1st INTERNATIONAL BLACK SEA CONGRESS ON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (IBCESS) Giresun, Turkey • August 31 - September 03, 2016
IBCESS
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875
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF DAIRY SECTOR
Züleyha Bingül
1, Aysun Altıkat
2, Sevtap Doğru
3and
Yusuf Alparslan Argun
31 Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty,
Igdir University, Igdir, Turkey zuleyha.bingul@igdir.edu.tr
2 Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Igdir University, Igdir, Turkey.
3 Environmental Health Programme, Vocational School of Health Services, Igdir
University, Igdir, Turkey.
ABSTRACT
Milk and dairy products are the main nutrients of human life and are found in many nutritional compositions. Therefore, the dairy industry holds a very important place in economically in our country and other countries. Milk and dairy products sector, to obtain as high quality milk used as food, to be maintained to keep the same characteristic, to be made into a variety of products with specific methods and procedures, and marketing so as to conform to human health, and covering technological and industrial activities related control in terms of food value and hygiene is an industry. The industry, that production quantities are quite high, is an industry cannot be ignored in terms of the waste, the volume of wastewater and industrial pollution. Therefore, in the dairy industry that is developing in parallel to public health and awareness of nutrition policies it constitutes waste causing environmental pollution during production. The environmental impact of the dairy industry that led to major environmental problems if not taken necessary measures should be discussed in detail and the implementation of measure should be determined in order to minimize or eliminate the environmental impacts. In addition, ıt is also necessary to determine methods to enable the use of this waste as an economic resource. In this paper, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process to keep to a minimum the environmental problems caused by the dairy industry has been examined and in this process be focused on the necessary measures.
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INTRODUCTION
Milk and dairy products are the non-alternative food source because they contain the nutrients necessary to maintain a healthy way of human life in the structures. The milk and dairy products, a major tributary of the food industry, have a wide range of manufacturers and consumers because they are at every stage of human life.
The main raw material in the milk and dairy industry is raw milk. In the milk and dairy products sector that is an industry based on livestock, of the total raw milk production is %62 cows, % 21 sheep, %12 goats, %5 buffalo milk.
Milk, as presented for direct consumption, is also processed into various products because it loses its properties in the short time. The first group of products derived from milk constitutes of drinking milk obtained from raw milk. Cheeses (feta cheese, mozzarella cheese, curd, etc.) that are very diverse based on milk type, quality, additives and local characteristics; yogurt, buttermilk, butter, cream, ice cream, condensed milk and milk powder are other dairy products derived from the processing of milk. It can be found not only one or a few of these products but also all of them in any milk processing plants.
The milk processing plants existing in our country have a highly complex structure as their capacities, their technologies and other comparable properties. Among them there are also some plants with very modern facilities, showing a difference of product diversity and other small plants work in primitive conditions.
Environmental Impact Assessment of Dairy Industry
Environmental Impact Assessment Process is important to keep a minimum level of environmental problems caused by the milk processing sector. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process, place and technology alternatives are examined with details. While milk processing projects are evaluate, measures to be taken to minimize the environmental impact of waste that may occur and technical explanations about them, especially the in the title Project Environmental Effects and Precautions of EIA Report are detailed.
In the processing to the final product of the raw material always occur a by-product and the residue. The waste and residues constitute not evaluated parts of the raw material. In the processing to the product of milk that is the raw material in the dairy industry remains backward various waste ad residues (Akyüz, 1979). Because the production mode, production technology and production quantity of each industry is different, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the wastes also show large differences. Therefore, in determination of the treatment technologies and in demonstrating of the options, each industry should be dealt with separately. Occurring wastes during the production, transportation, storage and sales of milk and milk products are solid, liquid and gaseous wastes.
FP106 877 Liquid Wastes
The dairy industry is increasing its product variety and production capacity to meet day by day growing needs. During the processing of large quantities of milk, industrial wastewater that can be separated basically into three parts is emerging. These; 1. Wastewater produced during milk processing (cheese whey)
2. Wastewater produced during the cleaning of the media, production machineries, transportation materials and storages (milk residue, cheese wash water, etc.). 3. Wastewater containing detergent and disinfectant. (Koyuncu and Tunçtürk, 2014) Dairy industry process wastewater, according to the applied technology, the variety of products produced and the structure of the chemical substances used in cleaning processes displays variability in terms of quantity and components (Ozel, 2002). With processed 1 liter of milk according to studies in the literature 8-10 liters of wastewater occurs.
Cheese whey is a by-product formed during the production of cheese. When the uncontrolled released to nature, pollutant characteristics are very high. 1 liter cheese whey contains approximately 50,000 mg/L lactose, 9.000 mg/L protein, 150 mg/L phosphorus, 1.500 mg/L of nitrogen. In case of processing as an industrial product, it is precious liquid, ıf it is considered as a waste, treatment of it is very difficult. When it looks at the characteristics of whey, Biological Oxygen Demand value in terms of pollution (BOD) value of 32,000 mg O2 / L, has reached a high value. 1 liter of whey with this BOD also about 60,000 mg/L Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is of value (Ileri and Guner, 2000; Djekic et al., 2014; Salou et al. 2016).
In the Water Pollution Control Regulation industrial wastewater discharge standards has been grouped according to the type of production of and has created of sixteen sectors. Milk and dairy products are included in the food industry that is one of these sectors. Milk and dairy product sector discharge standards are given in Table 1(Yazıcı and Dervişoğlu, 2003).
Table 1. Food industry (Milk and dairy product sector)
Parameters Unit Composite
Sample 2-hour Composite Sample 24-hour
Chemical Oxygen Demand
mg/L 170 160
Oil-Grease mg/L 60 30
pH 6-9 6-9
Pollutant source which comes to mind when the dairy industry and environmental problems called is cheese whey. The treatment of cheese whey occurs with advanced
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technology. Most treatment options for dairy products plants containing cheese whey are not an acceptable solution due to high investment and operating costs. The situated treatment plants also stand out to be a sustainable solution due to operational difficulties and costs. Besides, approaching as waste directly cheese whey not only caused to an important food waste but also environment problems are so great. The cheese whey formed as result of cheese production is used in production curd, lactose, albumin and cheese whey powder used in confectionery. Therefore, the cheese whey should be evaluated as suitable semi-raw at the processing of many byproducts. The cheese whey produced in the plants must be converted to these products; certainly it should not be discharged into the sewage system (Djekic et al., 2014; Salou et al. 2016).
In the large capacity milk processing plants are made to the processing of cheese whey directly. Small and medium capacity plants send their cheese whey to processing plant which is spreading day by day instead of decharging to the nature. This case contributes to the economy, as well as eliminates the needs for point and expensive treatment plants.
As a result of meeting the needs of the personnel employed by the dairy processing plant also consists of domestic waste water. All transactions concerning liquid waste generated in the milk processing plant should be made in accordance with Water Pollution Control Regulation.
Gas Emissions
Emission outflow from the boiler to be used in dairy processing plant is being. In the release into the atmosphere of the emissions resulting from the use of the boiler must be comply with provisions of Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation. Environmental Permit must be received be making emission measurements
Solid Waste
In the production stage of milk processing plants is not concerned with the formation of solid waste. Municipal solid waste is due to the staff. Domestic solid waste stems from the daily necessities of staff, office and the cafeteria. The collection, storage and removal of solid waste produced in the plant, should be performed as indicated in the Regulation on Control of Solid Waste. Solid waste should be collected in sealed containers.
Sludge during operation of wastewater treatment plant in the dairy plant will occur. Analysis of sludge produced must be carried out in laboratories authorized by Ministry of Environmental and Urbanization and must be dispose of according to the sludge character.
FP106 879 Packaging waste
During the packaging of products to be produced in milk processing plants, packaging materials such as PVC yogurt container, PE bags and cans are used. Packaging waste consists in coating errors that can occur in the machine packaging (glass, plastic, metal, paper, etc.). This packaging waste must be collected separately from other domestic solid waste and must be disposed sending licensed facilities. According to Packaging Waste Control Regulation, those who put on market, are obliged to ensure the separate collection at the source, separation, recycling and recovery of emerging packaging waste as a result of the use of products placed on the market as packaged, and to meet the expenditure to be made for this purpose. The dairy industry is in a position on the market according to these regulations. Plants are required to report the amount of packaging that is used while the market the product. However, with this regulation if plants can’t collect back package they offer their products within the country, they have obliged “document” these products by providing contract organizations authorized by Ministry of Environmental and Urbanization.
Medical Waste
In dairy plants, first aid supplies should be taken for emergency medical services of personnel and medical wastes produced in this case seperated without mixing at the source and collected with special bags and boxes under the provisions of Medical Waste Control Regulation. Medical wastes should be collected in a red plastic bag which tearing, puncturing, explosion and transporting-resistant; original medium density, polyethylene of raw materials, tight, double bottom seam, produced without bellows, double-layer thickness of 100 microns, at least 10 kg lifting capacity, large enough to be seen on and on both sides of the “International Biohazard” emblem “Attention Medical Waste” the phrase. Subsequently, the disposal of such waste forwarding to licensed disposal facilities should be provided.
Vegetable Waste Oil
Due to vegetable oil used in the plant kitchen during the operation of milk processing plants unpredictable amount of vegetable waste oil formation is concerned. The waste vegetable oil generated in plants should be collected separately from other waste and garbage under the provisions of Vegetable Waste Oil Control Regulation. In deposition of waste vegetable oil must be used collection containers such as tanks and canisters tight, corrosion-resistant for interior and exterior surfaces. Vegetable waste oil must be sent to licensed recycling and disposal facilities by licensed waste transport vehicles. In shipment of vegetable waste oil must be used the national waste transportation form and a copy of them after each move must be kept for at least five years.
Waste Batteries and Accumulators
Waste batteries and accumulators does not occur in dairy plants. However, if the waste occurs it should be collected and disposed with in accordance with the provisions of Regulation on Control of Waste Batteries and Accumulators.
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Waste Oil
Oil wastes formation in the production phase in the milk processing plant is not in question. If any waste oil occurs in the operation phase (in phases maintenance and repair works of used machinery and equipment will occur waste oils) oil waste analysis should be built in authorized laboratories and categories should be determined. Waste oil determined to categories according to the analysis results should be temporarily stored in sealed waste oil tank in the sealed and closed above temporary waste storage site in the facility area. The waste oil tanks must be separate for each category of waste oil. In addition, the tank must be red; on them must be “Waste Oil” phrase and waste oil category. Collected and temporarily stored waste oil in accordance with the provisions contained in Waste Oil Control Regulation must be disposed of sending to licensed disposal or recycling facility. In shipment of waste oil should be used the national waste transportation form and a copy of them after each move must be kept for at least five years.
Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste in the production phase in the milk processing plant does not occur. If any hazardous waste occurs in the operation phase in the plant, separating according to gender hazardous waste occurring during maintenance and repair works (rags, thread waste, containers) must be stored in temporary waste storage area which was built in the plant field, sealed, covered and with compartments for each type of waste.
Signs (name, waste code etc.) including descriptive information the waste stored in each compartment must be present. The hazardous wastes temporarily stored in impermeable containers in storage area which are formed so as to not receive sunlight and covered must be sent to licensed disposal and/or recycling facilities in accordance with the Regulation on Control of Hazardous Wastes. In shipment of hazardous wastes should be used the national waste transportation form and a copy of them after each move must be kept for at least five years.
Environmental Noise
Possible noise level is negligible level because machine and equipment used in milk processing plants carry out their activities in a confined space, However, environmental noise limit values for industrial plants located in the Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise should not be exceeded.
CONCLUSION
Milk and dairy products are nutrients that should be consumed at every stage of human life. In milk processing plants, raw milk becomes more concentrated and resistant products as butter, cheese, yoghurt, ice cream. Various types of waste are formed depending on the type of product to be processed and produced in
FP106 881 milk processing plants. If not taken necessary measures, it is an industry that can cause significant environmental problems. Therefore, the Environmental Impact Assessment process to keep to minimum level the environmental problems caused by this sector is very important. By determination to the appropriate site selection in the Environmental Impact Assessment process and revealed the environmental impacts of waste produced, treatment technologies to minimize the environmental impact and disposal methods, environmental problems caused by the dairy industry will remain at the minimum level. So thanks to the Environmental Impact Assessment process is prevented environmental problems caused in this sector.
REFERENCES
1. Akyuz N., (1979), Evaluation and Importance of By-Products in Dairy Industry, Atatürk University Journal of The Faculty of Agriculture, Volume 10, Issue 1-2, 207-216.
2. Djekic I., Miocinovic J., Tomasevic I., Smigic N. and Tomic N., (2014), Environmental life-cycle assessment of various dairy products, Journal of Cleaner Production 68, 64-72. 3. Ileri R. and Güner N., (2000), Investigation of a new oil-water separation technology in
waste waters of milk industry, ÇEVKOR, Volume 9, Issue 36, 3-8.
4. Koyuncu M. and Tunçtürk Y., (2014), Dairy Wastewaters Need to Be Treated, Journal of The Institute of Natural & Applied Sciences 19 (1-2):88-93.
5. Ozel D. and Alosman M.S. (2002), The Treatment of Dairy Industry Wastewater by Calcium Carbonate Compounds, Sakarya University Journal of Science, Volume 6, Issue 3, 32-36.
6. Salou T., Le Mouel C. and M.G. van der Werf H., (2016), Environmental impacts of dairy system intensification: the functional unit matters!, Journal of Cleaner Production, 1-10. 7. Yazıcı F. and Dervişoğlu M., (2003), Waste and wastewater manegement in dairy industry,
