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*In todays Globalized World, knowledge economy is a new economy understanding based on knowledge. Knowledge plays an important role to integrate all economic sectors’s physical and knowledge capitals. Currently, especially European Union (EU) has been trying to establish a common knowledge society in Europe. In this study, Turkey’s struggle and current situation are shown in order to be a knowledge society and also its position in terms of a knowledge economy is compared with European Union. To make this comparision first we used Average Özet:
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TURKEY AND EUROPEAN UNION ON THE PATH OF
ESTABLISHING KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY AND ECONOMY
Abstract*Dr, Anadolu Üniversitesi$oÕN|÷UHWLP)DNOWHVLøNWLVDGLYHøGDUL3URJUDPODU%|OP
Linkage Method which is one of the Hierarchical Clustering Methods. Second, we benefited from Multi Dimensional Scaling method. Our test results with these two methods showed that among the EU member countries, Turkey is more similar to Greece and than to Romania and Bulgaria. Also test results showed that Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Finland and Sweden are the most successful nations in the path of being a knowledge economy.
Key Words:European Union, Knowledge Society, Knowledge Economy, Hierarchical Clustering Methods, Average Linkage Method, Multi Dimensional Scaling
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KURT, 'H÷LúHQ'Q\DGD«DJN, s.216-217
7
Kevük, Bilgi Ekonomisi… a.g.m., s.348
8
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9
'HYOHW3ODQODPD7HúNLODWÕ, Bilgi Toplumu Stratejisi (2006–2010),
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10 .DOD\FÕù 63668\JXODPDOÕdRN'H÷LúNHQOLøVWDWLVWLN7HNQLNOHUL, $VLO<D\ÕQ'D÷ÕWÕP
/7'ù7ø%DVNÕ,6%1 –9091–14–3, 2008, s.358
11
Grimm, L. G., Yarnold, P. R., Reading and Understanding More Multivariate Statistics, American Psychological Association, Washington DC, 2000, ISBN 1–55798–698–3, s.173
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14
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12
Özdamar, K., 3DNHW3URJUDPODUøOHøVWDWLVWLNVHO9HUL$QDOL]L dRN'H÷LúNHQOL
Analizler) 2,<HQLOHQPLú%DVNÕ,6%1 –6787–11–2, Kaan Kitabevi, 2004, s.99
13 Özdamar, K., Paket Programlar …a.g.k., s.327-328 14 .DOD\FÕù 63668\JXODPDOÕ«DJN, s.217-219 15 Özdamar, K., Paket Programlar …a.g.k., s.293-294
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19
16
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17
Lilien, G. L., Rangaswamy, A., Maketing Engineering Computer Assited Marketing
Analysis and Planning, Prentice Hall, 2003, New Jersey, s.128
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Fakültesi Dergisi (15), 2008, s.140.
18 Akküçük, U., Çok Boyutlu Ölçekleme TekQL÷L2ODUDN7RUJHUVHQgOoHNOHPH<|QWHPLYH
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Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, $UDOÕN, 25,s.312
19 'XUD&$WLN+7UNHU2%HúHUL6HUPD\H$oÕVÕQGDQ7UNL\H¶QLQ$YUXSD%LUOL÷L
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21
olsa bile, ıAL(X ¶LQ KHU \HUGH D\ÕUW HGLOHELOLU ROPDVÕGÕU 6-Stres’te
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20
Borg, I. - Groenen, J.F.P., Modern Multidimensional Scaling: Theory and Applications, Second Edition, Springer Series in Statistics, NewYork, 2005, ISSN: 0172-7397, s. 3-18.
21 Takane, Y., Young, F. W., & De Leeuw, J., Nonmetric individual differences
multidimensional scaling: An alternating least squares method with optimal scaling features, 1977, Psychometrika, 42, 7–67.
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22
Borg, I. - Groenen, J.F.P., Modern Multidimensional …a.g.k., s. 3-18.
23
Özdamar, K., Paket Programlar …a.g.k., s.507
24 European Commission, Eurostat, (ULúLPWDULKL
; %ø7(ICT) NXOODQPD\HWHQH÷LQHVDKLSNLúLOHULQLVWLKGDPRUDQÕ
; <NVHN KÕ]OD YHUL WDEDQÕQD HULúLP (Broadband Access) RODQD÷Õ RODQ NXUXOXúODUÕQRUDQÕ
; 3HUVRQHOLQ %ø7 (ICT) \HWHQHNOHULQL JHOLúWLUPHNG]H\LQL \NVHOWPHN DPDFÕ\ODH÷LWLPYHUHQNXUXOXúODUÕQRUDQÕ
; %LOJLWHNQRORMLOHULQLQH÷LWLPNXUXPODUÕQGDQHOGHHGLOPHRUDQÕ
X15: 16–\DúDUDVÕELUH\OHULQLQWHUQHWNXOODQPDG]H\OHULQLQWRSODPGDNL yüzdesi
3.2.
Analizde Yer Alan Ülkeler
Analizlerimize $%\HVLONHLOH7UNL\HGkKLOHGLOPLúWLU$QDOL]HGkKLO edilen AB ülkeleri; Belçika, Bulgaristan, Çek Cumhuriyeti, Danimarka, Almanya, (VWRQ\D øUODQGD <XQDQLVWDQ øVSDQ\D )UDQVD øWDO\D /HWRQ\D /LWYDQ\D Lüksemburg, Macaristan, Hollanda, Avusturya, Polonya, Portekiz, Romanya, 6ORYHQ\D 6ORYDN\D )LQODQGL\D øVYHo øQJLOWHUH¶GLU $% \HVLQL analize dahil HGLS.ÕEUÕVYH0DOWD¶\ÕDQDOL]GÕúÕEÕUDNPDPÕ]ÕQQHGHQLHOHDOGÕ÷ÕPÕ]GH÷LúNHQOHULQ ED]ÕODUÕ LoLQ EX ONHOHUH DLW LVWDWLVWLNVHO GH÷HUOHULQ (XURVWDW YHUL WDEDQÕQGD EXOXQPDPDVÕGÕU
4.
Bulgular
dDOÕúPDPÕ]GD|QFHOLNOHKL\HUDUúLNNPHOHPHDQDOL]LQL JHUoHNOHúWLUGLNYH GDKD VRQUD NPHOHULQ GR÷UX ELU úHNLOGH ROXúWX÷XQX J|UHELOPHN LoLQ GLVNULPLQDQW DQDOL]LQL GHVWHNOH\LFL ELU DQDOL] RODUDN X\JXODGÕN +DWÕUODQDFD÷Õ JLEL \|QWHP E|OPQGHEXLNLoRNGH÷LúNHQOLDQDOL]\|QWHPOHULQLQYDUVD\ÕPODUÕQDGH÷LQPLúWLk.
dDOÕúPDPÕ]GDNXOODQGÕ÷ÕPÕ]LNLQFLoRNGH÷LúNHQOLLVWDWLVWLNVHOWHNQLNoRN boyutlu ölçekleme (ÇBÖ) analizidir .PHOHPH DQDOL]LQGH XODúWÕ÷ÕPÕ] VRQXoODUD d%g DQDOL]L\OH XODúDELOHFH÷LPL]L GúQGN dQN oDOÕúPDPÕ]GD KHU LNL DQDOL]GH GH gNOLG 8]DNOÕ÷ÕQÕ NXOODQGÕN %XQXQ VRQXFXQGD d%g DQDOL]LQGHQ HOGH HWWL÷LPL] QHVQHOHULQ EHQ]HUOLNOHULQL EHOLUWHQ |OoHNOHQGLULOPHPLú (ham) veri matrisi ile kümeleme analizinin proximity matrisinin HúLWoÕNPDVÕJHUHNWL÷LQLGLNNDWHDOGÕN
Burada ülkeleri grafiklerde gösterirken |]HOOLNOHONHWUDILNNÕVDOWPDODUÕQÕ NXOODQGÕN $QFDN /LWYDQ\D¶QÕQ ONH NÕVDOWPDVÕ /7 ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ 6366 SURJUDPÕQGDQ ND\QDNODQDQ ELU SUREOHPGHQ GROD\Õ /,7 RODUDN J|VWHUPHN ]RUXQGD NDOGÕN
4.1. dRN'H÷LúNHQOLøVWDWLVWLN7HNQLNOHULQHALW%D]Õ9DUVD\ÕPODUÕQ
De÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL
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dRNGH÷LúNHQOLLVWDWLVWLNVHO\|QWHPOHUV|]NRQXVXROGX÷XQGDoRNGH÷LúNHQOL QRUPDOGD÷ÕOÕPGDLQFHOHQPHVL JHUHNHQELUYDUVD\ÕPROPDNWDGÕU+RWHOOLQJ72 testi ile bu durumD DoÕNOÕN JHWLUPHN LVWHGLN YH +RWHOOLQJ 72 LVWDWLVWL÷LQLQ DQODPOÕ ROGX÷XQX VDSWDGÕN 0DWULVLQ NPHOHUH D\UÕOPDVÕQGD \HWHUOL GLVNULPLQDV\RQXQ VD÷ODQÕS VD÷ODQPDGÕ÷Õ +RWHOOLQJ 72 LOH WHVW HGLOGL÷L LoLQ EX LúOHPL \DSWÕN YH Hotelling T2 testinde p=0,001<0,05 oOGX÷XJ|UGN
4.2.
+L\HUDUúLN.PHOHPH$QDOL]LQLQ%XOJXODUÕ
+L\HUDUúLN NPHOHPH DQDOL]OHULQGHQ ELUL RODQ JUXSODU DUDVÕ RUWDODPD ED÷ODQWÕ \|QWHPLQH J|UH$%hONHVL YH7UNL\H¶QLQEXOXQGX÷X|UQHNOHPLPL]L NPH\H D\ÕUPD\Õ X\JXQ EXOGXN 2OXúWXUGX÷XPX] GHQGURJUDm ve kümeler Grafik 4.1. RODUDNJ|VWHULOPLúWLU
'HQGRJUDPGD ONHOHU DUDVÕQGDNL EHQ]HUOLNOHU DúDPDOÕ ELU ELoLPGH gösterilmektedir. Dikkat edilirse örneklemin 13– DUDOÕ÷ÕQGD NPH\H –17 DUDOÕ÷ÕQGD LVH NPH\H D\UÕOGÕ÷Õ J|UOPHNWHGLU $QFDN EL] EX oDOÕúPDPÕ]GD \HULQH NPH LOH ROXúDQ NPHOHQPH\L WHUFLK HGL\RUX] %X WHUFLKLPL]LQ JHUHNoHVL
LOHULGH d%g DQDOL]LQGH DOJÕVDO KDULWDODPDQÕQ ER\XWWD GDKD DQODúÕODELOLU RODFD÷ÕQÕ ELOL\RUROPDPÕ]GÕU
'HQGRJUDP LQFHOHQGL÷LQGH .PHGH øUODQGD ,5/ 6ORYHQ\D 6LO), (VWRQ\D (67 $YXVWXU\D $ %HOoLND % $OPDQ\D ' øQJLOWHUH *% Çekoslavakya (CZ), Slovakya (SK), Hollanda (NL), Fransa (F), /NVHPEXUJ / EXOXQPDNWDGÕU.PHGH)LQODQGL\D ),1 øVYHo 6 'DQLPDUND (DK) ve 3. Kümede Yunanistan (GR), Türkiye (TR), Bulgaristan(BG), Romanya 52 /HWRQ\D /9 /LWYDQ\D /ø7 3RORQ\D 3/ 3RUWHNL] 3 øVSDQ\D ( øWDO\D , 0DFDULVWDQ 0 ONHOHUL EXOXQPDNWDGÕU gQFHOLNOH 7UNL\H¶QLQ GXUXPX HOH DOÕQGÕ÷ÕQGD, Yunanistan en benzer özelikteki ülke olarak görülmekte, sonra da Bulgaristan ve Romanya gelmektedir. Daha sonra Türkiye, 3. Kümede yer alan öteki $%\HVLONHOHUOHGHEHQ]HUOLNJ|VWHUHUHNRUWDNELUNPHGH\HUDOPDNWDGÕU
Grafik 4.1:Gruplar-$UDVÕ2UWDODPD%D÷ODQWÕ <|QWHPL\OH+L\HUDUúLN .PHOHPH$QDOL]LQLQ'HQGURJUDPÕ 1.KÜME 2.KÜM 3 KÜM
'HQGURJUDPGD'DQLPDUNDøVYHoYH)LQODQGL\D¶QÕQD\QÕNPHGH\HUDOPDVÕ beklenilen bir durumdur. Selck ve Kuipers makalelerinde AB’nin bu 3 ülkesinin ]DWHQELUoRNDoÕGDQEHQ]HUROGXNODUÕQÕYHEXONHQLQJHQHORODUDNELUKD\OLEDúDUÕOÕ ROGX÷XQX \DSWÕNODUÕ DQDOL]GH EHOLUWPLúOHUGLU %X ONH KHP NHQGL XOXVDO SR]LV\RQODUÕQGDNLSROLWLNX\XPODUÕQHGHQLLOHKHPGHEXX\XPXQROXPOXVRQXoODUÕQÕ %UNVHO G]H\LQGH HOGH HGHELOPHN DPDFÕ\OD RUWDN WDYÕU VHUJLOH\HUHN $% \HOLNOHULQLQ \DUDUODUÕQÕ DUWWÕUDELOL\RUODU %XQXQ LoLQ 'DQLPDUNDOÕ øVYHoOL YH )LQODQGL\DOÕ SROLWLNDFÕODU P]DNHUHOHU |QFHVL J|UúPHOHU \DSÕ\RUODU25 Elgström, v.d.26 ve Mattila ve Lane27 $%¶QLQ NDUDU DOPD PHNDQL]PDVÕQGD VDGHFH QLWHOLNOL oR÷XQOX÷XQJHUHNOLROGX÷X\HUOHUGHELOHEXRUWDNWDYÕUVD\HVLQGHLVWHGLNOHULVRQXoODUÕ alabiliyorlar. Elgström, v.d.28 |]HO RODUDN V|] NRQXVX EX ONHOHU DUDVÕQGD $% SROLWLNDODUÕQGD JoO ELU NRRUGLQDV\RQ ROGX÷XQX VDSWDPÕúWÕU %X ONH $% NDUDU PHNDQL]PDVÕQGD JoO ELU VHV RODELOPHN DGÕQD ELUoRN NRQX\X HOH DODQ NRPLV\RQ |QHUL OLVWHVL ROXúWXUPXúWXU %X OLVWHGH |]HOOLNOH &2' 6RNUDWHV YH COD/1999/0275 MEDIA-Training olarak e÷LWLPOH LOJLOL NRQXODU \HU DOPDNWDGÕU %XQXQ GÕúÕQGD EX OLVWH &2' H-WLFDUHW \DVDO \DNODúÕPODUÕ NRQXVXQX YH &2' WHOLI KDNNÕ NDQXQODUÕ ROPDN ]HUH ELOJL WRSOXPXQD \|QHOLN KXNXNL DoÕGDQ X\XPOXOXNODUÕ LoHUPHNWHGLU.29 $\UÕFD Green,30
%XUD\D NDGDU JHQHO RODUDN LOJLOL oRN GH÷LúNHQOL Lstatistiksel tekniklerin YDUVD\ÕPODUÕQÕVÕQD\ÕSKL\HUDUúLNNPHOHPHDQDOL]LQLQEXOJXODUÕQÕGH÷HUOHQGLUGLNWHQ
OECD ülkelerini ele alan µ<DúDP %R\X g÷UHQLP 0RGHOOHUL YH %LOJL 7RSOXPX¶ DGOÕ PDNDOHVLQGH \NVHN G]H\GH X]PDQOÕN JHUHNWLUHQ LúJF \]GHVL RODUDN 'DQLPDUND øVYHo YH )LQODQGL\D¶QÕQ oHNLUGHN $YUXSD $QJOR-6DNVRQ YH $PHULND¶\Õ ELU KD\OL JHULGH EÕUDNWÕ÷ÕQÕRUWD\DNR\PDNWDGÕU.
+L\HUDUúLN NPHOHPH DQDOL]LQGH ONHOHULQ ELUELULQH RODQ gNOLG X]DNOÕNODUÕ 3UR[LPLW\ 0DWULV RODUDN 6366 WDUDIÕQGDQ YHULOPHNWHGLU Burada proximity matrisin WDPDPÕQÕQ gösterilmesi oRN \HU NDSOD\DFD÷ÕQdan bu matrisi sadece Türkiye DoÕVÕQdan GH÷HUOHULQH\HUYHUHUHNGH÷HUOHQGLUHFH÷L]Proximity matrise EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD 7UNL\H¶\H HQ \DNÕQ ONHQLQ X]DNOÕN GH÷HUL\OH <XQDQLVWDQ YH GDKD VRQUD GH÷HUL\OH %XOJDULVWDQ ROGX÷X J|UOPHNWHGLU (Q X]DN ONHOHU LVH GH÷HUL\OH 'DQLPDUND GH÷HUL\OH )LQODQGL\D YH GH÷HUL\OH øVYHo ROPDNWDGÕU %LOJL WRSOXPX YH ELOJL HNRQRPLVL oHUoHYHVLQGH HOH DOÕQDQ GH÷LúNHQOHUH J|UH'DQLPDUND)LQODQGL\DYHøVYHo$%¶GHHQL\LNRQXPGDRODQONHOHUGLU
25
Selck, T. J., Kuipers, S., Shared Hesitance, Joint Success: Denmark, Finland, and Sweden in the European Union Policy Process, Journal of the European Public Policy, 12: 1, 2005, s.157–176
26
Elgström, O., Bjurulf, B., Johansson, J. and Sannerstedt, A., ‘Coalitions in European Union negotiations’, Scandinavian Political Studies 24(2), 2001, s.111–28.
27 Mattila, M. and Lane, J.-E., ‘Voting in the EU Council of Ministers: will enlargement
change the unanimity pattern?’, European Union Politics 2(1), 2001, s. 31–52.
28
Elgström, O., Bjurulf, B., Johansson, J. and Sannerstedt, A., ‘Coalitions in European…a.g.m., s.111-128
29
Selck, T. J., Kuipers, S., Shared Hesitance,…,a.g.m., s.157-176
30 Green, A., Models of Lifelong Learning and the ‘Knowledge Society’, Compare: A
VRQUDDUWÕNNPHOHPHDQDOL]LQGHNLNPHOHQPHQLQGR÷UXOX÷XQXGLVNULPLQDQWDQDOL]L ile destekleyebiliriz.
7DEOR .PHOHQPHQLQ'R÷UXOX÷XQX*|VWHUen Diskriminant Analizi Tablosu .PHOHQPHVRQXoODUÕ kümeler 7DKPLQHGLOHQJUXS\HOL÷L Toplam 1,00 2,00 3,00 Orjinal 6D\Õ 1,00 10 1 1 12 2,00 0 3 0 3 3,00 0 0 11 11 % 1,00 83,3 8,3 8,3 100,0 2,00 0,0 100,0 0,0 100,0 3,00 0,0 0,0 100,0 100,0
Tablo 4.2¶QLQ VRQ VWXQXQD EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD \ÕOÕQGD JLEL ELU GH÷HUOHROGXNoD\NVHNELURODVÕOÕNODNPHOHULQGR÷UXELUELoLPGHVÕQÕIODQGÕUÕOGÕ÷ÕQÕ J|U\RUX] %XUDGD EX GH÷HULQ oÕNPDPDVÕQÕQ QHGHQL Estonya ve $YXVWXU\D¶QÕQ IDUNOÕ NPHOHUGH \HU DOPDVÕGÕU 1LWHNLP NPHOHPH DQDOL]LQH J|UH (VWRQ\D NPHGH LNHQ GLVNULPLQDQW DQDOL]LQH J|UH NPHGH WDKPLQ HGLOPLúWLU D\UÕFD$YXVWXU\DNPHOHPHDQDOL]LQGHNPHGHLNHQGLVNULPLQDQWDQDOL]LQHJ|UH 2. küPHGH \HU DOPÕúWÕU $QFDN RUDQÕ NPHOHPH DQDOL]LQLQ EDúDUÕOÕ ELU ELoLPGHVÕQÕIODQGÕUÕOGÕ÷ÕQÕV|\OH\HQROGXNoD\NVHNELUGH÷HUROPDNWDGÕU
4.3.
dRN%R\XWOXgOoHNOHPH$QDOL]LQLQ%XOJXODUÕ
ÇBÖ’de üç veya daha az boyuttaki çözümler arzu edilmektedir. Çünkü nesnelerin ya da birimlerin izlenebilir ve irdelenebilir çözümlerini ortaya koyan JUDILNVHOJ|VWHULPJHQHORODUDNGDKDDOJÕODQDELOLUELUJ|VWHULPGLU%R\XWVD\ÕVÕ DUWWÕNoDDOJÕODPDQÕQ]RUODúDFD÷ÕYHKL\HUDUúLNNPHOHPHDQDOL]LQGHGHNPH ROXúPDVÕJHUHNoHVL\OHd%gDQDOL]LQGH|]HOOLNOHER\XWVD\ÕVÕQÕRODUDNEHOLUOHGLN $\UÕFDd%g¶GHNLER\XWVD\ÕVÕNPHOHPHDQDOL]LQGHNPHVD\ÕVÕRODUDNNDUúÕPÕ]D oÕNPDNWDGÕU=DWHQLNLDQDOL]GHGHQHVQHOHUDUDVÕgNOLGX]DNOÕ÷ÕNXOODQÕOGÕ÷ÕQGDQ d%g¶GH|OoHNOHQGLULOPHPLú(ham) veri matrisi ile kümeleme analizindeki proximity PDWULVLELUELULLOHWDPDPHQD\QÕoÕNPDNWDGÕU%XQHGHQOH7UNL\HDoÕVÕQGDQ
NPHOHPHDQDOL]LQGHSUR[LPLWL\PDWULVGH÷HUOHQGLUPHOHULQLQD\QÕVÕd%gDQDOL]LQGH GHJHoHUOLROPDNWDGÕU
ÇBÖ analizinde amaç, nesnHOHUDUDVÕEHQ]HUOLNOHULQEHOLUOHQPHVLROGX÷X durumda n(n– WDQHYHULJLULúLQLQ\DSÕOPDVÕJHUHNLU%XUDGDGDQ ROGX÷XQD J|UHHQD]YHULJLULúLROPDOÕGÕU$QFDNEL]LPEXDQDOL]LPL]GHGH÷LúNHQVD\ÕVÕ ROGX÷XQGDQYHULVD\ÕPÕ] ¶GÕU%XGDDQDOL]LJHUoHNOHúWLUPHPL]LoLQID]ODVÕ\OD yeterlidir.
BuradaER\XWODROXúWXUXODn ÇBÖ modelinin uyumunu belirten stres GH÷HUOHULQHEDNÕOPDOÕGÕU<|QWHPE|OPQGHLNLVWUHVIRUPOQH\HUYHULOPLúWL gQFHOLNOH<RXQJ¶ÕQVWUHVGH÷HULQLQøWHUDV\RQVRQXFXQGDROGX÷XQX J|U\RUX]'DKDVRQUD.UXVNDO¶ÕQVWUHVGH÷HULQLQ JLEL\NVHNELU52
GH÷HUL\OHROGX÷XQXJ|U\RUX]%XGDTablo 3.1’e göre modelimizin ROGXNoDL\LX\XPDVDKLSROGX÷XQXEL]HJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
Grafik 4.2: Öklid UzakOÕN 0HVDIHVL 0RGHOL
Grafik 4. \DUGÕPÕ\OD ER\XWOX X]D\GD $% LOH 7UNL\H¶QLQ NRQXPODUÕ J|UOPHNWHGLU 7UNL\H LoL GROX QRNWD LOH EHOLUJLQOHúWLULOPLúWLU $QFDN JUDILNWHQ GH DQODúÕODFD÷Õ]HUH5RPDQ\D%XOJDULVWDQYH<XQDQLVWDQHQ\DNÕQONHOHUROPDNWDGÕU
1HVQHOHUDUDVÕIDUNOÕOÕNODUÕQX]DNOÕNODUDJ|UHGR÷UXVDOELUX\XPJ|VWHUGL÷L Grafik 4.3’den görülmektedir. ÇBÖ DQDOL]LQGHX]DNOÕNPDWULVLQGHQHOGHHGLOHQ IDUNOÕOÕNPDWULVLQHJ|UHROXúWXUXODQWDKPLQLX]DNOÕNODUÕQ GR÷UXGDQYHULOHUGHQHOGH HGLOHQX]DNOÕNPDWULVLQHRODQEHQ]HUOL÷LQLQ|OoOPHVLWHPHODPDoODUGDQELULGLU Grafik 4.¶GHGHGR÷UXVDOELULOLúNLQLQJ|UOPHVLWDKPLQLX]DNOÕNODUÕQJHUoHN GH÷HUOHUOHX\XPOXROGX÷XQXEHOLUWPHNWHGLU
5.
Sonuç
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Kaynakça
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