26
27
school. We find statistically insignificant but meaningful evidence: Displaced girls are more likely to become child brides, marry at a younger age, and their families are less likely to take the girls’ consent in their first marriage.
28
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32
APPENDIX
Figure 2: Migration for security reasons from NUTS1 regions between 1984-99
Figure 3: Place of migration for security reasons between 1984-99 from East and Southeast Anatolia
33
Table 10: Effect of forced migration on labor market outcomes
TURKEY EAST
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
VARIABLES In Labor
Force
Currently Employed
Ever Worked
In Labor Force
Currently Employed
Ever Worked Panel A. Reason: Security only
All
Forced migrant -0.036* -0.050*** 0.013 -0.036 -0.059*** 0.042 (0.021) (0.019) (0.024) (0.027) (0.021) (0.025)
Migration Age < 12
Forced migrant -0.018 -0.029 0.004 -0.018 -0.041 0.031
(0.026) (0.024) (0.028) (0.039) (0.030) (0.032)
Migration Age < 15
Forced migrant -0.020 -0.032 0.017 -0.018 -0.040 0.049*
(0.026) (0.021) (0.025) (0.037) (0.024) (0.024)
Migration Age < 18
Forced migrant -0.020 -0.038* 0.023 -0.017 -0.048** 0.056*
(0.025) (0.020) (0.027) (0.035) (0.023) (0.028)
Migration Age < 30
Forced migrant -0.036* -0.051*** 0.014 -0.036 -0.061*** 0.043*
(0.020) (0.019) (0.024) (0.026) (0.021) (0.024) Panel B. Reason: Any (except marriage)
All
Forced migrant -0.022* -0.040*** -0.013 -0.002 -0.027 0.011 (0.013) (0.014) (0.017) (0.014) (0.016) (0.018)
Migration Age < 12
Forced migrant -0.021 -0.030 0.012 -0.021 -0.042 0.041
(0.026) (0.023) (0.029) (0.038) (0.029) (0.033)
Migration Age < 15
Forced migrant 0.013 -0.006 0.020 0.035 0.006 0.053*
(0.021) (0.019) (0.026) (0.026) (0.022) (0.030)
Migration Age < 18
Forced migrant 0.016 -0.007 0.017 0.040 0.007 0.047*
(0.024) (0.019) (0.024) (0.029) (0.021) (0.025)
Migration Age < 30
Forced migrant -0.014 -0.034** -0.008 0.007 -0.020 0.017 (0.013) (0.015) (0.018) (0.015) (0.017) (0.019)
Mean of outcome 0.379 0.299 0.549 0.257 0.192 0.392
Observations 21,982 21,980 21,980 6,716 6,716 6,716
Controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Current Region FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Child. Place FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Child. Province FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
DHS FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
34 Table 11: Variable definitions
VARIABLES DEFINITION
Age The respondent's current age at the time of the survey
Kurdish A dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the respondent's mother tongue is Kurdish; 0, otherwise
Village (Childhood)
A dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the respondent's childhood place is a village/subdistrict;
0, otherwise Mother - School Attendance
A dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the respondent's mother has ever attended a school; 0, otherwise
Mother - Primary School
A dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the respondent's mother completed at least primary school; 0, otherwise
Mother - Secondary School
A dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the respondent's mother completed at least secondary school; 0, otherwise
Father - Primary School
A dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the respondent's father completed at least primary school; 0, otherwise
Father - Secondary School
A dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the respondent's father completed at least secondary school; 0, otherwise
Years of Schooling Total years of schooling the respondent has received
Literacy
A dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the respondent has ever attended school (a proxy for being literate)
Primary School
A dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the respondent has completed at least primary school; 0, otherwise
Secondary School
A dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the respondent has completed at least secondary school;
0, otherwise High School
A dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the respondent has completed at least high school; 0, otherwise
Higher Education
A dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the respondent has completed at least university; 0, otherwise