Öz
Bilgi boşluğunu doldurmak için Hizmetler Arası Halkla İlişkiler (ISPR) &
Pakistan Hava Kuvvetleri basın bildirilerindeki söylemi eleştirel olarak göz-
lemleyerek ve kilit raporlardan, dergilerden ve gazete makalelerinden ilgili literatürü gözden geçirerek Suudi Arabistan Krallığı (SAK) ile Pakistan İslam Cumhuriyeti arasındaki savunma ortaklığının ne derece yoğun olduğunu anlamak maksadıyla bağımsız bir akademik çalışma organize edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Suudi Arabistan-Pakistan savunma ortaklığının sürdürülebilir olup olmadığı sorusunu cevaplamaya çalışmaktadır. SAK ve Pakistan’ın sivil ve askeri liderliklerinin daha tutarlı olduğunu ve ikili savunma ortaklığı konu- sunda çoğunlukla müşterek duruş sergilediklerini gözler önüne sermekte- dir. Bu ortaklık tarihi savunma ile ilgili kurumsal ilişki; sivil askeri liderliğin son ziyaretleri, tartışma ve taahhüt noktaları; çok boyutlu ortak girişimler ve savunma tatbikatları (ordu, deniz ve hava kuvvetleri); ve her iki ülkenin sa- vunmasını güçlendirmek için önemli gelişmeler üzerinden değerlendirilmiş- tir. Çalışma, her iki ülkenin üst düzey liderliklerinin Pakistan veya SAK’ta ortaya çıkabilecek bir güvenlik krizi esnasında her şeye başvurmaya kararlı oldukları sonucuna varmaktadır.
Anahtar kelimeler: SAK, Pakistan, Savunma Ortaklığı, Sivil-Askeri
الشراكة السعودية الباكستانية في مجال الدفاع: الماضي و الحاضر
محمد ياسين نسيم
صخلم
ةيبرعلا ةكلملما و ةيملاسلإا ناتسكاب ةيروهجم ينب ةيعافدلا ةكارشلا ةوق مهفل يدايح ييمداكأ ثبح ميظنت تم
نع و ةيفحصلا تلااقلما و تلالمجا ،ةيساسلأا ريراقتلا في ةدوجولما ةينعلما تايبدلأا في رظنلا قيرط نع ةيدوعسلا
.تامدلخا ينب ةماعلا تاقلاعلا & ةيناتسكابلا ولجا تاوقل ةيفحصلا تارشنلا في ةدوجولما تاحلطصلما ةبقارم قيرط
رارمتسلال ةلباق عافدلا لامج في ةيناتسكابلا ةيدوعسلا ةكارشلا تناك اذا ام لاؤس ىلع درلا ثحبلا اذه لوايح و
ةتباث ناتسكاب و ةيدوعسلا ةيبرعلا ةكلمملل ةيندلما و ةيركسعلا ةدايقلا فقاوم نأ ثحبلا اذه انل رهظي امك .لا مأ
هذه مييقت تم .ةيئانثلا ةيعافدلا ةكارشلا عوضوم في ةكترشم افقاوم نوذختي نايحلأا نم يرثك في انها و بركأ لكشب
طاقن ،ةيندلما و ةيركسعلا تادايقلل ةيرخلأا تارايزلا ؛عافدلا خيراتب ةقلعتلما ةيتاسسؤلما تاقلاعلا بسح ةكارشلا
و )ةيولجا و ةيرحبلا تاوقلا ،شيلجا( ةيعافدلا تاقيبطتلا و داعبلأا ةددعتلما ةكترشلما تاردابلما ؛تادهعتلا و لادلجا
لاكل ايلعلا تادايقلا نأ ثحبلا اذه جتنتسي و .نيدلبلا لاكل يعافدلا ماظنلا ةيوقتل ةمهلما تادجتسلما و تاروطتلا
.ةيدوعسلا ةيبرعلا ةكلملما وأ ناتسكاب نيدلبلا دحأ اله ضرعتي ةينمأ ةمزأ يأ لايح ءيش يأ لعفل نيدعتسم نيدلبلا
.تادهعتلا ،ةيندلما و ةيركسعلا ةدايقلا ،ةيعافدلا ةكارشلا ،ناتسكاب ،يدوعسلا ةيبرعلا ةكلملما :ةيحاتفملا تاملكلا
Introduction
KSA and Islamic Republic of Pakistan are all weather strategic partner countries. Besides having multidimensional relationships, bilateral defense cooperation remains a priority of both countries. In this regard, tri-armed services of Pakistan provide a wide range of relative training and advice to the tri-armed services of KSA. Further, training staff, military advisors, and contingents of thousands of Pakistani troops remain stationed at the soil of KSA for serving the security interest of both countries. Furthermore, KSA’s recruits, military officers and engineering staff get education, training, en- gineering works experience and much more in the military academies, war colleges, and defense industries of Pakistan. Moreover, tri-armed services of both countries frequently conduct very impressive and useful periodic exercises in Pakistan and at KSA for exchanging their first hand field expe- riences, increasing their combat efficiency, and enhancing their bilateral re- al-time force to force coordination [1]. Religion-based ideological orientation, geo-strategic location, uncompromised and original stance on some issues
(Palestine1 and Kashmir2), protracted security challenges and economic
necessities and national consensus of KSA and Pakistan to promote Islamic interest comprises their outlook in the comity of nations of the world in ge- neral, and in the Muslim world in particular. Historically, KSA and Pakistan signed a Treaty of Friendship in 1951 [2]. According to a senator of Pakistan (Ms. Seher Kamran), Gulf countries are primary and integral partners of defense and foreign policy interests of Pakistan [3]. Therefore, the vision of Islamic Republic of Pakistan for Saudi-Arabia is part of its very composed understanding of universal Muslim brotherhood and Muslim nationalism. Both countries share a significant target legacy in the Muslim world that sha- res various fundamental constituents of commonalities in history, culture and strategic interests, which are bound by cohesive religious harmony and integral geostrategic importance of both countries. Further, a very soft nature of equation of very dignified give & take relationship is based on dominant mutualism on economic and military axis, where Saudi-Arabia believes upon strong and credible military assistance (ammunition, training and to some extent planning) from Pakistan, which encourages it for maintaining a huge 1 Pakistan considers that Palestine has been occupied by Zionist Jews of Israel, who do not further
recognize the right of self-determination of Palestinians in its real sense.
2 Jammu & Kashmir is a disputed territory between Pakistan and India since 1947. Besides of multiple wars, negotiations and UN resolutions, the dispute has not been resolved yet. Therefore, armed forces of both countries remain in a state of war along line of control.
baggage of remittances3, bilateral and multilateral trade4 and investment5 in Pakistan as a primary components of its engagements [4], [5].
During 1960s, religious, strategic, geopolitical and economic necessities of both countries attracted each other for sticky defense cooperation, when Saud-Arabia supported Pakistan in its high intensity conflict (1965) with India both at defense and diplomatic levels. Later, King Faisal called (1967) Pakistan as “citadel of Islam” and called that it is the responsibility of all Muslims to contribute to protect Pakistan [6], [7].6 In 1954, King Saud wrote a letter to Governor General of Pakistan and wished that Pakistan should stand with his fellow Muslims to defend two Holy mosques. He further wished for stability and prosperity of Pakistan [8].
A level of intensity between defense relationships of both countries can be observed in the following examples, such as;
KSA and Pakistan started working together since 1952, but a great defense deal was signed in 1967 for training purposes of Royal armed forces of KSA, which started a non-stop flow of defense experience, planning, training and equipment from Pakistan to KSA and very little extent from KSA [6]. Now, Pakistan became partner of security of KSA’s territorial integrity through gi- ving an effective response to Yemeni Intrusion (1969) by sending its fighting pilots (Pakistan Air Force) for effectively averting the target threat. Then, the incident of debacle of East Pakistan realized both countries to work together for having more credible defense against external threat. Therefore, conti- nuation of joint ventures and provision of assistance to each other does not depend upon who is in power in the respective country. Further, Pakistan 3 More than two million overseas Pakistanis live and work in Saudi Arabia, who send a huge amount
(approximately $6 Billion per year) back to Pakistan.
4 According to Economic Complexity Index 2015, Pakistan is the 66th largest exporting economy and the 110th most complex economy in the world. In contrast to Pakistan, KSA is the 25th largest exporting economy and the 29th most complex economy in the world. Generally, balance of trade remains in favor of KSA, because Pakistan imports ($3.01B out of $45.5B) very heavy consignments of crude petroleum and its products (such as; plastics, fertilizers, chemicals and sulfur etc.). Further, Pakistan exports ($551M out of $26.2B) to KSA include textiles, garments, sports goods, handicrafts, vegetables, fruits etc. Moreover, KSA is among first fifteen export partners of Pakistan.
5 KSA unilaterally invests in various sectors of Pakistan, such as; transport, energy, infrastructure, livestock etc.
6 A kind of dignified similar respect for Pakistan also can be observed in the ideological thoughts of founder and father of the nation of Bosnia Herzegovina named Alija Izetbegovic, who declared in his famous Islamic Declaration, as; Despite of a lot of failures, Pakistan is the outcome of collective efforts of Muslims for establishing an Islamic order. Its existence gives us confidence and hope to the Muslims of world that the revival of this order is possible even today. He further mentioned Pakistan in the following words; “We still believe in Pakistan and its mission in the service of International
Islam. There is no Muslim heart which will not bound at the mention of something as dear to us as Pakistan, even if this love, like any other knows fear and trembling. Pakistan is our great hope”.
helped Saudi special forces during besiege of Mecca in 1979 and sent more troops (approximately 15,000 troops) to KSA for reinforcing the security of holy places right after the besiege. Then, Iran-Iraq war and the First Gulf War increased the Saudi defense needs. Therefore, a large number of troops and an armored brigade of the Pakistan Army continuously remained stationed at KSA [4]. Associated Pakistan Press (APP) further reported that 13,000 troops and 6,000 military advisors were deployed in KSA during the First Gulf war [3].
This is an independent academic exercise, which has been organized to find out the intensity of defense partnership between Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and Islamic Republic of Pakistan through critically observing the discourse gi- ven in the press releases of Inter Services Public Relations (ISPR)7 and Pakistan
Air Force (2008-2018) and reviewing some very relevant literature from key
reports, journals and newspapers for just fulfilling the gap of information.