Em conclusão, este estudo demonstrou, em uma grande coorte de pacientes graves em ventilação mecânica, que a sedação o propofol foi associada a menor incidência de desfechos renais adversos renais, inclusive graves, como, necessidade de TRS. Isso reforça o uso do propofol como um dos agentes sedativos de primeira escolha em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica e fornece provas para realizar ensaios clínicos randomizados utilizando propofol como um agente promissor e clinicamente disponível, não só no cenário do paciente crítico, mas também em outras condições clínicas associadas com alto risco de desenvolver LRA.
36
REFERÊNCIAS
ABE, J.-I. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, SMAD signaling and Id helix-loop- helix proteins in the vasculature: the continuous mystery of BMPs pleotropic effects. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., v. 41, n. 1, p. 4-7 , July 2006.
ARABI, Y.; HADDAD, S.; HAWES, R.; MOORE, T.; PILLAY, M.; NAIDU, B.; ISSA, A.; YENI, B.; GRANT, C.; ALSHIMEMERI, A. Changing sedation practices in the intensive
care unit--protocol implementation, multifaceted multidisciplinary approach and teamwork. Middle East J. Anaesthesiol., v. 19, n. 2, p. 429-447, June 2007.
ARIAS-RIVERA, S.; SÁNCHEZ-SÁNCHEZ, M. DEL M.; SANTOS-DÍAZ, R.; GALLAR- DO-MURILLO, J.; SÁNCHEZ-IZQUIERDO, R.; FRUTOS-VIVAR, F.; FERGUSON, N. D.; ESTEBAN, A. Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on weaning outcome. Crit. Care Med., v. 36, n. 7, p. 2054-2060, July 2008.
BAGSHAW, S. M.; GEORGE, C.; BELLOMO, R. A comparison of the RIFLE and AKIN criteria for acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., v. 23, n. 5, p. 1569-1574 , May 2008.
BARASH, P. G. Clinical anesthesia. [S.l.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009.
BARR, J.; FRASER, G. L.; PUNTILLO, K.; ELY, E. W.; GÉLINAS, C.; DASTA, J. F.; DAVIDSON, J. E.; DEVLIN, J. W.; KRESS, J. P.; JOFFE, A. M.; COURSIN, D. B.; HERR, D. L.; TUNG, A.; ROBINSON, B. R.; FONTAINE, D. K.; RAMSAY, M. A.; RIKER, R. R.; SESSLER, C. N.; PUN, B.; SKROBIK, Y.; JAESCHKE, R. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit. Care Med., v. 41, n. 1, p. 263-306, Jan. 2013.
BARRANTES, F.; TIAN, J.; VAZQUEZ, R.; AMOATENG-ADJEPONG, Y.; MANTHOUS, C. A. Acute kidney injury criteria predict outcomes of critically ill patients. Crit. Care Med., v. 36, n. 5, p. 1397-1403, May 2008.
CARSON, S. S.; KRESS, J. P.; RODGERS, J. E.; VINAYAK, A.; CAMPBELL-BRIGHT, S.; LEVITT, J.; BOURDET, S.; IVANOVA, A.; HENDERSON, A. G.; POHLMAN, A.; CHANG, L.; RICH, P. B.; HALL, J. A randomized trial of intermittent lorazepam versus
propofol with daily interruption in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit. Care Med., v. 34, n. 5, p. 1326-1332, May 2006.
DOS SANTOS, C. B.; PORTELLA, A. A. V. Estrutura Química.
ELY, E. W.; SHINTANI, A.; TRUMAN, B.; SPEROFF, T.; GORDON, S. M.; HARRELL JR, F. E.; INOUYE, S. K.; BERNARD, G. R.; DITTUS, R. S. Delirium as a predictor of mor- tality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA, v. 291, n. 14, p. 1753-1762, Apr. 2004.
FLOEGE, J.; JOHNSON, R. J.; FEEHALLY, J. Comprehensive clinical nephrology. [S.l.]: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2010.
GIRARD, T. D.; KRESS, J. P.; FUCHS, B. D.; THOMASON, J. W.; SCHWEICKERT, W. D.; PUN, B. T.; TAICHMAN, D. B.; DUNN, J. G.; POHLMAN, A. S.; KINNIRY, P. A.; JACKSON, J. C.; CANONICO, A. E.; LIGHT, R. W.; SHINTANI, A. K.; THOMPSON, J. L.; GORDON, S. M.; HALL, J. B.; DITTUS, R. S.; BERNARD, G. R.; ELY, E. W. Efficacy
and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised con- trolled trial. Lancet, v. 371, n. 9607, p. 126-134, Jan. 2008.
GOODMAN, L. S. Goodman and Gilman's: the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.
GREEN, T. R.; BENNETT, S. R.; NELSON, V. M. Specificity and properties of propofol as an antioxidant free radical scavenger. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., v. 129, n. 1, p. 163-169, Nov. 1994.
GREENBLATT, D. J.; HARMATZ, J. S.; SHADER, R. I. Clinical pharmacokinetics of anxi- olytics and hypnotics in the elderly. Therapeutic considerations (Part II). Clin. Pharmacoki- net., v. 21, n. 4, p. 262-273, Oct. 1991.
HO, K. M.; NG, J. Y. The use of propofol for medium and long-term sedation in critically ill adult patients: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med., v. 34, n. 11, p. 1969-1979, Nov. 2008. HOSTE, E. A. J.; CLERMONT, G.; KERSTEN, A.; R VENKATARAMAN; ANGUS , D. C.; DE BACQUER, D.; KELLUM, J. A. RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury are associated with hospital mortality in critically ill patients: a cohort analysis. Crit. Care, v. 10, n. 3, p. R73, 2006.
HSING, C.-H.; CHOU, W.; WANG, J. J.; CHEN, H. W.; YEH, C. H. Propofol increases bone morphogenetic protein-7 and decreases oxidative stress in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., v. 26, n. 4, p. 1162-1172, 2011.
JACOBI, J.; FRASER, G. L.; COURSIN, D. B.; RIKER, R. R.; FONTAINE, D.; WITT- BRODT, E. T.; CHALFIN, D. B.; MASICA, M. F.; BJERKE, H. S.; COPLIN, W. M.; CRIP- PEN, D. W.; FUCHS, B. D.; KELLEHER, R. M.; MARIK, P. E.; NASRAWAY JR, S. A.; MURRAY, M. J.; PERUZZI, W. T.; LUMB, P. D. Clinical practice guidelines for the sus- tained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. Crit. Care Med., v. 30, n. 1, p. 119-141, Jan. 2002.
KINSEY, G. R.; OKUSA, M. D. Pathogenesis of acute kidney injury: foundation for clinical practice. Am. J. Kidney Dis., v. 58, n. 2, p. 291-301, Aug. 2011.
KOLLEF, M. H.; LEVY, N. T.; AHRENS, T. S.; SCHAIFF, R.; PRENTICE, D.; SHER- MAN, G. The use of continuous i.v. sedation is associated with prolongation of mechanical
ventilation. Chest, v. 114, n. 2, p. 541-548, Aug. 1998.
LEITE, T. T.; MACEDO, E.; PEREIRA, S. M.; BANDEIRA, S. R.; PONTES, P. H.; GARCIA, A. S.; MILITÃO, F. R.; MELO SOBRINHO, I. M.; ASSUNÇÃO, L. M.; LI- BÓRIO, A. B. Timing of renal replacement therapy initiation by AKIN classification system.
38
LEVIN, A.; STEVENS, P. E. Summary of KDIGO 2012 CKD Guideline: behind the scenes, need for guidance, and a framework for moving forward. Kidney Int., v. 85, n. 1, p. 49-61, 2014.
LONARDO, N. W.; MONE, M. C.; NIRULA, R.; KIMBALL, E. J.; LUDWIG, K.; ZHOU, X.; SAUER, B. C.; NECHODOM, K.; TENG, C.; BARTON, R. G. Propofol Is Associated with Favorable Outcomes Compared with Benzodiazepines in Ventilated Intensive Care Unit Patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., v. 189, n. 11, p. 1383-1394, 2014.
LOPES, R. D.; HARRINGTON, R. A. Compreendendo a pesquisa clínica. [S.l.]: McGraw Hill Brasil, 2015.
MACEDO, E.; MALHOTRA, R.; CLAURE-DEL GRANADO, R.; FEDULLO, P.; MEHTA, R. L. Defining urine output criterion for acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Nephrol.
Dial. Transplant., v. 26, n. 2, p. 509-515, Feb. 2011.
MARTIN, J.; FRANCK, M.; SIGEL, S.; WEISS, M.; SPIES, C. Changes in sedation man-
agement in German intensive care units between 2002 and 2006: a national follow-up survey. Crit. Care, v. 11, n. 6, p. R124, 2007.
MURPHY, P. G.; MYERS, D. S.; DAVIES, M. J.; WEBSTER, N. R.; JONES, J. G. The an-
tioxidant potential of propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol). Br. J. Anaesth., v. 68, n. 6, p. 613- 618, June 1992.
MURUGAN, R.; KELLUM, J. A. Acute kidney injury: what's the prognosis? Nat. Rev. Nephrol., v. 7, n. 4, p. 209-217, Apr. 2011.
PAYEN, J.-F.; CHANQUES, G.; MANTZ, J.; HERCULE, C.; AURIANT, I.; LEGUILLOU, J. L.; BINHAS, M.; GENTY, C.; ROLLAND, C.; BOSSON, J. L. Current practices in seda- tion and analgesia for mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a prospective multicenter patient-based study. Anesthesiology, v. 106, n. 4, p. 687-95; quiz 891-892, Apr. 2007.
REWA, O.; BAGSHAW, S. M. Acute kidney injury-epidemiology, outcomes and economics. Nature Rev. Nephrol., v. 10, n. 4, p. 193-207, Apr. 2014.
RODRÍGUEZ-LÓPEZ, J. M.; SÁNCHEZ-CONDE, P.; LOZANO, F. S.; NICOLÁS, J. L.; GARCÍA-CRIADO, F. J.; CASCAJO, C.; MURIEL, C. Laboratory investigation: effects of propofol on the systemic inflammatory response during aortic surgery. Can. J. Anaesth., v. 53, n. 7, p. 701-710, July 2006.
SAEED, M.; VILLARROEL, M.; REISNER, A. T.; CLIFFORD, G.; LEHMAN, L. W.; MOODY, G.; HELDT, T.; KYAW, T. H.; MOODY, B.; MARK, R. G. Multiparameter Intel-
ligent Monitoring in Intensive Care II (MIMIC-II): a public-access intensive care unit data- base. Crit. Care Med., v. 39, n. 5, p. 952, 2011.
SARICAOĞLU, F.; AKINCI, S. B.; OÇ, B.; KANBAK, M.; AKBULUT, B.; CELEBI- OGLU, B. The effect of halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane and propofol infusion on renal function after coronary artery bypass surgery. Middle East J. Anaesthesiol., v. 18, n. 5, p. 955-964 , June 2006.
SINGBARTL, K.; KELLUM, J. A. AKI in the ICU: definition, epidemiology, risk stratifica- tion, and outcomes. Kidney Int., v. 81, n. 9, p. 819-825, May 2012.
SONG, J-C.; ZHANG, M. Z.; WU, Q. C.; LU, Z. J.; SUN, Y. M.; YANG, L. Q.; YU, W. F. Sevoflurane has no adverse effects on renal function in cirrhotic patients: a comparison with propofol. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand., v. 57, n. 7, p. 896-902, Aug. 2013.
SONG, X.-M.; WANG, Y. L.; LI, J. G.; WANG, C. Y.; ZHOU, Q.; ZHANG, Z. Z.; LIANG, H. Effects of propofol on pro-inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor kappaB during polymicrobial sepsis in rats. Mol. Biol. Rep., v. 36, n. 8, p. 2345-2351, Nov. 2009.
STORY, D. A.; POUSTIE, S.; LIU, G.; MCNICOL, P. L. Changes in plasma creatinine con- centration after cardiac anesthesia with isoflurane, propofol, or sevoflurane: a randomized clinical trial. Anesthesiology, v. 95, n. 4, p. 842-848, Oct. 2001.
SUSANTITAPHONG, P. et al. World incidence of AKI: a meta-analysis. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., v. 8, n. 9, p. 1482-1493, Sept. 2013.
TAAL, M. W.; CHERTOW, G. M.; MARSDEN, P. A.; SKORECKI, K.; ALAN, S. L.; BRENNER, B. M. Brenner and Rector's the kidney. [S.l.]: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2011. THUMMEL, K. E.; O'SHEA, D.; PAINE, M. F.; SHEN, D. D.; KUNZE, K. L.; PERKINS, J. D.; WILKINSON, G. R. Oral first-pass elimination of midazolam involves both gastrointesti- nal and hepatic CYP3A-mediated metabolism. Clin. Pharmacol. Therap., v. 59, n. 5, p. 491- 502, May 1996.
TREGGIARI, M. M.; ROMAND, J. A.; YANEZ, N. D.; DEEM, S. A.; GOLDBERG, J.; HUDSON, L.; HEIDEGGER, C. P.; WEISS, N. S. Randomized trial of light versus deep se- dation on mental health after critical illness. Crit. Care Med., v. 37, n. 9, p. 2527-2534, Sept. 2009.
TSAO, C.-M.; WU, C. C.; WANG, J. J.; WONG, C. S.; TSAI, S. K.; HO, S. T. Intravenous anesthetics in sepsis. Acta Anaesthesiol. Taiwan, v. 43, n. 3, p. 153-163, Sept. 2005.
YANG, S.; CHOU, W.-P.; PEI, L. Effects of propofol on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Exp. Ther. Med., v. 6, n. 5, p. 1177-1183, Nov. 2013.
YOO, Y.-C.; SHIM, J. K.; SONG, Y.; YANG, S. Y.; KWAK, Y. L. Anesthetics influence the incidence of acute kidney injury following valvular heart surgery. Kidney Int., v. 86, n. 2, p. 414-422, Aug. 2014.
YOUNG, C C; PRIELIPP, R C. Benzodiazepines in the intensive care unit. Critical care clin- ics, United States, v. 17, n. 4,843-62 , Out 2001.