A+ArchDesign

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Mimarl k ve tasar m fak dergi 4 5/12/17 9:05 AM Page 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Year 3 Issue 1 June 2017 - Yıl 3 Say ı 1 Hazir an 2017 ISSN 2149-5904

Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris

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A+ArchDesign

Istanbul Aydın University

International Journal of Architecture and Design

Year: 3 Issue 1 - June 2017

İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi

Mimarlık ve Tasarım Dergisi

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Advisory Board - Hakem Kurulu

Prof.Dr. T. Nejat ARAL, Istanbul Aydın University, Istanbul, Turkey Prof.Dr. Halil İbrahim Şanlı, Istanbul Aydın University, Istanbul, Turkey Prof.Dr. Bilge IŞIK, Istanbul Aydın University, Istanbul, Turkey

Prof.Dr. Nezih AYIRAN, Cyprus International University, North Cyprus Prof.Dr. Mauro BERTAGNIN, Udine University, Udien, Italy Prof.Dr. Gülşen ÖZAYDIN, Mimar Sinan University, Istanbul, Turkey Prof.Dr. Aykut KARAMAN, Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey Prof.Dr. Sinan Mert ŞENER, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey Prof.Dr. Murat SOYGENİŞ, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey * Doc.Ing. Ivana ZABICKOVA, Brno Uni.of Tech., Brno, Czech Republic Prof.Dr. Neslihan DOSTOĞLU, Istanbul Kültür University, Istanbul, Turkey Prof.Dr. Zekai GÖRGÜLÜ, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey Prof.Dr. Salih OFLUOĞLU, Mimar Sinan University, Istanbul, Turkey Prof.Dr. Şaduman SAZAK, Trakya University, Istanbul, Turkey Prof.Dr. Kamuran ÖZTEKİN, Doğuş University, Istanbul, Turkey Prof.Dr. R.Eser GÜLTEKİN, Çoruh University, Artvin, Turkey Prof.Dr. Marcial BLONDET, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Peru Prof.Dr. Saverio MECCA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy Prof.Dr. Murat ERGINOZ, Istanbul Aydın University, Istanbul, Turkey Prof.Dr. Güzin DEMIRKAN, Bozok University, Yozgat

Assoc.Prof.Dr. Müjdem VURAL, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus Assoc.Prof.Dr. Murat TAŞ, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey

Assoc.Prof.Dr. Ayşe SİREL, Istanbul Aydın University, Istanbul, Turkey * Assoc.Prof.Dr. Seyed Mohammad Hossein AYATOLLAHİ, Yazd University, Iran Asst.Prof.Dr. Nariman FARAHZA, Yazd University, Iran

Asst.Prof.Dr. Dilek YILDIZ, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey* Asst.Prof.Dr. Gülhan BENLİ, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey Asst.Prof.Dr. Derya Güleç ÖZER, Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul, Turkey * Asst.Prof.Dr. Seyhan YARDIMLI, Istanbul Aydın University, Istanbul, Turkey Asst.Prof.Dr. Pelin KARAÇAR, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey * Asst.Prof.Dr. Bülent Onur TURAN, Mimarsinan University, Istanbul, Turkey * Asst.Prof.Dr. Gökçen F. Y. CAYMAZ, Istanbul Aydın University, Istanbul, Turkey *

*Referees for this issue Proprietor - Sahibi

Mustafa Aydın

Editor-in-Chief - Yazı İşleri Sorumlusu

Zeynep AKYAR

Editor - Editör

Prof. Dr. Bilge IŞIK

Editorial Board - Editörler Kurulu

Prof. Dr. Bilge IŞIK

Asst.Prof.Dr. Gökçen Firdevs YÜCEL CAYMAZ

English Redaction - İngilizce Redaksiyonu

Research assistant Tuğba TOK

Cover Design - Kapak Tasarım

Nabi SARIBAŞ

Administrative Coordinator - İdari Koordinatör

Gamze AYDIN

Technical Editor - Teknik Editör

Merve KELEŞ

Language - Dil

English - Türkçe

Publication Period - Yayın Periyodu

Published twice a year - Yılda İki Kez Yayınlanır June - December / Haziran - Aralık Year: 3 Number: 1 - 2017 / Yıl: 3 Sayı: 1 -2017

ISSN: 2149-5475

Correspondence Address - Yazışma Adresi

Beşyol Mahallesi, İnönü Caddesi, No: 38 Sefaköy, 34295 Küçükçekmece/İstanbul Tel: 0212 4441428 - Fax: 0212 425 57 97 Web: www.aydin.edu.tr - E-mail: aarchdesign@aydin.edu.tr

Printed by - Baskı

Armoninuans Matbaa Yukarıdudullu, Bostancı Yolu Cad. Keyap Çarşı B-1 Blk. No: 24 Ümraniye/İSTANBUL Tel: 0216 540 36 11 - Fax: 0216 540 42 72

E-mail: info@armoninuans.com

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Contents - İçindekiler

BIM-enabled Sustainable Architectural Design Education

BIM Destekli Sürdürülebilir Mimari Tasarım Eğitimi

Prof. Dr. Salih Ofluoğlu... 1

Streetscape Perception: Interaction of Perceived Legibility and Sense of Security in the Streets of Hasköy, Beyoğlu

Sokak-görünümü Algısı: Beyoğlu Hasköy’de Algılanan Okunabilirlik ile Güvenlik Hissinin Etkileşimi Sokaklar Üzerinden Ölçülmesi Asst.Prof.Dr. Emine Köseoğlu, Vildan Mengi Camas... 13

Plan Typology of Traditional Amasra Houses

Geleneksel Amasra Evleri Plan Tipolojisi

Özgenaz Dağ, Asst. Prof. Dr. Alev Erarslan... 25

Kabataş İskelesi Üzerine Bir Parametrik Model Önerisi

A Parametric Model Proposal For Kabataş Pier

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From Editor - Editörden

The international journal A+ArchDesign is expecting manuscripts worldwide, reporting on original theoretical and/or experimental work and tutorial expositions of permanent reference value are welcome. Proposals can be focused on new and timely research topics and innovative issues for sharing knowledge and experiences in the fields of Architecture- Interior Design, Urban Planning and Landscape Architecture, Industrial Design, Civil Engineering-Sciences. A+ArchDesign is an international periodical journal peer reviewed by Scientific Committee. It will be published twice a year (June and December). Editorial Board is authorized to accept/reject the manuscripts based on the evaluation of international experts. The papers should be written in English and/or Turkish. The manuscript should be sent in electronic submission via. http://www.aydin.edu.tr/aarchdesign

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BIM-enabled Sustainable Architectural Design Education

Prof. Dr. Salih Ofluoğlu

Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University Department of Informatics salih.ofluoglu@msgsu.edu.tr

Abstract: The building sector requires low cost, energy efficient building design and construction methods that utilize more renewable energy and produce higher quality of buildings. Building Information Modeling (BIM) can offer an important potential in fulfilling this need; it accommodates a rich data model that contains both graphic and alpha-numeric data, supports all phases of building life cycle and allows efficient information exchange between project participants using an integrated data model. BIM models can also be analyzed to measure whether buildings satisfy their designated performance criteria. Although these analyses can be executed at many different phases of design, it is perhaps most efficient if they are carried out at the conceptual design phase, an early and creative phase of design in which many higher-level design decisions that influence later design phases take place. This article offers an educational approach that incorporates sustainable architecture principles and building performance analysis data into conceptual design process in a measurable BIM framework to improve the quality of design decisions.

Keywords: Performative design, BIM, sustainability, conceptual design, architectural education

BIM Destekli Sürdürülebilir Mimari Tasarım Eğitimi

Özet: Yapı sektörü, daha fazla yenilenebilir enerji kaynağı kullanan, düşük maliyetli ve yüksek kaliteli bina üretim çözümlerine ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Yapı Bilgi Modelleme (Building Information Modeling veya BIM) tümleşik veri modeli, tüm proje evrelerini destekleyen yapısı ve paydaşlar arası gelişmiş iletişime imkan veren veri formatı ve çalışma biçimi ile bu ihtiyacı gidermek için olanaklar sunmaktadır. BIM ile oluşturulan modeller, hedeflenen bina performansına ait farklı kriterler çerçevesinde nesnel olarak test edilebilmektedir. Bu analizlerin özellikle tasarımın en erken ve biçimsel olarak en yaratıcı olduğu kavramsal tasarım evresinde yapılabilmesi elde edilen sonuçların yeni girdi olarak tasarımı beslemesine imkan vermektedir. Bu çalışma, kavramsal tasarımda sürdürülebilir mimarlık ilkeleri çerçevesinde, yapım öncesi, çevre ve kullanıcı konforu açısından bina performansını, BIM veri tipini kullanarak nesnel olarak sınayan ve tasarım sürecine tekrar girdi olarak sunan bir eğitim pedagojisini ele almakta ve edinilen deneyimi paylaşmaktadır.

Anahtar kelimeler: Performansa dayalı tasarım,BIM,sürdürülebilirlik,kavramsal tasarı, mimarlık eğitimi.

1. THE NECESSITY OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

Buildings consume high amount of energy and generate a considerable amount of carbon emissions during construction and operation (Figure 1). In the UN Climate Conference in Paris, it was acknowledged that buildings are the major contributor to the global warming. The conference also highlighted the importance of energy conservation, reduced use of fossil fuels and increased use of renewable resources in order to

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BIM-enabled Sustainable Architectural Design Education

combat climate change [1]. In line with this effort, there are a number of international initiatives that encourage sustainable design approach in buildings [2, 3, 4, 5].

Figure 1. Energy consumption by sectors [6, 7]

Sustainable buildings rely mainly on passive environmental strategies for building climatization, utilize whole or some of its energy needs from renewable energy sources and produce less waste and carbon emissions. Broadly, there are two types of sustainable buildings: Net-Zero Energy Buildings and High-Performance Buildings. A Zero Energy Building is a carbon-neutral building that utilizes fully renewable energy sources, and it is considered an ultimate goal in achieving a sustainable building [8]. A High Performance Buildings (HPB) uses a reduced amount of fossil energy, obtains a significant portion of its energy from renewable energy sources and produces less waste while not compromising the physical comfort levels of occupants. The construction of HPB is relatively easy to accomplish, and there are many examples of such buildings in Turkey and the world. The educational approach in this article mainly focuses on High Performance Building type as a design output.

2. BUILDING PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS (BPA)

It is valuable to be able to conduct early sustainability analyses on High Performance Buildings proposed according to sustainable design principles and physical environment conditions in order to measure whether they fulfill the performance targets and design metrics prior to construction. These analyses may initiate reevaluations and revisions in design decisions for lower operating cost in buildings and improved comfort levels of their occupants.

Sustainability analyses on buildings can be accomplished mainly in the areas of energy consumption, daylight intake, solar and shadow relations with building itself and the surrounding settlement, solar radiation gain, wind and natural ventilation. Historically, these analyzes were used to perform with physical models under laboratory conditions. Later, Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools contributed to this process by offering a virtual graphical test environment. This form of work typically divides design and analysis processes, each of which is performed with different applications. CAD software generate geometrical models of buildings and these graphical models can be imported by other specialized software and supplemented with building physics related alpha numeric data to conduct sustainability analyses. This process involves data conversion and re-modeling works between different applications.

This in return negatively affects the flow of design process and reintegrating analysis results into design in a real time.

For precise sustainability analyses, accurate representation of a building is very important. Similar to a real building, a digital building model is expected to integrate both geometrical data such as graphical entities

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Prof. Dr. Salih Ofluoğlu

of a model and alpha-numeric (text and number-based) data, dealing with buildings’ physical quality such as heat, daylighting, air, acoustics, etc. Presently, there is a relatively new computational approach called BIM (Building Information Modeling) that allow modeling buildings in real physical qualities and incorporate necessary tools for sustainability analyses for design decisions. BIM software generates a 3-D model consisting of all the graphics (geometry, form) and alpha-numeric data (material, cost, physical environmental control, etc.) related to the building (Figure 2) and allows the exchange of this model among project stakeholders throughout the lifecycle of a project [9, 10].

Figure 2. Graphic and alpha-numeric parameters of a Door family in Revit

BIM software provides simulation/analysis environments that measure building model performance either internally or through third-party software (Figure 3). In this simulation environment, starting from the early design phase, building performance can be tested by including data related to physical environment and building materials with numerical and graphical outputs. The ability to produce building performance data related to early phases of design such as Conceptual design phase in which basic design decisions that shape high-level decisions at later design phases are taken is very important. Building performance analysis conducted at this phase help revise design decisions and therefore the difficulties, delays and additional costs that may arise during later design, construction and operation phases can be corrected in advance. In the professional building practice, the use of sustainability/performance analyses is becoming a commonplace. The integration of sustainability/performance analyses into architectural design process from the early design phases to the later design phases is also promoted by American Institute of Architects. Projects with energy models achieve %8 better energy performance than those without energy models [11].

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Figure 3. Types of building performance analyses produced from a conceptual design model

The design approach that relies on building performance analysis for improved design decisions is called performative design. It is a spiral design approach that incorporates architectural sustainability principles and physical environmental conditions as a numerical, measurable factor into the design process and measures building performance in real time. Four factors come to the fore in this design approach:

1. Complying with principles of architectural sustainability

Efficient and economic energy/raw material consumption, proper material selection, low waste generation

2. Taking physical environmental conditions into account

Utilizing passive climate techniques and renewable resources in the direction of the determined performance target

3. Relying on numerical, measurable data

Generating analyzes from models incorporating object-based alpha-numeric data with BIM software

4. Developing the design with real-time/spiral feedback

Allowing real-time analysis that lead design

3. BPA SUPPORTED CONCEPTUAL ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN EDUCATION

This article examines an educational approach that recommends performative design strategies for early phases of architectural design. It has been implementing in two postgraduate courses at the Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University and Beykent Universities since 2013. The course focuses on the use of performative design principles in creation of building forms at the conceptual design phase.

The course curriculum and its contents is influenced by a similar on-line educational material made available through the Building Performance Analysis Certificate Program (Figure 4) offered by the Autodesk company. The material was summarized and localized in Turkish for students and made accessible through the course web site (sayisalmimar.com). The following topics are covered in this curriculum:

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1. Sustainability, BIM and Building Performance Analysis 2. Energy and building loads

3. Sun and shadow work 4. Solar radiation

5. Wind and air ventilation 6. Daylighting

Figure 4. Autodesk Building Performance Analysis Certificate Program [12]

A typical course session consists of theoretical information in related subject fields, followed by case studies and software analysis applications. Modeling work of conceptual design and its performance analysis are conducted in the Autodesk Revit software. Revit supports early design modeling with an integrated module called conceptual mass. Even though the conceptual models developed in Revit are only geometrical, they can be easily transformed into BIM building elements for the later phases of the project. The same analyses can be applied to the updated BIM model containing more graphical exterior details, interior spaces and material parameters. Additional analyses such as “daylighting” that measures the illumination levels of interior spaces and “comprehensive energy analysis” which takes into consideration all building elements can be explored using a detailed BIM model.

3.1. Project Information and Design Strategies

As the output of the course, students are asked to develop a high performance building applying performance analysis on different design alternatives. Due to the limited time reserved for designing, the varying number of analyses and moderate software skills students have, the project was executed as teams consisting of 2-3 students. The project started with recommending a sustainability goal by students for their designs. The main objective was to manage a low energy use and to offer a renewable energy strategy to reduce fossil-energy use partly for the building. In this framework, students followed a cyclical design process, i.e. they modeled their design, produced sustainability analysis for it and optimized their designs when necessary in order to fulfill their sustainability goals (Figure 5). The level of fossil-energy use in proposed buildings was assessed using the EPA’s average reference values for building types in the USA since such national statistical data does not exist for Turkey (Figure 6).

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Figure 5. The cyclical process of achieving sustainable design

Figure 6. US Energy Use Intensity by Property Type [13]

Students selected an urban project site that is less than 7000 m² for a building with a total construction area of approximately 10.000 m². Students were allowed to propose any building type for the site. Since the conceptual design stage and relevant sustainability analyses are targeted for low level modeling detail (BIM LOD100 detail level), modeling of the building’s shell, the outer skin of the building, was deemed adequate for analysis studies. In this way, students only concentrated on the building form and its relationship with the context. Revit also allows a limited number of material options to be assigned to surfaces (Figure 7).

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Figure 7. Material assignment to a conceptual geometry in Autodesk Revit

The modeling work conducted in the project also involved extruding other buildings in the immediate vicinity of the building as they affect daylight intake, solar and shadow relations, wind and natural ventilation analyses (Figure 8).

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The basic data required for sustainability analyzes at conceptual design phase are as follows: • 3D geometrical model of the proposed building and surrounding buildings (Figure 8)

• Window-wall ratios on facades and any facade elements such as sun shaders and light shelves if exist • Physical environment comfort data (temperature, humidity, lighting, etc.), occupancy per square meter

and operating hours for the building type (This data is adapted from ASHREA standards by Revit databases. See Figure 9.

• Climatic data from the nearest weather station to the building (Revit acquires this data from a selected weather station database on-line)

Figure 9. Spatial usage and comfort data according to museum building type (Autodesk Revit)

3.2. The Analysis Work

Each week, students are introduced a new topic related to architectural sustainability and learn how to conduct an analysis for a given task. Intermediate analyzes performed for each category were used to optimize their designs. They completed the following analyses to fulfill the earlier criteria they set for their High Performance Building proposal.

3.2.1. Conceptual Energy Analysis

It is a type of analysis that calculates the building’s total energy use by describing the internal and external heat loads to which the building is exposed considering the building’s typology, shape and climatic data. Energy performance analysis in Revit takes place in Autodesk’s Green Building Studio environment, a web-based energy analysis service. Autodesk 360 cloud service is required to perform energy analyses. Students can use this commercial service free of charge by obtaining an on-line account. Student analyses can be stored in a virtual area dedicated to this service, and/or downloaded as a PDF document if desired. Here, different design analyzes can be compared with each other and full analysis results can be listed (Figure 10).

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Figure 10. Energy use benchmarks of different design alternatives (Autodesk)

Depending on these energy analysis results, students observe which areas they can improve their designs and reduce their energy consumption. In the following student’s project, alterations made to the form of the building improved its carbon-emission, fossil-based fuel use, and heating and cooling loads (Figure 11).

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3.2.2. Sun and Shadow Study

This analysis examines the relationship between proposed and the surrounding buildings in terms of solar access and shadow creation. Students decide the form and position of their buildings on the site by taking into account solar access and shadows constituted during two solstices (the shortest and longest days) and equinox times. In the following example, building masses are redesigned and relocated due to shadow and poor solar access due to surrounding buildings (Figure 12).

Figure 12. 21 Sun and shadow study for two different design alternatives on 21 march (spring equinox)

3.2.3. Solar Radiation Analysis

It is used to calculate how to use solar radiation as a source of heat and energy. Students can (1) calculate the amount of radiation on buildings graphically and numerically; (2) make decisions about the location and the building’s form and facade elements (sun shaders, light shelves, etc.) used to reduce the effect of excessive radiation; (3) determine the potential of the building to generate energy through photovoltaic panels. In the example of a dormitory building project below, as represented in graphical and numerical format, the building has a limited solar access due to high-rise buildings around (Figure 13). The solar radiation level was computed using the Insight 360 software, a free Revit add-in software by Autodesk in the course.

Figure 13. The amount of solar radiation per unit area of the building can be illustrated in graphical and numerical data in Autodesk Revit

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3.2.4. Wind Analysis

This is an analysis that produces simulations of airflows at the project site, taking into account the building’s form, topography and surrounding buildings. These analyses help students learn how to use the wind as a natural ventilation source (Figure 14). In the course, wind analyses were conducted using an external software called Autodesk Flow Design that imports Revit files in the .STL or .FBX file formats.

Figure 14. Demonstration of wind effects around an office building project in Autodesk Flow Design

4. CONCLUSION

This article shared the experience of using BIM-based performance analysis for developing conceptual designs in an educational context. With this approach, problems related to occupants’ comfort and high operating costs in particular that may be encountered in the later stages of design and after the construction are identified at the beginning and design decisions are optimized accordingly. One of the strength of the approach recommended in this study that it relies on objective numerical value to support design decisions rather than the subjective intuitions of designers.

It is believed that this technique, which has been applied in a theoretical way, can make a significant contribution to the creation of sustainable architectural designs in architectural project courses. As a continuation of this study, it is planned to carry out a qualitative research that will involve all the stakeholders to understand the benefits of the applied method to the design process.

REFERENCES

[1]URL-1. www.building.co.uk/news/climate-change-summit-to-have-dedicated-buildings day/5077102.

article, Building.co.uk, “Climate change summit to have dedicated Buildings Day”, 19 August 2015, last accessed on 30 April 2017

[2]URL-2. www.usgbc.org/leed, Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design - LEED, US Green

Building Council, last accessed on 30 April 2017

[3]URL-3. www.breeam.org, Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method -

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[4]URL-4. www.architecture2030.org, The Architecture 2030 Challenge, last accessed on 30 April 2017 [5]URL-5. www.bep.gov.tr, Binalarda Enerji Performansı Yönetmeliği, last accessed on 30 April 2017 [6]İzoder, 2010. 2010-2023 Isı Yalıtımı Planlama Raporu, İzoder, Isı Su Ses ve Yangın Yalıtımcıları

Derneği

[7]EIA, 2014. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook.

[8]Torcellini, P. S. Pless, and M. Deru, 2006. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, ACEEE Summer

Study, Pacific Grove, California August 14−18.

[9]Eastman C., 1999. Building Product Models: Computer Environments Supporting Design and

Construction, CRC Press.

[10]Ofluoğlu, S., 2014. Yapı Bilgi Modelleme: Gereksinim ve Birlikte Çalışabilirlik, Mimarist, Ocak [11]AIA, 2013. AIA Architecture 2030 Commitment Progress Report

[12]URL-6.sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/bpac, Autodesk Building Performance Analysis

Certificate Program, last accessed on 30 April 2017

[13]URL-7.portfoliomanager.energystar.gov/pdf/reference/US%20National%20Median%20Table.pdf, US

Energy Use Intensity by Property Type Report, Energy Star, USA, Environment Protection Agency, March 2016, last accessed on 30 April 2017

SALİH OFLUOĞLU, Prof.Dr.,

He is the head of Department of Informatics at Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, İstanbul, Turkey. He is also the Professor in charge of MSc. programs in Computer-Aided Art and Design and Architectural and Urban Informatics in the same department. He holds a BSc. degree in Architecture from Istanbul Technical University, a MSc. degree in Computer-Aided Architectural Design from Pennsylvania State University and a PhD degree in Architecture from Edinburgh University. His research interests lie in sustainable architectural design, performative design, geometric and building information modeling, and integrated project delivery.

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Streetscape Perception: Interaction of Perceived Legibility

and Sense of Security in the Streets of Hasköy, Beyoğlu

Asst.Prof.Dr. Emine Köseoğlu¹, Vildan Mengi Camas²

¹Fatih Sultan Mehmet Waqf University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Interior Architecture; ²Fatih Sultan Mehmet Waqf University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Architecture

koseogluemine@gmail.com, vildan_mengi@hotmail.com

Abstract: Streets are one of the major public spaces in an urban environment. Sense of security to environment

increases the level of liveability of an urban space in an ongoing structure of the city. People get used to a legible environment easily and legibility of space increases the sense of security and the familiarity. In this study, the interaction of legibility of city and sense of security is examined via streets. Hasköy area, which belongs to Istanbul Beyoglu District that is an old settlement, is chosen as the investigation field. A questionnaire is performed with 80 first and third grade psychology students in total. The relationship between legibility of streets and sense of security is evaluated through correlation tests. In addition, the differences or similarities in the spatial evaluation of participants are measured over photographs of the 6 streetscapes which are classified in terms of landmarks, greenery, enclosure, mystery, and coherence. The study tested the differences / similarities between street perceptions of two student groups using Independent Samples t-test. The results reveal that the relationship between the perceived legibility and sense of security is linear which means if spaces become more legible, sense of security and naturally quality of life increase.

Keywords: Urban space, streetscape, legibility, sense of security, Hasköy

Sokak-görünümü Algısı: Beyoğlu Hasköy’de Algılanan Okunabilirlik ile Güvenlik Hissinin Etkileşimi Sokaklar Üzerinden Ölçülmesi

Özet: Sokaklar, bir kentsel çevredeki kamusal mekânların başında gelir. Sürekli değişen kent içinde çevreye

duyulan güvenlik hissi yaşanabilirlik düzeyini belirler. Kişi okunabilir bir çevreye kolaylıkla aşina olur ve aşinalık güvenlik hissini arttırır. Bu çalışmada kentin okunabilirliği ile güvenlik hissinin etkileşimi sokaklar üzerinden incelenmiştir. İnceleme alanı olarak eski bir yerleşim olan İstanbul Beyoğlu ilçesine bağlı Hasköy semti seçilmiştir. Araştırma tekniği olarak anket kullanılmıştır. Anket toplamda 80 adet birinci ve üçüncü sınıf psikoloji öğrencileri arasında uygulanmış ve sokaklara dair olan algılamalar karşılaştırılmıştır. Sokakların algılanabilir okunabilirliği ile güvenlik hissi arasındaki ilişki, korelasyon testleri aracılığıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Katılımcıların mekânsal değerlendirmedeki farklılık ve benzerlikleri işaret ögeleri, yeşil doku, kapalılık, gizemlilik ve tutarlılık açılarından sınıflandırılmış 6 sokak fotoğrafı üzerinden ölçülmüştür. Birinci sınıf ve üçüncü sınıf psikoloji öğrencilerinin çevreyi algılayışlarında anlamlı farklılık olup olmadığını ölçmek amacıyla Bağımsız İki Grup t-testi uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, belirlenen sokaklara dair algılanan okunabilirlik ile güvenlik hissi arasında doğrusal bir ilişkinin olduğunu kanıtlamıştır. Bu sonuç, mekânın okunabilirliği arttıkça güvenlik hissinin arttığı anlamına gelmektedir. Bunun sonucunda yaşam kalitesinin artacağı açıktır.

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Streetscape Perception: Interaction of Perceived Legibility and Sense of Security in the Streets of Hasköy, Beyoğlu

1. INTRODUCTION

Cities have a heterogeneous structure with the coexistence of many cultures. This cultural variety brings a complex spatial perception of urban life. When we consider that more than half of the world population live in cities, a chaotic urban life becomes a real problem for humanity. Therefore, the concept of quality of urban life has gained importance in the research literature recently. Although every culture and city has different needs, the quality of life has emerged as a phenomenon that supplies the basic needs of people living in cities such as living in a healthy environment, nutrition, shelter, safety, etc. Urban liveability includes the collection of some or all basic human needs in city structure.

The human has needed a secure area to live in and has tried to control his/her own built environment. So security is one of the most important criteria for human to choose his built environment among crowded societies. According to Veleshani and his colleagues [1], a healthy society considers the sense of security of citizens as the most important aim. Refer to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs [2], security is one of the main needs for human together with food, shelter, and health. Physical environment has a great role to give people a feeling of security. Security and therefore physical environment has real effect on quality of life that is naturally related with quality of urban space and their architectural components. In this point, the importance of physical environment comes forward to get secure life. Kevin Lynch [3] investigated urban spaces and quality of life and according to him, a good environment gives its possessor an important sense of emotional security. Kevin Lynch describes the legibility of a city in his book The Image of the City as: “…the ease with which its parts may be recognized and can be organized into coherent pattern…” (p.2) Urban space is an organic and live structure. Living spaces have many ongoing changes in the process of their evolutions. Under the ongoing structure, legibility of an area has importance to increase the sense of security [4, 5]. This study examines the relationship between perceived legibility and sense of security via streets. It is aimed to reveal whether the features of the streets affect the perceived legibility and perceived security and whether there is a relationship between the perceived legibility and sense of security. In addition, more specifically, it is aimed to measure whether there is a difference between the perceptions of first-grade psychology students and third-grade psychology students towards the given streetscapes in terms of perceived legibility and perceived security.

2. LEGIBILITY, PERCEIVED LEGIBILITY, SECURITY, AND SENSE OF SECURITY IN URBAN SPACE

A desire to investigate and to get familiar with the environment is one of the most basic instincts of human and a legible environment provides familiarity easily [3]. According to Lynch [3], if a city is legible, its parts can be recognized into a coherent pattern and it is easily imageable. In this sense, legibility is seen as the key of understanding the city [6]. Legibility of urban space differs from reading space, as reading an urban space may include any dimensions of the city it has such as visual, morphological, historical, cultural, social, and economical. On the other hand, legibility should be understood as a “term” related to architectural space. It stands for the memorisable, learnable, orientable, and imageable dimensions of an architectural space.

In an urban space, urban spatial configuration in two dimensional considerations and landmarks in three dimensional considerations define the degree of urban legibility (Figure 1) [7]. Several researches emphasized the importance of spatial configuration in spatial legibility [8, 9, 10], whereas some others focused on the three dimensional landmarks [8, 11, 12]. These studies defined the spatial factors that affect the degree of spatial legibility. On the other hand, spatial legibility is also affected by the characteristics of the user or

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Asst.Prof.Dr. Emine Köseoğlu, Vildan Mengi Camas

observer [7]. Thus perceived legibility constitutes the subjective part of this duality. For instance, a research conducted by Herzog and Leverich [11] in field/forest areas is one of the heading recent and basic studies that directly measured perceived legibility. Herzog and Leverich [11] showed several pictures of field/forest settings that represent several levels of having coherency and landmarks to the participants asking them to evaluate the pictures in terms of coherency, complexity, mystery, legibility, landmarks, and openness. They found that legibility is an independent predictor of preference.

Figure 1. Components of Spatial Legibility [7]

Legibility is listed in urban design guides prepared by city councils as one of the urban design principles that enhance quality of urban life together with security [URL 1, URL 2]. Moreover, Vanda Felbab-Brown, a senior fellow in Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence, Security, asserts in her article that urban spaces are the new frontier for international security [URL 3]. Defining the term of security, Carmona and his colleagues [13] mention a variety of threads such as crime, terrorism, fast-moving vehicles, air pollution, water contamination, and so on. Lack of security or lack of sense of security causing perceptions of danger, fear of victimisation, affect public realm negatively [13]. Several studies focused on the relationship between the physical and visual characteristics of streets and sense of security [14, 15]. Some studies concentrate specifically for instance, on the effects of greenery in urban space on the sense of security and they revealed that in greenery areas, people feel safer [16, 17], others examined the effect of being legible for spaces on the perceived security [18] [19].

In research literature, urban security is frequently associated with the phenomenon of the amount of people-on-the-streets [4, 5, 20, 21, 22]. Urban spaces tend to have a potential to become secure when they promote some degree of user movement [9]. For instance, space syntax theory suggests that if the spaces integrate to eachother in an urban setting, the users get encouragement to move through it [23]. Kevin Lynch [3], seemed not mentioning the importance of pedestrian movement directly, concentrated on a related concept: imageability of a safe urban space. He notes that: “A good environmental image gives its possessor an important sense of emotional security” [3:4]. Imageability is one of the related concepts to legibility as indicated by Lynch [3]. Thus it is possible to conclude that legibility affects the sense of security (emotional security).

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In a streetscape level, legibility related features of a street can be considered together with walkability or a desire to walk in a certain street. Thus sense of security through a street and the factors that make a street preferable by a user to walk through it may be determined by the capacity of being spatially legible [24]. The metaphor in “broken window theory” developed by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling in 1982 [URL 4] indicates the importance of well-designed and sustained urban space in reducing the rates of crime in a setting. As one of the urban design principles, imageability and legibility may reduce the potential of crime in an urban space reviving a sense of security.

3. METHODOLOGY 3.1. Research Area

The aim of this research is investigating relationship between city legibility and sense of security via streets of Hasköy District, İstanbul (Figure 2). The area was famous with its gardens during the Byzantine and Ottoman Period. By the 1980s, industrialization and rapid urbanization brought many problems to the area. Therefore, the study field selected in Hasköy that includes ongoing changes, historical structures, industrial and residential usages, and good view of Golden Horn of İstanbul (Figure 3, 4, 5). Therefore, streets of the area have several views for investigation.

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Figure 3. A view from Kalaycibahce Street in Haskoy District [URL 6]

Figure 4. A view from Basmaci Rusen Street in Haskoy District [URL 7]

Figure 5. A view from Aziz Street in Haskoy District [URL 8]

3.2. Material

6 different images from the streets of Hasköy have chosen for the research. Name of the streets are Aziz Street, Basmaci Rusen Street, 2 different views from Kalayci Bahce Street, and 2 different views from Tursucu Cesme Street (Figure 6, 7). The differences or similarities in the spatial evaluation of participants are measured over the chosen photographs of these 6 streets that are classified in terms of landmarks, greenery, enclosure, mystery, and coherence that are the determinants of the legibility level of the streets. Landmarks, enclosure, mystery and coherence are defined as legibility related parameters in literature [11]. Greenery as a perceived security related concept is suggested as landmark elements in a streetscape image in this study. Table 1 shows classification of streets.

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Figure 6. Street Locations and Images Directions of Research Field [URL 9]

Figure 7. 1 -Aziz Street, 2-Basmaci Rusen Street, 3/4- Kalaycı Bahce, 5/6-Tursucu Cesmesi Street (Photographed by authors)

1 2 3

4 5

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Table 1. Classification of street images in the research

Landmarks Greenery Enclosure Mystery Coherence

Street 1

-

---

--Street 2

--

-Street 3

-

--

---

---Street 4

---

-

-Street 5

---

--

-

--

--Street 6

-

---

-3.3. The Participants

Psychology students are determined as the main group of participants. First and third grade students are designated as sub-groups. The reason for choosing different grades’ students is to determine the role of psychology education on their urban space perception and critical thinking. Psychologists, more specifically social and environmental psychologist may collaborate with architects in environmental researches, and / or majoring in the area of psychology may help gain a more sensitive point of view towards the built environment. Thus it is important to understand the perceptions of psychology students in terms of legibility and security. Within this scope psychology students are chosen as the participant group. 27 female and 13 male students of each first class and third class, totally 80 students, participated to the investigation. The ages of participants are centred between 20-22 ages.

3.4. The Questionnaire: Semantic Differential Scale

Osgood’s Semantic Differential Scale is used to get data for the study. Semantic differential technique is preferred as by this way comparative results are received easily. In this technique, a questionnaire is formed which includes a rating scale of two bipolar adjectives. Thus, opinions, attitudes, and values also can be measured. Participants evaluated legibility and sense of security of 5 different aspects of streets according to given adjective list. These adjectives are chosen based on legibility and security (Figure 8).

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3.5. Hypotheses

The main hypothesis of the study is: H1: The degree of sense of security increases together with the degree of perceived legibility in a street.

The sub-hypotheses of the study are: H2: There is a significant difference between the legibility perceptions on streets of first-grade and third-grade psychology students. H3: There is a significant difference between the security perceptions on streets of first-grade and third-grade psychology students.

4. FINDINGS

4 adjectives based on legibility are marked as “1-2-3-4” and 1 adjective based on safety is marked as “A” had determined. The data from survey is coded into SPSS software for descriptive statistical analysis and correlation statistical analysis. By this way, evaluations of the street conditions are accepted as “dependent variables”.

In SPSS, -2 is defined for very negative, -1 for negative, 0 for neutral, 1 for positive, and 2 for very positive. The weighted mean values are determined for each question and Street 2 (Basmacı Ruşen Street) (m for first-grade is=0.28, m for third-first-grade is=0.35) and Street 6 (Tursucu Cesmesi Street 2) (m for first-first-grade is=0.05, m for third-grade is=0.33) are determined as safe by both sub-groups. Street 4 (second view of Kalaycı Bahce Street) and Street 5 (first view of Tursucu Rusen Street) are determined as dangerous (Table 2).

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The next step of the evaluation is to analyse the correlation between legibility and sense of security variables. The value of a correlation coefficient ranges (r) between -1 and 1(-1 < r > 1). Correlations show a significant and a moderate relationship between legibility and security, especially at the results of third class students. Although the correlations are generally upper than 0 at the Table 3 (First Grade Students), less than half of values are not significant. On the other hand, the correlations of Table 4 (Third Grade Students) are significant except four points.

Table 3. Correlation results of first grade students Table 4. Correlation results of third grade students

Independent Samples t-test is implemented to compare the perceptions of first-grade psychology students and third-grade psychology students. The results revealed that there is a significant difference between the legibility perceptions of two groups for Street 5 for distractor-regularity parameter. Third-grade students revealed a more negative attitude compared to first-grade students (Table 5).

*_{Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level. (2-tailed)} **_{Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level. (2-tailed)}

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Table 5. Independent Samples T-test results

p<0.05, significant difference

5. CONCLUSION

According to Lynch, a legible environment can be organized in a coherent and recognizable pattern. A built environment includes several buildings, green zones, public spaces and streets. Streets surround the built environment and if a street is recognized easily, it becomes more liveable. Landmarks, coherent spaces, green zones, permeability, etc. make the streets legible.

This study measured the relationship between perceived legibility and sense of security for two participant groups constituting of first-grade psychology students and third-grade psychology students. Results showed that, Street 2 (Basmacı Rusen Street) and Street 6 (Tursucu Cesmesi Street) are perceived as safe by both sub-groups. Street 4 (second view of Kalaycı Bahce Street) and Street 5 (first view of Tursucu Rusen Street) are evaluated as dangerous. The interesting point is that one side of Turşucu Cesmesi Street is perceived as safe and the second side of it is perceived as dangerous. Probably the slope and the length of street are efficient on this result. In terms of correlations of legibility and security parameters, although the correlations are generally upper than zero for the first grade students, less than half of values are not significant. On the other hand, the correlations of third grade students are significant except four points. This shows us that the psychology education has the role on reading the environment in terms of legibility and security parameters. Another interesting result of the study is Street 2 (Basmaci Rusen Street). Although it includes regular, light, and wide view, it has not revealed a significant correlation in both sub-groups of participants. The historical and old facades it includes may cause this result; students sense old as insecure. Security is a fundamental need of life. People need a secure environment, and the streets are very important for security and the reading environment easily when moving in it provides sense of security. This research examined the relationship between spatial legibility and sense of security via streets. Research proved that this relationship is linear, that means if spaces become more legible, sense of security and naturally quality of life increase. Therefore, this investigation can help designers to figure out why legibility has great importance for urban design.

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REFERENCES

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Sense of Security of the People in Isfahan’s Traditional Bazaar. Procedia – Social and Behavioural Sciences 201, 165-174.

[2] Maslow, A. H. 1943. A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50 (4), 430-437. [3] Lynch, K. 1960. The Image of The City. The MIT Press.

[4] Jacobs, J. 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Vintage Books, A Division of Random

House, Inc., New York.

[5] Newman, O. 1996. Defensible Space – Crime Prevention through Urban Design. The Macmillan

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[9] Hunt, M. 1984. Environmental Learning Without Being There. Environment and Behavior, 16:3, 307. [10] Herzog, T. R. & Leverich, O. L. 2003. Searching for Legibility. Environment and Behavior, 35, 459. [11] Başkaya, A., Wilson, C. and Özcan, Y. Z. 2004. Wayfinding in an Unfamiliar Environment: Different

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[12] Carmona, M., Heath, T., Oc, T. and Tiesdell, S. 2003. Public Places, Urban Spaces: The Dimensions

of Urban Design. Architecural Press.

[13] Muderrisoglu, H. and Demir, Z. 2004. The Relationship Between Perceived Beauty and Safety in

Urban Recreation Parks. Journal of Applied Sciences, 4: 72-77.

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Case study: Stationsplein, Enschede, the Netherlands. 2nd International Conference Quality of Life.

[15] Hami, A. and Emami, F. 2015. Spatial Quality of Natural Elements and Safety Perception in Urban

Parks. International Conference on Agricultural, Ecological and Medical Sciences (AEMS-2015) Feb. 10-11, 2015 Penang (Malaysia).

[16] Lorenzo, A.B., and D. Wims. 2004. Do Designed Landscapes Deter Crime? Proceedings of the

Florida State Horticultural Society, 117:297-300.

[17] Bielik, M., Schneider, S., Kuliga, S., Valášek, M. and Donath, D. 2015. Investigating the effect

of urban form on the environmental appraisal of streetscapes, SSS10 Proceedings of the 10th International Space Syntax Symposium, London.

[18] Lay, M. C. D., Reis, A., Dreux, V. and Becker, D. 2007. Urban Security and Spatial Behavior:

Syntactic and Perceptual Analysis of the Central Area of Porto Alegre. 6th International Space Syntax Symposium, İstanbul.

[19] Gehl, J. 1987. Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New

York.

[20] Kanigel, R. 2016. Eyes on the Street: The Life of Jane Jacobs. Alfred A. Knopf, 1st_edition.

[21] Hillier, B. and Hanson, J. 1984. The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge University Pres, UK.

[22] Kuo, F. E. and Sullivan, W. C. 2001. Environment and Crime in the Inner City: Does Vegetation

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ONLINE REFERENCES

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best_practice_approach.pdf, last accessed on 17 May 2017.

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%2Cskl last accessed on 17 Mayl 2017.

EMİNE KÖSEOĞLU, Asst. Prof. Dr.,

She is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Interior Architecture at Fatih Sultan Waqf University, Istanbul. She graduated from Trakya University, Department of Architecture, in 2002. She has received Master of Architecture degree (Yildiz Technical University, Department of Architecture, 2004) with her thesis about spatial perception in hotel lobbies. Her PhD research (2005-2012, Yildiz Technical University, Department of Architecture) is formal, syntactical, and subjective aspects of urban legibility. Her research areas are architectural design, environmental psychology, spatial perception, spatial cognition, spatial legibility, culture-environment-behaviour relations, consumer behaviour, spatial image, architectural education, space syntax.

VİLDAN MENGİ CAMAS, B.Arch.,

She is a student in the Architecture Master Programme of Fatih Sultan Waqf University. She graduated from International University of Sarajevo, Department of Architecture, in 2012. Her research interests are architectural design, spatial perception, spatial legibility, futuristic architecture, cinematic architecture, phenomenology- media- architecture relations.

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Plan Typology of Traditional Amasra Houses

Abstract: In this research, the house culture of the province Amasra in the city of Bartin located in the

Turkey’s West black sea region was studied. The traditional house examples of 19th century in the centrum of Amasra was examined and specifically the plan types, construction system, and construction materials were disclosed. This analysis was conducted to remind the hous eculture that is about to disappear, to provide not to be forgotten in future and to help there storation to be done. In this research, detail edreviews were made in the traditional houses in Amasra district, the plan types of the houses were removed, the house users were interviewed and the conclusions were drawn about the future changes in the architecture of the region and the future of the houses. As a result, in this research conducted in the name of traditional house architecture of Amasra district, it has been found that the district has an important place in residential architecture with its plan scheme, construction technique and material property and documentation work has been done in order to transfer it to future generations.

Keywords: Amasra, traditional architecture, plans types.

Geleneksel Amasra Evleri Plan Tipolojisi

Özet: Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin Batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde yer alan Bartın ili Amasra ilçesindeki geleneksel

konut kültürü ele alınmıştır. Amasra’nın ilçe merkezinde yer alan 19. yüzyıl geleneksel konut örnekleri incelenmiş, öncelikle plan tipleri olmak üzere yapım sistemi ve kullanılan malzemeler ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu analiz yok olmak üzere olan bölgedeki konut kültürünü yeniden hatırlatmak, gelecek dönemlerde unutulmamasını sağlamak ve yapılacak olan restorasyon çalışmalarına yardım sağlamak adına yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada Amasra ilçesindeki geleneksel evlerde detaylı incelemeler yapılmış, evlerin plan tipleri çıkarılmış, ev kullanıcılarıyla görüşülerek bölge mimarisinin geçmişten günümüze ne gibi değişimlere maruz kaldığı ve ev sahiplerinin düşünceleri doğrultusunda gelecekte oluşabilecek tablo hakkında çıkarımlarda bulunulmuştur. Sonuç olarak, Amasra ilçesi geleneksel ev mimarisi adına yapılan bu araştırmada bölge konut mimarlığı içerisinde plan şeması, yapım tekniği ve malzeme özelliği ile önemli bir yere sahip olduğu görülmüş ve gelecekteki kuşaklara aktarılması açısından belgeleme çalışması yapılmıştır.

Anahtar kelimeler: Amasra, geleneksel mimari, plan tipleri.

1. INTRODUCTION

The house is the most important living area of settled life. Also it is the area where relations between human and architecture is felt intensely . the house is identifed as a producted structure of its region’s tradition depending on historical, geographical, economic factors, environmental, physical conditions such as especially climate and topography as well as social, cultural and economic factors are effective on the formation of the dwelling. Various climate zones and local topography is affected directly on the architecture of house.

Özgenaz DAĞ, Asst. Prof. Dr. Alev ERARSLAN Institute of Science Master of Architecture

Istanbul Aydin University, Florya /Istanbul /Turkey ozgenazdag@gmail.com, aleverarslan@gmail.com

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PLAN TYPOLOGY OF TRADITIONAL AMASRA HOUSES

Topography is one of the main factors determining the settlement model. Topographical features as the most important example of the relationship between nature and human beings effects on the distribution, population and economic activities of the settlements indirectly or directly. Another natural environmental element which affects the residential settlements is the climate. Solar heat, wind and air movements, temperature and humidity are considerable affecting on building design. Rainfall affects structure design and used materials.Solar and wind influences are important for direction of houses.

Building design reflects cultural style. The house is also an element of the created by socio-cultural environment, the values, the lifestyles and the imagery that human possess are to be reflected to own buildings. While the cultural factors include worldview, cultural values, family, relatives, community relations and lifestyle, the social factors are the demographic structure, the socio-economic structure of the family, the family structure and the lifestyle [1]. Lifestyle has different characteristics in every culture. As each community has its own habits and traditions, that expectation also determines the architecture. The status of the family in society, the habits of daily life, the privacy of family life (privacy) also affect the design of housing. Religious belief is one of the another important social symbols that are effect on the dwelling. Religion studied within socio-cultural factors affecting housing designs is a fact affecting and regulating human relations. Rapoport had mentioned that religion is a factor that affects people and the environment [2]. Gender discrimination is also based on religious influences. Rapoport has introduced the concept of “cultural specificity” and “cultural values and choices” in housing design [3]. According to Rapoport, buildings, especially houses, are not only physical products, but also cultural products.

In this study, we will try to read the West Black Sea Region settlement architecture Amasra example which is one of the regions where geographical features, climate and material factors as well as cultural parameters have the greatest influence on residential design.

Figure 1. The latitude of Amasra, Bartin, Turkey is 41.750183, and the longitude is 32.387524. Amasra, Bartin, Turkey is located at Turkey country in the Towns place category with the gps coordinates of 41°

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Özgenaz DAĞ, Asst. Prof. Dr. Alev ERARSLAN

2. AMASRA REGION RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE 2.1. Floor Organization

In terms of understanding traditional dwellings, it would be more accurate to refer to the floor organization before examining plan types. after that It is only understandable which layer story what means in the home life.

The traditional residences of Amasra consist of ground+1, ground+2 or basement+ground+1 [4]. Although the number of floors of the houses does not exceed 3, the number of floors and the size of the house represent the financial state of the family. However, this is a certain element in the layout and decoration of the facade, and although the houses are large and the number of ornaments on the outer ceiling is abundant, this means that the financial possibilities of the family in that house are good level [5].

In the houses built in Amasya to match the slope of the land a basement has been created. Some of the houses built in flat have basement floors but not in the whole. Basements of the builds with basements are used as basements, while those in the non-basement are used as “kulluk” or “kuruluk”, in other words “gulluk” (Figure 2), and the kulluk is always used to enter into house. The upper floors of the house include a sofa at the middle or edge, and rooms which is opened to sofa are being like traditional Turkish house have been designed to be used as the living space of the family members [6].

Figure 2. Locating “kulluk” to basement and used in ground floor (Drawn by author)

2.2. Plan Elements

Regional effects on the Amasra’s traditional dwellings shows itself because of that plan elements are called with various names. In the nearby regions such as Safranbolu and Kastamonu, the places where they enter from the door are called “hayat” or “taşlık”, and with the dictions of Bartın and Amasra regions, kulluk, kuruluk, or gulluk [7]. There are rooms around the sofa in the upper living floors and they are also called by different names with the local diction and if we will speak with the local diction, in traditional Amasra and Bartın dwellings , sofa is called ‘dışar’, and rooms are called “içer” [6].

2.2.1. Kulluk

“Kulluk” is the place where the house is connected with the street and the first step is taken home. It is known that the kulluk floor is covered with slate stone and in the old days the floor is left as the soil floor. It is considered as a storage area to meet the general requirements of the family, is used as a nursery area where legumes are stored [8]. Legumes are stored in cabinet with top cover which is called “hergil cupboard” by traditional people (Figure 3). In some houses there is a edge room with stove where it is in service as kitchen (Figure 3), although there are other rooms apart from these rooms, these rooms are used as storage [8].

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Figure 3. At left side, cupboard where foods are kept and kitchen in the kulluk at right (Photographed by author)

Kulluk is usually provided with a double-deaf deaf door, the door can sometimes be a single wing, and there is usually a window with iron bars on the door or on its side [6]. As long as the conditions of the terrain are appropriate, exit to the back garden of the house is provided via kulluk and the kulluk is servant a part of ventilating misson at the same time. With the ventilation provided by the window on the door, the humidity problem of the upper living floors is also prevented (Figure 4) [4].

Figure 4. At left, Entrance to back garden from kulluk and winged deaf door and window on the kulluk entrance at right (Photographed by author)

2.2.2. Dışar (Sofa)

In the traditional houses of Amasra, the sofa section is called “dışar”. In the upper living floors, the place that connects the rooms of the house, where place is the common opening of all the gates and the passage between the rooms, is the sofa of house, with regional diction is dışar (Figure 5). Dışar is the place where all the individuals of the house are gathered and living together. All room units in the house are opened to the dışar area. Apart from this, the ablution-toilet and the staircase volumes are again linked to the dışar and the same order continues on the upper floor [8]. In the old days, “there are cedars placed outside the window in dışar, and because of that the community is a common gathering area, the meals are eaten here, and the family members as well as guests are entertained, and the important events such as the meals, weddings, used to occur on the dışar ” [7].

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Özgenaz DAĞ, Asst. Prof. Dr. Alev ERARSLAN

Figure 5. “Dışar” in plan schema and outlook from sofa in Kemal Samancıoğlu Etnography museum [URL 2]

There is a great influence on the design of the house. The house is shaped and designed according to the sofa. In addition to this, it has been given some names to sofa depending on where is sofa places in the house. These naming is also available in traditional Turkish house plan typologies.

2.2.3. İçer (Room)

Traditional residences are called “içer” (Figure 6). This saying is pronounced in the same way in today’s Bartın and Amasra regions.

Figure 6. İçer in plan schema and outlook from içer in Kemal Samancıoğlu Etnography museum [URL 2] Entrance of içer is provided from sofa. A family maintains life in every içer (room) whose usage is shaped according to the needs of the families. There is stove niche on the one of wall of the room. On one side of the stove there is a carpeted closet and on the other side there is a hammam cabinet [8]. İçer is designed in such a way that a family can do all the necessary actions, while the cooking is performed in the hearths and the bathing water is heated on the cooker again [5].

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The “İçer” is designed to be used in a variety of functional ways to meet the needs of family life, eat meals and welcome guests. The middle part of the “İçer” was deliberately left blank so that every necessary action could be made easily and the cedars were placed on the sides of the window. Actions to be taken are left to the intended use of family members, and cupboards and stoves in the room are designed from the beginning according to the activities to be done [9].

Hearths

Depending on the size of the house, there is absolutely a hearth in all the rooms or in one of the rooms. The hearth (furnace) is placed adjacent to the wall, near the entrance wall of the entrance door or near the entrance side. It is usually located in the middle of the adjacent wall, and its cupboards are located on both sides of the hearth (Figure 7) [10].

Figure 7. Hearth niche in center, bedset in left and hamam cabinet in right (Photographed by author) The fact that hearth (furnace) are in the rooms is very influential in this lifestyle when traditional wooden houses are thought to maintain a single family life in the room. Hearth (furnace) are versatile for cooking, heating and bathing to heat the water and serve to easy the life of family members [5].

The most important feature of the hearth (furnice) is the heating. Considering that the Black Sea is experiencing hard and windy winter months, the heating factor plays a very important role. Heating is usually a little easier for houses with hearths in every room, but this is difficult for houses with single hearths. In this case, the barbecue will serve as a help. The roasted woods is placed on the barbecue and moved to the other room, so that the family members sitting in other rooms get heat as well [5].

Bedsets and Cabinets-cupboards

Large furniture such as beds, quilts, sheets and pillows are stored in large cabinets called bedsets. Since the rooms served a lot of activities in ancient times, the concept of fixed bed has not been formed as it is in today’s conditions. In order to perform the necessary actions, the middle part of the room is always left blank and at bedtime, the beds are removed from the bedrooms and laid on the floor of the room. It is again folded and removed in the morning [5].

The bedsets are usually located at the entrance near the room door and on the same wall as the hearth. The depth of the bedset is 75-90 cm in average and the width is 130-150 cm and it is usually double door and