• Sonuç bulunamadı

(LVHQVWHLQ·×Q)LOP.XUDP×Q×Q 'ùQFH.D\QDNODU×

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "(LVHQVWHLQ·×Q)LOP.XUDP×Q×Q 'ùQFH.D\QDNODU×"

Copied!
32
0
0

Yükleniyor.... (view fulltext now)

Tam metin

(1)

(LVHQVWHLQ·×Q)LOP.XUDP×

YH*HUoHNoLOLN

LOHWLÁLPDUDÁW¿UPDODU¿‡‹‡  

Özlem Özdemir

Özet

6LQHPDNXUDPODU×DODQ×QGD\UWOHQWDUW×ùPDODUJHQHOOLNOH´ELoLPFLOLNµYH´JHUoHNoLOLNµD\U×P×HWUDI×QGD

\UWOU%XNXUDPVDOD\U×ùPDQ×QV×Q×UO×O×NODUUHWPHVLEDöODP×QGDSUREOHPDWLNROGXöXQXV|\OHPHN

PPNQGU´%LoLPFLOLNµYH´JHUoHNoLOLNµDUDV×QGDNLNRSXùXQV×Q×UO×\DQODU×Q×(LVHQVWHLQ·×QJHUoHNOLN

NDYUD\×ùׁ]HULQGHQHOHDODQEXoDO×ùPDGD(LVHQVWHLQ·×QJHUoHNOLNQRV\RQX\ODEXNXUDPODUDUDV×QGDNL

NRQXPX\HQLGHQEHOLUOHQPH\HoDO×ù×ODFDNW×U(LVHQVWHLQ·×QNXUDP×QD\|QYHUHQGùQVHOND\QDNODU×GLNNDWH

DOPDGDQRQXQEXNXUDPVDOD\U×ùPDGDNL\HULQLYHJHUoHNOLNNDYUD\×ù×Q×DQODPDNPPNQGHöLOGLU

(LVHQVWHLQ·×QKHPJHUoHNOLNNDYUD\×ù×Q×KHPGHRQXQWHRULVLQLQ|]JO\DQODU×Q×J|VWHUPHNoDO×ùPDQ×Q

KHGHIOHULDUDV×QGD\HUDOG×ö×QGDQNXUDP×QGDNLGùQVHOND\QDNODUDGD\HUYHULOHFHNWLU

Film Theory of Eisenstein and Realism

Abstract

7KHDUJXPHQWVRIILOPWKHRU\DUHSURJUHVVHGDURXQGGLVLQWHJUDWLRQRI´IRUPDOLVPµDQG´UHDOLVPµ%XWWKH

GLVLQWHJUDWLRQEHWZHHQWZRWKHRULFDSSURFKHVLVSUREOHPDWLF5HVWULFWHGDVSHFWRIWKLVWKHRULFDO

GLVLQWHJUDWLRQLVGLVSXWHGLQWKLVDUWLFOHRQWKHILOPWKHRU\RI(LVHQVWHLQ7KLVDUWLFOHDUJXHVZKHUHLV

(LVHQVWHLQ·VWKHQRWLRQRIUHDOLW\SRVLWLRQEHWZHHQWKLVWKHRULFDODSSURFKHV$OVRLWSXUSRVHVWRGHDOZLWK

WKHLGHDWLRQDOUHVHDUFKWKDWDIIHFWHG(LVHQVWHLQ·VILOPWKHRU\DLPVWRLQGLFDWHWKHVSHFLILFDVSHFWRIKLV

WKHRU\

(2)

6LQHPD NXUDPODU×Q× WDUW×üPDN KHOH NL ´JHUoHNoLOLNµ ]HULQGHQ

VLQHPDWHRULV\HQOHULQLVDQDWo×ODU×Q×NDUü×O×NO×NRQXüWXUPDNDODQDGDLU

IDUNO× VRUXODU×Q ELUELULQH Do×OPDV×QD L]LQ YHUPHN EDüO× EDü×QD ]RU ELU

PHVHOHGLU 6LQHPD NXUDPODU× GHQLOGLùLQGH \D\J×Q NDEXO J|UHQ ELU

\DNODü×P ´ELoLPFLOHUµ YH ´JHUoHNoLOHUµ D\U×P×QD JLWPHNWLU 6LQHPD

]HULQH LON \D]×ODU×Q VLQHPDQ×Q NHQGLQH KDV ELU VDQDW GDO× KHP GH

EDù×PV×]ELUVDQDWGDO×ROGXùXQXRUWD\DNR\PDDPDF×\OD\D]×OG×ù×Q×

HQD]×QGDQE|\OHELUoDEDQ×QUQROGXùXQXJ|]|QQGHEXOXQGX- UXUVDNEXLNLJUXSWHRULN\DNODü×PGD´JHUoHNoLOLNµ]HULQGHQNHVNLQ

D\U×PODUD JLWPHQLQ EL]L ]RU GXUXPGD E×UDNDQ DV×O QRNWD ROGXùXQX

J|UPHPL] NROD\ODüDFDNW×U 6LQHPDVDO UHWLPGH PHUNH]L URO ´LQVDQ

]LKQLµQH YHUHQ ·OL \×OODU×Q DOJ× SVLNRORMLVL DODQ×QGD HOGH HGLOHQ

ND]DQ×PODU×QDE\N|OoGH\DVODQDQ´ELoLPFLµNXUDPF×ODU 0XQVWHU- EHUJ (LVHQVWHLQ  LoLQ DUDF×Q ]LKLQVHO VUHoOHUOH RODQ \DN×Q GRùDV×Q×

LQFHOHPHNVLQHPD\DJHUoHNYHEDù×PV×]ELUVDQDWROPDRQXUXQXYHU- PHQLQ\|QWHPL\GL%X\ROGDLNLQFLELU\|QWHPGLùHUVDQDWGDOODU×QGD

JHoHUOL RODQ LONHOHU YH NXUDOODU×Q VLQHPD LoLQ GH JHoHUOL ROGXùXQX

VDYXQPDNW× $UQKHLP/LQGVD\ 

6LQHPDQ×QND\GHGHELOGLùLROD\ODU×Q|WHVLQGHVDKLSROGXùXLüOHY- OHU KDNN×QGD oDO×ü×O×UNHQ ´JHUoHNOLNµ PHVHOHVL WDUW×üPDODUD KHS HüOLN

HGHQLoNLQELUPHVHOHROGXgUQHùLQ)UDQVD·GDVLQHPDP]LNOHNDU- ü×ODüW×U×OG× g]HOOLNOH GH JHUoHNOLùLQ J|UQPQ YH DN×ü×Q× üHNLOOHQ- GLUPH\HWHQHùL]HULQGHGXUXOGX $QGUHZ 6LQHPDQ×QNDEXO

J|UPHGLùLLONG|QHPOHUGHDUDF×QWHNQRORMLNYHVDQDWVDOLPNkQODU×YH

YH\D GRùDV× ELUELULQGHQ NRSXN RODUDN GHùHUOHQGLULOLUNHQ WDUW×üPD

(LVHQVWHLQ·×Q)LOP.XUDP×YH*HUoHNoLOLN

(3)

]HPLQLQGH JHQH ´JHUoHNOLNµ PHVHOHVL YDUG× JHUoHNOLùL  WHNQRORMLN

\HQLGHQUHWLP \D GD JHUoHNOLùL  VDQDWVDO RODUDN \HQLGHQUHWLP

6LQHPDQ×Q DOJ×P×]×Q V×Q×UODU×Q× Do×ùD o×NDUDQ ELU QHVQHQLQ JQGHOLN

KD\DWLoLQGHNDo×UG×ù×P×]\DQODU×Q×YHUHQELU\DQ×GDEXOXQPDNWDG×U

(LVHQVWHLQ·×QKDPDPE|FHNOHULJLEL

·OL\×OODUVRV\DOELOLPOHULoLQGH|QHPOLG|QüPOHULQ\DüDQG×- ù×ELUG|QHPGLU%X\×OODUGDVRV\DOVUHoOHUHRODQYXUJXODU×\ODGRùD

ELOLPOHULQLQNXOODQG×ù×ELOLPVHO\|QWHPOHULQVRV\DOROJXODU×QDQDOL]LQ- GHNXOODQ×ODPD\DFDù×GROD\×V×\ODELUH\VHOROJXODU×QWRSOXPVDOROJXODU

WDUDI×QGDQEHOLUOHQGLùLVRV\DOELOLPOHUGHNLELUH\WRSOXPSVLNRORMLVRV-

\RORMLVRV\RORMLWDULKLNLOLNOHULQLDüPDQ×Q|QHPLJQGHPHJHOGL6LQH- PD DUDF×Q×QD\J×W×Q×Q ]LKLQVHO DQDORMLOHUOH Do×NODQPDV× WDP GD EX

G|QHPLQJHQHOoHUoHYHVL\OHLOJLOLELUPHVHOHGLU6LQHPDRUWD\Do×NW×ù×

G|QHPLQ WDUW×üPDODU×Q×Q YH NRüXOODU×Q×Q ELU UQGU 6LQHPDQ×Q

VDGHFH DOJ× SVLNRORMLVL\OH LOJLOL ROPD\×S WRSOXPVDO GHùLüNHQOHUOH RODQ

EDù×Q×ELU´ELoLPFLµNXUDPF×RODQ0XQVWHUEHUJGLOHJHWLUPLüDOJ×SVL-

 6LQHPD$YUXSD·GDYH$PHULND·GD·OL\×OODU×QVRQXQDNDGDUELUVDQDWGDO×RODUDN

NDEXOHGLOPL\RUGX%DVLWELUHùOHQFHDUDF×\G×%XJ|UüQJHULVLQGHVLQHPDQ×QWHN- QRORMLNJHOLüPHQLQVRQXFXQGDJHUoHNOLùL\HQLGHQUHWHQELUDUDoROGXùXVDQ×V×YDUG×

6LQHPDQ×QNXUJXYHNDGUDMODJHUoHNOLùL´VDQDWVDORODUDNµ\HQLGHQUHWWLùLYH\RUXP- ODG×ù×LQDQF×Q×Q\HUOHüPHVL·OL\×OODUGDJHoHUOLOLNYH\D\J×QO×NND]DQG× $QGUHZ

 

 +HUQHNDGDU´ELoLPFLµNXUDPF×ODUDUDV×QGD\HUDODQ$UQKHLPVLQHPDGHQH\LPLQLQ

JHUoHNG×ü×GRùDV×QDYXUJX\DSVDGDRQXQJHUoHNOLùLQUHWLQDOELUELOHüLPGHQGDKD

ID]ODV×ROGXùX\|QQGHNLWHVSLWLQHNDW×OPDNODELUOLNWHVLQHPDQ×QEX´ELU\HUOHUGH- NLµJHUoHNOLùLQüLLULQL\DNDOD\DELOGLùLQLV|\OHPHNPPNQGU

(4)

NRORMLVL oDO×üPDODU×Q×Q WRSOXPVDO NOWUHO YH VL\DVDO EDùODP×QGDQ

NRSXNRODUDNJHUoHNOHüPHGLùLQLYXUJXODP×üW×U´*HUoHNoLµELUNXUDP- F×RODUDN%D]LQ·LQVLQHPD\DIHOVHIHVDQDWWDULKLHGHEL\DWHOHüWLULVLYH

SVLNRORML JLEL GLVLSOLQOHULQ \|QWHP YH EXOJXODU×Q× WDü×G×ù×Q× GLNNDWH

DO×UVDN´ELoLPFLµYH´JHUoHNoLµRODUDN´PXWODNµELUELoLPGHD\U×OP×ü

EXNXUDPF×ODU×QYHRUWD\DDWW×ù×VRUXQVDOODU×QELUELULQGHQIDUNO×DPD

D\Q× ]DPDQGD ELUELULQH Do×ODQ ELUELULQL WDPDPOD\DQ NXUDPF×ODU

VRUXQVDOODURODUDNDQODü×OPDV×Q×Q|QHPLQLJ|UPüROXUX]

=LKLQVHOVUHoOHULQELUEDüNDER\XWXRODQYH)UHXGWDUDI×QGDQLON

RUWD\D DW×OG×ù×QGD oHüLWOL WHSNLOHU DODQ ´ELOLQoG×ü×µ NDYUDP× GD ELU

EDüNDWDULKVHOG|QHPGH·OL\×OODUGDILOPNXUDPODU×QDoDO×üPDOD- U×QD3JLUHELOPLüWLU%XWDULKWHQ|QFH)UDQVD·GDNLDYDQWJDUGHoDO×üPDOD- U× YH $OPDQ '×üDYXUXPFXOXùX·QX KDW×UODPDNWD \DUDU YDUG×U $OPDQ

'×üDYXUXPFXOXùXJQONV×UDGDQ\DüDP×G|QüWUPH\LDPDoODUEX

QHGHQOH ELoLPFLOLùL |QHPVHU 'RùD\× WDNOLGH NDUü× ROXüXQXQ DOW×QGD

´HWNLQµROPDoDùU×V×YDUG×U45HQNYHELoLPX\JXODPDODU×QGDIDUNO×O×N

\DUDW×ODUDN QHVQHOHULQ J|UQWOHULQLQ |WHVLQH YDU×OPDN LVWHQLU DPD

IL]LNVHOROD\ODU×Q|]QHXODüPDNDPDF×\OD%XGXUXPGDELOH´JHUoHN- OLNµ PHVHOHVL HOGHQ E×UDN×OPD] NL EX HWNLQOLN oDùU×V× YH ´LUDGHµ

(LVHQVWHLQ·GDROGXNoD|QHo×NDQHùLOLPOHUGLU%XUDGD:DOWHU%HQMDPLQ·L

KDW×UOD\DO×P2VND\·DJ|UH

%HQMDPLQ JHUoHNOLùLQ ELOLüVHO DOJ×ODQPDV×Q×Q oRN ]RU ROGXùX PRGHUQ

G|QHPGHEXJoOùDüDELOPHNLVWH\HQGüJ|UFQQDOJ×ODPDELoLPL- QLQPLPHWLNDOJ×ODPDELoLPLROPDV×JHUHNWLùLQLDPDEXQXQW×SN×oRFXNWD- NL JLEL NHQGLVL G×ü×QGD EXOGXùX GQ\D\× NHQGLVLQH J|UH \×N×S \HQLGHQ

NXUDFDNELUPLPHWLNDOJ×ODPDELoLPLROPDV×Q×VDYXQPXüWXU  

%XVDYXQXGDYXUJXODQDQLUDGHFLOLNYHPGDKDOHDo×V×QGDQEDNDU- VDN(LVHQVWHLQEXUMXYDG]HQLQoDUS×WW×ù×JHUoHNOLùL\DGDEXG]HQLQ

 %RUGZHOO  \×OODU× DUDV×QGDNL G|QHPL ÀOP oDO×üPDODU× RODUDN GHùHUOHQGLULU

$OWKXVVHU·LQ SVLNDQDOL]LQ 0HW]FL J|VWHUJHELOLPLQ YH PHWLQVHO DQDOL]OHULQ HWNLOL

ROGXùXQXEHOLUWLU  

 gUQHùLQ '×üDYXUXPFX $OPDQ 7L\DWUR 2\XQODU×·QGD HQ |QHPOL RUWDN |ùH RODQ

´o×ùO×Nµ 6WHIIHQV·H J|UH HOH DOG×ù× GXUXPX LQFHOHPHNWHQ oRN HWNLQ ROPD\D ELU

GDYHWWLU DNWDUDQ%LU\×OG×] 

(5)

DOJ×V×Q×NHQGLQHJ|UHSDUoDOD\×S\HQLGHQNXUDQELUPLPHWLNDOJ×ODPD

ELoLPLQH VDKLS ´GkKLµ oRFXNWXU (LVHQVWHLQ·×Q ELoLPFLOLùLQGH \D GD

$OPDQ'×üDYXUXPFXOXùX·QGDWHPHOGHELU|]JUOHüPHVRUXQXYDUG×U

6|]HGLOHQVDQDWo×YHGüQUOHULQDN×PODU×QoDO×üPDODU×Q×GHQH\- OHULQL \DSW×NODU× G|QHP LoLQGH \DüDG×NODU× WRSOXPX EHùHQPHGLNOHUL

GDKD|]JUELUGQ\DQ×QGüQNXUGXNODU×ELUG|QHPGL

'×üDYXUXPFXOXN\×OODU×DUDV×QGD$OPDQVLQHPDV×QGD

J|OJHOL ELU ×ü×NODQG×UPD JHUoHNVW ELU GHNRU \DSD\ URO \DSPD YH

´JHUoHN ROPD\DQµ ELU GQ\DGD JH]LQHQ NDPHUDQ×Q Dü×U× VOXEX\OD

NDUDNWHUL]HROXU %LU\×OG×] ,'Q\D6DYDü×·Q×QXPXWVX]OX- ùXG|QHPLQDQD|ùHVLGLU6LQHPDGD'×üDYXUXPFXOXN·WHQVRQUD

GüüH JHoHU DQFDN +LWOHU·LQ \DVDNODPDODU×QD NDGDU GHYDP HGHU

'×üDYXUXPFXOXNJHUoHNoLOLùLELUNHQDUDE×UDN×UWRSOXPVDOYHVL\DVDO

SUREOHPOHUGHQNDoPDHùLOLPLQL\DQV×W×UGDKDL\LELUGQ\DGüQQ

SHüLQHGüHU(LVHQVWHLQLVHWDPDPHQWHUVELU\|QHGL\DOHNWLNPDWHU-

\DOL]POH NDYUDG×ù× ELU GQ\D\× NRQVWUNWLYL]PLQ HWNLVL\OH \HQLGHQ

LQüD HGHQ WDULKVHO JHUoHNoLOLùH VDYUXOXU %X QHGHQOH (LVHQVWHLQ·×Q

´ELoLPFLµ YH ´JHUoHNoLµ NXUDPODU DUDV×QGDNL \HULQL WHVSLW HWPHGH

\DUDUYDUG×U%XoDO×üPDGD(LVHQVWHLQ·×QWHPHOLNLNXUDPVDO\DNODü×P

DUDV×QGDNL \HUL WDUW×ü×ODFDN RQXQ NXUDP×Q×Q |]JQ \DQODU×QD GLNNDW

oHNLOHFHNWLU

6DQDW2ODUDN6LQHPD

´%LoLPFLµNXUDPF×ODUHOHDO×Q×UNHQRQODU×QVDQDWRODUDNVLQHPD\D

LWLEDU ND]DQG×UPD oDEDODU×Q× HOGHQ E×UDNPDPDN JHUHNLU %X QHGHQOH

ELoLPFL NXUDPF×ODU D\J×W×Q LQVDQ ]LKQL DQDORMLOHUL\OH ELUOLNWH HOH DO×Q- PDV×YHGLùHUVDQDWODU×QLONHYHGRJPDODU×QDWDELWXWXOPDV×JLEL\|Q- WHPOHUH EDüYXUGXODU %XQXQ WHN VHEHEL HOEHWWH NL \DOQ×]FD VLQHPD\D

LWLEDUND]DQG×UPDNGHùLOGLDPDEXQGDVLQHPDGLOLQLQD\U×YHEDù×P- V×]ELUGLOROPDV×QGDJHOLüWLULOHQ\|QWHPYHEDN×üDo×V×Q×QIDUNO×ROPDV×

]RUXQOXOXùXGDEXOXQPDNWDG×U%X\|QWHPLQ\DGDDQOD\×ü×QQHNDGDU

GRùUX ROGXùX WDUW×ü×OP×üW×U YH KkOk \DQ×WODQPD\× EHNOH\HQ SHN oRN

VRUX YDUG×U 7DUW×üPDODU×Q oRùX ´ELoLPFLµ NXUDPODU×Q ´JHUoHNoLµ

(6)

NXUDPODU× GD EXQD HNOHPHOL\L]  GRùUXOXùX \D GD JHoHUOLOLùL GHùLO

HNVLNOLùLYHHOHüWLUHOGHùHUOHQGLUPHVL]HULQHNXUXOXGXU

´%LoLPFLµNXUDPF×ODULoLQVLQHPDQ×QVDQDWRODUDN\HUOHüPHVLQGH

VLQHPDQ×QJHUoHNOLùLQPHNDQLNELU\HQLGHQUHWLPLQGHQGDKDID]ODV×- Q× JHUoHNOHüWLUGLùLQL NDQ×WODPDN |QHPOL ELU oDED ROGX gUQHùLQ

0XQVWHUEHUJ·H J|UH ]LKLQ \DOQ×]FD KDUHNHWOL ELU GQ\DGD \DüDPD]

GLNNDW |]HOOLùL QHGHQL\OH GQ\D\× RUJDQL]H HGHU G]HQOHU D\U×üW×U×U

üHNLOOHQGLULU0XQVWHUEHUJELUWDN×P]LKLQVHOVHYL\HOHUD\×UWHGHU'X\- JXODUHQ\NVHN]LKLQVHOVHYL\HQLQUQGU'X\JX\DNDUü×O×NJHOHQ

VLQHPDVDOLIDGH\ROX|\NQQNHQGLVLGLU)LOPGQ\DQ×QGHùLO]LKLQ- VHO VUHoOHULQ ND\GHGLFLVLGLU 6LQHPDQ×Q WHPHOL WHNQRORMLGH GHùLO

]LKLQVHO\DüDPLoLQGH\HUDOPDNWDG×U)LOPWP\OH]LKLQVHOGQ\D\×

L]OHPHOLGLU1DV×O"'Q\DGDNLJ|UQPOHULQLOLüNLOHULQL]LKLQVHOLOLüNL- OHUOHGHùLüWLUHUHN%XoHUoHYHGH0XQVWHUEHUJEHOJHVHOLGRùDOO×ù×VHVL

UHQJLDQ×QGD\DNDODQP×üJ|UQWQQ|QHPLQLUHGGHGHU*|UQWOHU

GRùDGDQDO×Q×S]LKQLQ×ü×ù×QGD\HQLGHQG]HQOHQLSELUGX\JXX\DQ- G×UPDO×G×UODU DNWDUDQ$QGUHZ 

/LQGVD\7KH$UWRIWKH0RYLQJ3LFWXUHDGO×NLWDE×QGDVDQDWVDOILOPL

KDUHNHWOL UHVLP RODUDN WDQ×PODU +DUHNHWOL UHVPL QHVQHOHULQ GRùDO

J|UQüQGH D\U× YH ELoLPH GDLU ELU üH\ RODUDN NDYUDU 0LPDUO×N GD

GkKLOVLQHPDQ×QGLùHUVDQDWODU×Q|]HOOLNOHULQLWDü×G×ù×Q×J|VWHULU $QG- UHZ    /LQGVD\ ILOP oDO×üPDODU×Q× DQODW×VDO ILOPOHU ]HULQH

NXUDUNHQoHüLWOLNDWHJRULOHUNR\DUúONNDWHJRULVLRODQDNVL\RQIRWRSOD\·L

NRYDODPDLONHVLQHGD\DQ×U'LùHULGX\JXODUDGD\DO×IRWRSOD\·GLU6RQ

NDWHJRULVL GH HSLN HGHEL\DWOD DQDORJ NXUGXùX NDODEDO×N VDKQHOHUH

GD\DQDQ PDVDOV× SDWULRWLN GRùXP \DüDP YH |OP HOH DODQ \DüD- P×QLONHO\DQODU×QDG|QHQGLQVHOJ|UNHPILOPOHULRODUDNDOWNDWHJRULOH- UHD\×UG×ù×J|UNHPILOPOHULGLU%XILOPOHUNDODEDO×NMHVWYHKDUHNHWOHUH

GD\DQ×U (EHUZHLQ 

 úONVLQHPDNXUDPODU×Q×QHOHüWLUHOELUGHùHUOHQGLUPHVLLoLQEDN×Q×]+HQGHUVRQ

>@3HUNLQV>@

(7)

$UQKHLP·DJ|UHVLQHPDVDQDW×GQ\D\×WHPVLOHWPHVLLoLQ|]HOELU

VUHFHLüOHPH GD\DQ×U VRPXW KHUKDQJL ELU üH\OH VHV MHVW  LOLüNLPL]

HQJHOOHQPLüWLU %X GRùUXOWXGD $QGUHZ·LQ DNWDUG×ù×QD J|UH VLQHPD

VDQDW×WHPVLOLOHELoLPER]XQXPXDUDV×QGDNLVUHNOLJHULOLPLQUQ

RODUDN DQODü×O×U 'Q\DGDNL ED]× üH\OHULQ HVWHWLN NXOODQ×P×QD GHùLO

DNVLQHEL]HGQ\D\×YHUHQELUüH\LQHVWHWLNNXOODQ×P×QDGD\DQ×U $QG- UHZ *HüWDOWo×ODU]LKQLQJHUoHNOLNGHQH\LPLQGHDNWLIROGXùX- QX JHUoHNOLùH \DOQ×]FD DQODP YHUPHNOH V×Q×UO× ROPD\×S RQD IL]LNVHO

NDUDNWHULVWLN|]HOOLNOHULQLGHYHUHFHNNDGDUHWNLQROGXùXQXLOHULVU-

\RUODUG× $QGUHZ    %X EDùODPGD )UDQV×] DYDQWJDUGH film KDUHNHWLQLQ OLGHUL /RXLV 'HOOXF·XQ |QFOùQGH VLQHPDQ×Q \DOQ×]FD

ELU VDQDW GDO× ROGXùXQX GüQPHNOH NDOPDG×ODU ILOPLQ EDù×PV×] ELU

VDQDWGDO×ROGXùXQGDGD×VUDUHWWLOHU $QGUHZ 

(LVHQVWHLQ·×Q)LOP.XUDP×Q×Q 'ùQFH.D\QDNODU×

(LVHQVWHLQ·×Q VLQHPD NXUDP×Q×Q ROXüPDV×QGD HWNLOL ND\QDNODU×

GHùHUOHQGLUPHGHQJHUoHNOLùH´LUDGLµ\DNODü×P×Q×QELUGHùHUOHQGLUPH- VLQL \DSDPD\×] YH RQX NDED ELU ´ELoLPFLOLNOHµ NROD\F× ELU ELoLPGH

LOLüNLOHQGLULUL] (LVHQVWHLQ·×Q LoLQGH EXOXQGXùX WRSOXPVDO NRüXOODU

GüQFHND\QDNODU×YHEXND\QDNODUGDQGRùDQ\|QWHPL NLEX\|QWHP

|]HOOLNOH |QHPOLGLU  GHùHUOHQGLULOGLùL WDNGLUGH EX NHVNLQ NXUDPVDO

D\U×PODUDUDV×QGDNL\HULNDYUDQDELOLU

(LVHQVWHLQ·×Q NXUDP×Q×Q GüQFH ND\QDNODU×QGDQ LONL \XNDU×GD

GDGHùLQGLùLPL]DOJ×SVLNRORMLVLYHEXEDùODPGDWDUW×ü×ODQSDUoDEWQ

LOLüNLOHULGLU +HQGHUVRQ EX Do×GDQ ´ELoLPFLµ NXUDPODU× SDUoDEWQ

NXUDPODU× ´JHUoHNoLµ NXUDPODU× GD JHUoHNOH LOLüNL NXUDPODU× RODUDN

WDVQLIHGHU  (LVHQVWHLQ·×QVLQHPDQ×QWHPHOLRODUDNJ|UGù

PRQWDMQRV\RQXQGDdDùU×ü×PF×ODU·×QHWNLVLE\NWU·OHUGHRUWD-

\D o×NDQ EX DN×P ELUH\VHO DOJ×ODUOD LOLüNLOL RODQ PHNkQ×Q ]DPDQ×Q

QHGHQVHOOLùLQ\DVDODU×QDYXUJX\DSDU$QGUHZ·HJ|UH´(LVHQVWHLQJLEL

RQODU GD ELOLüVHO VUHFL WHN WHN LPJHVHO HOHPDQODU×Q ROXüWXUGXùX

VHNDQVODUDE|O\RUODUG×GLOGHNLVHQWDNVJLELGHùLODNVLQHVDGHFHo×S-

(8)

ODNEWQOHüWLUPHOHUOHLOLüNLOHQGLUHUHNµ  $QGUHZ·LQDNWDUG×- ù×QD J|UH SVLNRORJ 7LWFKHQHU ELU DQODP× ROXüWXUPDN LoLQ HQ D] LNL

DOJ×Q×QLNLGX\XPVDPDQ×QELUDUD\DJHWLULOPHVLQL|QHULU(LVHQVWHLQ·×Q

PRQWDMDUJPDQODU×Q×Q]HPLQLQLEXUDGDDUDPDNJHUHNLU2QXQWHRULVL- QHX\DUODPDNDo×V×QGDQHQX\JXQSVLNRORMLNDo×NODPDODUׁQOoRFXN

SVLNRORùX -HDQ 3LDJHW \DSP×üW×U 3LDJHW·\H J|UH NoN oRFXNODU ELU

VUHFLQLNLXoGXUXPXQX\DQLEDüODQJ×F×Q×YHELWLüLQLLQFHOH\HUHNDQOD- P×GHùHUOHQGLUPHNWHYHRUWDGDNLDüDPDQHROXUVDROVXQVRQXoo×NDU- PDNWDG×UODU (LVHQVWHLQ·×Q NXUDP×QGD GD X]XQ oHNLPH NDUü× o×N×ü×Q×

EXXoYHELWLüQRNWDODU×QDYHUGLùL|QHPEHOLUOHU(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHELU

ILOPVWLOLELUROD\×Q]RUXQOXRODUDNDo×PODQPDVׁ]HULQHRGDNODQPDO×- G×U%LUROD\×QVWDWLNSDUoDODU×Q×QoHNLOPHVLYHEXQODU×QGLQDPLNNXUJX

LONHVL\OHELUDUD\DJHWLULOPHVLJHUHNOLGLU $QGUHZ  'üQFHVLQLQ YH NXUDP×Q×Q ND\QDNODU×QGDQ LNLQFLVL NRQVWUNWL- YL]PGLU$QFDN$QGUHZ·HJ|UH(LVHQVWHLQE\GNoHRQXQILOPELoL- PLQL NDYUD\×ü× NRQVWUNWLYLVW G|QHP ER\XQFD GRùPXü RODQ EHOLUOL

RUDQGDPHNDQLNELUELoLPHRODQLOJLGHQRUJDQLNELoLPHND\DUIDNDWEX

LNLVL DUDV×QGDNL oHOLüNLQLQ WDPDPHQ ND\EROGXùX KLoELU DQ \RNWXU

 (LVHQVWHLQ·×QNXUDP×QGD]LKLQGH|]JOKHGHIOHULoDùU×üW×U- PDN]HUHELOLQoOLLQüDVUHFLQGH PKHQGLVOLNLüOHPLQGH RUJDQLNELU

YXUJX GD YDUG×U dQN LPJHOHULQ PHWDIRULN RODUDN DQODWDELOGLNOHUL

DUDV×QGD ]LKLQ ELU EDùODQW× NXUPDG×NoD LPJHOHU DQODPV×] RODFDNW×U

)LOP D\J×W× L]OH\LFL\H WHPD\× LOHWPHN LoLQ YDUG×U <|QHWPHQLQ EWQ

GLNNDWLEXWHPD\OD\]\]HJHOHQL]OH\LFL\L\|QOHQGLUPHNLoLQJHUHN- OLRODQDUDoODU]HULQHRGDNODQPDNWDG×U$QGUHZ·LQGHEHOLUWWLùLJLEL

(LVHQVWHLQLoLQILOP\|QHWLPLQLQHQEHOLUOH\LFLJ|UHYLWHPDQ×QNHüIHGLO- PHVLGLU %X ]RU ELU J|UHYGLU oQN GRùD NROD\O×NOD XODü×ODELOLU ELU

WDU]GDYDUROPDPDNWDG×U$QGUHZ·HJ|UHEXGDRQXRUJDQLNoLWHRULV-

\HQOHUGHQ D\×UDQ QRNWDG×U 7HPD\× NHüIHWPH oDO×üPDV× ILOPLQ NRQV- WUNVL\RQX\ODHüGHùHUGLU$QGUHZ·LQGH\LüL\OH+×ULVWL\DQO×ù×QNXOODQ- G×ù×WHULPOH´UXKµDYH+HJHO·LQNXOODQG×ù×WHULPOH´LGHDµ\D(LVHQVWH- LQNHQGLNXUDP×LoLQGH´WHPDµDG×Q×YHUPLüWLU%LUPDNLQHNHQGLQGHQ

 %LUoRFXNJHQLüYHN×VDELUEDUGDNWDQGDKDX]XQYHLQFHRODQDVXG|NOGùQGH

\HQLGXUXPGDGDKDoRNVX\XQROGXùXVRQXFXQDXODüPDNWDG×U6X\XG|NPHQLQNHQ- GLVLGLNNDWHDO×QPDPDNWDG×U

(9)

|QFHNLELUDPDF×JHUoHNOHüWLUPHNLoLQYDUROXUNHQELURUJDQL]PD\DO- Q×]FDNHQGL|]QQVUHNOLOLùLLoLQ\DüDPDNWDG×U(LVHQVWHLQ·×QPHND- QLNoL\|QüXQX|QHULU$NW|UQH\LELUDUD\DJHWLUHFHùLQLYHEXQXQLoLQ

QH\H JHUHNVLQLP GX\GXùXQX NHVLQOLNOH ELOPHNWHGLU EX GXUXPGD

LPJH\HL]OH\LFLQLQWPGLNNDWLQLYHUPHVLLoLQHQHWNLQYHJoODUDoOD- U× EXOPDO×G×U $QFDN (LVHQVWHLQ·×Q RUJDQLN WDUDI× LV\DQ HGHU ´.HQGL

VUHFLLoLQGHMHVWOHU]LQFLULEDüOD\DQDNDGDUDNW|ULoLQELOHWHPDELOLQH- PH]JHOPHNWHGLUµLGGLDV×QGDEXOXQXU DNWDUDQ$QGUHZ 

7HPDXIDNSDUoDODU×VHoHUNHQELOHIRQNVL\RQXQX\HULQHJHWLULUEX

GXUXPGD MHVWOHU EWQ ROXüWXUXU %X SDUoDF×NODU VHoLOPLüWLU oQN

$QGUHZ·LQ \RUXPXQD J|UH EX SDUoDF×NODU EWQ RODV× WHPVLOOHULQ

G×ü×QGDWHNEDü×QDNHQGLLoOHULQGHWHPDQ×QPLNURVLVWHPLQLLoHUPHNWH- GLU 0RGHUQ RNX\XFX LoLQ PRQWDM ´KFUHVLµQH LOLüNLQ NDYUDP KHU

PRQWDMSDUoDV×QGDGDKDLOHULPHWDIRULNELUDQODPDNDUü×O×NJHOPHNWHYH

WHPDDG×Q×YHUGLùLPL]JHQHWLNNRGXQLP]DV×Q×WDü×PDNWDG×UILOPPDNL- QHVLQLQ LüOH\LPLQH HN RODUDN $QFDN (LVHQVWHLQ·×Q ELoLPOH JHUoHNOLN

DUDV×QGD RUJDQLN ELU EDù NXUPD\D oDO×üW×ù×Q× V|\OH\HELOLUL] <LQH

$QGUHZ·GHQ\DUG×PDODUDNEHOLUWLUVHN(LVHQVWHLQ3RWHPNLQ$\DNODQ- PDV×ROD\×Q×QVD\×V×]IDUNO×\ROODILOPHDO×QDELOHFHùLQLELOL\RUGXIDNDW

\DOQ×]FDELU\ROROD\×QJHUoHNELoLPLQLYHUHELOPHNLoLQGLùHUOHULQGHQ

GDKD|QHo×N×\RUGX´<DOQ×]FDELUILOPWDULKLQJHUoHùLQHRUJDQLNRODUDN

EDùODQDELOLUGLµ $QGUHZ \DOQ×]FDELUSDUoDEWQRODV×

WHPVLOOHULQG×ü×QGDWDULKVHOJHUoHNOLùLQELUPLNURVLVWHPLQLWDü×\DELOLUGL

RQXQGRùUXELoLPLQLYHUHELOLUGL

2UJDQLNoLWHRULV\HQOHUHJ|UHGRùDQ×Qo×SODNELUüHNLOGH\DN×QGDQ

J|]OHPOHQPHVL RUJDQLN WHPD\× UHWLU EX GD NHQGL GRùDO HQHUMLVLQL

VDQDWHVHULQHWDü×\DELOPH\HWHQHùLQLVDùODU(LVHQVWHLQLoLQLVHGRùUX- GDQNDYUDQDELOHQo×SODNJHUoHNOLN\RNWXU'RùDQ×QYHWDULKLQJHUoHN

YH GRùUX ROPDODU×QGDQ |QFH ]LKLQ WDUDI×QGDQ LüOHQHUHN ELoLPOHULQLQ

GHùLüWLULOPHVL]RUXQOXGXU<|QHWPHQLQJ|UHYLGRùDOIHQRPHQLQ\DGD

ROD\×QGRùUXELoLPLQLNDYUDPDNYHVDQDWHVHULQLQLQüDV×VUHFLQGHEX

ELoLPGHQ ID\GDODQPDNW×U $QGUHZ    %X QRNWDGD \DQL JHU- oHNOLùLQ]LKLQWDUDI×QGDQLüOHQHUHNELoLPLQLQGHùLüWLULOPH]RUXQOXOXùX

NRQXVXQGD (LVHQVWHLQ·×Q GüQFH ND\QDNODU×QGDQ ELULQLQ GH 5XV

(10)

%LoLPFLOLùL ROGXùXQX V|\OHPHN PPNQGU %X DN×P×Q WDULKL\OH

 ´ELoLPFLµVLQHPDNXUDP×Q×QLONWDULKVHOoDù×Hü]DPDQO×G×U

%X DN×P VLQHPDGD ´ELoLPFLµ \DNODü×PD IHOVHIL EDùODP×Q× YHULU RQXQ

GüQVHOWHPHOOHULQLDWDU5XV%LoLPFLOHULELULQVDQ×Q\DüDP×Q×QVDQDW- VDOYHHVWHWLN\|QOHULQLIDUNO×YH|]HON×ODQQHGLUVRUXVXQXVRUX\RUODUG×

$QGUHZ 

5XV%LoLPFLOLùL·QLQ|QGHJHOHQLVLPOHULQGHQELULRODQD\Q×]DPDQ- GD (LVHQVWHLQ·×Q EL\RJUDILVLQL \D]DQ YH RQXQ DUNDGDü× RODQ 9LFWRU

6KNORYVN\VDQDW×QDPDF×Q×üH\OHULQDOJ×ODQG×NODU×ELoLPGHGX\XPVDQ- PDODU×Q×YHUPHNRODUDNWDQ×PODU\RNVDQDV×OELOLQL\RUODUVD|\OHGHùLO $QGUHZ -DPHVRQ·DJ|UH5XV%LoLPFLOHUL·QLQELULFLNVDYODU×

\D]×QVDORODQDLQDWODEDùO×ROPDODU×´\D]×QROJXVXµQGDQKHUKDQJLELU

EDüNDNXUDPODüW×UPDELoLPLQHVDSPD\×UHGGHWPHOHULGLU<D]DU×QEHOLUW- WLùLQHJ|UHNXUDP×QLONJ|UHYLGH\D]×QROJXVXQXQNHQGLVLQLQVR\XW- ODQPDV×G×U6KNORYVN\·QLQNLWDE×Q×QDG× ']\D]×.XUDP× ELUPDQLIHVWR

J|UHYL J|UU gUQHùLQ üLLU GLOL JQON GLOLQ \DOQ×]FD |]HOOHüPLü ELU

SDUoDV×ROPD\×SNHQGLEDü×QDEWQVHO ELUGLOELOLPGL]JHVLROXüWXUXU

-DPHVRQ 0RUDQ·×QGDGHGLùLJLELDQODPLVWHULVWHPH]LüH

NDU×üW×ù×QD J|UH ELoLPFLOLùLQ DQODPOD KHVDSODüPDV× YH RQXQ HVHUGHNL

\HULQL WDQ×PODPDV× ]RUXQOX ROXU ûLLUGH V|]FNOHULQ VDOW VHV RODUDN

 %LUDN×PRODUDN´ELoLPFLOLNµYHRQXQOD\DN×QELUEDù×RODQ\DS×VDOF×O×NVDQDW×Q|]- QQVDQDW×QELUEDüNDüH\OH |UQHùLQJHUoHNOLNOH\D]DUODRNXUOD LOLüNLVLQGHEXOXQ- PDV×QD NDUü× JHOHUHN \HQL ELU \DNODü×P×Q JHOLüWLULOPHVL JHUHNWLùLQL GüQGOHU %L- oLPFLOHUHJ|UHVDQDWHVHULQLGLùHU\DS×WODUGDQD\×UDQ|]HOOLNHVHULQNHQGL\DS×V×QGD

\DQL HVHULQ NHQGL |ùHOHUL DUDV×QGD NXUXODQ G]HQGH DUDQPDO×G×U %HUQD 0RUDQ·×Q

EHOLUWWLùLQH J|UH ELoLP GHùHUOHUL V|] NRQXVX ROGXùXQGD LNL oHüLW GHùHU DNOD JHOLU

%XQODUGDQ ELUL GX\XPVDO GLùHU \DS×VDO GHùHUOHUGLU    5XV %LoLPFLOLùLQLQ

HOHüWLUHOELUGHùHUOHQGLUPHVLLoLQGHEDN×Q×]-DPHVRQ

 %XUDGDJHQH]LKLQVHOVUHoOHUNRQXVXQDJHOL\RUX]%X|QHPOLELUNRQXGXU$QFDN

EXUDGDNL YXUJXQXQ NLüLGHQ NLüL\H GHùLüHQ DOJ×ODQPD ELoLPOHULQL GHùLO KHUNHV LoLQ

RUWDNRODQHYUHQVHOELU]LKLQWDKD\\OLoHUGLùLQLXQXWPDPDNJHUHNLU0XQVWHUEHUJ

ÀOP UHWLP VUHFLQGHQ ]L\DGH L]OH\LFL\OH LOJLOHQGL $QGUHZ·H J|UH \|QHWPHQL YH

VHQDULVWL \DUDW×F× Jo RODUDN WDUW×üPD EDüO×ù× \DSPDPDV× LOJLQoWLU hUHWLP VUHFLQL

|]QHVL]ELUVUHoRODUDNJ|U\RUEXDQODPGDPHUNH]LURO´LQVDQ]LKQLµQHYHUL\RU- GXdQN\|QHWPHQOHUWHNQRORMLYHVRV\RORMLQLQNLüLVHOROPD\DQ|]QHVL]JoOHULQLQ

HWNLVLQGHNDODUDNoDO×ü×\RUGXgQHPOLRODQLOKDPGüQPHYHDQODWPD\HWHQHùL\GL

$QGUHZ 

(11)

DKHQNOHULJ]HOOLNOHULEXOXQPDNWDG×UIDNDWEXQODUWHNEDüODU×QDELUURO

R\QDPD]ODU0RUDQ·DJ|UH´QH\LQQDV×OV|\OHQGLùLµELUVOXSVRUXQX

RODUDN NDOG×NoD DQODP×Q URO Do×NODQPDG×NoD ELoLPFL \DNODü×PODU×Q

ELoLPLoHULN LNLOLVLQGHQ NXUWXOPDODU× PPNQ J|]NPHPHNWHGLU

0RUDQ·×Q EHOLUWWLùL JLEL ED]× HVWHWLNoLOHUL YH HOHüWLUPHQOHUL ´|QHPOL

RODQV|\OHQHQGHùLOQDV×OV|\OHQGLùLGLUµJ|UüQHLWHQEHONLGHNRQX- QXQHVHUHWHNEDü×QDGHùHUVDùOD\DPDG×ù×QDV×NV×NUDVWODP×üROPDODU×- G×U%\NWUDJHG\DNRQXODU×Q×HOHDO×SN|WHVHUOHURUWD\DNR\DQ\DGD

GHULQ NRQXODUD VDU×O×S V×N×F× YH WDWV×] URPDQODU NDOHPH DODQ \D]DUODU

\RNPXGXU" 0RUDQ 

%LoLP HVHUGHNL EWQ |ùHOHULQ YH EXQODU×Q DUDV×QGDNL EDùODU×Q

PH\GDQDJHWLUGLùL\DS×G×U6DQDWWDELU\DS×Q×QHVWHWLNELU\DS×ROPDV×

JHUHNLU 0RUDQ·D J|UH JHQHOOLNOH EX \DS×VDO GHùHUL PH\GDQD JHWLUHQ

G]HQH ´RUJDQLN EWQONµ YH\D ´RUJDQLN ELUOLNµ JLEL LVLPOHU YHULOLU

 úüWH(LVHQVWHLQ·×Q´ELoLPFLOLNOHµRODQLOLüNLVLNHQGLPRQWDM

NXUDP×QGDNL EX RUJDQLN EWQON YH ELUOLN YXUJXVXQGD J|UOHELOLU

(LVHQVWHLQLoLQGHEWQELOHüHQOHULQHüLWROGXùXD\Q×|OoHùHJ|UH|Oo- OHELOHQ ELU VLVWHPL VLQHPD LoLQ \DUDWPDN LVWHGL +HU ELU SDUoD ×ü×N

NRPSR]LV\RQR\XQFXOXNKLNk\HELUELUL\OHLOLüNLOLROPDO×\G×%|\OHOLN- OH ELU KLNk\H DQODWPD\D HüOLN HGHQ GHVWHNOH\LFL ELOHüHQOHUGHQ ROXüDQ

KDPJHUoHNoLOLNWHQNDo×Q×ODELOLUGL

$QFDNKHUQHNDGDU5XV%LoLPFLOHUL\XNDU×GD-DPHVRQ·XQV|]Q

HWWLùLWUGHQELUVR\XWODPD\×\D]×QROJXVXQXQNHQGLVLQLQELUVR\XWOD- PDV×Q×DPDoODVDGD0RUDQ·×Q\HULQGHELUWHVSLWOHEHOLUWWLùLJLELELoLPL

QDV×OHWNLOHUVHHWNLOHVLQHVHULQELUDQODP×ROGXùXQDJ|UHELUVDQDWHVHUL

JHQH GH EL]H ELU üH\OHU V|\O\RU GHPHNWLU ´%DüND ELU \ROGDQ GD ROVD

IHOVHIHQLQ SVLNRORMLQLQ VRV\RORMLQLQ GLQLQ V|\OHGLùL üH\OHUL üLLUGH

URPDQGD R\XQGD  EXOPX\RU PX\X]"µ 0RUDQ   

%LoLPFLOHUH J|UH RUJDQLN EWQON \DQL HVHULQ \DS×V× EL]GH HVWHWLN

\DüDQW×PH\GDQDJHWLULUYHEXVDQDWWD|QHPOLGLU$QFDN0RUDQ·×QGD

 'HOHX]H VLQHPD\× oDù×P×]×Q IHOVHIH \DSPD DUDF× RODUDN WDQ×PO×\RUGX dQN RQD

J|UHPRGHUQVLQHPDÀ]LNVHOGQ\DQ×QELUWHPVLOLGHùLOÀ]LNVHOGQ\D\DDLW]LKLQVHO

LPJHOHULQWHPVLOLGLU .RYDFV 

(12)

EHOLUWWLùL JLEL EX RUJDQLN \DS× LoLQGH \LQH GH ELOGLùLPL] oHüLWWHQ ELU

DQODP NDO×U %LU NH] DQODP× NDEXO HGLQFH HVHU KD\DWOD G×ü GQ\D LOH

EDùODUNXUDQELU\DS×WRODFDNW×U5XV%LoLPFLOLùL·QGHNLDQOD\×ü×QHVDV×

JHUoHNOLùL\DQV×WPDNGHùLOHGHEL\DWHVHULQLQ\DSW×ù×JLELRQXGHùLüLN

ELUELoLPGHDOJ×ODWPDNW×U 0RUDQ 

.HQGL EDü×QD EWQVHO ELU GLOELOLP GL]JHVL ROXüWXUDQ \DQL ELU

OHKoHRODQüLLUVHOGLOGLNNDWLNHQGLQHoHNHQELUGLOGLUE|\OHELUGLNNDW

GLOLQ NHQGLVLQLQ PDGGL QLWHOLùLQLQ \HQLGHQ DOJ×ODQPDV× VRQXFXQX

GRùXUXU-DPHVRQ·DJ|UHEXQHGHQOHELoLPFLOHULQEX\HQLPRGHOLDO×ü- NDQO×NLOHDOJ×PHNDQLNYHELOLQoVL]HGLPLOHGQ\DQ×QYHGLOLQ\DS×OD- U× YH \]H\OHULQLQ ´DQLGHQµ ELOLQFLQH YDU×OPDV× DUDV×QGDNL ]×WO×ùD

GD\DO×G×U    -DPHVRQ·D J|UH 6KNORYVN\·QLQ QHVQHOHULQ WDQ×ü

ROPDNWDQo×NDU×OPDV×\DEDQF×ODüW×U×OPDV×LONHVLDOJ×Q×QELU\HQLOHüPH- VLGLU %X EDùODPGD VDQDW ELOLQoOL \DüDQW×\× RQDUPDQ×Q \HQLOHüWLUPH- QLQPHNDQLNGDYUDQ×üDO×üNDQO×NODU×Q×]RUODDüPDQ×QYDURODQWD]HOLùL

YHGHKüHWLLoLQGHNHQGLPL]HGQ\D\D\HQLGHQGRùPDRODQDù×VXQPD- Q×QELU\ROXGXU  (LVHQVWHLQ·×QFRüWXUXFXPRQWDMDYHDQOD- P×Q VH\LUFLQLQ NDW×O×P×\OD ELUOLNWH RUWD\D o×NPDV×QD |QHP YHULüLQGH

EXELoLPFLOLùLQL]OHULQLVUHUL]$PDEXUDGD(LVHQVWHLQ·×GDKDIDUNO×ELU

\HUHRWXUWPDNLoLQHOLPL]GHoRNGDKD|QHPOLELUJHUHNoHYDU%LUGHY- ULPFLVUHFLLPOH\HQEXFRüWXUXFXOXNWD\HQLGHQGRùPDGDYHDQODP- ODQG×UPDGDELoLPFLOLùLQL]OHULYDUG×UDPDELUIDUNOD\|QWHPIDUN×\OD

'ROD\×V×\OD GL\DOHNWLN \|QWHPLQ VDùODG×ù× GLQDPL]PLQ WHPHOLQGH

JHUoHNoLOLNWDUW×üPDV×LoLQGHELU\HUHNR\DFDù×P×](LVHQVWHLQ·×Q|]HOELU

\HUL EXOXQPDNWDG×U %X |]HO \HUL NDYUDPDP×]D \DUG×PF× RODFDN

GüQFHND\QDNODU×oHUoHYHVLQGH(LVHQVWHLQ·×QNXUDP×Q×QJHUoHNoLOLN- OHRODQLOLüNLVLQHJHoHELOLUL]

'L\DOHNWLN0DWHU\DOLVW<|QWHPYH(LVHQVWHLQ

%LoLPFLOLNYH*HUoHNOLN÷ONHVL

0RUDQ·D J|UH JHUoHNOLùL GHùLüLN ELoLPGH DOJ×ODWPD DQOD\×ü×

%UHFKW·LQ ´\DEDQF×ODüPDµ NDYUDP×Q× EHOLUWWLùL JLEL $OWKXVVHU·GHNL

´LGHRORML\L G|QüWUPHµ YH J|UQU N×OPD LGGLDV×Q× GD KDW×UODW×\RU

(13)

)DNDW 5XV %LoLPFLOHUL LoLQ |QHPOL RODQ ELU HVHULQ EL]H ELOJL YHUPHVL

GHùLOEXDOJ×ODPDROD\×Q×QND]DQG×UG×ù×\DüDQW×Q×QLoVHOGHùHULGLU%X

WXWXP GD ´VDQDW LoLQ VDQDWµ DQOD\×ü×Q×Q ELU LüDUHWLGLU 0RUDQ 

 (LVHQVWHLQ·×ELoLPFLOHUGHQD\×UDQHQ|QHPOLQRNWDELUDO×üNDQO×ù×

N×UPDJFQ\DS×W×QVDOWGLOVHOG]HQOHQLüLQHLQGLUJHPHPHVLQGHGLU

<DS×W×QNHQGLG×ü×QGDELUüH\HLüDUHWHWPHVLELOJLYHUPHVL|QHPOLGLU

2UJDQL]DV\RQG]HQOHPH(LVHQVWHLQLoLQGH|QHPOLGLUDQFDNJHUoHN- OLN NDUü×V×QGD \|QHWPHQLQVDQDWo×Q×Q WXWXPXQX YHUPHN LoLQ <DQL

´RUJDQLNELUOLNµ5XV%LoLPFLOHUL·QGHNLJLELVDOWELUDPDoGHùLOGLUELU

\|QWHPGLU GRùUXGDQ NDYUDQDPD\DQ o×SODN JHUoHNOLùH \|QHOLN WXWX- PXQ\|QWHPLGLU(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHKD\DWDNDUü×\HQLELUDOJ×GX\XP

GLQDPL]P LüWH EX \|QWHPOH RUWD\D o×NDU×ODELOLU %LoLPH NDUü×WODU×Q

ELUOLùLQH GD\DQDQ EX \|QWHP EDùODP×QGD GHùHU YHULU \RNVD NHQGLVL

LoLQELUDPDoRODUDNGHùLO

(LVHQVWHLQ·×QELoLPOHJHUoHNOLNDUDV×QGDRUJDQLNELUEDùNXUPDV×Q×

VDùOD\DQGDEX\|QWHPGLU%XD\U×PGDEL]L(LVHQVWHLQ·×QGüQFHVL- QLQPRQWDMVDQDWVLQHPD NXUDP×Q×Q ND\QDNODU×QGDQ HQ |QHPOLVLQH

JHWLULU 0DUNVLVW IHOVHIH YH 0DU[·×Q GL\DOHNWLN PDWHU\DOLVW \|QWHPL

(LVHQVWHLQKHUQHNDGDUELoLPVHO|ùHOHUHYHEX|ùHOHULQELUOLùLQH|QHP

YHUVH GH JHUoHNOLN PHVHOHVLQL HOGHQ E×UDNPDP×üW×U %X RQXQ EL]]DW

NXOODQG×ù× \|QWHPLQ VRQXFXGXU *HUoHNOLùH XODüPDGD \|QWHP R

NDGDU |QHPOL\GL NL (LVHQVWHLQ LoLQ KDNLNDWLQ ELU SDUoDV×\G×<|QWHP

PHVHOHVLQHYHUGLùL|QHP)LOP'X\XPX  DGO×HVHULQGHV|\OHGLùL

üXV|]OHUGHQo×NDU×ODELOLU´<DOQ×]VRQXoGHùLOEXVRQXFDJLGHQ\ROGD

JHUoHùLQ SDUoDV×G×U *HUoHùLQ DUDüW×U×OPDV× GD GRùUX ROPDO× 'RùUX

DUDüW×UPDDo×OP×ü\D\×OP×üJHUoHNGHPHNWLUNLEXQXQGDù×Q×NSDUoD- ODU×VRQXoWDELUDUD\DJHOLUµ  

(LVHQVWHLQLoLQJHUoHNOLùL\DNDODPDNRQXQNXUDP×LoLQGHQNRQX- üXUVDN´NHüIHWPHNµLoLQJHUoHNOLùLQJ|UQPOHULQLSDUoDODU×QDD\U×ü- W×UPDNYH´JHUoHNOLNLONHVLµQHJ|UHRQODU×\HQLGHQLQüDHWPHNJHUHNLU

<XNDU×GDGDGHùLQGLùLPL]JLELWHPDQ×QNHüILYHEXGRùUXOWXGD\DS×- Q×Q NRQVWUNWLYL]PL HüGHùHUGLU %XUDGD VLQHPD D\J×W× YH RUJDQL]PD- Q×QGL\DOHNWLùLQLGHJ|UU](LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHGRùDYHWDULKGL\DOHN- WLNELoLPHX\JXQRODUDNLüOHU<|QHWPHQEXLüOH\LüLELUROD\×QDUG×QGD-

(14)

NLJHUoHNOLùLJ|UQFH\HNDGDUEDüNDWUOV|\OHUVHNJHQHOGL\DOHNWLN

\DVD\×EXOXQFD\DNDGDUDUDüW×UPDN]RUXQGDG×U.HQGLPRQWDMNXUDP×

EXGL\DOHNWLN\DüDPLONHVLQGHQo×NDFDNW×U'ROD\×V×\OD|UQHùLQURPDQ

WUQQ DO×üNDQO×ù× N×UPD JFQ KD\DW× \DQV×WPDV×QGDQ GHùLO GH

WUQ |]HO ELU ELoLPGH G]HQOHQLüLQGHQ DOG×ù×Q× GüQHQ 0RUDQ

   ELoLPFLOHUGHQ EXUDGD D\U×O×U 'L\DOHNWLN \DVD\× EXOXQFD\D

NDGDUDUDüW×UPDYXUJXVXILOP\DUDWPDVUHFLQLELUo|]POHPHRODUDN

J|UGùQHLüDUHWHGHU.HQGLNXUDP×LoLQGHSDUoDEWQLOLüNLVLQLNDY- UD\×ü×EXJHUoHNOLùLQELUSDUoDV×RODUDNGL\DOHNWLN\|QWHPoHUoHYHVLQ- GH ILOP \DUDWPD VUHFLQL o|]POHPH RODUDN J|UPHVLQL GRùDO N×ODU

)LOPELUUQGHùLOELU\DUDWPDVUHFLRODUDNJ|UOQFHL]OH\LFLGH

EXQDNDW×ODQELUXQVXUROXUYHVRQUDRUWD\Do×NDQDQODPKD\DW×´\HQL- GHQµYH´DQLµELUELoLPGHNDYUD\×ü×Q\ROXQXDoDU+D\DW×´\HQLGHQµYH

´DQLµELUELoLPGHNDYUD\×üPHVHOHVL5XV%LoLPFLOHUL·QLQGHYXUJXODG×- ù× ELU üH\ ROGXùXQGDQ (LVHQVWHLQ·×Q ELoLPFLOHUOH SD\ODüW×ù× QRNWDODU

EXOXQPDNWDG×U$QFDN´DQLµNDYUD\×üGDPRQWDMNXUDP×QGDNLGL\DOHN- WLN\|QWHPHLoNLQGLU

'L\DOHNWLùLQLNL|QHPOLXQVXUXYDUG×U%XQODUGDQELUL´EWQONµ

GLùHUL´GHùLüLPµGLU0DU[·×Q\|QWHPLQLoDUS×F×ELUELoLPGHDQDOL]HGHQ

2OOPDQ·×QWDQ×P×\ODGL\DOHNWLN´LQFHOHPH\HoDO×üW×ù×P×]JHUoHNOLùHDLW

|ùHOHUL QDV×O G]HQH VRNDFDù×P×]× EX JHUoHNOLùH LOLüNLQ HOGH HGLOHQ

o×NDU×PODU×JHQHOOLNOHGL\DOHNWLNELUüHNLOGHGüQPH\HQGLùHULQVDQ- ODUD QDV×O DNWDUDFDù×P×]× J|VWHUHQ ELU N×ODYX]XGXUµ   

2OOPDQ·ODGHYDPHGHOLP

'L\DOHNWLN´üH\HµGDLURUWDNGX\XVDOQRV\RQX üH\LQELUWDULKHYHGLùHU

üH\OHUOH EDùODQW×\D VDKLS ROGXùX QRV\RQXQX  ´VUHoµ QRV\RQODU× üH\L

NHQGL WDULKLQL YH JHOHFHNWHNL RODV× J|UQPOHULQL LoHUHQ ELU üH\ RODUDN

DODQQRV\RQODU YHLOLüNLQRV\RQODU× üH\LQGLùHUüH\OHUOHEDùODU×Q×RüH\LQ

QH ROGXùXQXQ ELU SDUoDV× RODUDN HOH DODQ QRV\RQODU  LOH LNDPH HGHUHN

EL]LPJHUoHNOLNKDNN×QGDNLGüQFHPL]L\HQLGHQ\DS×ODQG×U×U'L\DOHN- WLNJHUoHNWHROPD\DQELUüH\LGüQFH\HHNOHPH]  

2OOPDQ·×QEHOLUWWLùLQHJ|UHGQ\D]HULQHGüQUNHQGL\DOHNWL- ùLQJQGHPLQGHV×Q×UODU×QQDV×OoL]LOHFHùLYHELULPOHULQQDV×OROXüWXUX- ODFDù× YDUG×U %LULPOHUL ROXüWXUPDN GHPHN GL\DOHNWLùLQ WDQ×PODG×ù×

(15)

JLEL ´VR\XWODPDµ \DSPDN GHPHNWLU %Hü GX\XPX]OD DOJ×ODG×ù×P×]

|]HOOLNOHU GRùDQ×Q ELU SDUoDV× RODUDN JHUoHNWHQ YDU ROXUNHQ KHP

]DPDQKHPGHPHNkQEDùODP×QGDELUüH\LQQHUHGHELWLSELUEDüNDV×- Q×QQHUHGHEDüODG×ù×Q×EL]HJ|VWHUHQNDYUDPVDOD\U×PODUELUGL]LWRS- OXPVDOYH]LKLQVHOLQüDG×U'Q\DQ×QJHUoHNWHQHROGXùXLQüDHGLOHQ

EXNDYUDPVDOD\U×PODU]HULQGHHWNLOLROVDGD2OOPDQ·DJ|UHEXV×Q×U- ODU×oL]HQOHUEL]]DWEL]L]GLUIDUNO×NOWUOHUGHQYHIHOVHILJHOHQHNOHUGHQ

JHOHQLQVDQODUEXV×Q×UODU×IDUNO×IDUNO×oL]HUOHU  'L\DOHN- WLNLüWHEXQXDo×ùDo×NDUPDNLoLQYDUG×UYH(LVHQVWHLQ·×QVDQDWo×Q×Q

\|QHWPHQLQ WXWXPX GHGLùL üH\ EX \|QWHPOH Do×NODQDELOLU EX QHGHQOH

GHDQODü×O×UG×U

(LVHQVWHLQ  VDQDWo×Q×Q\|QHWPHQLQ WXWXPXQX ELU VDQDW \DS×W×Q×Q

NXUXOXüXQGDNL HQ NDUPDü×N VRUXQODU× LoHUHQ ´J|VWHULP VRUXQXµ LOH

´J|VWHULPNDUü×V×QGDNLWXWXPVRUXQXµRODUDNRUWD\DNR\DU7XWXPKHU

QH NDGDU \DOQ×]FD G]HQOHPH\OH DQODW×OPD] YH G]HQOHPHQLQ WHN

NRQXVXROPD]LVHGHG]HQOHPHWXWXPXDo×NODPDGDHQHWNLOL\ROODU- GDQ ELULGLU %X GRùUXOWXGD ELU ROJX\X ILOPGH KDQJL \|QWHPOHU YH

\ROODUOD J|VWHUPHOL NL ILOP \DOQ×] ROJXQXQ QH ROGXùXQX YH NLüLOHULQ

EXQDNDUü×WXWXPXQXJ|VWHUPHNOHNDOPDV×QD\Q×]DPDQGD´\DUDW×F×- Q×Qµ EX ROJX NDUü×V×QGDNL WXWXPXQXQ QH ROGXùXQX L]OH\LFLQLQ EX

ROJX\XQDV×ODOJ×ODPDV×Q×GX\PDV×Q×WHSNLJ|VWHUPHVLQLGHLVWHGLùLQL

Do×ùD YXUVXQ gUQHùLQ ]QW GL\H ELU üH\ \RNWXU ]QWQQ NLüL

]QWO\VHWDü×\×F×V×L]OH\LFL\L]JQN×ODFDNELoLPGHJ|VWHULOGLùLQ- GHGHWNHWLFLVLYDUG×U$QFDN(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHEXVRQGXUXP]Q- WQQEWQJ|VWHULPOHULLoLQ]RUXQOXGHùLOGLU%LU\HQLOJL\HXùUD\DQ

GüPDQ×Q]QWV\HQHQGHQ\DQDRODQL]OH\LFLGHVHYLQoX\DQG×U×U

(LVHQVWHLQ 

*|VWHULOHQQHVQHLOHEXQXQJ|VWHULPLQLEHOLUOH\HQG]HQLQ\DVDV×

oDN×üDELOLU (LVHQVWHLQ·D J|UH EX HQ \DO×Q GXUXPGXU YH G]HQOHPH

VRUXQXD]oRNo|]OU.DKUDPDQ]QWOGURQXQODELUOLNWHGRùD

D\G×QODWPD NXUJXQXQ ULWPL oRùXQOXNOD EXQD HüOLN HGHQ P]LN GH

]QWOGU $QFDN (LVHQVWHLQ·×Q GH\LüL\OH ´]F ]QWµ \D GD

´VHYLQoOL VHYLQoµ WUQGHQ ELU o|]P \HULQH \DUDW×F×Q×Q ´\DüDP×

NDQ×WOD\DQ |OPµ WHPDV×Q× o|]PHN JLEL NDo×Q×OPD] ELU JHUHNVLQLP

(16)

GX\GXùX GXUXPODU GD YDUG×U %X GXUXPGD G]HQOHPH\L EHOLUOH\HQ

EDüODQJ×ooL]JLVLJ|VWHULOHQHHüOLNHGHQFRüNXDODQ×QGDQoRNJ|VWHUL- OHQ NDUü×V×QGDNL WXWXPXQ FRüNXVXQD JHoHFHNWLU<DUDW×F× G]HQOHPH- QLQEHOLUOH\LFL|ùHOHULQLROD\ODUDNDUü×WXWXPXQXQWHPHOOHULQGHQDO×U

(LVHQVWHLQ$OHNVDQGU1HYVNL·GH  $OPDQü|YDO\HOHULQLQ5XVRUGX- VXQDVDOG×UPDNWDROXüXQXQDV×OJ|VWHUGLùLQLDQODW×U%X\DS×WWHKOLNH

E\GNoH \UHùLQ V×N×üW×ù× VROXùXQ NHVLOGLùL V×UDGD LQVDQ× VDUDQ

GHKüHWGX\XPXQXHQXIDND\U×QW×ODU×QDGHNL]OHU%XVDOG×U×EXGX\X- PDHüOLNHGHQLooHüLWOHPHOHUHJ|UHG]HQOHQLU&RüNXOX\UHùLQJUO- WODW×ü×G|UWQDODJLGLüLQULWPLQLEHOLUOHU(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHJHUoHNELU

G]HQOHPHQLQFRüNXVDOHWNLVLQLQJL]HPLEXUDGDG×U%|\OHELUG]HQOH- PHLQVDQFRüNXVXQXQ\DS×V×Q×ND\QDNRODUDNDO×UEXQXQ\DUG×P×\OD

\DQ×OPD]ELUELoLPGHGX\JX\DVHVOHQLUYHG]HQOHPH\LGRùXUDQGX\- JXODUNDUPDüDV×QD\RODoDU (LVHQVWHLQ 

(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHEXGXUXPDHGHEL\DWHVHUOHULQLQVD\IDODU×QGDGD

V×NoDUDVWODU×]2QODU×Q´NHQGLQGHµROD\ODU×J|VWHUHQ\DS×VDOG]HQOH- PHOHUL EL]H EHNOHQPHGLN |UQHNOHU VXQDU %X \DS×ODU KLoELU ]DPDQ

´ELoLPFLDü×U×O×NODUOD\DGDo×OJ×QFDDUDüW×UPDODUODµEHOLUOHQPHPLüYH

EHVOHQPHPLüWLU%XEDùODPGDLONDNODJHOHQ|UQHNOHULNODVLNJHUoHNoL- OHU YHULU (LVHQVWHLQ·D J|UH EX \DS×ODU×Q NODVLNOLùL GH EXUDGDQ JHOLU

%HOLUOLELUROD\NDUü×V×QGDVHoLNELU\DUJ×\×YHVHoLNELUWXWXPXJ|VWH- ULUOHUgUQHùLQHGHEL\DWWD´HYOLOLNG×ü×FLQVHOLOLüNLµQLQEHWLPOHQPHVL\- OHV×NoDNDUü×ODü×U×]%XLOLüNLPHFD]LRODUDNFLQD\HWOHHüWXWXOXUúPJH- OHPFL NDUü×ODüW×UPDODU×Q oHüLWOLOLùL QH ROXUVD ROVXQ (LVHQVWHLQ·D J|UH

EXQGDQGDKDHWNLOH\LFLELUWDEOR\RNWXU7ROVWR\·XQ$QQD.DUHQLQD·V×Q- GDNLEXWUGHQELUG]HQOHPH\D]DU×QDKODNo×WXWXPXQXJ|VWHULU%X

DKODNo× \DS× (LVHQVWHLQ·D J|UH 7ROVWR\·X HYOLOLN G×ü× LOLüNL\L LQVDQD

NDUü× LüOHQHELOHFHN HQ E\N VXoOD FLQD\HWOH |OoPH\H ]RUODU 6Xo

\D]DU×Q WXWXPXQGDNL WHPHO DQODPOD\×F× LüOHYLQL J|UU EX VDKQHQLQ

 %XQODU(LVHQVWHLQ·×HOHüWLUHQOHULQJHQHOOLNOHNXOODQG×NODU×GH\LPOHUGLUYH(LVHQVWHLQ

HOHüWLUPHQOHUHVLWHPHWPHNWHYHRQODU×HOHüWLUPHNWHGLU /H\GD·Q×QQRWXQGDQDNWDUDQ

g]|Q 

 ´2 ]DPDQ NDWLO WXWNX\D EHQ]HU ELU |INH\OH FHVHGLQ VWQH DW×O×U VUNOHU SDUoD- ODU RQX 9URQVNL GH $QQD·Q×Q \]Q RPX]ODU×Q× |\OH |SFNOHUOH |UW\RUGXµ

>7ROVWR\·XQURPDQ×QGDQ@ (LVHQVWHLQ 

(17)

G]HQOHQPHVLQL JHUoHNOHüWLUHUHN EWQ WHPHO |ùHOHULQ EHOLUOH\LFLVL

ROXU (LVHQVWHLQ 

(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHELUROD\×QROJXQXQ\DGDELUIHQRPHQLQGRùUX

ELoLPLQLEXOPDNRROD\×\DGDIHQRPHQL\DOQ×]FDND\GHWPHLüLGHùLO- GLU*UHY 6WDFKND ILOPLJ|VWHULPHJLUGLùLQGH9HUWRYLOH\DQGDü- ODU×EXILOPLQ6LQHPD*|]DN×P×Q×QNLPLHGLQLPOHULQLILOPHDNWDUG×ù×- Q× NLPLVLQL GH VDSW×UG×ù×Q× LOHUL VUHU (LVHQVWHLQ N×VPL ELU \DN×QO×N

EXOXQVD GD LONHGHNL N|NO ELU D\U×P×Q YXUJXODQPDV× JHUHNWLùLQL

GüQUYHLNL\DS×WDUDV×QGDNL\|QWHPD\U×O×ù×QDGHùLQLU'×üELoLP

EHQ]HUVH GH \|QWHPVHO ELoLP IDUNO×G×U û|\OH GHU (LVHQVWHLQ ´>«@

%L]LPEHQLPVHGLùLPL]DQODPGDVDQDWUQ HQD]×QGDQEHQLPoDO×ü- W×ù×P WL\DWUR YH VLQHPD WUOHULQGHNL VDQDW UQ  KHU üH\GHQ |QFH

L]OH\LFLQLQUXKVDOO×ù×Q×EHOLUOLELUV×Q×I\|QOHQGLUPHVLQHJ|UHLüOH\HQELUWUDN

W|UGU >«@ %L]H JHUHNOL RODQ ELU ¶6LQHPD*|]· GHùLO ELU ¶6LQHPD

<XPUXN·WXUµ DNWDUDQg]|Q/,,/,,, (LVHQVWHLQEXGRùUXOWX- GDNL H\OHPFL WDYU×Q× PHVHOHQLQ L\L ELU ILOP \DSPDNOD ELWPHGLùLQL

\|QHWPHQLQDQDJ|UHYOHULQGHQELULQLQGHNOWUDODQ×QGDRUWD\Do×NW×- ù×Q×EHOLUWHUHNRUWD\DNR\X\RUGX(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UH´NDUü×WELUNOWUYH

VDQDW DQOD\×ü× J|VWHUHUHN NHQWVR\OX NOWUH ELU GDUEH LQGLUPHN GHµ

VDQDWo×Q×QJ|UHYOHULDUDV×QGD\G×.HQWVR\OXVLQHPDQ×QV×Q×IVDOQLWHOLN- OHULQH NDUü× o×N×ü× \|QHWPHQ NHQGL \|QWHPL\OH JHUoHNOHüWLUPHOL\GL

(LVHQVWHLQ 

6LQHPDGD$QODP<DUDWPDYH0RQWDM.XUDP×

(LVHQVWHLQ·×QELoLPFLOHUGHQD\U×üW×ù×ELUEDüNDQRNWDDQODP\DUDW- PDPHVHOHVLGLU%LoLPFLOHUGHDo×NODQPDV×JHUHNHQELU|ùHRODUDNGXUDQ

YH ´\D]×Q·×Q VR\XWODQPDV×µ oDEDV×QD QHUHGH\VH PXVDOODW RODQ DQODP

VRUXQX (LVHQVWHLQ·GD WHPHO GHùHUGLU úON G|QHP VLQHPD oDEXN YH

GX\JXVDOELUERüDO×PSHüLQGHGLU\HQLVLQHPDDQOD\×ü×´VRQXFXQGDQH

GRùUXGDQQHGHoDEXNELUDQODW×PELoLPLEXODPD\DFDNRODQ\RùXQYH

GüQGUF ELU VUHFL LoHUPHOLGLUµ (LVHQVWHLQ    %X DQODPGD

PRQWDM VDQDW UQQQ WHPHO DPDF× YH J|UHYLGLU (LVHQVWHLQ 

 (LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHWHPHODPDoYHJ|UHY´L]OHùLQ WHPDQ×Q JHUHFLQ

 %XoDO×üPDGDW×UQDNLoLQGHYHULOHQDO×QW×ODUGDNLLWDOLNOHU\D]DUDGHùLORULMLQDOND\QD- ù×QNHQGLVLQHDLWWLU

(18)

ROD\ GL]LVLQLQ SORWXQ  ROJXQXQ GHYLQLPLQ ILOPLQ JHUHN D\U×P×QGD

JHUHNVHWPQGHEDùODQW×O×YHDOPDü×N Q|EHWOHüH RODUDNVHUJLOHQPHVLµGLU

(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHILOPLQJ|UHYLPDQW×NO×ELUüHNLOGHEDùODQP×ü|\N-

\DQODWPDNGHùLOHOGHQJHOGLùLQFH´FRüWXUXFXYHX\DU×F×µJoWHELU

|\NDQODWPDNW×U  %XFRüNX\XYHUHFHNRODQüH\PRQWDMG×U

%XEDùODPGD|QHo×NDQG]HQOHPH\DS×VDO|ùHOHULQLLQVDQ×QFRüNXVDO

GDYUDQ×ü×QGDQDO×UEXQHGHQOHKHUG]HQOHPH(LVHQVWHLQ·×QGH\LüL\OH

KHU ]DPDQ ´GHULQOHPHVLQH LQVDQF×Oµ RODFDNW×U    .XUJX\X

NXOODQPDQ×QQHGHQL(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHV×Q×UV×]X]XQOXNWDNLILOPSDU- oDODU×\OD oDO×üPDN ]RUXQGD ROXüXPX] YH EX QHGHQOH ]DPDQ ]DPDQ

EXQODU× ELUELULQH \DS×üW×UPDP×] JHUHNWLùL GHùLO DQODP \DUDWPDG×U

´+DQJLoHüLWWHQROXUVDROVXQLNLILOPSDUoDV×\DQ\DQDJHWLULOGLPLEX

SDUoDODUEX\DQ\DQDJHWLULüWHQGRùDQ\HQLELUNDYUDPD\HQLELUQLWH- OLùHLVWHULVWHPH]\RODoDUODUµ (LVHQVWHLQ 

<HQLDQODP´NDUü×WODU×QELUOLùLµQGHQWUH\HFHNWLU(LVHQVWHLQLoLQ

ILOPLQ´JHUoHNOLùHGDLUELUo|]POHPHµROGXùXQX\XNDU×GDEHOLUWPLü- WLN'L\DOHNWLN\|QWHPGH´VR\XWODPDµLQFHOHQHFHNGQ\DQ×QSDUoDOD- UD D\U×OPDV× WUQGHQ ELU ]LKLQVHO HWNLQOLNWLU %WQQ SDUoDODU×QD

D\U×OPDV×YHEXQODU×Q´JHUoHNOLNLONHVLµLOH\HQLGHQELUDUD\DJHWLULOPH- VL (LVHQVWHLQ·×Q PRQWDM NXUDP×Q×Q WHPHOLGLU 2OOPDQ·×Q GH\LüL\OH

EWQGHQ SDUoD\D VLVWHPGHQ LoHUL\H GRùUX LOHUOH\HQ ELU \DNODü×P

RODUDNGL\DOHNWLNDUDüW×UPD|QFHOLNOHG|UWWULOLüNLQLQDo×ùDo×NPDV×Q×

VDùODU g]GHüOLNIDUNO×O×N ]×WODU×Q Lo LoH JHoPLüOLùL QLWHOLNQLFHOLN YH

oHOLüNL 2OOPDQ (LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UH´YDUO×NELUELUL\OHoHOLüHQ

LNLNDUü×W×QELUELUL]HULQGHNLH\OHPOHULQLQVUHNOLHYULPLGLUµûH\OHULQ

KDUHNHWLoLQGHDQODü×OPDV× ELUHüLPVDYLOHNDUü×VDYDUDV×QGDNLNDUü×W- O×NWDQGRùDU VDQDW×QYHEWQVDQDWELoLPOHULQLQGRùUXDQODü×ODELOPH- VLLoLQJHUHNOLGLU(LVHQVWHLQ·×QGH\LüL\OHVDQDWDODQ×QGDNLEXGHYLPVHO- OLùLQ GL\DOHNWLN H\WLüLPVHO  LONHVL NHQGLQL oDW×üPD RODUDN J|VWHULU

dDW×üPDKHUVDQDW\DS×W×Q×QYDUROXüXQGDWHPHOLONHGLU'DKDGRùUX

ELUGH\LüOHGL\DOHNWLN\|QWHPGHQKDUHNHWHGHQELU\DNODü×PVDQDW×ELU

oDW×üPD RODUDN WDQ×POD\DFDNW×U (LVHQVWHLQ·D J|UH EX LON RODUDN WRS- OXPVDO J|UHYLQGHQ |WU NL \XNDU×GD \HQL ELU VLQHPD DQOD\×ü×Q×Q

V×Q×IVDOELUHOHüWLULVLQGHQV|]HWWLN GRùDV×QGDQ|WUYH\|QWHPELOL- PLQGHQ|WUGU6DQDW×QGRùDV×GRùDOYDUO×NLOH\DUDW×F×HùLOLPDUD-

(19)

V×QGDNLoDW×üPDG×U9DUO×ù×QHGLOJHQLONHVLGRùDG×UXVVDOELoLPLQV×Q×U×

\DQL UHWLPLQ HWNLQ LONHVL LVH HQGVWULGLU úNLVLQLQ NHVLüWLùL QRNWDGD

VDQDWYDUG×UúNLVLQLQoDUS×üPDV×VDQDWELoLPLQLQGL\DOHNWLùLQH\RODoDU

(LVHQVWHLQ 

(LVHQVWHLQ·×Q VLQHPDQ×Q VRUXQODU×Q× NXUJXVDO VRUXQODU RODUDN HOH

DOPDV×EXQRNWDGD\|QWHPELOLPVHODODQGDEDüODU(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHLON

VLQHPDF×ODUYHLONILOPNXUDPF×ODU×NXUJX\XWHNWHNoHNLPOHULQWXùOD- ODUJLELELUELULDUG×QGDQV×UDODQPDV×\ODJHUoHNOHüWLULOHQELUEHWLPOHPH

DUDF×JLELJ|UPüOHUGLU7XùODoHNLPOHUGHNLGHYLQLPLOHELOHüHQSDUoD- ODUGDQGRùDQX]XQOXNR]DPDQODUULWPVD\×O×\RUGX(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UH

EX\DS×üW×UPDJLELPHNDQLNELULüOHPLQELULONHG]H\LQHo×NDUW×OPDV×

GHPHNWLU 3XGRYNLQ·LQ ELOH SD\ODüW×ù× EX WDQ×PD J|UH NXUJX ELU

GüQFHQLQWHNWHNoHNLPOHUDUDF×O×ù×\ODRUWD\DNRQPDV×G×U'HVWDQV×

HSLN  LONH 2\VD (LVHQVWHLQ·D J|UH NXUJX EDù×PV×] KDWWD ELUELULQH

NDUü×W oHNLPOHULQ oDW×üPDV×QGDQ GRùDQ ELU GüQFHGLU 'UDPDWLN

ilke)LOPGHNLGHYLQLPJHUoHNWHGHYLQHQELUFLVPLQELUELULQLL]OH-

\HQ LNL GHYLQLPVL] J|UQWVQH GD\DQ×U %X J|UQWOHU DUG× DUG×QD

J|VWHULOLQFHELUGHYLQLPJ|UQüQHEUQUOHU(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHEX

UHVLPVHO RODUDN GRùUX PHNDQLN \|QGHQ \DQO×üW×U *HUoHNWH ELUELULQL

L]OH\HQKHU|ùHELUL|EUQHELWLüLNGHùLOELUL|EUQQVWQGHDOJ×- ODQ×U PHNDQLNRODUDN   (LVHQVWHLQKDNO×O×ù×Q×SHUoLQOHPHN

DG×QDUHVVDP5HQRLUYHüDLU%DXGHODLUH·GHQ´G]HQVL]µLQ´EHNOHQPH- GLNRODQµ×QJ]HOOLùLQHGDLUDO×QW×ODU\DSDU5HQRLUH·DJ|UH´G]HQVL]- OLNKHUVDQDW×QWHPHOLGLUµ%DXGHODLUHLoLQLVHD]×F×NROVXQELoLPER]X- PXQDXùUDPDP×üKHUKDQJLELUüH\JHUHNOLoHNLFLOLNWHQ\RNVXQGXUYH

EHNOHQPHGLN XPXOPDG×N üDü×UW×F× RODQ üH\ J]HOOLùLQ ELU SDUoDV× YH

|]HOOLùLGLU DNWDUDQ(LVHQVWHLQ 

'L\DOHNWLN \|QWHP JHUHùL (LVHQVWHLQ·×Q ELoLPH YHUGLùL |QHPLQ

KHU]DPDQ´JHUoHNOLNLONHVLµ×ü×ù×QGDDPDEXQXQKHUüH\LQKHU]DPDQ

GHùLüWLùL GHYLQGLùL ELU JHUoHNOLN LONHVL ×ü×ù×QGD JHUoHNOHüWLùLQL XQXW- PDPDN JHUHNLU %X GL\DOHNWLN VUHoWH GRùDGD KLoELU üH\ WHN EDü×QD

GHùLOGLU |QQGHNL DUG×QGDNL \DQ×QGDNL DOW×QGDNL VWQGHNL KHU

üH\OHEDùODQW×YHLOLüNLLoLQGHGLU² LoVHOLOLüNLOHUIHOVHIHVL  2OOPDQ

 %XLONHOHUL\|QWHPELOLPVHODODQODLOJLOLRODUDNGüQHOLP\RNVDLoHULNRODUDNGHùLO

(20)

 2OOPDQ·DJ|UH0DU[üH\OHULQQHGHQGHùLüWLùL]HULQGHoDO×üPD- P×üW×U dQN üH\OHULQ QHGHQ GHùLüWLùLQL DQODPDN LoLQ \DS×ODFDN ELU

VRUJXODPD GHùLüLPL üH\OHULQ QH ROGXùXQD ´G×üVDOµ ELU üH\ RODUDN

NDYUDU2\VD0DU[GHùLüLPLKHU]DPDQüH\OHULQQHROGXùXQXQ´LoVHOµ

ELUSDUoDV×RODUDNJ|UHUHNüH\OHULQQDV×OQH]DPDQQH\HGRùUXGHùLü- WLùLVRUXVX]HULQGHGXUPXüWXU+HUKDQJLELUüH\GHNLGHùLüLPELUEL- UL\OH \DN×Q LOLüNLGHNL |ùHOHULQ NDUPDü×N HWNLOHüLPL YH EX HWNLOHüLP

DUDF×O×ù×\ODRUWD\Do×NDU%XDQOD\×üDJ|UHGHùLüLPQDV×ONLELUüH\LQQH

ROGXùXQD´LoNLQµ ELU üH\VHGHùLüLPLPPNQN×ODQ HWNLOHüLPGHELU

üH\LQ QH ROGXùXQXQ DVOL SDUoDV×G×U 2OOPDQ·D J|UH 0DU[·×Q VR\XWOD- PDODU×QGD ELU VUHFLQ ]DPDQVDO RODUDN D\U× HOH DO×QDQ ELU NHVLWL

´XùUDNµRODUDNELULOLüNLQLQX]DPVDORODUDND\U×HOHDO×QDQEHOLUOLELU

J|UQP ´ELoLPµ YH\D ´EHOLUOHQLPµ RODUDN QLWHOHQLU   

´úoVHOLOLüNLOHUIHOVHIHVLµQGHKHUELUSDUoDEWQROXüWXUDQGLùHUSDU- oDODUODRODQLOLüNLOHULQLGHEQ\HVLQGHWDü×UúüWH´EWQONµEWQQ

NHQGLVLQLROXüWXUDQSDUoDODUODLoVHORODUDNLOLüNLOLELUüHNLOGHYDUROPD

ELoLPLQHGHQNGüHQELUPDQW×NVDOWDVDU×PG×U 2OOPDQ 

(LVHQVWHLQ NHQGL ILOP NXUDP×QGD EHQ]HU ELU \RO KDULWDV×QGDQ

JLGHU 2QD J|UH RUJDQLNX]YL ELU VDQDW \DS×W×QGD ELU EWQ RODUDN

EX \DS×W× EHVOH\HQ |ùHOHU \DS×W× ROXüWXUDQ EWQ QLWHOLNOHUH V×]DUODU

7HN YH D\Q× \DVD \DOQ×]FD EWQ YH RQXQ KHU ELU SDUoDV×Q× GHùLO

G]HQOHPHLüLQHNDW×OPDV×LVWHQHQKHUDODQ×HWNLOHU7HNYHD\Q×LONHEX

DODQODU×QKHUELULQGHQLWHOLN\|QQGHQEDüNDEDüNDELoLPOHUGHRUWD\D

o×NDUDN EWQ EX DODQODU× EHVOH\HFHNWLU <DS×W DQFDN EX GXUXPGD

RUJDQLNELUKDOHJHOLU(LVHQVWHLQRUJDQLNNDYUDP×Q×(QJHOV·LQ'RùD

Q×Q 'L\DOHNWLùLQGH·NL WDQ×PD X\JXQ RODUDN DQODG×ù×Q× EHOLUWLU ´>2UJD- QLNOLN@ KLo NXüNXVX] VWQ ELU ELUOLNWLUµ    (LVHQVWHLQ·×Q

GL\DOHNWLNDQOD\×ü×HQoRNGDEXUDGDNHQGLQLDo×ùDYXUXU'ROD\×V×\OD

RQXQJHUoHNOLNOHRODQEDùODQW×V×Q×GDEXUDGDQ\RODo×NDUDNDUD\DFDù×]

 1LMDWg]Q·QoHYLULVL\OH3D\HO<D\×QODU×·QGDQ·WHo×NDQ)LOP%LoLPL·QGH´|UJHQ- VHOµRODUDNLIDGHHGLOHQNDYUDP7'.·Q×Q7UNoHV|]OùQGHRUJDQLNX]YLRODUDN

DQ×OPDNWDG×U%XUDGDNL|UJHQVHOL\HVHO\DQLX]XYODUGDQROXüDQELURUJDQLNEWQ

EHGHQRODUDNGDDQODPDNPPNQGU

(21)

(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHELUVDQDW\DS×W×Q×Q \DSPDELU\DS×W×Q \DSPD

ROPD\DQ ROD\ODU× GRùDQ×Q RUJDQLN ROD\ODU×Q×  \|QHWHQ D\Q× \DVDODUD

J|UH NXUXOGXùX ELU GXUXP YDUG×U %X GXUXPXQ LoLQGH \DOQ×] JHUoHN

ELU NRQX GHùLO NRQXQXQ G]HQOHQPHVL VRPXWODü×UNHQ JHUoHùH |]J

ELU \DVDQ×Q HNVLNVL] RODUDN \DQV×PDV× V|] NRQXVXGXU $\Q× \DVD EX

\DS×W×DOJ×OD\DQODU×GD\|QHWHQELU\DVDG×URQHGHQOH\DS×WL]OH\LFLOHUL

|]HOELUELoLPGHHWNLOH\HFHNWLU%XGXUXPGDSDUoDODURUDQW×ODUYHGHYL- QLPVRUXQODU×RUWD\Do×NDFDNW×U3RWHPNLQ=×UKO×V× %URQ\HQRV\HWV3RW\RP

NLQ   EHOLUOL ELU ROD\×Q WDULKLQL DQG×U×U DQFDN \|QWHPELOLPVHO

DQODPGD GUDP RODUDN LüOHU (LVHQVWHLQ·D J|UH ]×UKO×Q×Q HQ XIDF×N ELU

X]YXQGDQEWQ]×UKO×Q×QX]YXQDGRQDQPDQ×QHQXIDF×NELUX]YXQ- GDQEWQGRQDQPDQ×QX]YXQDJHoLüJHUoHNOHüLU´'HYULPFLNDUGHüOLN

GX\JXVX WHPD LoLQGH E|\OH JHOLüLUµ GHU (LVHQVWHLQ   

(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHJHUoHNoLOLNLoLQNDEDELUGRùUXOXN\HWPH]G]HQOH- PH oRN |QHPOLGLU 'X\XODQ YH DQODW×ODQ GRùUX VDQDWo×Q×Q HOLQGHNL

EWQDUDoODUDEDüYXUXODUDNDNWDU×O×U  

$QGUHZ·LQ (LVHQVWHLQ·×Q LoLQGH EWQ ELOHüHQOHULQ HüLW ROGXùX

D\Q×|OoHùHJ|UH|OoOHELOHQELUVLVWHPLVLQHPDLoLQ\DUDWPDNLVWHGLùLQH

LOLüNLQGHùHUOHQGLUPHVLQLEX´EWQONµYH´LoVHOLOLüNLOHUµPDQW×ù×\OD

DQODPODQG×UDELOLUL] +HU ELU SDUoD ×ü×N NRPSR]LV\RQ R\XQFXOXN

KLNk\HELUELUL\OHLOLüNLOLROPDO×G×U $QGUHZ (LVHQVWHLQ

VHV UHQN YH oER\XWOX J|UQWQQ ROXüWXUGXùX ILOPVHO HOHPDQODU×

Q|WUOHüWLUPH\L VDùOD\DQ \DQL JHUoHNOLN \DQ×OVDPDV×Q× ELOLQoOL üHNLOGH

N×UDQGRùDOJHUoHNoLOLùLG|QüWUHQELUDUDoRODUDNJ|U\RUGX%HOLUOL

HOHPDQODUODV×Q×UO×ELUoHUoHYHGHELUDUD\DJHOLSNHQGLIRQNVL\RQODU×Q×

J|VWHUL\RUODUG×(LVHQVWHLQVRUDU´¶7HNELUDo×GDQ·J|UQWGHQ IRWRù- UDI  ¶PRQWDM J|UQWVQH· JHoPHQLQ |QHPL DVO×QGD QH\GLµ" 0RQWDM×

üX LONHGHQ KDUHNHW HGHUHN X\JXODP×üW×U úVWHU ELU ROD\ LVWHU ELU ROJX

ROVXQ EHOLUVL] YH WDUDIV×] RODQ×Q \DQL ´NHQGL LoLQGHµ YDURODQ×Q LPKD

HGLOPHVL YH ROJXQXQ \HQLGHQ ELUOHüWLULOPHVL $PD QDV×O" 2OJXQXQ R

ROJX\DNDUü×WXWXPXQGD\DWW×ù×GüQFH\HX\JXQRODUDN\DQL´LGHROR- MLPLQKD\DWDEDN×ü×P×Q\DQLLGHRORMLPL]LQGQ\DJ|UüP]QEHOLU- OHGLùLWXWXPXQµGD\DWW×ù×GüQFH\HX\JXQRODUDN(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UH

RDQGDHGLOJLQ\HQLGHQUHWLPLQ\HULQLFDQO×ELUGLQDPLNLPJHDODFDN- W×U  %XWUGHQELUHGLOJLQ\HQLGHQUHWLPL(LVHQVWHLQ·×QoRN

(22)

NDUü× o×NW×ù× ´X]XQ oHNLPµ VLPJHOHU gùHOHULQ NDUü×O×NO× LOLüNLOHULQLQ

LOLüNLOHUOHGHùLOYDUROXüODU×QFD|QFHGHQEHOLUOHQGLùLVXQXPG]HQLQLQ

VXQDQ×QLVWHùLQHEDùO×ROPDG×ù×HQ|QHPOL|ùH\HYXUJXQXQ\DS×OPD- G×ù×WDOL|ùHOHULQDVOL|ùHOHUOHNDU×üW×ù×ELUROJXQXQ|ùHOHULDUDV×QGDNL

HWNLOHüLPLQ EHQLP RQX DQODG×ù×P KDOL\OH EDùODQW×\× LIDGH HWPHGLùL

´X]XQ oHNLPµ (LVHQVWHLQ·D J|UH \DUDW×F× \DNODü×P ROJXQXQ LOLüNLVL]

ELUDUDGDO×ù×SDUoDODUDD\U×OG×ù×YHEXLOLüNLVL]OLùLQ\HULQL\|QHWPHQLQ

KD\DWD NDUü× WXWXPXQXQ WDQ×PODG×ù× üHNOL\OH ROJXQXQ |ùHOHULQLQ

QHGHQVHONDUü×O×NO×LOLüNLOHULQLQDOG×ù×DQGDEDüODU  

(LVHQVWHLQ LoLQ UHQN YH P]LN NLWOHVHO ROXüXPODU HOLQ NoN ELU

KDUHNHWL JLEL |ùHOHU NHQGL \HUOHULQGH YH EHOLUOL ELU DQGD V×N× ELoLPGH

VDSWDQDQV×Q×UODULoLQGHNDOPDO×G×U%LUNDoGDNLNDLoLQGH|QHo×NDFDù×Q×

ELOHUHNNHQGLQLELUVUHJL]OHPHOLGLùHUOHULQLQRQXQVHVLQLEDVW×UPDV×- QD L]LQ YHUPHOLGLU %X JHUL SODQGD WXWPD WDUDIV×]ODüW×UPD GHùLOGLU

GDKDL\LELUDW×O×P×Q|QFHVLQGHNLELUJHULGHGXUPDG×U%XNDV×WO×JHULGH

GXUPDNDV×WO×IDUNHGLOPH]OLNV|]NRQXVX|ùHQLQRUWD\Do×N×ü×Q×QHWNL- VLQLJoOHQGLUPHNWHGLU (LVHQVWHLQ 

$QODP<DUDWPDQ×Q3DUoDV×2ODUDN÷]OH\LFL

(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHELoLPGHNLG]HQOHPH\DUDW×F×Q×QLoHULNOHLOLüNL- VLQL VRPXWODüW×UPD\D \DUD\DQ ELU \DS× ROGXùX JLEL L]OH\LFL\L GH D\Q×

\ROGDLOLüNLNXUPD\D]RUOD\DQELU\DS×G×U(LVHQVWHLQROD\GDNLFRüWXUX- FXOXùXQGRùDV×\DGD\DUDW×F×Q×QüX\DGDEXROD\ODFRüWXUXFXLOLüNLVL- QLQQLWHOLùL]HULQGHGXUPDG×ù×Q×oQNLNLVLQLQGHWRSOXPVDORODUDN

J|UHFHOLROGXùXQXEHOLUWLU2QDJ|UHEL]LLOJLOHQGLUHQüH\GRùDOROD\- ODUODLOLüNLQLQFRüWXUXFXELU\DS×Q×QNRüXOODU×LoLQGH´G]HQOHPHDUD- F×O×ù×\ODµQDV×OJHUoHNOHüWLULOGLùLGLUú]OH\LFLGH´NHQGLQGHQJHoPHµ\L

HQ VRQ NHUWHGH VDùODPDN LVWL\RUVDN \DS×W×Q LoLQGH EXQD X\JXQ ELU

N×ODYX]VXQPDO×\×]L]OH\LFLEXN×ODYX]XL]OH\HUHNLVWHQLOHQNRüXODJLUH- FHNWLU (LVHQVWHLQ 

 +DPOHW·LQ /DHUWHV·OH GHOOR\D JLUGLùL VDKQHGH NXSDV×Q× +DPOHW·LQ RQXUXQD NDOG×- UDQ.UDO·×Q´.UDO+DPOHW·LQVROXùXNHVLOPHVLQGL\HLoHFHNµGHPHVLEX´FRüWXUXFX

N×O×üµ×Q6KDNHVSHDUH·H|]JELU|UQHùLGLU.UDOXFX]HKLUOLN×O×F×Q×Qü|\OHELUGRNX- QXüX\ODELOHGHOORGD|OHFHNRODQ×QVROXùXNHVLOPHVLQGL\HNXSDV×Q×NDOG×UPDNWDG×U

.UDO×Q EXUDGDNL FRüWXUXFX NRQXüPDV× LoWHQ ELU GX\JXQXQ Do×ùD YXUXOPDV× GHùLO

ELOHUHNYHXVWDFDNXUXOPXüELU´GX\XUXµGXU (LVHQVWHLQ 

(23)

'L\DOHNWLN \|QWHPLQ KHUNHVLQ YH KHU üH\LQ ELUELUL\OH EDùODQW×O×

ROGXùXELUVUHFLQKHP|]QHOHULKHPGHNXUEDQODU×RODUDNEXVUHFL

HWNLOHPH JFQH VDKLS ROGXùXPX]X IDUN HWWLUHQ \DQ× 2OOPDQ 

 (LVHQVWHLQ·GDNLNDUü×O×ù×Q×PRQWDMGDNLFRüNXVDOXQVXUXQQLWHOLNVHO

GHùLüPHOHUH V×oUDWPDV×QGD EXOXU ´.HQGLQGHQ JHoPHµ V×oUD\×ü× GHU

(LVHQVWHLQ KHU ]DPDQ \HQL ELU QLWHOLùH V×oUDPDG×U YH oRùXQOXNOD GD

NDUü×W\|QGHELUV×oUDPDG×U$OW×QNHVLWYHRUDQW×ODU×QNXUXOPDV×NRQX- ODU×QGDROGXùXJLELEXUDGDGD\DS×W×QRUJDQLNELUOLùLQLQ´JL]HPLµQL

\DS×W×QGHYLQLPLQGHEXOPDNPPNQGUdQNELUQLWHOLNWHQ|EU- QHV×oUDPDODUODJHoLü\DOQ×]ELUE\PHIRUPOGHùLOGDKDID]ODV×G×U

ELU JHOLüPH IRUPOGU (LVHQVWHLQ ü|\OH GHU ´%L]L \DOQ×]FD GRùDQ×Q

HYULP\DVDODU×QDEDùO×WHNWHN¶ELWNLVHO·ELULPOHURODUDNGHùLOIDNDWELUWRSOX

OXùXQ YH WRSOXPVDO ELUOLùLQ ELUH\OHUL EXQODU×Q JHOLüPHVLQH ELOLQoOL RODUDN

NDW×ODQELULRODUDNVUNOH\HQELUJHOLüPHQLQIRUPOµ  

3HUNLQV·LQ PRQWDM XQVXUXQXQ L]OH\LFLQLQ \XPXüDN EDüO×O×ù×QD

GD\DQG×ù×\ROXQGDNLJ|UüELUD]DFHOHFHYDU×OP×üELUNDQDDWWLU<D]D- UD J|UH PRQWDM L]OH\LFL\L ROD\ODU DUDV×QGD EDùODQW× NXUPD RQODUGDQ

VRQXoODUo×NDUPDVRUXPOXOXùXQGDQNXUWDUP×üW×U  (LVHQVWHLQ

L]OH\LFL\L ROD\ODU DUDV×QGD EDùODQW× NXUPD VRUXPOXOXùXQGDQ NXUWDU- PDN \HULQH DQODP \DUDWPD VUHFLQH ´DQLµ QLWHOLNVHO NDYUD\×üD GkKLO

HWPLüWLU(LVHQVWHLQ·GDL]OH\LFLDQODP\DUDWPDQ×Q|]QHVLRODUDNGHùLO

DPDVDQDW\DS×W×GHQHQRUJDQLNELUOLùLQ\HOHULQGHQX]XYODU×QGDQELUL

RODUDN \DUDWPD VUHFLQH GkKLO ROXU 'ROD\×V×\OD EXUDGD L]OH\LFLQLQ

VRUXPOXOXNDQODP×QGDGHùLODPD´RUJDQLNELUOLùLQSDUoDODU×QGDQELULµ

RODUDNNXUDPDNDW×OG×ù×Q×J|UU]%WQQELUSDUoDV×RODUDNL]OH\LFL

QRV\RQXQX(LVHQVWHLQ·×QNXUDP×Q×QWHPHOLQLROXüWXUDQVUHoOHU\ROX\- OD \DUDW×F×Q×Q VRUXPOXOXùXQGD RODQ ´G]HQOHPHµ YH RUJDQL]DV\RQ

VUHoOHULQHYHUGLùL|QHP\ROX\ODNDYUDU×]

+HUNHVLQYHKHUüH\LQELUELUL\OHEDùODQW×O×ROGXùXELUJHQHOVUH- FLQKHP|]QHOHULKHPGHNXUEDQODU×DQFDNELUWDUDIWDQEXVUHFLHWNL- OHPH JFQH GH VDKLS ROGXùXPX]X (LVHQVWHLQ G]HQOHPH VUHFLQLQ

LoLQGH EWQQ ELU SDUoDV× RODUDN GkKLO HWWLùL L]OH\LFL\L \HUOHüWLUGLùL

NRQXP]HULQGHQGHJ|VWHUPHNLVWHPLüWLUdQN(LVHQVWHLQ\XNDU×GD

GD WDUW×üW×ù×P×] JLEL \DUDW×F×Q×Q L]OH\LFL\H X\JXQ ELU N×ODYX] VXQPD

(24)

JHUHNOLOLùLQGHQDQFDNEXN×ODYX]VD\HVLQGHL]OH\LFLQLQ´LVWHQLOHQNRüX- ODµ JLUHFHùLQGHQ V|] HGL\RUGX %XUDGDNL ´LVWHQLOHQ NRüXOµ YXUJXVX

(LVHQVWHLQ    L]OH\LFL\L \D]DU×Q\|QHWPHQLQ QL\HWLQLQ ELU

NXUEDQ× JLEL J|UPHPL]H QHGHQ ROVD GD L]OH\LFL DQODP \DUDWPDQ×Q

X]YXRODUDNGDRUJDQLNELUOLùHGkKLOHGLOGLùLQGHQ\D]DUOD\|QHWPHQOH

JHUoHNOLùLDPDGHYLQHQJHUoHNOLùL´ELUOLNWHµ´NHüIHWWLNOHULµELUVUHFH

NDWPDQ×Q\ROXQXDoDU

7DELL NL VRQ WDKOLOGH ´G]HQOHPH VRUXQXµ \D]DU×Q\|QHWPHQLQ

VRUXPOXOXùXQGD YH GHQHWLPLQGHGLU ú]OH\LFL GH EX EWQONO VLVWH- PLQLoLQGHG]HQOHPHVUHFLQGHKHVDEDNDW×ODFDNELUX]XYGXU$QFDN

DQODP \DUDWPD EDùODP×QGD L]OH\LFL VUHFLQ LoLQGH \HU DOG×ù×QGDQ

KDWWDEL]DWLKLG]HQOHPHVUHFLQLQLoLQGHKHVDEDNDW×OPDV×Q×QYHUGLùL

DYDQWDMOD\D]DU\|QHWPHQOHELUOLNWHNHüLIVUHFLQGH´ELOLQoOLµRODUDN

D\Q× GHQNOLNWH NRQXPODQG×U×O×U 'ROD\×V×\OD (LVHQVWHLQ·×Q NXUDP×QGD

L]OH\LFLDQODP\DUDWPDQ×Q|]QHVLROPDSD\HVLQLKHUQHNDGDU\DS×W×Q

\DUDW×F×V× GROD\×P×\OD ND]DQVD GD WDP ELU SDVLI |]QH NRQXPXQGD GD

GHùLOGLU'DKD\DS×WROXüXUNHQJHUoHNOLùLQNHüILVUHFLQGHL]OH\LFLELU

X]XY RODUDN \DS×W×Q ROXüPD DüDPDV×QGD YDUG×U dQN (LVHQVWHLQ·D

J|UH ELU EWQ RODUDN ELU \DS×W× EHVOH\HQ |ùHOHU EX \DS×W× ROXüWXUDQ

EWQ QLWHOLNOHUH V×]DUODU WHN YH D\Q× \DVD \DOQ×]FD EWQ YH RQXQ

KHUELUSDUoDV×Q×GHùLOG]HQOHPHLüLQHNDW×OPDV×LVWHQHQKHUDODQ×GD

HWNLOHU  

(LVHQVWHLQ·×Q*HUoHNOLN$QOD\×ù×

úNLILOPSDUoDV×\DQ\DQDJHOGLùLQGHEXQGDQ\HQLELUQLWHOLNo×N- PDV×\DOQ×]VLQHPD\DPDKVXVELUüH\GHùLOGLUúNLQHVQHLNLROJX\DQ

\DQD JHOGLùLQGH KHU ]DPDQ NDUü×ODü×ODELOLU ELU GXUXPGXU (LVHQVWHLQ

üX|UQHùLYHULU%LUPH]DU×NDUDODUDEUQPüDùOD\DQELUNDG×QOD\DQ

\DQDJHWLULQKHPHQKHUNHVüXVRQXFDYDUDFDNW×U'XONDG×Q$OJ×P×]×Q

E|\OHELU|]HOOLùLYDUG×UKHPVRQXoKHPGHRQXQLNLEDù×PV×]SDUoDV×

D\Q×DQGDDOJ×ODQ×U%WQNHQGLQLROXüWXUDQSDUoDODU×QWRSODP×QGDQ

GDKD ID]OD ELU üH\GLU DVO×QGD (LVHQVWHLQ·D J|UH ´EDüNDµ ELU üH\GLU

dQNWRSODPDDQODPWDü×PD\DQELULüOHPGLUR\VDSDUoDEWQLOLüNL-

(25)

VLDQODPO×G×U  %XUDGDNDG×QELUWHPVLOGLUNDG×Q×QJL\GLùL

\DVJL\VLVLGH|\OH+HULNLVLGHQHVQHORODUDNJ|VWHULOHELOLUDPDEXLNL

QHVQHQLQ\DQ\DQDJHWLULOLüLQGHQRUWD\Do×NDQ´ELUGXOµQHVQHORODUDN

J|VWHULOHPH] EX \HQL ELU GüQFH \HQL ELU NDYUDPG×U (LVHQVWHLQ

EWQGLNNDWLQ\DQ\DQDJHWLULüLQRODQDNODU×QDYHULOPHVLQLQHOHüWLUL\H

\RODoW×ù×QGDQV|]HGHU2QDJ|UHHOHüWLUPHQOHUELUVRUXQXQEHOOLELU

\|QQGHNL DUDüW×UPD\D GX\XODQ ´LOJLµ\L DUDüW×U×F×Q×Q JHUoHùL RUWD\D

NR\XüWDNLWXWXPX\ODNDU×üW×UP×üLoHULùHNDUü×LOJLVL]OLNRODUDNJ|VWHU- PLüWLU(LVHQVWHLQEXGXUXPDVLWHPHGHU  

(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHKHULNL|ùHQLQGHJHUHùLQGHQoRNDEDUW×OPD\×S

LNLVLQLGHHüLW|OoGHEHOLUOH\HQWHPHOHEWQHG|QPHNJHUHNLUdQN

KHP oHNLPLQ LoHULùLQL KHP GH EX oHNLPOHULQ EHOLUOL ELU ELoLPGH \DQ

\DQD JHWLULOLüLQL EHOLUOH\HQ EX LONHGLU (LVHQVWHLQ·D J|UH NXUJXQXQ

WHPHOQLWHOLùLJHUoHNoLILOPLONHOHULQGHQD\U×OPD]ILOPLoHULùLQLQJHU- oHNoLDQODW×O×ü×QGDHQWXWDUO×YHNHVWLUPH\ROODUGDQELULROXU  

(LVHQVWHLQ·×QYHUGLùL|UQHNOHU]HULQGHQJLGHOLP$NUHS\HONRYDQYH

RQODU×Q ]HULQGH EXOXQGXùX \XYDUODN ]HPLQ ELU EWQ RODUDN ELU

WDVDU×PG×U $QFDN ELU G]HQHN ELU VDDW RODUDN DNUHS YH \HONRYDQ×Q

ROXüWXUGXùX JHRPHWULN ELoLP |]HO ELU DQODP ND]DQDUDN ELU WDVDU×P

ROPDNWDQo×NDUYH´]DPDQ×QJ|UQWVµROXU%XGXUXPGDWDVDU×PLOH

EXQXQDOJ×P×]GDX\DQG×UG×ù×J|UQW|\OHVLQHND\QDü×UNLRJHRPHW- ULNELoLPL]DPDQNDYUDP×QGDQDQFDN|]HONRüXOODUGDD\×UWHGHELOLUL]

%|\OHDO×ü×OPDG×NELUGXUXP$QQD.DUHQLQD·Q×QJHEHNDOG×ù×Q×ELOGLU- PHVL ]HULQH 9URQVNL·QLQ EDü×QD JHOLU 9URQVNL |\OHVLQH KH\HFDQO× YH

GDOJ×QG×UNLVDDWLQNDoROGXùXQXDQODPDGDQ\DOQ×]DNUHSOH\HONRYD- Q×ELUGHNDGUDQ×J|UU'HPHNNLVDDWNDGUDQ×Q×QROXüWXUGXùXWDVD- U×PNHQGLEDü×QD\HWHUOLGHùLOGLU\DQL\DOQ×]FDJ|UPHN\HWHUOLGHùLOGLU

(LVHQVWHLQ·D J|UH WDVDU×PD ELU üH\OHU ROPDV× JHUHNPHNWHGLU$QFDN R

]DPDQ JHRPHWULN ELU ELoLP ROPDNWDQ o×NDU ´EHOOL ELU ROD\×Q RUWD\D

o×NW×ù× VDDWLQ J|UQWVµ RODUDN DOJ×ODQ×U 7ROVWR\ EL]H EX VUHo JHU- oHNOHüPHGLùLQGHQHROGXùXQXJ|VWHULU%XVUHoüXGXU%HOOLELUVDDW

GLOLPLEXQXQODX\XüDQELUGL]LWDVDU×PD\RODoDUgUQHùLQVDDWEHüEX

VDDWWHRUWD\Do×NDQELUVUROD\×DNO×P×]DJHWLULUdD\VDDWLLüLQELWPH- VL GNNkQODU×Q NDSDQPDV× JQHüLQ EDW×ü׫ %X WDVDU×PODU VDDW EHü

J|UQWVQROXüWXUXU7DVDU×PLOH]DPDQ×QJ|UQWVoDN×ü×U6D\×YH

(26)

]DPDQ DOJ×P×] DUDV×QGD ´DQLµ ELU EDù RUWD\D o×NDU 9URQVNL |UQHùL

NHVNLQELUDQO×NVDOGHQJHVL]OLùLQEXEDùODQW×\×\RNHGHELOHFHùLQLWDVD- U×PLOHJ|UQWQQD\U×GüHELOHFHùLQLEL]HJ|VWHULU(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UH

EL]L LOJLOHQGLUHQ üH\ EX G]HQHNWLU dQN J|UQWQQ EX |UQHNWH

]DPDQ×Q ELUWDVDU×PGDQROXüWXùXVUHFLQ\DüDPGDWDPRUWD\Do×N×ü

G]HQHùL VDQDWWD J|UQWOHU \DUDWPDN \|QWHPLQLQ ELU LON |UQHùLQL

ROXüWXUXU

%LUVDDWNDGUDQ×WDVDU×P×LOHVDDWLQJ|UQWVQDOJ×ODPDP×]DUD- V×QGD EX VDDWLQ ELUELULQGHQ D\U× GHùLüLN \|QOHULQLQ WDVDU×P×QGDQ

ROXüDQ X]XQ ELU ]LQFLU \HU DO×U 3VLNRORMLN DO×üNDQO×NODU×P×] EX X]XQ

]LQFLUL HOGHQ JHOGLùLQFH N×VDOWPD\D \DWN×QG×U VUHFLQ \DOQ×] EDü× YH

VRQX\OD LOJLOHQLU $QFDN JHQH GH WDVDU×PODU LOH J|UQW DUDV×QGD ELU

EDù NXUPDN ]RUXQGD NDO×UVDN EX DUD WDVDU×PODU×Q ]LQFLUOHQPHVLQH

LKWL\Do GX\PDP×] JHUHNLU 2OXüXP VUHFLQL Dü×S VRQXFD HOGHQ JHOGL- ùLQFHoDEXNYDUPDNEHOOHNLoLQ|QHPWDü×U(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UH\DüDP×Q

VDQDWWDQD\U×OG×ù×QRNWDGDEXGXUdQNVDQDWDODQ×QDJHoHUVHN]H- ULQGHGXUPDP×]JHUHNHQQRNWD\HUGHùLüWLULU(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHVDQDW

\DS×W× NXüNXVX] VRQXFD XODüPD\D oDO×ü×U DPD \|QWHPOHULQLQ EWQ

LQFHOLùLQL\|QHOWWLùLQRNWD´VUHoµWLU6DQDW\DS×W×L]OH\LFLQLQGX\DUO×N

YH ELOLQFLQGH J|UQWOHULQ ROXüXPX VUHFLGLU &DQO× VDQDW× L]OH\LFL\L

VUHFH \|QHOWHFHùLQH RQX JHoPLüWHNL \DUDW×F× ELU VUHFLQ VRQXFX\OD

WDQ×üW×UDQFDQV×]VDQDWWDQD\×UDQGDEXGXU

9URQVNLLoLQVDDWLQDNUHSOH\HONRYDQ×Q×QJHRPHWULNELoLPL]DPDQ

J|UQWVQH\RODoPDPDNWDG×U$PD(LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UH|\OHGXUXPODU

YDUG×UNL|QHPOLRODQJHFHQLQRQLNLVLQLNURQRPHWULNRODUDNDOJ×ODPDN

GHùLOJHFH\DU×V×Q×\D]DU×QYHUPHNLVWHGLùLEWQoDùU×ü×PODUYHGX\- JXODUOD \HQLGHQ \DüDPDNW×U (LVHQVWHLQ·×Q DQODW×P×\OD EX ELU JHFH

\DU×V× EXOXüPDV×Q×Q \UHN oDUS×QW×V×\OD EHNOHQGLùL VDDW RODELOLU ELU

JHFH \DU×V× |OPQQ VDDWL ELU NDo×ü×Q VDDWL RODELOLU %XQODU VDOW ELU

JHFH \DU×V× WDVDU×P×QGDQ oRN GDKD |QHPOLGLU 2Q LNL YXUXüXQ WDVDU×- P×QGDQ´ELUDO×Q\D]×V×µVDDWLRODUDN|]HOELUDQODP\NOJHFH\DU×- V×Q×QJ|UQWVRUWD\Do×NPDO×G×U

(LVHQVWHLQ 0DXSDVVDQW·×Q *]HO 'RVW·XQGDQ ELU |UQHN YHULU %X

|UQHùLQID]ODGDQLOJLQoWDUDI×VHVLGHNXOODQPDV×G×U<HUOL\HULQGHELU

(27)

NXUJX|UQHùLROGXùXKDOGHJQON\DüDP×QELUNHVLWLRODUDNLüOHQPLü- WLU 6DKQH *HRUJHV 'XUR\·QXQ JHFH \DU×V× NHQGLVL\OH NDoPD\D NDUDU

YHUHQ6X]DQQH·×ELUDUDEDLoLQGHEHNOHPHVLQLDQODW×U0DXSDVVDQWVDOW

JHFHQLQEHOOLELUDQ×Q×DQODWPDNOD\HWLQPHN\HULQHEXVDDWLQJ|UQW- VQ DQODP×Q× RNXUXQ ELOLQFLQH YH GX\DUO×ù×QD ü|\OH \HUOHüWLULU

´8]DNWDQVDDWLQELULRQLNLNH]oDOG×VRQUDGDKD\DN×QGDELUEDüNDV×

oDOG× VRQUD LNL VDDW ELUGHQ HQ VRQXQGD oRN X]DNWD ELU VRQXQFXVX

%XQXQGDVHVLNHVLOLQFHJHoWLELWWLJHOPH\HFHNGL\HDNO×QGDQJHoLUGL

>«@6DDWLQoH\UHùLVRQUD\DU×P×VRQUDooH\UHùLYXUGXùXQXGX\GX

6RQUD GD EWQ VDDWOHU JHFH \DU×V×Q× QDV×O YXUPXüODUVD VDDW ELUL GH

|\OHYXUGXODUµ0DXSDVVDQWoHüLWOLVDDWOHUGHoHüLWOL\HUOHUGHRQLNL\L

oDOG×UDUDNJHFH\DU×V×GX\XPXQX\DüDPDP×]×VDùODUdHüLWOL\HUOHUGHQ

JHOHQ YXUXü EX GX\XPX ROXüWXUPDN ]HUH DOJ×P×]GD ELUOHüLU *HFH

\DU×V×Q×QVHVOLJ|UQWVoHüLWOLDO×F×Do×ODUGDQ X]DN\DN×QoRNX]DN 

>JHQHOoHNLPER\oHNLPLWRSOXoHNLPLDQG×U×\RU@DO×QDQELUGL]LUHVLP- OHRUWD\DNRQXOXU$\U×D\U×WDVDU×PODU×QWHNELUJ|UQWROXüWXUPDV×

NXUJX\DUG×P×\ODVDùODQ×U<DUDW×F×NXUJX\OD\DO×QDUDoODUOD\RùXQELU

GX\JX\D\RODo×O×U (LVHQVWHLQ 

(LVHQVWHLQ·D J|UH WHN WHN SDUoDODU×Q \DQ \DQD JHWLULOPHVLQLQ ELU

EWQHWHPDQ×QVHQWH]LQH\RODoW×ù×GXUXPODUGDNXUJXQXQJHUoHNoL

ELUDQODP×YDUG×U%|\OHELU\|QWHPLQHQ|QHPOL\DQ×GLQDPL]PLGLU

LVWHQLOHQLPJHQLQKD]×UROPD\×S\DYDü\DYDüRUWD\Do×NPDV×QGDGRù- PDV×QGDG×U  (LVHQVWHLQ·DJ|UHNXUJXQXQJFL]OH\LFL\L

\DUDWPDVUHFLQHNDWPDV×QGDG×U<DUDW×F×Q×QLPJH\LNXUDUNHQL]OHGLùL

\ROX L]OHPHVL LoLQ L]OH\LFL\L ]RUODU (LVHQVWHLQ    úüWH EXUDGD

JHUoHùLQELUSDUoDV×RODUDN´VUHFHµJHOLUL](LVHQVWHLQD\Q×]DPDQGD

JQP]GHDUW×NoRNoDWDUW×üW×ù×P×]\D]DU×QQL\HWLYHDQODPPHVHOHOHULQH GH×ü×NWXWDU2QDJ|UHL]OH\LFLELU\DUDWPDLüLQHVUNOHQGLùLLoLQEX

\DUDWPD LüL V×UDV×QGD L]OH\LFLQLQ NLüLOLùL \D]DU×Q NLüLOLùLQH NXO N|OH

ROPD]\D]DU×QQL\HWL\OHND\QDüDUDNJHOLüLU+HUL]OH\LFLJHFH\DU×V×Q×Q

YXUGXùXQX D\Q× ELoLPGH LüLWLU DPD KHU L]OH\LFL JHFH \DU×V× YH RQXQ

DQODP× NRQXVXQGD NHQGL NDYUDP×Q× YH LPJHVLQL \DUDW×U %X LPJH YH

NDYUDPODU ELUH\VHO ELUELUOHULQGHQ D\U×G×UODU DQFDN JHQH GH WHPD

\|QQGHQ|]GHüWLUOHUú]OH\LFL\L\DUDWPDN·D]RUOD\DQWDVDU×PGDQD\U×

RODUDNNXUJXLONHVLGLU (LVHQVWHLQ 

Referanslar

Benzer Belgeler

ya olvidado está de

At the end of this sudy, we explained the integral representation of

Moreover, improved q-exponential function creates a new class of q-Bernoulli numbers and like the ordinary case, all the odd coefficient becomes zero and leads

%LUoRN NDQVHU WUQGH YH RWRLPPQ OLQIRSUROL- IHUDWLI VHQGURP JLEL KDVWDO×NODUGD DSRSWR] oRN LOHUL.

QHZ PRGDOLWLHV VHHPV WR EH UHOLDEOH DQG DSSOLFDEOH LQ. FOLQLFDO SUDFWLFH DSSURSULDWH SDWLHQW

Çizelge 10.1 4 kere madeni para atıldığında farklı sayıda tura gelme olasılıklarının dağılımı.. x kere tura

The properties of q- Bernoulli, q-Euler and q-Genocchi numbers and polynomials are investigated at (Mahmudov and Momenzadeh, 2014) by using q- improved exponential

A) Serhat çalışkan değilse zekidir. B) Serhat zeki ve çalışkandır. C) Serhat çalışkan değilse zeki değildir. D) Serhat çalışkan ise zekidir. E) Serhat zeki