THE SECOND CALİPH ‘UMAR (13-23/634-644)

THE SECOND CALİPH ‘UMAR

(13-23/634-644)

 `Umar ibn Al-Khattāb, Umar Son of Al-

Khattab, born 579 CE – died 6 November 644 CE), was one of the most powerful and

influential Muslim caliphs in islamic history.

Umar was born in Mecca to Benu Adi clan.

His father was Khattab ibn Nufeyl. and his

mother was Fatima bint Hasham, from the

tribe of Banu Makhzum. In his youth he used

to tend to his father’s camels in the plains

near Mecca.

 Umar learned to read and write in his youth.

He was tall, physically powerful. In 610

Prophet Muhammad started delivering the message of Islam. Umar, alongside others in Mecca, opposed Islam and threatened to kill Muhammad.

 ‘Umar converted to Islam in 616 one year

after the Migration to Abyssinia.

 After he accepted Islam, Prophet Muhammad led the first historic Şalāt in the Ka‘bah

openly. For this courageous and bold action of ‘Umar, the Prophet gave him an

appellation “al–Farūq” ( the Seperator of

truth from falsehood).

 During Abû Bakr’s short reign as caliph, Umar served as a chief secretary and advisor to

him.

 Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor prior to the caliph's death in 13/634.

 Muwafakat-ı Umar –agree

 (2:219-33:53-2:125-9:84

 He assumed the title the Commander of the

Faithfuls (Amīr-al-Mū’minīn).



‘Umar’s Wars and Victories



Syria: to replace Khalid b. Walid b, Abû Ubayda al-Jarrah. Between 13-16 (634-79 three battles:

Ajnadayn, Fihl, Yarmuk. After the defeat on the Yarmuk, and the final fall of Damascus(16/637), the Byzantines put no more armies into the field.



The fall of Jerusalem was probably the

immediate cause of Umar’s visit in about 17/638.



(Patriarch Sophronius)

 Iraq and Persia: The Bridge(13/634), battle of Buwa`yb (14/635), battle of Qadisiyyah

(14/635), and battle of Jalula (16/637) Battle of Nahāvand-Fath al-futûh (21/641-42)

 Egypt: (19-21/640642) Amr b. al-As.



 muallafa al-qulub (Those whose hearts are to be reconciled with or softened)

 “alms are only for the poor and the needy, and those who collect them, and those

whose hearts are to be reconciled, and to

free the captives and the debtors, and for the cause of Allah, and (for) the wayfarers; a

duty imposed by Allah. Allah is knower,

Wise.” Qur’an, 9:60.

 Diwan system:

 to distribute income of fey’ among muslims once in a year, to fix amount of salary (‘atâ’), to record the names on diwan.

 Fey’: The term ‘fey’ as referred in the Qur’an is one type of income tax.

 1. Jizyah (Defense or poll Tax) (Qur’an,9:29)

 2. Kharāj (Land Tax)

 3. Tax on non-Muslim merchants or traders

 Diwan established in 20/641.

 Language: Arabic

 Given: Uncle Abbas : 12 000 Dirham

 Wives of Prophet Muhammad:

 People of Badr.

 Grandchildren of Prophet Muhammad:

Hassan and Husain.

 Women-children

 No salary for slaves.

 The treatment of non-Muslims:

 To exclude jews and christians from Najran and Haybar.

 Shura: ‘Alī bn Abi Tālib, ‘Uthmān bn ‘Affān, Talħah bn ‘Ubaydullah, Abdur –Rahmān bn

‘Awf, Sa’d bn Abi Waqqās and Zubayr bn

‘Awwām.

 Abdullah b. Umar (his son)