5. TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ
5.1. Sonuç ve Değerlendirme
Kırıkkale ve çevresinde yer alan sucul ortamlardan izole edilen farklı türlerin laboratuvar şartlarında kültürü yapılmış, üretimi gerçekleştirilen türlerin karotenoid kompozisyonu ve miktarları tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca bu türlerin antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri farklı metotlarla ölçülmüştür.
İncelenen alg türleri kendi içerisinde ve literatürdeki aynı türler ile karotenoidlerin dağılımı ve ayırımı bakımından birbirine benzerlik göstermiştir.
İncelenen türler arasında ve literatürsel karoten miktar farklılıkları gözlenmiş bu farklılıkların;
i) Türsel (genetiksel) kaynaklı ii) Metodik kaynaklı
Ekstraksiyon metodu
Hplc ölçüm metodu iii) Ortamsal kaynaklı
Besin kompozisyonu
Isı şiddeti
91
Işık şiddetinden kaynaklandığı literatürde de çokça ifade edilmiştir.
İncelenen türlerin hepsinde antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteler tespit edilmiş ve bu literatür bilgileriyle de uyum göstermiştir. Bu türler arasında karşılaştırma yapabilecek düzeyde bilgiler edinilmiş, bu çalışmada kültüre edilmiş tür arasından CHLMY türü diğer türlere göre daha yüksek antimikrobiyal aktivite, SCN türü ise daha yüksek antioksidan aktivite göstermiştir.
Bu çalışmanın devamı niteliğinde çalışılan türlerin gen analizinin yapılarak suşsal karşılaştırmaların yapılması, hedeflenen ticari öneme sahip sekonder metabolitler için optimum şartların sağlanması ile ülkemiz için önemli bir çok sekonder metabolitin ithalatına karşı yerli kültür ürünlerinin ve pazarın oluşmasını sağlayacak çalışmalar ve araştırmalar için temel oluşturacaktır.
92 KAYNAKLAR
[1] Cirik, Ş., Algae in Turkish sea and their means of evaluation, (in Turkish). Çevre haberleri, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi yayınları, İstanbul, (9):
65-68, 1981.
[2] Kaya G., Tibbi bitki rezervi olarak orman kaynaklarinin gelecek değerinin belirlenmesinde kullanilan p&p modelinin irdelenmesi. ZKÜ Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, (8): 9, 23-32, 2006.
[3] Bhagirathy, K. A., Valuation of Medicinal Plants: Unresolved Issues and Emerging Questions. South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics Newsletter, 2003.
[4] Bann, C., Turkey Forest Sector Review-Global Environment Overlays Program, Draft Report, WorldBank, Turkish Agency, Ankara, 1998.
[5] Dewick, P.M., Medicinal Natural Products, 2nd ed., Wiley, Chichester, 507pp., 2002.
[6] Waksmundzka-Hajnos M., Sherma J., Kowalska T., Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry, CRC press Taylor & Francis, Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, 2008.
93
[7] Özyalın, S., Kemer Baraj Gölü (Aydın) Fitoplanktonunun incelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Üni. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, izmir, 2008.
[8] Sasson, A., Mikroalgal Biotechnologies: Recent Developments and Prospects for Developing Countries, BIOTECH Publication 1/2542, pg:
3, 46, 1997.
[9] Bold, H. C. and Wynne, M. J., Introduction to the algae. 2nd ed.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1985.
[10] Becker, E.W., Microalgae:Biotechnology and Microbiology, Cambridge University Press. Inbaraj, B. S., Chien, J. T., & Chen, B. H., 2006.
Improved high performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of carotenoids in the microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa.
Journal of Chromatography A, 1102(1), 193-199, 1995.
[11] Hornsey, I.S. and Hide, D., The Production of Antimicrobial Compounds by British Marine Algae. IV Variation of Antimicrobial Activity with Algal Generation, Br. Phycol. J., 20, 21 – 25, 1985.
[12] Ehresmann D.W., Deig E.E., Hatch M.T., Di Salvo E.H., Vedros N.A., Antiviral substances from California marine algae. J. Phycol. 13: 37–40, 1997.
94
[13] Vlachos, V., Critchley, A.T., Von Holy, A., Differential antibacterial activity of extracts frommselected southern African macroalgal thalli.
Bot. Mar.; 42: 165–173, 1999.
[14] Özdemir, G., Horzum, Z., Sukatar, A., Karabay-Yavasoğlu, N.U., Antimicrobial activities of volatile components and various extracts of Dictyopteris membranaceae and Cystoseira barbata from the Coast of Izmir, Turkey. Pharmaceutical Biol., 44: 183–188, 2006.
[15] Karabay-Yavasoğlu, N.U., Sukatar, A, Özdemir, G., Horzum, Z., Antimicrobial activity of volatile components and various extracts of the red alga Jania rubens. Phytother. Res., 21: 153–156, 2007.
[16] .Blunt, J.W., Copp B.R., Hu W.P., Munro M.H.G., Northcotec P.T. and Prinsepd M.R., Marine natural products. Nat. Prod. Rep., 24: 31-86, 2007.
[17] Dufossé L., Galaup P., Yaron A., Arad S.M., Blanc P., Murthy K.N.C., Ravishankar G.A., Microorganisms and microalgae as sources of pigments for food use: a scientific oddity or an industrial reality? Trends in Food Science & Technology, 9: 389–406, 2005.
[18] Blunt, J. W., Copp, B. R., Munro, M. H., Northcote, P. T., & Prinsep, M.
R., Marine natural products, 2005.
95
[19] Mannisto S, Smith-Warner S.A., Spiegelman D, Albanes D, Anderson K, Van Den Brandt P.A., Cerhan J.R., Colditz G, Feskanich D, Freudenheim J.L., Giovannucci E, Gohldbohm R.A., Graham S, Miller A.B., Rohan T.E., Virtamo J., Willett W.C., Hunter D.J., Dietary carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in a pooled analysis of seven cohort studies Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 13: 40–48, 2004.
[20] Bhadury P.and Wright P.C., Exploitation of marine algae: biogenic compounds for potential antifouling applications. Planta, 219(4): 561-578, 2004.
[21] Chisti Y., Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, 25(3):
294-306, 2007.
[22] Inbaraj B.S., Chien J.T., Ho G.H., Yang J. and Chen B.H., Bio chem.
Eng. J., (31) 204, 2006.
[23] Ragan, M. A., Glombitzka, K. W., Phorotannins, brown algal polyphenols. Prog. phycol. Res. 4: 129–241, 1986.
[24] Fairhead, V. A., Amsler, C. D., McClintock, J. B., & Baker, B. J., Lack of defense or phlorotannin induction by uv radiation or mesograzers in desmarestia anceps and d. Menziesii (phaeophyceae), Journal of Phycology, 42(6), 1174-1183, 2006.
96
[25] Halliwell B, Gutteridge J.M., Free radicals in biology and medicine Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK., 1999.
[26] Agarwal S, Rao A.V., Tomato lycopene and its role in human health and chronic diseases.Can Med Assoc J., 163: 739 -744, 2000.
[27] Gökpınar Ş., Koray T., Akçiçek E., Göksan T., Durmaz Y., Algal Antioksidanlar. E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences. 23: 85-89, 2006.
[28] WeinbergerF., PohnertG., Berndt M., BouarabK., KloaregB. and Potin P., Apoplastic oxidation of L-asparagine is involved in the control of the green algal endophyte Acrochaete operculata Correa & Nielsen by the red seaweed Chondrus crispus Stackhouse. Journal of Experimental Botany. Vol. 56, No. 415, pp. 1317–1326, 2005.
[29] Martin K R. and Barrett J C, Reactive oxygen species as double-edged swords in cellular processes: low-dose cell signaling versus high-dose toxicity. Hum Exp Toxicol, vol. 21, 2:pp.71-75, 2002.
[30] Kazanç M.B., Antioksidan Vitaminler. Sendrom, Temmuz; 14-22, 1997.
[31] Gardès-Albert M B-RD, Abedinzadeh Z et Jore D., Espèces réactives de l’oxygène Comment l’oxygène peut-il devenir toxique ? l'actualité chimique, 2003.
97
[32] Hilmi Ş., Oksidanlar ve antioksidanlar. THT Drg, 48: 1-2,44-49, 1994.
[33] Kopsell, D.A. and Kopsell, D.E., Accumulation and bioavailability of dietary carotenoids in vegetable crops. Trends Plant Sci., 11; 499-507, 2006.
[34] Bağdatlıoğlu N., Demirbuker B., Gıda İşlemede Karotenoidlerde Meydana Gelen Gelismeler. Gıda. 9: 48-51, 1999.
[35] Woutersen, R.A., Wolterbeek, A.P.M., Appel, M.J., Van der Berg, H., Goldbohm, R.A. and Feron, V.J., Safety evaluation of synthetic β-carotene. Crit. Rev.Toxicol., 29: 515-542, 1999.
[36] Olson, J.A. and Krinsky, N.I., Introduction: The colorful, fascinating world of the carotenoids: important physiologic modulators. FASEB 9:
1547-1550, 1995.
[37] Omoni, A.O. and Aluko, R.E., The carcinogenic and anti-atherogenic effects of lycopene a review. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 16: 344-350, 2005.
[38] Melendez-Martinez, A. J., Britton, G., Vicario, I. M., Heredia, F. J.,
“Relationship betweenthe colour and the chemical structure of carotenoid pigments”, Food Chem, 101: 1145-1150, 2007.
98
[39] Simpson, K.L., Chemical changes in natural food pigments. In:
Chemical changes in food during processing. Richardson, T. and Finley, J.W. (eds), pp. 409-443, 1985.
[40] Krinsky, N.I. and Johnson, E.J., Carotenoid actions and their relation to health and disease. Mol. Aspects Med., 26: 459-516, 2005.
[41] Cohen, Judith G., "The spectra of main-sequence stars in Galactic globular clusters. II. CH and CN bands in M71."The Astronomical Journal 117: 5 24-34, 1999.
[42] Schieber, A. and Carle, R., Occurence of carotenoid cis-isomers in food: technological, analytical, and nutritional implications. Trend in Food Sci. Technol., 16: 416-422, 2005.
[43] Tee, E. S., Carotenoids and Retinoids in Human Nutrition, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 31 (1/2): 103-163, 1992.
[44] Von Elbe J.H., Schwartz S.J., Colorants. In: Food Chemistry (ed. O. R.
Fennema, Marcel Dekker), pp. 651-765, 1996.
[45] Rodriguez-Amaya, D.B. 2001; A guide to carotenoid analysis in foods, http://www.ilsi.org/publications. Erişim tarihi: 2014.
99
[46] Rise M, Cohen E, Vishkantsan M, Cojoearn H, Gottlieb HE, Arad S., Accumulation of secondary carotenoids in Chlorella zofingiensis. J Plant Physiol 144: 287–292, 1994.
[47] Stahl W., van den Berg H., Arthur J., Bast A., Dainty J., Faulks R.M., Gärtner C., Haenen G., Hollman P., Holst B., Kelly F.J., Polidori M.C., Rice-Evans C., Southon S., van Vliet T., Viña-Ribes J., Williamson G., Astley S.B., Bioavailability and metabolism. Mol Aspects Med., 23: 39–
100, 2002.
[48] Lin, C.H. and Chen, B.H., Stability of carotenoids in tomato juice during storage.Food Chem., 90: 837-846, 2005.
[49] El-Agamey A., Lowe G.M., McGarvey D.J., Mortensen A., Philip D.M., Truscott T.G., and Young A.J., Carotenoid radical chemistry and antioxidant/prooxidant properties. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 430: 37-48, 2004.
[50] Rodriguez-Amaya D.B., Carotenoids and Food Preparation: The Retention of Provitamin A Carotenoids in Prepared, Processed, and Stored Foods. Opportunities for Micronutrient Intervention (OMNI), Arlington, 1997.
[51] Bart M.M., Zhou C., Kute K.M. and Rosenthal G.A., Determination of optimum conditions for supercritical fluid extraction of carotenoids from
100
carrot (Daucus carota L.) tissue. Journal of agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43: 2876-2878, 1995.
[52] Cowan A.K., Logie M.R.R., Rose P.D., and Phillips L.G., Stress induction of zeaxanhin formation in the β-carotene-accumulating alga Dunaliella salina Teod. J. Plant Physiol., 146: 554-562, 1995.
[53] Törnwall M.E., Virtamo J, Korhonen P.A., Virtanen M.J., Taylor P.R., Albanes D & Huttunen J.K., Effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on coronary heart disease during the 6-year post-trial follow-up in the ATBC study. Eur Heart J. 25: 1171–1178, 2004.
[54] Yuan, J.P., Gong, X.D. & Chen, F., Separation and analysis of carotenoids and chlorophylls in Haematococcus lacustrisby high-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detection. J.
Agric. Food Chem., 45(5): 1952-1956, 1997.
[55] Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Tomita Y, Gross M.D., Astaxanthin, a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, augments antibody responses in cultures including T-helper cell clones and suboptimal doses of antigen. J Nutr., 125: 2483–2492, 1995.
[56] Shao, A. and Hathcock, J.N., Risk assessment for the carotenoids lutein and lycopene. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 45: 289-298, 2006.
101
[57] Holden J.M., Eldridge A.L., Beecher G.R., Buzzard I.M., Bhagwat S., Davis C.S., Douglass L.W., Gebhardt S., Haytowitz D. and Schakel, S., Carotenoid content of U.S. foods: an update of the database. J. Food Comp. Anal., 12: 169-196, 1999.
[58] Landrum, J.T. and Bone, R.A., Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 385: 28-40, 2001.
[59] Garcia-Casal, M.N., Carotenoids increase iron absorbtion from cereal-based food in the human. Nutr. Res., 26: 340-344, 2006.
[60] Miller, N.J., Sampson, J., Candeias, L.P., Bramley, P.M. and Rice-Evans, C.A., Antioxidant activities of carotenes and xantophylls. FEBS Lett, 384: 240-242, 1996.
[61] Kobayashi, M., & Sakamoto, Y., Singlet oxygen quenching ability of astaxanthin esters from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis.
Biotechnology. Letters, 21: 265-269, 1999.
[62] Mıyashıta K., & Hosokawa M., Multi-functional carotenoid in seaweeds:
focoxanthin, 74(2): 261-262, 2008.
[63] Yan X., Chuda Y., Suzuki M., Nagata T., Fucoxanthin as the major antioxidant in Hijikia fusiformis, a common edible seaweed. Japan
102
Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry, 63(3): 605-607, 1999.
[64] Nakkarike S.M., Emiko S., Hayato M., Masashi H., Yoshimi N., Masahiro K., Kazuo M., Radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching activity of marine carotenoid fucoxanthin and its metabolites.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(21): 8516-8522, 2007.
[65] Heo S., Ko S., Kang S., Kang H., Kim J., Kim S., Lee K., Cho M., Jeon Y., Cytoprotective effect of fucoxanthin isolated from brown algae Sargassum siliquastrum against H2O2-induced cell damage. Eur Food Res Technol, 228: 145–151, 2008.
[66] Heo, S.J. and Jeon, Y.J., Protective effect of fucoxanthin isolated from Sargassum siliquastrum on UV-B induced cell damage. Journal of Photochemistry and photobiology B: Biology 95: 101-107, 2009.
[67] Britton G, Carotenoids. En: Dey PM, Harborne JB, editores. Methods in plant Biochemistry. London: Academic Press; p. 473-518, 1991.
[68] Rao, A. V. and Rao, L. G., Crotenoids and human health. Pharmacol Res. 55,207-216, 2007.
[69] Kapoor V.K., Dureja J., Chadha R., Herbals in the control of ageing.
Drug Discov Today 14 (19–20): 992–98, 2009.
103
[70] Su Q, Rowley K.G, Balazs N.D.H., Carotenoids: separation methods applicable to biological samples. J Chromatogr B. 781: 393–18, 2002.
[71] Rock C.L. Carotenoids: Biology and treatment. Phamacol Ther., 75:
185–97, 1997.
[72] Rao A.V. and Honglei S., Effect of low dose lycopene intake on lycopene bioavailability and oxidative stress. Nutr. Res., 22: 1125-1131, 2002.
[73] Zhu Y.I., Hsieh W.C., Parker R.S., Herraiz L.A., Haas J.D., Swanson E.J. and Roe D.A., Evidence of a role for fatfree body mass in modulation of plasma carotenoid concentrations in older men:studies with hydrodensitometry. J Nutr. 127: 321–26, 1997.
[74] Kim L, Rao A.V., Rao L.G., Lycopene II-effect on osteoblasts: the Halliwell carotenoid lycopene stimulates cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of SaOS-2 cells. J. Med. Food, 6: 79–86, 2003.
[75] Rao L.G., Krishnadev N., Banasikowska K., Rao A.V., Lycopene effects on osteoclasts: lycopene inhibits basal and parathyroid hormone-stimulated osteoclast formation and mineral resorption mediated by reactive oxygen species in rat bone marrow cultures. J Med Food. 6:
69–78, 2003.
104
[76] Ma L., Lin X.M., Effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on aspects of eye health. J Sci Food Agric. Jan 15; 90 (1): 2-12, 2010.
[77] Burton, G. W., Ingold, K. U., Lipid Peroxidation and Lipid Antioxidants in Normal and Tumor Cells. Toxicol Pathol, 12: 235, 1984.
[78] Cadenas E., Packer L., editors. Handbook of Antioxidants.2nd. Marcel Dekker, Inc.; New York: 2002.
[79] Britton G., Structure and properties of carotenoids in relation to function.
FASEB J. 9: 1551–1558, 1995.
[80] A. ARDAĞ, Antioksidan kapasite tayin yöntemlerinin analitik açıdan karşılaştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Aydın, 2008.
[81] Brand-Williams W., Cuvelier M.E. and Berset C., Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensmittel Wissenschaft und Technologie, 28: 25-30, 1995.
[82] Huang D., Ou B. and Prior R.L., The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53: 1841-1856, 2005.
[83] Akbaba, G., Biyoteknolojide Mikroalgler, Bilim Teknik Dergisi, 429: 28-35, 2003.
105
[84] Timur, G., Plankton Bilgisi ve Plankton Kültürü. Akdeniz Üniv. Yay. No:
40, Ankara, 1992.
[85] Hata M. and Hata M., Studies on astaxanthin formation in some fresh-water fishes, Tohoku J. of Agricultural Research, 24 (4): 192-196, 1973.
[86] Güner H., ve Aysel A., Tohumsuz Bitkiler Sistematiği. no:108 VI. Baskı, 1.cilt, 117-120.Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Kitaplar serisi, 2006.
[87] Harris E.H., The genius Chlamydomonas. In The Chlamydomonas sourcebook: introduction to Chlamydomonas and its laboratory use.
Elsevier, 2(1):1-18, 2009.
[88] Sukatar A., Alg Kültür Yöntemleri. Ege Üni. Fen Fak. Kitapları Serisi No:184, syf: 101-104, 2002.
[89] Z. Demirel, Eğirdir gölünden izole edilen yeşil mikroalg (chlorophyta) Scenedesmus protuberans Fris.’in antimikrobiyal ve antioksidan özelliğinin araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ege Üniversitesi. İzmir, 2006.
[90] Porra R.J., Thompson W.A. and Kriedemann P.E., Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents:
verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic
106
absorption spectroscopy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 975: 384-394, 1986.
[91] Del Campo J. A.. Rodríguez. J., Vargas M. Á., Rivas J., Guerrero M. G., Accumulation of astaxanthin and lutein in Chlorella zofingiensis (Chlorophyta). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 64: 848–854, 2004.
[92] Richmond A., Handbook of microalgal culture: biotechnology and applied phycology. Blackwell Science Ltd, 2004.
[93] Chen B.H., Yang S.H., Han L.H., Characterization of major carotenoids in water convolvulus (Ipomoea aquatica) by open-column, thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 543; 147-155, 1991.
[94] Inbaraj B.S., Chien J.T. and Chen B.H., Improved high performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of carotenoids in the microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Journal of Chromatography A, 1102:
193–199, 2006.
[95] Salvador N., Garreta A.G., Lavelli L. And Ribera M., Antimicrobial activity of Iberian macroalgae. Scientia Marina 71(1): 101-113, 2007.
107
[96] Eloff, J.N., A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts bacteria. Planta Med., 64: 711-713, 1998.
[97] Zhu J.K., Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 53: 247–273, 2002.
[98] A. Can, Taramalı electron mikroskobu örnek hazırlama ve iceleme yöntemleri. A.Ü. Biyoteknoloji enstitüsü Lisans Üstü-Doktora Eğitim Programı. Erişim tarihi:2015.
[99] Babaoğlu M., Bitki Büyüme Düzenleyicileri Türkiye’deki Durum ve Sağlık Açısından Değerlendirmeler, Ders Notları, Selçuk Üni. Ziraat Fak. Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü, Konya, 2002.
[100] Wijesekara I., Yoon N. Y., and Kim S.K., Phlorotannins from Ecklonia cava (Phaeophyceae): Biological activities and potential health benefits.Biofactors, 36(6): 408-414, 2010.
[101] Xue C., Hu Y., Saito H., Zhang Z., Li Z., Cai Y., Ou C., Lin H., Imbs A.B., Molecular species composition of glycolipids from Spirulina platensis. Food Chemistry, 77: 9–13, 2002.
[102] Brennan L. And Owende P., Biofuels from microalgae—A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and
108
co-products. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14: 557–577, 2010.
[103] Wolk C.P. and Kraus J., Two approaches to obtain low extracellular deoxyribonuclease activity in cultures of heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria. Archives of Microbiology 131: 302-307, 1982.
[104] Rivera S.M., Canela-Garayoa R., Analytical tools for the analysis of carotenoids in diverse materials. Journal of Chromatography A, 1224:
1–10, 2012.
[105] Orosa M., Torres E., Fidalgo P., Abalde J., Production and analysis of secondary carotenoids in green algae, Journal of Applied Phycology,12:
553-556, 2000.
[106] Cha K.H., Lee H.J., Koo S.Y., Song D.G., Lee D.U., And Pan C.H., Optimization of Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Carotenoids and Chlorophylls from Chlorella vulgaris. J. Agric. Food Chem., 58: 793–
797, 2010.
[107] Lamers P.P., Janssen M., De Vos R.C.H., Bino R.J., Wijffels R.H., Exploring and exploiting carotenoid accumulation in Dunaliella salina for cell-factory applications. Trends Biotechnol. 26: 631–638, 2008.
109
[108] Mulders K.J.M., Lamers P.P., Martens D.E., Wijffels R.H., Phototrophic pigment production with microalgae: biological constraints and opportunities. J Phycol 50: 229–242, 2014.
[109] Rodolfi L., Chini Zittelli G., Bassi N., Padovani G., Biondi N., Bonini G., Tredici M.R., Microalgae for oil, strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low-cost photobioreactor.
Biotechnol Bioeng 1021:100–112, 2009.
[110] Wijesekara I., Yoon N.Y., and Kim S.K., Phlorotannins from Ecklonia cava (Phaeophyceae): Biological activities and potential health benefits.Biofactors, 36(6): 408-414, 2010.
[111] Pradhan J., Das S. and Das B.K., Antibacterial activity of freshwater microalgae: A review. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 8 (32): 809-818, 2014.
[112] Haliki A., Denizci A.A., Çetingül V., Bazı Deniz Alglerinin (Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta) Antifungal Aktiviteleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 22: 13-15, 2005.
[113] Andrews, J,M., Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations.
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 48, S1: 5-16, 2001.
110
[114] Priya. S., Analysis of value–added biochemical compounds and antimicrobial activity of green algae Chlorella vulgaris. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 4(5): 2577-2579, 2012.
[115] Marti R., Uriz M.J. and Turon X., Seasonal and spatial variation of species toxicity in Mediterranean seaweed communities: correlation to biotic and abiotic factors. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 282: 73-85, 2004.
[116] Saito S., Okamoto Y. and Kawabata J., Effect of alcoholic solvents on antiradical abilities of protocatechuic acid and its alkyl esters.
Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 68: 1221–1227, 2004.
[117] Samaniego-Sánchez C., Troncoso-González A.M., García-Parrilla M.C., Quesada Granados J.J., García de la Serrana H., López-Martínez M.C., Anal Chim Acta 593:103–107, 2007.
[118] Brand-Williams W., Cuvelier M.E., Berset C., Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology 28: 25–30, 1995.
[119] Choochote W., Suklampoo L. and Ochaikul D., Evaluation of antioxidant capacities of green microalgae. J Appl Phycol, 26: 43–48, 2014.
[120] Lopez A., Rico M., Rivero A., Tangil M.S., The effects of solvents on the phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of Stypocaulon scoparium algae extracts. Food Chem, 125: 1104–1109, 2011.
111 ÖZGEÇMİŞ
Adı Soyadı : Yaşar ALUÇ Doğum Tarihi : 17/04/1980 Yabancı Dil : İngilizce Eğitim Durumu : (Kurum ve Yıl)
Lisans : Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Fen-edebiyat Fak. Biyoloji Bölümü. 2001-2005
Yüksek Lisans : Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Fen-edebiyat Fak. Biyoloji Bölümü. 2005-2008. “Üniversite Göllerinde (Kırıkkale) Besin Zinciri İlişkilerinin Su Kalitesi Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İncelenmesi”
Doktora : Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. 2009-2015. “Bazı Mıkroalglerden Karetoneoıd Ekstraksıyonu Ve Antıoksıdan Aktıvıtelerının Belırlenmesi”
Yayınlar (Diğer) :
1. Özlem İnce, Yasar Aluc, Gökben Basaran, İlhami Tüzün. Kapulukaya Baraj Gölünde Litoral Ve Pelajik Bölgelere Ve Mevsime Bağlı Zooplankton Dağılışlarının Karşılaştırılması. Türk Sucul Yasam Dergisi, 2007 Yıl: 3-5 Sayı:5-8.
2. Özlem İNCE YILMAZ, Yaşar ALUÇ, Gökben BAŞARAN, İlhami TÜZÜN, 2011. Kapulukaya Baraj Gölü’nde Litoral Bölgelerdeki Makrofit İçi ve
112
Makrofit Dışı Zooplankton Populasyonlarının Karşılaştırılması. “Ekoloji 2011”
Sempozyumu, 5-7 Mayıs, Düzce. (Sözlü Bildiri).
3. Yaşar ALUÇ, İlhami TÜZÜN 2010. Sığ Ve Ötrofik İki Gölette Dış Yüklerin Azaltılmasına Bağlı Olarak Su Kalitesi Üzerinde Ortaya Çıkan Değişimler. “Ekoloji 2010” Sempozyumu, Aksaray. (Sözlü Bildiri).
Ulusal Kuruluşlarca Desteklenen Projede Görev Alma
1. Kızılırmak (Kırıkkale) Bölgesine Uyum Sağlamış Farklı Alg Türlerinden Karotenoid Ekstraksiyonu ve Antioksidan Seviyelerinin Belirlenmesi.
(2011/11 Kırıkkale Üniversitesi BAP Projesi).
2. Siyanobakter-Azolla simbiyontunun azot fiksasyonu ve biyolojik gübre üretiminde kullanma imkanlarının araştırılması. (2015/3 Kırıkkale Üniversitesi BAP Projesi).
3. Ayçiçeği tohumu rafinasyon yan ürününden lesitin eldesi. Bilim, Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı (1907.TGSD.2015).