2=<2=:?6492C24E6C2?57@F?5:?2CD9J",=4,% DA 2?5C665J,6%+1-8)7 DA 2C62D "F?4FDDA64:6D92'97 DA @44FC:?D@>62C62D =<2=:?:EJ564C62D6D:?:??6C2C62DH9:492C6FD657@C7CF:E2?5G686E23=672C>:?8:?C646?E J62CD. ==FG:2=D@:=6?E:D@=:D7@F?5:?E96D@FE96C?D68>6?ED@7E96#2K%@F?E2:?64@DJDE6>H96C6@=:G68C@G6D2?5 @C492C5D2C64@>>@?. @==FG:2=:?46AE:D@=D@:=7@C>65@?563C:D4@==64E65:?E96D<:CED@7D=@A6D2D2C6DF=E@7C2:? H2D92?58C25F2= >2DD>@G6>6?ED ,96D@:=E92E4@?D:DED@7G2C:@FDC@4<D:DC:49:?E6C>D@7A=2?E?FEC:6?ED F6E@6?@F89A@C@D:EJ E96:C26C2E:@?:D DF77:4:6?E7@CE9656G6=@A>6?E@7H@@5JA=2?ED. *6?5K:?2D56G6=@A@?42=42C6@FD2?5>2C=JD@:=@7E96&6@46?66C24@>>@?=J7@F?5:?E962C62 *:49:?=:>6 E96D@:=92D2=<2=:?6C624E:@?D .6CE:D@=D56G6=@A@?&6@46?6=:>6 42=42C6@FD2?5=:>6>2E6C:2=D @E9@7E96D6D@:= EJA6D2C6?@E4@>>@?:?E96D@FE96C?D64E@C@7#2K%@F?E2:?64@DJDE6> &@? 42=42C6@FD3C@H?D@:=:?46AE:D@=:D 7@F?5@??@? 42=42C6@FDC@4<D:?E96=@H6CK@?6@7D@FE96C?D64E@CD=@A6D2=@?8H:E9?@? 42=42C6@FD3C@H?7@C6DE D@:= :?46AE:D@= H2C7 D9CF3 H:E9 >2BF:D 492C24E6C 56G6=@A @? ?@? 42=42C6@FD 3C@H? D@:= :?46AE:D@= 2?5 ?@? 42=42C6@FD 3C@H? 7@C6DE D@:= :?46AE:D@= :D 566A6C DA64:2==J 8C2?:E6 C@4<D 2?5 D49:DE H:E9 4=62G286 92G6 2 E9:4< =2J6C@7D@:=5F6E@62D6@75:D:?E68C2E:@? &@? 42=42C6@FDD@:=E2<6DE967@C>@7A@5K@=:?E96FAA6CK@?62D2C6DF=E @736:?8 H2D965@FE !E@3E2:?D=:89E24:5C624E:@?:?DE625@7?6FE6CC624E:@?2?5364@>6DC:49:?E6C>D@79F>FD. =24<A:?6EC66D@7E96FAA6CK@?6?@C>2==J56G6=@A@?E96D6 EJA6D@7D@:=D (2CE:2==JH2D965C655:D9D@:=:D@3D6CG65 @?=:>6DE@?6@7E96@46?6A6C:@5 @C6DEG686E2E:@?H:E93C@25=62G6D:D7@F?5@?E96D6D@:=D. &@? 42=42C6@FD 3C@H? 7@C6DE D@:=D :?46AE:D@= @44FC :? E96 =@H6C K@?6 @7 E96 ?@CE96C? A2CE @7 #2K %@F?E2:? 64@DJDE6> ,9:DD@:=EFC?D8C2J:D92?582:?DA@5K@=:4492C24E6C:?E96FAA6CK@?62D2C6DF=E@736:?8H2D965@FE. (C:>2CJG686E2E:@?@?3@E9EJA6D@7D@:=:DDA64:6D@7=2C492?59J8C@A9:=@FD@2<D. =(63+6%4,-',%6%'8)6-78-'7 J5C@8C2A9JE96:>A@CE2?E6=6>6?E:?#2K%@F?E2:?64@DJDE6>92D5:C64E2?5:?5:C64E67764ED@?E96@A6C2E:@? @7E96>6492?:D>2?564@=@8:42=32=2?46E9C@F89DFC7246H2E6CF?56C8C@F?5H2E6C3@5:6D2?5>2C:?6H2E6C>2DD.

(69) Isa Cürebal et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 167 – 175. +@>6@7E96AC64:A:E2E:@?@?E96FAA6CK@?686?6C2E652DC2:?2?5D?@HD66ADF?56C8C@F?5@C6G2A@C2E6D2?5E96C6DE EC2?D7@C>D:?E@DFC72467=@HE@7@C>E96C:G6CD2=@?8H:E9E96DAC:?8D %Z9=ZDEC62>[29:?DEC62>%2?2DEZC3EC62> #ZKZ=<6S:=:DEC62>16JE:?=:2?55C6>:EDEC62>D2C6E96>@DE:>A@CE2?E@7 E96D6C:G6CD ==E96D6DEC62>D42CCJH2E6C E9C@F89@FE E96 J62C ,96J 2C6 765 H:E9 E96 AC64:A:E2E:@? :? E96 7@C> @7 C2:? 2?5 D?@H :? E96 FAA6C K@?6 2?5 E96 F?56C8C@F?5H2E6C:?E967@C>@7<2CDE:4C6D@FC46D ,96J42CCJ=2C862>@F?ED@7D@=:5=@25D5FC:?8D6G6C6C2:?72== 5FC:?8 E96 H:?E6C +EC62> H2E6C H:E9 DEC@?8 <2CDE:4 =@25D :D FDF2==J 4=62C @C :?DE2?46 #ZKZ=<6S:=: 2?5 16JE:?=: DEC62>D92G6E9:D492C24E6C:DE:4 !E:D@3D6CG65E92E%2?2DEZC DEC62>2?55C6>:E DEC62>42FD6D7=@@5D2D2C6DF=E@7 D6G6C62?556?D6C2:?72==. 9J8C@A9:E:4 7=@C2 H:E9 C:49 5:G6CD:EJ 6I:DED 2=@?8 E96 C:G6CD :? E96 566A G2==6JD @7 E96 64@DJDE6> (=2?6 0%8%29736-)28%0-7E96EC666=6>6?ED@7E9:D7=@C22C6G6CJ4@>>@?:?E96G2==6JD (=2?6EC66D2C68C2?5DA=6?5:5 2?5 FDF2==JG6CJ@=5EC66D766E 2=

(70)

(71) 66A42?J@?D6G6C7=@H:?8H2E6C2?5DA=6?5:5DJ42>@C6D7@C>9F>:5 2?54@@=2C62D2=@?8E96G2==6JD +@>672F=E=:?6DE92E4C@DDE96D6G2==6JD9@C:K@?E2==J7@C>65D>2==H2E6C72==D ,96C6 :D 2? 6DEF2CJ =:<6 7@C>2E:@? 2E E96 >@FE9 @7 E96 DEC62> +2=EJ H2E6C 4FCC6?ED 7C@> E96 3@EE@> FA 2?5 7C6D9 H2E6C 4FCC6?EE@E96D627C@>E96E@A2C6@3D6CG65. +:?46#2K%@F?E2:?64@DJDE6>H2D7@C>653JC@4<DH:E9=2C862>@F?ED@75:24=2D:D2?5C@4<DE92E42?>6=EDF49 2D 42=42C6@FD >@DE @7 E96 AC64:A:E2E:@? D66AD 8C@F?5 2?5 7665 F?56C8C@F?5 H2E6C D@FC46D (25:\29 DAC:?8D 7665 [29:?C66<T=4U<DAC:?8D7665#ZKZ=<6S:=:+EC62>2?5T<3UG6EDAC:?87665D16JE:?=:+EC62> 2=42C6@FD D49:DE 4@?E24E A=2JD 2 C@=6 :? E96 7@C>2E:@? @7 E96 DAC:?8D +49:DED E2<6 2? 24E:G6 C@=6 2D :>A6C>623=6 32D6 C@4<D !? E@A@8C2A9:42==J DF:E23=6 2C62D E96J 8@ FA E96 DFC7246 2D DAC:?8D H:E9 23F?52?E 7=@H 6I DFC86?46 C6DFC86?46 <2CDE:4 DAC:?8D ,96 >@DE:>A@CE2?E@72>@?8E96>:DE96(Z?2C32\ZDAC:?8D :?E96UC6DEC62>G2==6J /9:=6E96 FAA6C D64E:@? :D 2 5CJ 2?5 2C:5 42?J@? 7F== @7 C@4< 3=@4<D 7=@C2 56?D:EJ 2?5 5:G6CD:EJ :?4C62D6D DE2CE:?8 H:E9 E96 DAC:?8. ,96C62C6G6CJ:>A@CE2?E2?5DEC@?8DAC:?8D:?E96?@CE96C?2C62D@7E9664@DJDE6> 2=2<H2E6C 2?5J2K>22C6 2>@?8E96D6 #2K%@F?E2:?:D@?6@7E96>2:?>@F?E2:?D:?,FC<6JH:E9E96C:496DE>@DE23F?52?E2?59:89BF2=:EJ H2E6CD@FC46D 6C686@>@CA9@=@8J86@=@8J4=:>2E62?5G686E2E:@?H@C<E@86E96CE@4C62E62>@?F>6?E2=8C@F?5 H2E6C56A@D:E. ,96+625C6>:E2J:D2?6=6>6?EE92E4@>A=6E6DE9664@DJDE6> ,6>A6C2EFC6AC64:A:E2E:@?H:?5>6492?:D>D 2?5 C6=2E:G6 9F>:5:EJ A=2J 2? :?5:C64E C@=6 @? 4=:>2E6 !E :D ?@E 2? @DE6?E2E:@FD 4=2:> E@ DE2E6 _* -8 ;)6) 238 *36 (6)1-8%=%>3928%-2)'37=78)1;390(238)<-78` G6CJ@?6H9@4=:>3DE96D<:CEDD=@A6D2?5DF>>:E@7E96 >@F?E2:?7:CDE8=:>AD6DE@H2C5DE96D622?5:EDDA=6?5:5362FEJ ,96>@F?E2:?E96D622?5E967@C6DE4@>A=6>6?E 6249@E96C2?52C6A2CED@72H9@=6. $)+)8%8-32 .686E2E:@? :DE964@>3:?2E:@?@7E96A9JD:42=724E@CD:?E96#2K%@F?E2:?64@DJDE6> .686E2E:@?:D=:<628C66? 4@G6C E92E 6?E:C6=J 4@G6CD E96 #2K %@F?E2:?D %@F?E2:?D <66A E96 D46?6CJ H96C6 8C66? :D E96 5@>:?2?E 4@=@C E9C@F89@FEE96J62C ,9:DD:EF2E:@?8:G6D2F?:BF6BF2=:EJE@#2K%@F?E2:?64@DJDE6> ,967@C6DE:D2=H2JD8C66?2D H6==2DE96>2BF:D !?2?2C62H96C62C:5A6C:@5D2C667764E:G6:E:DC2C6E@D66E968C66?=2?5D42A6E9C@F89@FEE96 J62C. ,96492C24E6C:DE:4D@7E96 7@C6DE:? E96#2K %@F?E2:?64@DJDE6> 2C65:776C6?E:?E96 D@FE92?5?@CE9 D:56D ,96 >2:?6=6>6?E@7E96#2K%@F?E2:?8C66?=2?5D42A6:DE967@C6DED ??F2=AC64:A:E2E:@?2?5C68:>6D9@HDE92EE96 >2:?G686E2E:@?:DE967@C6DED @C6DED:?E96D@FE9D:562C64@>A@D65@7EC66DA64:6DC6D:DE2?EE@2C:5:EJH9:49=2DED 23@FE>@?E9D. =24< A:?6 -297 2-+6% :D 5@>:?2?E FA E@ E96 DF>>:ED F?82C:2? @2< 9)6'97 *6%-2)883 2?5 5FC>2DE @2< 9)6'97 7)77-0-*036% 2C6 2=D@ @3D6CG65 2=@?8 H:E9 3=24< A:?6 4@>>F?:E:6D DA6? 349097 86)190% 2?5 36649 %+97 36-)28%0-7 2C6 2=D@ 7@F?5 DE2CE:?8 :? E96

(72)

(73) E9 > @7 E96 D@FE96C? D64E@C ,96 2C62 H:E9 ?@ EC66D :? E96 DF>>:E@7E9664@DJDE6>:D?@E2C62=2=A:?6=2J6C3642FD6E96FAA6C6=6G2E:@?=:>:E@7E967@C6DE:?%2C>2C28@6DFA E@

(74) > ,9:D8C2DD=2J6C4C62E652D2C6DF=E@7=@42=4@?5:E:@?DE@A@8C2A9JH:?567764E=:E9@=@8J2?5D@:=2?5 E92E4@?E2:?DA@=DE6CA=2?ED>:I65H:E95H2C73=24<A:?6D9@F=5364@?D:56C652AD6F5@ 2=A:?6=2J6C. 173.

(75) 174. Isa Cürebal et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 167 – 175. %2BF:D,964=:>2I7=@C2@7#2K%@F?E2:?64@DJDE6>:DE967@C6DEH9:=6>2BF:D:D2D64@?52CJ7@C>2E:@?4C62E65 2D2C6DF=E@72?E9C@A@86?:4:>A24E. %2BF:D 4@>>6?46 7C@> E96 D62 =6G6= 2?5 :?4C62D6D FA E@

(76) > +@>6 DA64:6D 42? 36 D66? 2D 9:89 2D

(77)

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

(79) ,962C62@7 9236EH66?[29:?4C66<2?516JE:?=:DEC62>:?E96D@FE96C?D=@A66I4=F5:?8E964@2DE2=2C62 @E96CE92?276HA@:?ED2?5E96G:==286D:?E96>@F?E2:?D<:CEDF?E:=E96H2E6CD965H2D564=2C652D&2E:@?2=(2C<:? :? @C56C E@ 4@?D6CG6 E96 ?2EFC2= =2?5D42A6 A9JD:42= 3:@=@8:42= 2?5 4F=EFC2= C6D@FC46D @7 E96 #2K %@F?E2:?. @H6G6C:E:DDE:==5:77:4F=EE@DE2E6E92EE962C6242?367F==JAC@E64E652?564@DJDE6>:DF?92C>65. ,96 D64E:@?D :? #2K %@F?E2:? 64@DJDE6> E92E 2C6 @FED:56 &2E:@?2= (2C< 2?5 @E96C @77:4:2= AC@E64E65 D:E6D 2C6 52>28653J:>AC@A6C>2?286>6?E:?D6?D:3=J3F:=EC@25D:?7@C6DED>:?6C2=6IA=@C2E:@?DF?C68F=2E65>@E@CG69:4=6 EC277:4A@249:?87:C6D:==682=76==:?82?5F?A=2??6556G6=@A>6?E.

(80) E2=2JX

(81)

(82) ,967764ED@7%@F?E2:?@FDC62D@?:@5:G6CD:EJ2D6+EF5J7C@>E96&@CE96C??2E@=:2?%@F?E2:?D2?5E96,2FCFD %@F?E2:?D C2K6C+49C:7E6?56C6@8C2A9:6F?5*2F>7@CD49F?82?5 AA . E2=2JX

(83)

(84) <@D:DE6><@=@;:D:G6@VC27J2DZ:=E! !!N6GC6G6'C>2?2<2?=ZVZ02JZ?=2CZXK>:C. E2=2JX 76*

(85)

(86) 2 ?25@=F#2C2S2>Z(:?FD?:8C2C?@=5DF3DA A2==2D:2?2$2>3 @=>3@6?Z?<@=@;:D:G6,@9F>&2<=:SZDZ?52? T=86=6C6JCZ=>2DZ N6GC6G6'C>2? 2<2?=ZVZ'C>2?V2S=2CZG6,@9F>=2CZ!D=29C2\EZC>2%U5UC=UVU 2<2?=Z<02JZ?=2CZ?@ %U5UC=U<02JZ?=2CZ?@ ?<2C2. E2=2JX 76*

(87)

(88) 3 +ECF4EFC2=2?55:DEC:3FE:@?2=6G2=F2E:@?@77@C6DE64@DJDE6>D:?,FC<6J "@FC?2=@7?G:C@?>6?E2=:@=@8J AA

(89). :=8:?, :8202CZ>252DZU?6J32EZ#ZD>Z?Z?"6@>@C7@=@;:D: XDE2?3F=R?:G6CD:E6D:@VC27J2?DE:EUDU02JZ?=2CZ&@XDE2?3F=. =2>6J% C6J /:=D@? %65:E6CC2?62?/:=5=@H6CD $@?5@? 2CA6C@==:?D(F3=:D96CD. 2G:D( 65 =@C2@7,FC<6J2?5E962DE6862?!D=2?5D .@=D 5:?3FC895:?3FC89-?:G (C6DD. 2G:D( ,2?# %:==* * 65D =@C2@7,FC<6J2?5E962DE6862?!D=2?5D .@=

(90) 5:?3FC895:?3FC89-?:G (C6DD. 76*

(91)

(92) (C:>2CJ2EEC:3FE6D@796(9JE@86@8C2A9:4*68:@?D@7,FC<6J E9??F2=%66E:?8 63CF2CJ %2C49

(93)

(94) &6H0@C< &0 -+ 3DEC24EDA286 . 76*

(95)

(96) $2?568C252E:@?:?,2FCFD%@F?E2:?D+@FE96C?,FC<6J FC@A62?6@D4:6?46D-?:@??56?6C2=DD6>3=J- 6@A9JD:42=*6D62C493DEC24ED .@=F>6&@

(97)

(98) . 76*

(99)

(100) :J@4@VC27J2 32D<Z %#%02JZ?4Z=Z<FCD2.

(101) Isa Cürebal et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 167 – 175 76* <:?4: UC632=X

(102)

(103) C@D:@??2=JD:D@7[29:?C66</2E6CD965&/@7,FC<6J-D:?8!+2D65@?*-+$5%6E9@5. "@FC?2=@7AA=:65+4:6?46 . 76* <:?4: FC632=X

(104)

(105) 2 C@D:@??2=JD:D@7Z?5Z<=ZC66<2E49>6?E&/@7,FC<6J-D:?8!+2D65@?*-+$5 %6E9@5 C6D6?:FD?G:C@?>6?E2=F==6E:? . 76* +@J<2? UC632=X +T?>6K+

(106)

(107) 5C6>:E^:??ZED2=G6#@CF?>2J26V6CV2S=2CZ 5C6>:E6=65:J6D:#U=EUC02JZ?=2CZ&@ XDE2?3F=. 76* +@J<2? +T?>6K+ UC632=X

(108)

(109) 3 )F2?E:7J:?8E9667764E@7=2?5FD6492?86@?@=:G6EC664F=E:G2E:@?:?E96G:4:?:EJ@75C6>:E 36EH66? 2?5

(110)

(111) FD:?8!+2?5*+E649?:BF6D C6D6?:FD?G:C@?>6?E2=F==6E:?.@= &@ . 76* +@J<2? UC632=X +T?>6K+

(112) U?J252,UC<:J6^565C6>:E#TC76K:N6GC6D:?5616JE:?G616JE:?J2VZ 5C6>:E6=65:J6D: #U=EUC02JZ?=2CZ&@XK>:C. US=U0

(113)

(114) 86T=86D:#ZJZ#F\2VZ?52X<=:>#@?7@CF[2CE=2CZ?Z?#ZJZ,FC:K>:0T?U?56?X?46=6?>6D:-=FD=2C2C2DZX?D2?:=:>=6C: 6C8:D::=E+2JZ. U?6C PK92E2J& <:>, 2\6C#. 65D

(115)

(116)

(117) =@C2@7,FC<6J2?5E962DE6862?!D=2?5D .@= 5:?3FC89 5:?3FC89-?:G. (C6DD. U?8TC5U% %2C>2C2T=86D:?:?:E<:@VC27J2DZX R 02JZ?=2CZ&@ XDE2?3F=. !G6D" %6DD6C=: +A:6DD %@F?E2:?D@7E96H@C=528=@32=AC:@C:EJ !? %6DD6C=:" !G6D65D %@F?E2:?D@7E96H@C=52 8=@32=AC:@C:EJA &6H0@C<-+2?52C?7@CE9-#(2CE96?@?(F3=:D9:?8C@FA. PKEUC<% 6>:4:0 TC< 2?5P +6S>6? 86?6C2=244@F?E@79:89>@F?E2:?7=@C22?5G686E2E:@?@7%65:E6CC2?62?A2CE@7 ,FC<6J 86-?:G " 24 +4: PKEUC<% U46=+ +2<S2=:+ TC< 02C4: TC<

(118)

(119) ?'G6CG:6H@7A=2?E5:G6CD:EJ2?5=2?5568C252E:@?:?E6C24E:@?D:?E96 2DE6C?%65:E6CC2?62?5D * 76 C2G:?D% 'KEFC<2?5! E2=2J ?G:C@?>6?E2?5F=EFC6:?E96%65:E6CC2?62?*68:@?. 2>3C:586+49@=2CD(F3=:D9:?8&6H42DE=6 AA

(120) (2>F<SF@V=F #2K52V=2CZ^?Z?:E<:@VC27J2DZRK6C:?56X?46=6>6=6C E2EUC<R?:G6CD:E6D:02JZ?=2CZ&@CKFCF>. +T?>6K+ 2<ZCS2J 2GC2?N2JZC2DZ?52<:T=86?:?:E<:@VC27J2DZ2DZ=>2>Z\@<E@C2,6K: XDE2?3F=R?:G6CD:E6D:+@DJ2= :=:>=6C?DE:EUDUXDE2?3F=. 175.

(121)