12- Lâmina dorsal do mesetmóide (ic – 0,125)
0- mais larga que a porção ventral do osso
Aphyocharax anisitsi, Aphyocharax pusillus, Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax jacobinae, Astyanax mexicanus, Brycon cf pesu, Bryconamericus exodon, Bryconella pallidifrons, Bryconexodon juruenae, Bryconops melanurus, Chalceus spilogyros, Cheirodon interruptus, Deuterodon iguape, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Hasemania crenuchoides, Hasemania sp n., Hemigrammus analis, Hemigrammus barrigonae, Hemigrammus bellottii, Hemigrammus brevis, Hemigrammus coeruleus, Hemigrammus cylindricus, Hemigrammus gracilis, Hemigrammus haraldi, Hemigrammus hyanuary, Hemigrammus levis, Hemigrammus lunatus, Hemigrammus marginatus, Hemigrammus newboldi, Hemigrammus ocellifer, Hemigrammus orthus, Hemigrammus parana, Hemigrammus pretoensis, Hemigrammus pulcher, Hemigrammus rodwayi, Hemigrammus schmardae, Hemigrammus silimoni, Hemigrammus skolioplatus, Hemigrammus stictus, Hemigrammus taphorni, Hemigrammus tridens, Hemigrammus ulreyi, Hemigrammus unilineatus, Hemigrammus vorderwikleri, Hemigrammus yinyang, Hemigrammus sp n., Hollandichthys aff. multifasciatus, Hyphessobrycon bentosi, Hyphessobrycon compressus, Hyphessobrycon diancistrus, Hyphessobrycon epicharis, Hyphessobrycon eques, Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma, Hyphessobrycon micropterus, Hyphessobrycon takasei, Jupiaba polylepis, Moenkhausia bonita, Moenkhausia hemigrammoides, Moenkhausia intermedia, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, Moenkhausia xinguensis, Oligosarcus pintoi, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Parapristella georgiae, Phenacogaster franciscoensis, Piabina argentea, Poptella paraguayensis, Psellogrammus kennedyi, Pristella maxillaris, Rhinopetitia myersi, Roeboides bonariensis, Salminus hilarii, Serrapinnus heterodon, Serrapinnus notomelas, Serrasalmus maculatus, Tetragonopterus argenteus, Thayeria obliqua
1- tão larga quanto a porção ventral do osso
Coptobrycon bilineatus, Grundulus cochae, Hasemania melanura, Hemigrammus arua, Hemigrammus bleheri, Hemigrammus boesemani, Hemigrammus mimus, Hemigrammus rhodostomus, Hyphessobrycon coelestinus, Hyphessobrycon eilyos, Hyphessobrycon megalopterus, Iguanodectes spilurus, Lignobrycon myersi, Microschemobrycon sp, Petitella georgiae, Triportheus nematurus
9- Indeterminado
Brycinus longipinnis, Stethaprion erythrops
13- Porção ventral do mesetmóide, abaixo da lâmina dorsal (ic – 0,143)
0- sem estreitamento na região médio-anterior
Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax jacobinae, Astyanax mexicanus, Brycon cf pesu, Bryconella pallidifrons, Bryconexodon juruenae, Bryconops melanurus, Chalceus spilogyros, Deuterodon iguape, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Hasemania crenuchoides, Hasemania sp n., Hemigrammus analis, Hemigrammus arua, Hemigrammus barrigonae, Hemigrammus bellottii, Hemigrammus bleheri, Hemigrammus boesemani, Hemigrammus brevis, Hemigrammus coeruleus, Hemigrammus cylindricus, Hemigrammus gracilis, Hemigrammus hyanuary, Hemigrammus levis, Hemigrammus lunatus, Hemigrammus marginatus, Hemigrammus mimus, Hemigrammus newboldi, Hemigrammus ocellifer, Hemigrammus orthus, Hemigrammus parana, Hemigrammus pretoensis, Hemigrammus pulcher, Hemigrammus rodwayi, Hemigrammus schmardae, Hemigrammus silimoni, Hemigrammus skolioplatus, Hemigrammus stictus, Hemigrammus taphorni, Hemigrammus tridens, Hemigrammus ulreyi, Hemigrammus unilineatus,
Hemigrammus yinyang, Hemigrammus sp n., Hollandichthys aff. multifasciatus, Hyphessobrycon bentosi, Hyphessobrycon coelestinus, Hyphessobrycon compressus, Hyphessobrycon diancistrus, Hyphessobrycon eilyos, Hyphessobrycon epicharis, Hyphessobrycon eques, Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma, Hyphessobrycon megalopterus, Hyphessobrycon micropterus, Hyphessobrycon takasei, Iguanodectes spilurus, Jupiaba polylepis, Lignobrycon myersi, Moenkhausia bonita, Moenkhausia hemigrammoides, Moenkhausia intermedia, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, Moenkhausia xinguensis, Oligosarcus pintoi, Parapristella georgiae, Phenacogaster franciscoensis, Piabina argentea, Poptella paraguayensis, Psellogrammus kennedyi, Pristella maxillaris, Roeboides bonariensis, Salminus hilarii, Serrasalmus maculatus, Stethaprion erythrops, Tetragonopterus argenteus, Thayeria obliqua, Triportheus nematurus
1- com estreitamento na região médio-anterior
Bryconamericus exodon, Cheirodon interruptus, Coptobrycon bilineatus, Hasemania melanura, Hemigrammus haraldi, Hemigrammus rhodostomus, Microschemobrycon sp, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Petitella georgiae, Serrapinnus heterodon, Serrapinnus notomelas
9-Indeterminado
Aphyocharax anisitsi, Aphyocharax pusillus, Brycinus longipinnis, Grundulus cochae, Hemigrammus vorderwikleri, Rhinopetitia myersi
14- Região posterior do mesetmóide (ic – 0,056)
(Serra, 2003: 8)
0- terminando após a região de inserção do etmóide lateral
Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax jacobinae, Astyanax mexicanus, Brycinus longipinnis, Brycon cf pesu, Bryconamericus exodon, Bryconexodon juruenae, Bryconops melanurus, Chalceus spilogyros, Coptobrycon bilineatus, Deuterodon iguape, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Hemigrammus barrigonae, Hemigrammus bellottii, Hemigrammus coeruleus, Hemigrammus hyanuary, Hemigrammus newboldi, Hemigrammus ocellifer, Hemigrammus orthus, Hemigrammus pretoensis, Hemigrammus pulcher, Hemigrammus schmardae, Hemigrammus skolioplatus, Hemigrammus taphorni, Hemigrammus tridens, Hemigrammus unilineatus, Hemigrammus vorderwikleri, Hemigrammus yinyang, Hyphessobrycon bentosi, Hyphessobrycon coelestinus, Hyphessobrycon compressus, Hyphessobrycon eilyos, Hyphessobrycon epicharis, Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma, Iguanodectes spilurus, Jupiaba polylepis, Microschemobrycon sp, Moenkhausia bonita, Moenkhausia hemigrammoides, Moenkhausia intermedia, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, Moenkhausia xinguensis, Oligosarcus pintoi, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Parapristella georgiae, Phenacogaster franciscoensis, Piabina argentea, Psellogrammus kennedyi, Rhinopetitia myersi, Roeboides bonariensis, Salminus hilarii, Stethaprion erythrops, Tetragonopterus argenteus, Thayeria obliqua, Triportheus nematurus
1- terminando antes ou aproximadamente na mesma altura da região de
inserção do etmóide lateral.
Aphyocharax anisitsi, Aphyocharax pusillus, Bryconella pallidifrons, Cheirodon interruptus, Hasemania crenuchoides, Hemigrammus analis, Hemigrammus arua, Hemigrammus bleheri, Hemigrammus boesemani, Hemigrammus brevis, Hemigrammus cylindricus, Hemigrammus gracilis, Hemigrammus haraldi, Hemigrammus levis, Hemigrammus lunatus, Hemigrammus marginatus, Hemigrammus mimus, Hemigrammus parana, Hemigrammus rhodostomus, Hemigrammus rodwayi, Hemigrammus silimoni, Hemigrammus stictus, Hemigrammus sp n., Hemigrammus ulreyi, Hollandichthys aff. multifasciatus, Hyphessobrycon diancistrus, Hyphessobrycon eques, Hyphessobrycon megalopterus, Hyphessobrycon micropterus,
Hyphessobrycon takasei, Lignobrycon myersi, Petitella georgiae, Poptella paraguayensis, Pristella maxillaris, Serrapinnus heterodon, Serrapinnus notomelas, Serrasalmus maculatus
9- Indeterminado
Grundulus cochae, Hasemania melanura, Hasemania sp n.
15- Etmóide lateral (ic – 0,333)
(Serra, 2003: 9)
0- sem inclinação anterior, totalmente dirigido ventralmente, em vista
dorsal apresenta apenas uma pequena porção proximal visível (menos de 50%
do osso)
Aphyocharax anisitsi, Aphyocharax pusillus, Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax jacobinae, Astyanax mexicanus, Brycinus longipinnis, Brycon cf pesu, Bryconamericus exodon, Bryconella pallidifrons, Bryconexodon juruenae, Bryconops melanurus, Chalceus spilogyros, Cheirodon interruptus, Coptobrycon bilineatus, Deuterodon iguape, Grundulus cochae, Hemigrammus analis, Hemigrammus arua, Hemigrammus barrigonae, Hemigrammus bellottii, Hemigrammus bleheri, Hemigrammus boesemani, Hemigrammus brevis, Hemigrammus coeruleus, Hemigrammus cylindricus, Hemigrammus gracilis, Hemigrammus haraldi, Hemigrammus hyanuary, Hemigrammus levis, Hemigrammus lunatus, Hemigrammus marginatus, Hemigrammus mimus, Hemigrammus newboldi, Hemigrammus ocellifer, Hemigrammus orthus, Hemigrammus parana, Hemigrammus pretoensis, Hemigrammus pulcher, Hemigrammus rhodostomus, Hemigrammus rodwayi, Hemigrammus schmardae, Hemigrammus silimoni, Hemigrammus skolioplatus, Hemigrammus stictus, Hemigrammus taphorni, Hemigrammus tridens, Hemigrammus ulreyi, Hemigrammus unilineatus, Hemigrammus vorderwikleri, Hemigrammus yinyang, Hemigrammus sp n., Hollandichthys multifasciatus, Hyphessobrycon bentosi, Hyphessobrycon coelestinus, Hyphessobrycon compressus, Hyphessobrycon diancistrus, Hyphessobrycon eilyos, Hyphessobrycon epicharis, Hyphessobrycon eques, Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma, Hyphessobrycon megalopterus, Hyphessobrycon micropterus, Hyphessobrycon takasei, Iguanodectes spilurus, Jupiaba polylepis, Lignobrycon myersi, Microschemobrycon sp, Moenkhausia bonita, Moenkhausia hemigrammoides, Moenkhausia intermedia, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, Moenkhausia xinguensis, Oligosarcus pintoi, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Parapristella georgiae, Petitella georgiae, Phenacogaster franciscoensis, Piabina argentea, Poptella paraguayensis, Psellogrammus kennedyi, Pristella maxillaris, Rhinopetitia myersi, Roeboides bonariensis, Salminus hilarii, Serrapinnus heterodon, Serrapinnus notomelas, Serrasalmus maculatus, Stethaprion erythrops, Thayeria obliqua
1- com inclinação anterior, em vista dorsal uma grande parte da
superfície do osso é visível (mais de 50% do osso)
Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Hasemania crenuchoides, Hasemania melanura, Hasemania sp n., Tetragonopterus argenteus,Triportheus nematurus
16- Ponte óssea que liga o etmóide lateral ao vômer (ic – 0,048)
0- totalmente encoberta pelo frontal, não visível ou com apenas uma
pequena porção visível em vista dorsal (Figuras 3 e 6)
Aphyocharax anisitsi, Aphyocharax pusillus, Brycinus longipinnis, Brycon cf pesu, Bryconamericus exodon, Bryconexodon juruenae, Chalceus spilogyros, Hemigrammus analis, Hemigrammus barrigonae, Hemigrammus bellottii, Hemigrammus bleheri, Hemigrammus coeruleus, Hemigrammus cylindricus, Hemigrammus gracilis, Hemigrammus hyanuary,
Hemigrammus mimus, Hemigrammus pretoensis, Hemigrammus pulcher, Hemigrammus skolioplatus, Hemigrammus taphorni, Hyphessobrycon takasei, Microschemobrycon sp, Moenkhausia hemigrammoides, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, Oligosarcus pintoi, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Phenacogaster franciscoensis, Piabina argentea, Rhinopetitia myersi, Salminus hilarii, Serrapinnus heterodon, Serrapinnus notomelas, Thayeria obliqua
1- totalmente exposta ou com apenas uma pequena porção mais basal
encoberta pelo frontal, inteiramente visível em vista dorsal (Figuras 2, 4 - 5)
Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax mexicanus, Bryconella pallidifrons, Bryconops melanurus, Cheirodon interruptus, Coptobrycon bilineatus, Deuterodon iguape, Grundulus cochae, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Hasemania crenuchoides, Hasemania melanura, Hasemania sp n., Hemigrammus arua, Hemigrammus boesemani, Hemigrammus brevis, Hemigrammus haraldi, Hemigrammus levis, Hemigrammus lunatus, Hemigrammus marginatus, Hemigrammus newboldi, Hemigrammus ocellifer Hemigrammus orthus, Hemigrammus parana, Hemigrammus rhodostomus, Hemigrammus rodwayi, Hemigrammus schmardae, Hemigrammus silimoni, Hemigrammus stictus, Hemigrammus tridens, Hemigrammus ulreyi, Hemigrammus unilineatus, Hemigrammus vorderwikleri, Hemigrammus yinyang, Hemigrammus sp n., Hollandichthys aff. multifasciatus, Hyphessobrycon bentosi, Hyphessobrycon coelestinus, Hyphessobrycon compressus, Hyphessobrycon diancistrus, Hyphessobrycon eilyos, Hyphessobrycon epicharis, Hyphessobrycon eques, Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma, Hyphessobrycon megalopterus, Hyphessobrycon micropterus, Iguanodectes spilurus, Jupiaba polylepis, Lignobrycon myersi, Moenkhausia bonita, Moenkhausia intermedia, Moenkhausia xinguensis, Parapristella georgiae, Petitella georgiae, Poptella paraguayensis, Psellogrammus kennedyi, Pristella maxillaris, Roeboides bonariensis, Serrasalmus maculatus, Stethaprion erythrops, Tetragonopterus argenteus, Triportheus nematurus
9- Indeterminado
Astyanax jacobinae
17- Órbito-esfenóide (ic – 0,250)
0- região anterior aproximadamente reta
Brycon cf pesu, Grundulus cochae, Hasemania sp n., Tetragonopterus argenteus
1- região anterior côncava (Figura 7 - 10)
Aphyocharax anisitsi, Aphyocharax pusillus, Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax mexicanus, Brycinus longipinnis, Bryconamericus exodon, Bryconella pallidifrons, Bryconexodon juruenae, Bryconops melanurus, Chalceus spilogyros, Cheirodon interruptus, Coptobrycon bilineatus, Deuterodon iguape, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Hasemania crenuchoides, Hasemania melanura, Hemigrammus analis, Hemigrammus arua, Hemigrammus barrigonae, Hemigrammus bellottii, Hemigrammus bleheri, Hemigrammus boesemani, Hemigrammus brevis, Hemigrammus coeruleus, Hemigrammus cylindricus, Hemigrammus gracilis, Hemigrammus haraldi, Hemigrammus hyanuary, Hemigrammus levis, Hemigrammus lunatus, Hemigrammus marginatus, Hemigrammus mimus, Hemigrammus newboldi, Hemigrammus ocellifer, Hemigrammus orthus, Hemigrammus parana, Hemigrammus pretoensis, Hemigrammus pulcher, Hemigrammus rhodostomus, Hemigrammus rodwayi, Hemigrammus schmardae, Hemigrammus silimoni, Hemigrammus skolioplatus, Hemigrammus stictus, Hemigrammus taphorni, Hemigrammus tridens, Hemigrammus ulreyi, Hemigrammus unilineatus, Hemigrammus vorderwikleri, Hemigrammus yinyang, Hemigrammus sp n., Hollandichthys aff. multifasciatus, Hyphessobrycon bentosi, Hyphessobrycon coelestinus, Hyphessobrycon compressus, Hyphessobrycon diancistrus, Hyphessobrycon eilyos, Hyphessobrycon epicharis, Hyphessobrycon eques, Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma, Hyphessobrycon megalopterus, Hyphessobrycon micropterus, Hyphessobrycon takasei, Iguanodectes spilurus, Jupiaba
polylepis, Lignobrycon myersi, Microschemobrycon sp, Moenkhausia bonita, Moenkhausia hemigrammoides, Moenkhausia intermedia, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, Moenkhausia xinguensis, Oligosarcus pintoi, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Parapristella georgiae, Petitella georgiae, Phenacogaster franciscoensis, Piabina argentea, Poptella paraguayensis, Psellogrammus kennedyi, Pristella maxillaris, Rhinopetitia myersi, Roeboides bonariensis, Salminus hilarii, Serrapinnus heterodon, Serrapinnus notomelas, Serrasalmus maculatus, Stethaprion erythrops, Thayeria obliqua, Triportheus nematurus
9- Indeterminado
Astyanax jacobinae
18- Órbito-esfenóide (ic – 0,100)
(Serra, 2003: 13)
0- sem concavidade próximo à união com o pteroesfenóide
Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax mexicanus, Brycinus longipinnis, Brycon cf pesu, Bryconexodon juruenae, Bryconops melanurus, Chalceus spilogyros, Hemigrammus ulreyi, Iguanodectes spilurus, Lignobrycon myersi, Moenkhausia intermedia, Moenkhausia xinguensis, Piabina argentea, Poptella paraguayensis, Salminus hilarii, Serrasalmus maculatus, Stethaprion erythrops
1- com concavidade pouco característica, formando uma região
levemente côncava (Figuras 8 e 10)
Aphyocharax anisitsi, Aphyocharax pusillus, Astyanax jacobinae, Bryconamericus exodon, Grundulus cochae, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Hasemania crenuchoides, Hasemania sp n., Hemigrammus cylindricus, Hemigrammus levis, Hemigrammus marginatus, Hemigrammus newboldi, Hemigrammus pretoensis, Hemigrammus skolioplatus, Hemigrammus stictus,
Hollandichthys aff. multifasciatus, Moenkhausia hemigrammoides, Moenkhausia
sanctaefilomenae, Oligosarcus pintoi, Rhinopetitia myersi, Roeboides bonariensis, Tetragonopterus argenteus, Thayeria obliqua, Triportheus nematurus
2- com concavidade bastante acentuada próximo à união com o
pteroesfenóide, formando uma região com uma forte invaginação (Figuras 7 e
9)
Bryconella pallidifrons, Cheirodon interruptus, Coptobrycon bilineatus, Deuterodon iguape, Hasemania melanura, Hemigrammus analis, Hemigrammus arua, Hemigrammus barrigonae, Hemigrammus bellottii, Hemigrammus bleheri, Hemigrammus boesemani, Hemigrammus brevis, Hemigrammus coeruleus, Hemigrammus gracilis, Hemigrammus haraldi, Hemigrammus hyanuary, Hemigrammus lunatus, Hemigrammus mimus, Hemigrammus ocellifer, Hemigrammus orthus, Hemigrammus parana, Hemigrammus pulcher, Hemigrammus rhodostomus, Hemigrammus rodwayi, Hemigrammus schmardae, Hemigrammus silimoni, Hemigrammus taphorni, Hemigrammus tridens, Hemigrammus unilineatus, Hemigrammus vorderwikleri, Hemigrammus yinyang, Hemigrammus sp n., Hyphessobrycon bentosi, Hyphessobrycon coelestinus, Hyphessobrycon compressus, Hyphessobrycon diancistrus, Hyphessobrycon eilyos, Hyphessobrycon epicharis, Hyphessobrycon eques, Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma, Hyphessobrycon megalopterus, Hyphessobrycon micropterus, Hyphessobrycon takasei, Jupiaba polylepis, Microschemobrycon sp, Moenkhausia bonita, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Parapristella georgiae, Petitella georgiae, Phenacogaster franciscoensis, Pristella maxillaris, Serrapinnus heterodon, Serrapinnus notomelas
1, 2- Polimórfico
Psellogrammus kennedyi
19- Órbito-esfenóide (ic – 0,083)
(Serra, 2003: 14; Benine, 2004: 22; Ferreira, 2007: 31, Marinho, 2009: 37)
0- sem projeção posterior dirigida ao pteroesfenóide, ou com apenas
uma ponta (Figuras 8 e 10)
Aphyocharax anisitsi, Aphyocharax pusillus, Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax jacobinae, Astyanax mexicanus, Brycinus longipinnis, Brycon cf pesu, Bryconamericus exodon, Bryconexodon juruenae, Bryconops melanurus, Chalceus spilogyros, Cheirodon interruptus, Grundulus cochae, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Hasemania crenuchoides, Hasemania melanura, Hasemania sp n., Hemigrammus analis, Hemigrammus barrigonae, Hemigrammus bleheri, Hemigrammus coeruleus, Hemigrammus cylindricus, Hemigrammus levis, Hemigrammus lunatus, Hemigrammus marginatus, Hemigrammus mimus, Hemigrammus newboldi, Hemigrammus ocellifer, Hemigrammus parana, Hemigrammus pretoensis, Hemigrammus pulcher, Hemigrammus skolioplatus, Hemigrammus sp n., Hemigrammus stictus, Hemigrammus taphorni, Hemigrammus ulreyi, Hollandichthys aff. multifasciatus, Hyphessobrycon diancistrus, Hyphessobrycon eilyos, Hyphessobrycon micropterus, Iguanodectes spilurus, Jupiaba polylepis, Lignobrycon myersi, Microschemobrycon sp, Moenkhausia bonita, Moenkhausia hemigrammoides, Moenkhausia intermedia, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, Moenkhausia xinguensis, Oligosarcus pintoi, Phenacogaster franciscoensis, Piabina argentea, Poptella paraguayensis, Psellogrammus kennedyi, Pristella maxillaris, Rhinopetitia myersi, Roeboides bonariensis, Salminus hilarii, Serrasalmus maculatus, Stethaprion erythrops, Tetragonopterus argenteus, Thayeria obliqua, Triportheus nematurus
1- com uma projeção posterior alongada, dirigida ao pteroesfenóide
(Figura 7 e 9)
Bryconella pallidifrons, Hemigrammus arua, Hemigrammus bellottii, Hemigrammus boesemani, Hemigrammus brevis, Hemigrammus gracilis, Hemigrammus haraldi, Hemigrammus hyanuary, Hemigrammus orthus, Hemigrammus rhodostomus, Hemigrammus rodwayi, Hemigrammus schmardae, Hemigrammus silimoni, Hemigrammus tridens, Hemigrammus unilineatus, Hemigrammus vorderwikleri, Hemigrammus yinyang, Hyphessobrycon bentosi, Hyphessobrycon coelestinus, Hyphessobrycon compressus, Hyphessobrycon epicharis, Hyphessobrycon eques, Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma, Hyphessobrycon megalopterus, Hyphessobrycon takasei, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Parapristella georgiae, Petitella georgiae,Serrapinnus heterodon, Serrapinnus notomelas