Altuntaş Y, Batman A. Mikrobiyota ve metabolik sendrom. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars.
45(3);286–296, 2017.
Arı Z, Ulman C, Taneli F, İşbilen B, Uyanık BS, Aldırmaz H ve ark. Yağ İçerikli Diyet ile Beslenen Sıçanların Arka Bacak Kasında Dehidroepiandrosteron Sülfatın Oksidan Durum Belirteçleri ile Bakır ve Çinko Düzeylerine Etkisi. Turk J Biochem. 33 (1); 1–
8, 2008.
Atılgan S. Kefir Danesi Ve Kefir Starter Kültürü İle Üretilen Kefirlerin İn Vivo Olarak Probiyotik Potansiyellerinin Qpcr İle Belirlenmesi. S.D.U. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, s.25, Isparta, 2018.
Backhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(44);15718–15723, 2004.
Backhed F, Fraser CM, Ringel Y, Sanders ME, Sartor RB, Sherman PM et al. Defining a healthy human gut microbiome: current concepts, future directions, and clinical applications. Cell Host Microbe. 12(5);611–622, 2012.
Backhed F, Manchester JK, Semenkovich CF, Gordon JI. Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
104(3);979–984, 2007.
Backhed F, Roswall J, Peng Y, Feng Q, Jia H, KovatchevaDatchary P et al. Dynamics and stabilization of the human gut microbiome during the first year of life. Cell Host Microbe 17(5);690–703, 2015.
Bascuñán KA, Roncoroni L, Branchi F, Doneda L, Scricciolo A, Ferretti F et al. The 5 Ws of a gluten challenge for gluten-related disorders. Nutrition Reviews, 76(2):79–
87, 2018.
Bascuñán KA, Vespa MC, Araya M. Celiac disease: Understanding the gluten-free diet. Eur. J. Nutr. 56(2):449–459, 2017.
Bektaş A, Özel M. Gluten: Dost mu Düşman mı? Güncel Gastroenteroloji. 22(2);127-134, 2018.
Biesiekierski JR, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Is gluten a cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in people without celiac disease? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 13(6);631-8, 2013.
Boey D, Lin S, Enriquez RF, Lee NJ, Slack K, Couzens M et al. PYY transgenic mice are protected against diet-induced and genetic obesity. Neuropeptides, 42(1), 19–30, 2008.
Boon MR, van den Berg SA, Wang Y, van den Bossche J, Karkampouna S, Bauwens M, et al. BMP7 activates brown adipose tissue and reduces diet-induced obesity only at subthermoneutrality. PLoS One. 8(9);e74083, 2013.
Brown AJ, Goldsworthy SM, Barnes AA, Eilert MM, Tcheang L, Daniels D et al. The Orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids. J Biol Chem. 278(13):11312-9, 2003.
Canfora, EE, van der Beek CM, Jocken JWE, Goossens GH, Holst JJ, Olde Damink SWM et al. Colonic infusions of short-chain fatty acid mixtures promote energy metabolism in overweight/obese men: a randomized crossover trial. Sci. Rep.
7(1):2360, 2017.
Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Physiol Rev. 84(1);277-359, 2004.
Cheng J, Brar PS, Lee AR. Green PH.Body mass index in celiac disease: beneficial
effect of a gluten-free diet. J Clin Gastroenterol. 44(4):267-271, 2010.
Collado MC, Donat E, Ribes-Koninckx C, Calabuig M, Sanz Y. Specific duodenal and faecal bacterial groups associated with paediatric coeliac disease. J. Clin. Pathol.
62(3):264–269, 2009.
Conterno L, Fava F, Viola R, Tuohy KM. Obesity and the gut microbiota: does up-regulating colonic fermentation protect against obesity and metabolic disease? Genes Nutr. 6(3);241–260, 2011.
Corrêa TAF, Rogero MM, Hassimotto NMA, Lajolo FM. The Two-Way Polyphenols-Microbiota Interactions and Their Effects on Obesity and Related Metabolic Diseases.
Front Nutr. 6:188, 2019.
Damms-Machado A, Mitra S, Schollenberger AE, Kramer KM, Meile T, Königsrainer A et al. Effects of surgical and dietary weight loss therapy for obesity on gut microbiota composition and nutrient absorption. BioMed Res Int. 2015:1–12, 2015.
Dao MC, Klement C. Gut microbiota and obesity: Concepts relevant to clinical care.
Eur J Intern Med. 48:18-24, 2018.
De Angelis M, Vannini L, Di Cagno R, Cavallo N, Minervini F, Francavilla R et al.
Salivary and fecal microbiota and metabolome of celiac children under gluten-free diet. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 19(239):125–132, 2016.
De Graaf AA, Venema K. Gaining insight into microbial physiology in the large intestine: a special role for stable isotopes. Adv Microb Physiol 53:73–168, 2008.
De Palma G, Collins SM, Bercik P, Verdu EF. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in gastrointestinal disorders: Stressed bugs, stressed brain or both? The microbiota-gut-brain axis. J. Physiol. 592(14);2989–2997, 2014.
De Palma G, Nadal I, Collado MC, Sanz Y. Effects of a gluten-free diet on gut microbiota and immune function in healthy adult human subjects. Br. J. Nutr.
102(08);1154–1160, 2009.
De Vuyst L, Leroy F. Cross-feeding between bifidobacteria and butyrate-producing colon bacteria explains bifdobacterial competitiveness, butyrate production, and gas production. Int J Food Microbiol. 149(1);73-80, 2011.
Deng T, Shan S, Li PP, Shen ZF, Lu XP, Cheng J et al. Peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-gamma transcriptionally up-regulates hormone-sensitive lipase via the involvement of specificity protein-1. Endocrinology.
147(2);875-84, 2006.
Di Cagno R, De Angelis M, De Pasquale I, Ndagijimana M, Vernocchi P, Ricciuti P et al. Duodenal and faecal microbiota of celiac children: Molecular, phenotype and metabolome characterization. BMC Microbiol. 11(1):219, 2011.
Drago S, El Asmar R, Di Pierro M, Grazia Clemente M, Tripathi A, Sapone A et al.
Gliadin, zonulin and gut permeability: Effects on celiac and non-celiac intestinal mucosa and intestinal cell lines. Scand J Gastroenterol. 41(4);408-19, 2006.
El-Chammas K, Danner E. Gluten-free diet in nonceliac disease. Nutr. Clin. Pract.
26:294–299, 2011.
Flint HJ, Bayer EA, Rincon MT, Lamed R, White BA. Polysaccharide utilization by gut bacteria: potential for new insights from genomic analysis. Nat Rev Microbiol 6(2);121–131, 2008.
Freire RH, Fernandes LR, Silva RB, Coelho BSL, de Araújo LPT, Ribeiro LS et al.
Wheat gluten intake increases weight gain and adiposity associated with reduced thermogenesis and energy expenditure in an animal model of obesity. International Journal of Obesity, 40(3);479–486, 2015.
Gajardo K, Jaramillo-Torres A, Kortner TM, Merrifield DL, Tinsley J, Bakke AM et al. Alternative Protein Sources in the Diet Modulate Microbiota and Functionality in the Distal Intestine of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 83(5): e02615-16, 2017.
Galipeau HJ, McCarville JL, Huebener S, Litwin O, Meisel M, Jabri B, et al. Intestinal microbiota modulates gluten-induced immunopathology in humanized mice. Am J Pathol. 185(11);2969-82, 2015.
Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Noratto G, Remes-Troche JM. The effect of gluten-free diet on health and the gut microbiota cannot be extrapolated from one population to others.
Nutrients. 10(10):1421, 2018.
Golfetto L, de Senna FD, Hermes J, Beserra BTS, França F, França FDS et al. Lower bifidobacteria counts in adult patients with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet. Arq.
Gastroenterol. 51(2):139–143, 2014.
Gomes AC, Hoffmann C, Mota JF. The human gut microbiota: Metabolism and perspective in obesity. Gut Microbes, 9(4);308–325, 2018.
Guo, Y, Ma L, Enriori PJ, Koska J, Franks PW, Brookshire T et al. Physiological evidence for the involvement of peptide YY in the regulation of energy homeostasis in humans. Obesity 14(9):1562-70, 2006.
Halkman AK. Gıda Mikrobiyoloji Uygulamaları. Başak Matbaacılık ve Tanıtım Hizmetleri Ankara, 2005.
Hansen LBS, Roager HM, Søndertoft NB, Gøbel RJ, Kristensen M, Vallès-Colomer M et al. A low-gluten diet induces changes in the intestinal microbiome of healthy Danish adults. Nat Commun. 9(1):4630, 2018.
Hitchins AD, Feng P, Watkins WD, Rippey SR, Chandler LA. Escherichia coli and
the coliform bacteria. Food and drug administrations, p. 4.01–4.29, 8 th Edition.
Washington, DC: AOAC International, 2000.
Haupt-Jorgensen M, Buschard K, Hansen AK, Josefsen K, Antvorskov JC. Gluten-free diet increases beta-cell volume and improves glucose tolerance in an animal model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev . 32(7):675-684, 2016.
Hoppe C, Gøbel R, Kristensen M, et al. Intake and sources of gluten in 20-to 75-year-old Danish adults: a national dietary survey. Eur. J. Nutr. 56(1); 107-117, 2015.
Hotamisligil GS, Budavari A, Murray D, Spiegelman BM. Reduced tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor in obesity-diabetes. Central role of tumor necrosis factoralpha. J Clin Invest. 94(4);1543-1549, 1994.
Huang XZ, Zhu LB, Li ZR, & Lin J. Bacterial colonization and intestinal mucosal barrier development. World J. Clin. Pediatr. 2(4):46–53, 2013.
Ijaz MU, Ahmed MI, Zou X, Hussain M, Zhang M, Zhao F, et al. Beef, Casein, and Soy Proteins Differentially Affect Lipid Metabolism, Triglycerides Accumulation and Gut Microbiota of High-Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6J Mice. Front Microbiol. 9:2200, 2018.
Jumpertz R, Le DS, Turnbaugh PJ, Trinidad C, Bogardus C, Gordon JI et al. Energy-balance studies reveal associations between gut microbes, caloric load, and nutrient absorption in humans J Am J Clin Nutr. 94(1):58-65, 2011.
Kar SK, Jansman AJM, Benis N, RamiroGarcia J, Schokker D, Kruijt L et al. Dietary protein sources differentially affect microbiota, mTOR activity and transcription of mTOR signaling pathways in the small intestine. PLoS ONE 12(11);e0188282, 2017.
Kim H, Demyen MF, Mathew J, Kothari N, Feurdean M, Ahlawat SK. Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cardiovascular Risk in Gluten-Free Followers Without Celiac Disease in the United States: Results from the National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey 2009–2014. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 62(9);2440–2448, 2017.
Kimura I, Ozawa K, Inoue D, Imamura T, Kimura K, Maeda T et al. The gut microbiota suppresses insulin-mediated fat accumulation via the short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR43. Nat Commun. 4:1829, 2013.
Kong L, Tap J, Aron-Wisnewsky J, Pelloux V, Basdevant A, Bouillot J et al. Gut microbiota after gastric bypass in human obesity: increased richness and associations of bacterial genera with adipose tissue genes. Am J Clin Nutr. 98(1);16–24, 2013.
Kopecky J, Clarke G, Enerbäck S, Spiegelman B, Kozak LP. Expression of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein gene from the aP2 gene promoter prevents genetic obesity. J Clin Invest. 96(6);2914-2923, 1995.
Kucek LK, Veenstra LD, Amnuaycheewa P, et al. A grounded guide to gluten: how modern genotypes and processing impact wheat sensitivity. Compr. Rev. Food Sci.
Food Saf. 14:285–302, 2015.
Le Chatelier E, Nielsen T, Qin J, Prifti E, Hildebrand F, Falony G, et al. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature. 500(7464);541-6, 2013.
Lee JY, Hashizaki H, Goto T, Sakamoto T, Takahashi N, Kawada T. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α enhances fatty acid oxidation in human adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 407(4);818-822, 2011.
Ley RE, Backhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone CA, Knight RD, Gordon JI. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 102(31);11070–11075, 2005.
Liang TT, Tong LT, Geng DH, Wang LL, Zhou XR, Pu HY, Jia W, Wu QP, Huang JR. Wheat Gluten Regulates Cholesterol Metabolism by Modulating Gut Microbiota
in Hamsters with Hyperlipidemia. J Oleo Sci. 68(9);909-922, 2019.
Maeda N, Takahashi M, Funahashi T, Kihara S, Nishizawa H, Kishida K et al.
PPARgamma ligands increase expression and plasma concentrations of adiponectin, an adipose-derived protein. Diabetes. 50(9):2094-9, 2001.
Mancabelli L, Milani C, Lugli GA, Turroni F, Mangifesta M, Viappiani A et al.
Unveiling the gut microbiota composition and functionality associated with constipation through metagenomic analyses. ISME J. 11(12): 2834–2847, 2017.
Marasco G, Di Biase AR, Schiumerini R, Eusebi LH, Iughetti L, Ravaioli F et al. Gut Microbiota and Celiac Disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 61(6):1461-72, 2016.
McAllan L, Skuse P, Cotter PD, O'Connor P, Cryan JF, Ross RP et al. Protein quality and the protein to carbohydrate ratio within a high fat diet influences energy balance and the gut microbiota in C57BL/6J mice. PLoS One. 10;9(2):e88904, 2014.
Menta PLR, Andrade MER, Leocádio PCL, Fraga JR, Dias MTS, Cara DC et al.
Wheat gluten intake increases the severity of experimental colitis and bacterial translocation by weakening of the proteins of the junctional complex. Br J Nutr. 121(4):361-373, 2019.
Milani C, Duranti S, Bottacini F, Casey E, Turroni F, Mahony J et al. The first microbial colonizers of the human gut: composition, activities, and health implications of the infant gut microbiota. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 81(4):e00036-17, 2017.
Miranda VPN, Dos Santos Amorim PR, Bastos RR, de Faria ER, de Castro Moreira ME, do Carmo Castro Franceschini S et al. Abundance of Gut Microbiota, Concentration of Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and Inflammatory Markers Associated with Elevated Body Fat, Overweight, and Obesity in Female Adolescents. Mediators Inflamm. 2019:7346863, 2019.
Nadal I, Donat E, Donant E, Ribes-Koninckx C, Calabuig M, Sanz Y. Imbalance in the composition of the duodenal microbiota of children with coeliac disease. J. Med.
Microbiol. 56(Pt 12):1669–1674, 2007.
Nistal E, Caminero A, Herrán AR, Arias L, Vivas S, Ruiz De Morales J.M et al.
Differences of small intestinal bacteria populations in adults and children with/without celiac disease: Effect of age, gluten diet, and disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 18(4):649-56, 2012.
Olivares M, Rodriguez J, Pötgens SA, Neyrinck AM, Cani PD, Bindels LB, Delzenne NM. The Janus Face of Cereals: Wheat‐Derived Prebiotics Counteract the Detrimental Effect of Gluten on Metabolic Homeostasis in Mice Fed a High Fat/High Sucrose Diet.
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 63(24): 1900632, 2019.
Ottman N, Smidt H, de Vos WM, Belzer, C. The function of our microbiota: who is out there and what do they do? Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2:104, 2012.
Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, Walsh K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 11(2):85-97, 2011.
Palmer C, Bik EM, DiGiulio DB, Relman DA, Brown PO. Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota. PLoS Biol. 5(7);e177, 2007.
Pingitore A, Chambers ES, Hill T, Maldonado IR, Liu B, Bewick G et al. The diet-derived short chain fatty acid propionate improves beta-cell function in humans and stimulates insulin secretion from human islets in vitro. Diabetes Obes Metab. 19(2), 257–265, 2016.
Ridaura VK, Faith JJ, Rey FE, Cheng J, Duncan AE, Kau AL et al. Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice. Science.
341(6150);1241214, 2013.
Roberts LD, Boström P, O'Sullivan JF, Schinzel RT, Lewis GD, Dejam A et al. β-Aminoisobutyric acid induces browning of white fat and hepatic β-oxidation and is inversely correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors. Cell. Metab. 19(1): 96–108, 2014.
Ruth MR, Field CJ. The immune modifying effects of amino acids on gut-associated lymphoid tissue. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 4(1);27, 2013.
Rune I, Rolin B, Larsen C, Nielsen DS, Kanter JE, Bornfeldt KE, Lykkesfeldt J et al.
Modulating the Gut Microbiota Improves Glucose Tolerance, Lipoprotein Profile and Atherosclerotic Plaque Development in ApoE-Deficient Mice. PLoS One . 11(1):e0146439, 2016.
Sanz Y. Effects of a gluten-free diet on gut microbiota and immune function in healthy adult humans. Gut Microbes. 1(3);135-7, 2010.
Sanz Y, Olivares M, Moya-Pérez Á, Agostoni C. Understanding the role of gut microbiome in metabolic disease risk. Pediatr. Res. 77(1-2), 236–44, 2015.
Schippa S, Lebba V, Barbato M, Di Nardo G, Totino V, Checchi MP et al. A distinctive
“microbial signature” in celiac pediatric patients. BMC Microbiol. 10:175, 2010.
Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R, Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS Biol. 14(8):e1002533, 2016.
Shewry PR, Lookhart GL. Wheat gluten protein analysis. p. 1-17, Amer Assn of Cereal Chemists: St Paul, Minnesota, USA, 2003.
Shewry PR. Wheat. J. Exp. Bot. 60(6): 1537–53, 2009.
Soares FL, de Oliveira Matoso R, Teixeira LG, Menezes Z, Pereira SS, Alves AC et
al. Gluten-free diet reduces adiposity, inflammation and insulin resistance associated with the induction of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma expression. J Nutr Biochem.
24(6):1105-11, 2013.
Spor A, Koren O, Ley R. Unravelling the effects of the environment and host genotype on the gut microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol 9(4):279–290, 2011.
Stappenbeck TS, Hooper LV, Gordon JI. Developmental regulation of intestinal angiogenesis by indigenous microbes via Paneth cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
99(24):15451–15455, 2002.
Swiątecka D, Złotkowska D, Markiewicz LH, Szyc AM, Wróblewska B. Impact of whey proteins on the systemic and local intestinal level of mice with diet induced obesity. Food Funct. 19;8(4);1708-1717, 2017.
Te Morenga L, Mallard S, Mann J. Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ, 346(jan15 3), e7492–e7492, 2012.
Tjellström B, Högberg L, Stenhammar L, Fälth-Magnusson K, Magnusson KE, Norin E et al. Faecal short-chain fatty acid pattern in childhood coeliac disease is normalised after more than one year’s gluten-free diet. Microb Ecol Heal Dis. 24:
10.3402/mehd.v24i0.20905, 2013.
Troncone R, Caputo N, Zibella A, Molitierno G, Maiuri L, Auricchio S. Effects of gluten enriched diet on the small intestinal mucosa of normal mice and mice with graft versus host reaction. Gut. 35(6);779-82, 1994.
Tunail N, Özkaya FD, Gürsel A, Tamuçay B. Starter Bakterilerin Oluşturdukları Biyojen Aminlerin Saptanması ve Salamura Beyaz Peynirdeki Biyojen Amine Bağlı Risk Faktörünün Belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Araştırma Fonu, Proje No: 96–11–
12–04, Ankara, 2001.
Turnbaugh PJ, Ridaura VK, Faith JJ, Rey FE, Knight R, Gordon JI. The effect of diet on the human gut microbiome: a metagenomic analysis in humanized gnotobiotic mice. Sci Transl Med. 11;1(6):6ra14, 2009.
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM), 2001,
http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~ebam/bam-toc.html
U.S. Department Of Agrıculture (USDA). Vital wheat gluten, 2019, https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168147/nutrients
Yılmaz K, Altındiş M. Sindirim sistemi mikrobiyotası ve fekal transplantasyon. Nobel Med. 13(1); 9-15, 2017.
Yan J, Charles JF. Gut Microbiota and IGF-1. Calcified Tissue International, 102(4):406–414, 2018.
Zhang H, DiBaise JK, Zuccolo A, Kudrna D, Braidotti M, Yu Y et al. Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass. PNAS. 106(7):2365–70, 2009.
Zhang L, Andersen D, Roager HM, Bahl MI, Hansen CHF, Danneskiold-Samsøe NB et al. Effects of Gliadin consumption on the Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolic Homeostasis in Mice Fed a High-fat Diet. Sci Rep. 7(1):44613, 2017.
Zhao F, Song S, Xu X, Zhou G, Li C. A short-term feeding of dietary casein increases abundance of Lactococcus Lactis and upregulates gene expression involving obesity prevention in cecum of young rats compared with dietary chicken protein. Front.
Microbiol. 10:2411, 2019.
Zong G, Lebwohl B, Hu FB, Sampson L, Dougherty LW, Willett WC et al. Gluten intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in three large prospective cohort studies of US men and women. Diabetologia. 61(10):2164-2173, 2018.
Wacklin P, Laurikka P, Lindfors K, Collin P, Salmi T, Lähdeaho ML et al. Altered duodenal microbiota composition in celiac disease patients suffering from persistent symptoms on a long-term gluten-free diet. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 109(12): 1933–1941, 2014.
Walters WA, Xu Z, Knight, R. Meta-analyses of human gut microbes associated with obesity and IBD. FEBS Lett. 588(22): 4223–4233, 2014.
Wieser H. Chemistry of gluten proteins. Food Microbiol. 24(2): 115–119, 2007.