BÖLÜM IV KİLLERİN FİZİKO-KİMYASAL ÖZELLİKLERİ İLE KIVAM
5.3 Killerin Mineraline Göre Kıvam Limitleri ile CEC ve SSA Arasındaki İlişkiler …61
Bu bölümde, kil mineral tipine göre, kıvam limitleri ile katyon değim kapasitesi ve özgül yüzey alanı arasındaki ilişkiler geliştirilmek üzere literatürden veriler toplanarak derlenmiş ve Ek C’de verilmiştir. Bu verilerin istatistik parameterler belirlenmiş daha sonrada ilişkiler araştırılmıştır.
Literatürden toplanıp derlenen analizlerde kaolinit kil minerali için 9 set CEC, illit kil minerali için 14 set CEC ve montmorillonit kil minerali için 29 set CEC verileri kullanılmıştır. Verilere ait istatistiksel parametreler belirlenmiş olup Çizelge 5.5’de verilmiştir. Kaolenit mineralinin CEC değeri 2-10, illit mineralinin CEC değeri 11-39, montmorillonit mineralinin CEC değeri 18-132 arasında değiştiği görülmektedir (Çizelge 5.5).
Çizelge 5.5. Kaolenit, İllite ve Monmorillonit verilerin istatistiksel parametre değerleri
Kaolenit İllit Montmorillonit
wL wP Ip CEC wL wP Ip CEC wL wP Ip CEC
Maksimum 75,50 44,10 40,00 9,85 86,00 35,80 51,00 39,43 519,00 72,50 484,00 132,30 Minimum 30,00 18,00 10,00 2,00 27,00 12,00 15,00 10,70 49,00 5,00 26,00 17,94 Aralık 45,50 26,10 30,00 7,85 59,00 23,80 36,00 28,73 470,00 67,50 458,00 114,36 Ortalama 56,23 31,73 24,50 4,96 58,24 22,92 35,39 22,37 204,82 40,71 164,10 74,56 Medyan 59,00 31,50 25,00 4,18 58,10 21,25 36,50 18,50 155,20 37,00 120,80 76,40 Standart sapma 14,75 7,47 11,11 2,63 14,24 7,22 10,64 10,00 141,03 15,06 137,04 31,47 Çarpıklık katsayısı -0,45 0,05 0,06 0,64 -0,01 0,33 -0,30 0,78 0,99 0,16 1,13 -0,06 Basıklık katsayısı -1,11 0,28 -1,97 -0,79 0,96 -0,57 -0,82 -0,87 -0,19 -0,05 0,05 -0,73
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Şekil 5.11, Şekil 5.12 ve Şekil 5.13’de kaolonit, illit ve montmorillonit kil mineralleri için sırasıyla likit limit, plastik limit ve plastisite indisinin CEC ile değişimi gösterilmiştir. Likit limit, plastik limit ve plastisite indisi ile CEC arasında CEC nin artması ile kıvam limitlerinde bir artış olduğu gözlenmekle birlikte, net bir denklem ilişkisi geliştirilememiştir. Likit limit ve plastisite indisi ile CEC değeri özellikle montmorillonit minerallarde çok geniş bir dağılım gösterirken kaolenit ve illit türü minerallerde ise dar bir aralıkta yığışım olduğu görülmüştür (Şekil 5.11 ve Şekil 5.13).
Şekil 5.11. Kil minerali tipine göre wL ile CEC’nin değişimi
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Şekil 5.13. Kil minerali tipine göre IP ile CEC’nin değişimi
Bununla birlikte, plastik limit ile CEC değeri her bir kil mineral türü için bir aralıkta yığışmakla birlikte, CEC’nin artması ile plastik limitin arttığını gösteren dar bir bant aralığı olduğu belirlenmiştir (Şekil 5.12).
Literatürden toplanıp derlenen analizlerde kaolinit kil minerali için 27 set SSA, illit kil minerali için 9 set SSA ve montmorillonit kil minerali için 16 set SSA verileri kullanılmıştır. Verilere ait istatistiksel parametreler belirlenmiş olup Çizelge 5.6’de verilmiştir. Kaolenit mineralinin SSA değeri 3-28, illit mineralinin SSA değeri 67-158, montmorillonit mineralinin SSA değeri 38-418 arasında değiştiği görülmektedir.
Çizelge 5.6. Kaolenit, İllite ve Monmorillonit verilerin istatistiksel parametre değerleri
Kaolenit İllit Montmorillonit
wL wP Ip SSA wL wP Ip SSA wL wP Ip SSA
Maksimum 70,00 44,00 40,00 28,00 68,00 35,80 43,00 158,00 465,00 68,20 417,00 418,00 Minimum 25,00 18,00 4,00 3,10 33,00 18,00 16,90 66,92 60,17 22,67 37,50 38,40 Aralık 45,00 26,00 36,00 24,90 35,00 17,80 26,10 91,08 404,83 45,53 379,50 379,60 Ortalama 48,12 30,76 17,36 18,06 52,14 24,78 28,26 101,32 220,89 43,35 177,54 152,06 Medyan 49,30 29,20 16,00 21,20 50,00 25,10 29,60 94,12 158,00 43,50 95,00 103,75 Standart sapma 10,44 5,83 8,41 7,05 10,89 5,23 8,84 28,98 148,16 14,86 146,31 110,05 Çarpıklık katsayısı -0,30 0,49 0,57 -0,42 -0,12 0,68 0,28 0,84 0,62 0,25 0,68 1,54 Basıklık katsayısı -0,24 0,67 0,36 -0,91 -0,79 0,88 -0,98 -0,18 -1,37 -1,19 -1,38 1,26
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Şekil 5.14, Şekil 5.15 ve Şekil 5.16’da ise kaolonit, illit ve montmorillonit kil mineralleri için sırasıyla likit limit, plastik limit ve plastisite indisinin SSA ile değişimi gösterilmiştir. Her bir kil mineral türü için likit limit, plastik limit ve plastisite indisi ile SSA değeri arasında dar bir bölgede yığıştığı görülmüştür. Bu yığışım özellikle plastik limit ile SAS arasında daha net olduğu gözlenmiştir (Şekil 5.15).
Şekil 5.14. Kil minerali tipine göre wL ile SSA’nin değişimi
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Şekil 5.16. Kil minerali tipine göre IP ile SSA’nin değişimi
Genel eğilim olarak beklendiği gibi SSA ve CEC arttıkça kıvam limitlerinin arttığı, bununla birlikte, artış kaolen < illit < montmorillonit sıralamasına göre olmuştur. Verilerden uygun bir ilişki çıkarılamamakla birlikte, kaolenit ve illit türü mineraller arasında ilişkinin daha bir dar aralıkta tanımlanabilmekle montmorillonit türü mineralde veriler arasında dağınıklığın oldukça geniş olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bu dağınıklık kıvam parametreleri ile SSA ve CEC’nin belirlenmesinde kullanılan yöntem farklılıklarında kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir.
66 BÖLÜM VI
SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER
Kilin minerali türünün, kilin davranışı üzerinde etkisi olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında, genel anlamda killerin fiziko-kimyasal, indeks ve mekanik özellikleri özetlenmiş ve kil mineralleri türüne göre literatürden toplanıp derlenen verilere göre kilin fiziko-kimyasal özellikleri ile kıvam limitleri arasındaki değişim analiz edilip irdelenmiş ve yapılan bu çalışma sonucunda aşağıdaki sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır.
İnce daneli zeminlerin özelliklede killerin davranışında fiziko-kimyasal özellikler olan kimyasal içerik ile katyon değişim kapasitesi ve özgül yüzey alanı önemli rol oynamaktadır.
Killerin kıvam parametreleri bilinmesi halinde yaklaşık mineral türü, fiziko-kimyasal özellikleri dolayısıyla davranışı hakkında tahminde bulunabilinir.
Geoteknik mühendisliği için yaygın kil mineralleri kabul edilen Kaolinit, İllit ve Montmorillonit kil mineralleri için, mineral tipi ile kimyasal içerik arasında veriler bir uyumluluk göstermiş olup derlenen verilerden elde edilen ortalama kimyasal içerik oranları teorik kil mineral oranları ile uyumlu olduğu gözlenmiştir.
Mineral tipine göre, kıvam limitleri, katyon değişim kapasitesi ve özgül yüzey alanı arasında genel bir eğilimin varlığı olmakla birlikte ortaya net bir denklem veya ilişki konulamamıştır.
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