UluslaraUDVÕ0KHQGLVOLN$UDúWÕUPDYH
*HOLúWLUPH'HUJLVL
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
ŝůƚͬsŽůƵŵĞ͗ϵ^ĂLJŦͬ/ƐƐƵĞ͗Ϯ Haziran/June ϮϬϭϳ ŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϮϵϭϯϳͬƵŵĂŐĚ͘ϯϱϭϰϲϵ ƌĂƔƚŦƌŵĂDĂŬĂůĞƐŝͬZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƌƚŝĐůĞ .
* tunaaydin@kku.edu.tr
Kuvars ve Metakaolen KatkÕVÕQÕQ-HRSROLPHUOHULQgzellikleri Üzerine Etkisi
The Effect of Quartz and Metakaolen Addition on the Properties of Geopolymers
Tuna AYDIN1
1.ÕUÕNNDOHhQLYHUVLWHVL0HWDOXUMLYH0DO]HPH0KHQGLVOL÷L%|OP<DKúLKDQKIRIKKALE
%DúYXUXReceived: 08/03/2017 Kabul/Accepted: 20/05/2017 Son Versiyon/Final Version: 15/06/2017
Öz
<DSÕODQEXoDOÕúPDGDMHRSROLPHUPDO]HPHOHULQPLNUR\DSÕ|]HOOLNOHUL]HULQHNXYDUVYHPHWDNDROHQNDWNÕVÕQÕQHWNLOHULLQFHOHQPLúWLU
%XGR÷UXOWXGDQXPXQHOHULQUHWLPLQGHNXOODQÕODQXoXFXNO6RPD7HUPLN6DQWUDOLXoXFXNOROXSNDUÕúÕPODUGDDONDOLDNWLIOHúWLULFL
RODUDNVRG\XPVLOLNDWVROV\RQX66YHVRG\XPKLGURNVLW1D2+NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU+D]ÕUODQDQKDUoOar, 280 mm x 70 mm x 70 mm’lik oHOLNNDOÕSODUGDYHYLEUDV\RQ\|QWHPL\OHúHNLOOHQGLULOPLúWLU$UGÕQGDQQXPXQHOHUVDDWVUHLOH&¶GHODERUDWXYDUWLSLetüvde WHUPDORODUDNNUOHQPLúWLU6RQXoRODUDNVWDQGDUWEQ\H\HNÕ\DVODNXYDUVYHPHWDNDROHQLoHUHQQXPXQHOHUGH\R÷XQOXNODUGDDUWÕú
WHVSLWHGLOPLúWLU%XQDED÷OÕRODUDNWDWRSODPSRUR]LWHGH÷HUOHULQGHGúúWHVSLWHGLOPLúWLU(÷PHYHEDVPDPXNDYHPHWGH÷HUOHUinde GHVWDQGDUWEQ\H\HNÕ\DVODDUWÕúROPXúWXU
Anahtar Kelimeler
“Kuvars, Metakaolen, MHRSROLPHUL]DV\RQPLNUR\DSÕ´
Abstract
In this study, it was investigated that the effect of quartz and metakaolinite on microstructural properties of geopolymer materials.
Fly ash (Soma Thermal power plant, Manisa), sodium silicate (SS) and sodium hydroxide were used for the production of samples.
The prepared mortars were formed by vibration method in steel molds of 280 mm x 70 mm x 70 mm. After that, the samples were thermally cured at 75 ° C for 24 hours. As a result, there was an increase in the density of the samples containing quartz and metakaolinite compared to the standard sample. Accordingly, a decrease in total porosity values was determined. The bending and compression strength values also increased compared to the standard sample.
Key Words
“Quartz, metakaolinite, geopolymerization, microstructure”
42 1. *ø5øù
Uçucu kül ve metakaolen gibi inorganik malzemelerin sodyum silikat (Na2SiO3), sodyum hidroksit (NaOH) ve potasyum KLGURNVLW .2+ o|]HOWLOHULQLQ NDUÕúÕPÕQGDQ HOGH HGLOHQ PDO]HPHOHUH MHRSROLPHU GHQLU <NVHN RUDQGD VLOLND 6L22), alumina(Al2O3YHNDOVL\XPRNVLW&D2LoHUHQXoXFXNOWHUPLNVDQWUDOOHUGHNLN|PUQ\DQPDVÕVRQXFXEDFDDWÕ÷ÕRODUDNHOGH
edLOLU6LOLNDYHDOPLQDQÕQDONDOLo|]HOWLOHULOHWHSNLPH\HJLUPHVLQHWLFHVLQGHMHRSROLPHUL]DV\RQMHRSROLPHUPDO]HPHUHWLPL VD÷ODQÕU-HRSOLPHUL]DV\RQLúOHPLQGHQVRQUDNDOÕSLoHUVLQGHúHNLOOHQGLULOPLúKDUFD\DNODúÕNLOH&DUDVÕQGDLODsaat süre LOHWHUPDONULúOHPL X\JXODQPDNWDGÕU6RQ]DPDQODUGDMHRSROLPHU PDO]HPHOHULQ|]HOOLNOHULQLQ JHOLúWLULOPHVLDPDFÕLOH PHYFXW NRPSR]LV\RQODUD DOWHUQDWLI NDWNÕ PDO]HPHOHULQLQ LODYHVL IDUNOÕ DONDOLOHULQ NXOODQÕPÕ YH VLQWHUOHQPH LúOHPL JLEL ELUoRN oDOÕúPD
\DSÕOPÕúWÕU'DYLGRYLWV'X[VRQYHDUNDGDOúDUÕ3DORPRYHDUNDGDúODUÕ/LYHDUNDGDúODUÕ6ZDQepoel YHDUNDGDúODUÕ.RoYH=H\EHN
<LSYHDUNDGDúODUÕWDUDIÕQGDQ\DSÕODQoDOÕúPDODUÕQGDNDOVL\XPLoHUHQ PLQHUDOOHULQNXOODQÕPÕLOHMHRSROLPHUPDO]HPHOHULQ
|]HOOLNOHUL \NVHN RUDQGD DUWÕú J|VWHUPLúWLU -DDUVYHOG YH DUNDGDúODUÕ LOH =KDRKXL YH <XQSLQJ oDOÕúPDODUÕQGD
MHRSROLPHUOHULQNÕVDVUHGHGD\DQÕPND]DQPDODUÕGÕúHWNLOHUHGD\DQÕNOÕOÕNODUÕGúNÕVÕOLOHWNHQOLNOHULYH\NVHNKDFLPVWDELOLWHVLQH
VDKLS ROPDODUÕQÕ |QHPOL DYDQWDMODUÕ DUDVÕQGD J|VWHUPLúOHUGLU &LRIIL YH DUNDGDúODUÕ MHRSROLPHUOHULQ ]DUDUOÕ DWÕN
VWDELOL]DV\RQXQGDGDEDúDUÕ\ODNXOODQÕODELOHFL÷LQLDQODWPÕúODUGÕU7RSoXYH&DQED]LOH7RSoXYH7RSUDN\DSWÕNODUÕ
oDOÕúPDODUGDVLOLVYHDOPLQDOÕHQGVWUL\HODWÕNODUYHDONDOLDNWLYDV\RQXLOHUHWLOHQKDUoODUÕQoLPHQWRKDUoODUÕQDJ|UHGDKa hafif ve GD\DQÕNOÕROGXNODUÕQÕJ|VWHUPLúOHUGLU
/LWHUDWUDUDúWÕUPDODUÕQGDQHOGHHGLOHQELOJLOHUGR÷UXOWXVXQGDELUoRNoDOÕúPDGD PLNUR\DSÕVDO|]HOOLNOHU]HULQGHJHQLúoDSOÕ
RODUDNEDKVHGLOPHGL÷LWHVSLWHGLOPLúWLU<DSÕODQEXoDOÕúPDGDNXYDUVYHPHWDNDROHQLQMHRSROLPHUPDO]HPOHU]HULQHKHPPHNDQLN KHPGHPLNUR\DSÕVDO|]HOOLNOHULDUDúWÕUÕOPÕúWÕU
2. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM
-HRSROLPHUPDO]HPHHOGHVLQGHNXOODQÕODQXoXFXNO6RPDWHUPLNVDQWUDOLQGHQWHPLQHGLOPLúWLU0HWDNDROHQ.DROLQ(QGVWUL\HO
0LQHUDOOHU6DQYH7LF $ù GHQVD÷ODQPÕúWÕU8oXFX NO PHWDNDROHQ1D2+YH VRG\XPVLOLNDWEHOLUOLRUDQODUGDNDUÕúWÕUÕODUDN
QXPXQHOHUKD]ÕUODQPÕúWÕU''YH'6WDQGDUWEQ\HXoXFXNO1D2+VRG\XPVLOLNDWYHDUWDQRUDQODUGDNXYDUVLoHUPHNWHGLU.
<DSÕODQEXoDOÕúPDGDVXLODYHVLLúOHQHELOLUOL÷LDUWÕUPDNDPDFÕLOHNXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU+D]ÕUODQDQKDUoODr 280 mm x 70 mm x 70 mm’lik oHOLNNDOÕSODUGDYHYLEUDV\RQ\|QWHPL\OHúekillendirilmiúWLU$UGÕQGDQQXPXQHOHUVDDWVUHLOH&¶GHODERUDWXYDUWLSLHWYGH
termal olarak kürlenmiúWLU(OGHHGLOHQQXPHQHOHULQIL]LNVHOYHPLNUR\DSÕVDO|]HOOLNOHULLQFHOHQPLúWLU1XPXQHOHULQH÷PHYHEDVPD
GD\DQÕPODUÕ.ÕUÕNNDOHhQLYHUVLWHVL0DNLQD0KHQGLVOL÷LODERUDWXYDUODUÕQGD,QVWURQPDUNDPXNDYHPHWFLKD]ÕLOH\DSÕOPÕúWÕU
+D]ÕUODQDQQXPXQHOHULQRigaku Rint PDUND;5'FLKD]ÕNXOODQDUDN[ÕúÕQÕGLIUDNVL\RQDQDOL]OHULVDQL\HGHKÕ]GD5° ile 55°
GHVHQDUDOÕ÷ÕQGDoHNLOPLúWLU6HUDPLNDUDúWÕUPD0HUNH]L(VNLúHKLU7DUDPDOÕHOHNWURQPLNURVNREX4XDQWDILHOGHPPLVRQ NXOODQDUDN \DSÕODQ PLNUR\DSÕ DQDOL]OHULGH %OHQW (FHYLW hQLYHUVLWHVL $UDúWÕUPD 0HUNH]LQGH \DSÕOPÕúWÕU 1XPXQHOHULQ WHRULN
\R÷XQOXNODUÕ.ÕUÕNNODHhQLYHUVLWHVLÕVÕODERUDWXYDUÕQGDNL4XDQWDFKURPH8OWUD3\FQRPHWHUPDUNDSLNPQRPHWUHLOH|OoOPúWU
6XHPPHYHEXON\R÷XQOXNODUDUúLPHW\|QWHPLNXOODQDUDNWHVSLWHGLOPLúWLU
2.1. Hammadde kimyasal analizleri ve fiziksel özellikler
-HRSROLPHUHOGHVLQGHNXOODQÕODQXoXFXNOPHWDNDROHQYHNXYDUVKDPPDGGHOHULQHDLWNLP\DVDODQDOL]OHU7DEORGHYHULOPLúWLU
8oXFXNOIL]LNVHO|]HOOLNOHUL7DEORGHYHULOPLúWLU7DEORLQFHOHQGL÷LQGH6RPDWHUPLNVDQWUDOLQGHQWemin edilen uçucu külün yüksek oranda CaO, Al2O3ve SiO2LoHUGL÷LWHVSLWHGLOPLúWLU.DROLQ$ùILUPDVÕQGDQWHPLQHGLOHQ0HWDNDROHQKDPPDGGHVLQLQGH
yüksek oranda Al2O3ve SiO2LoHUGL÷LWHVSLWHGLOPLúWLU.XYDUVÕQ\NVHNRUDQGDVDIOÕ÷ÕVDKLSROGX÷XJ|UOPHktedir.
Tablo 1. Hammadde kimyasal analizleri
Al2O3 SiO2 Na2O K2O Fe2O3 CaO TiO2 LOl SO3 MgO P2O5 Others
Uçucu Kül 22.8 34.9 0.39 1.2 5.34 27.3 0.64 3.0 3.4 1.75 0.1 -
Metakaolen 40.23 56.17 0.24 0.51 0.85 0.19 0.55 1.1 - 0.16 2.9
Kuvars 0.73 97.6 0.01 - 0.18 0.10 0.03 0.4 - -
43
Tablo 2. Physical Properties of fly ash Tane boyutu (d50)
(μm) <R÷XQOXN
(g/cm3) Spesifik
\]H\DODQÕ
(m2/g)
pH
Uçucu Kül 70 2.04 0.200 11.9
Sodyum silikat 1.42 12.5
2.2. Teknolojik özellikler
1XPXQHOHUHDLWVXHPPHH÷PHYHEDVPDPXNDYHPHWOHULJ|]HQHNOLOLNYH\Õ÷ÕQ\R÷XQOXNODUÕ7DEORVXQXOPXúWXU7HNQRORMLN
|]HOOLNOHULQFHOHQGL÷LQGHDUWDQRUDQODUGDNXYDULODYHVLLOHQXPXQHOHULQ\Õ÷Õ\R÷XQOXNODUÕDUWPÕúWÕU<Õ÷ÕQ\R÷XQOXNODUÕQÕQDUWPDVÕ
sonucXQGDGDVXHPPHGH÷HUOHULD]DOPÕúWÕU%XGXUPDSDUDOHORODUDNWDWRSODPSRUR]LWHGH÷HUOHULGHD]DOPÕúWÕU.XYDUVLODYHVLLOH
EHUDEHUH÷PHYHEDVPDPXNDYHPHWOHULVWDQGDUWEQ\H\HNÕ\DVODDUWPÕúWÕU<DQOÕ]'QXPXQHVLQLQH÷PHYHEDVPDPXNDYHPHW
GH÷HUOHULVWDQGDUWEQ\HGHQ\NVHNROPDVÕQDUD÷PHQ'YH'QXPXQHVLQHNÕ\DVODGúPúWU%XGXUXP\NVHNRUDQGDNXYDUV
LODYHVLQLQMHRSROLPHUOHúPHUHDNVL\RQODUÕ]HULQGH'YH'EQ\HVLQHQD]DUDQROXPVX]\|QGHHWNL\DSWÕ÷ÕQÕGúQGUPHNWHGLU
ùHNLOGH;5'DQDOL]OHULGHEXGXUXPXGHVWHNOHPHNWHGLU'QXPXQHVLQHDLW;5'JUDIL÷LQGHMHRSROLPHUOHúPHQHWLFHVLQGHRUWD\D
oÕNDQKLGURVRGDOLWYHSROLVDODWDPRUI\DSÕQHWúHNLOGHJ|UOHPHPHNWHGLU%XGD\NVHNRUDQGDNXYDUVLODYHVLQLQMHRSROLPHOHúPH
]HULQHROXPX]HWNL\DSWÕ÷ÕQÕGesteklemektedir.
Numune <Õ÷ÕQ
\R÷XQOX÷X (gr/cm3)
Su emme
(%)
(÷PH
GD\DQÕPÕ (Mpa)
Basma GD\DQÕPÕ
(Mpa)
.DSDOÕ
porozite (%)
$oÕN
porozite (%)
Toplam Porozite
(%)
STD 1.27 31.89 2.134 11.06 6.47 40.55 47.02
D1 1.37 24.57 3.430 15.54 3.49 33.76 37.25
D2 1.53 18.46 4.400 17.70 8.05 28.39 36.44
D3 1.62 17.20 2.686 14.86 9.47 27.97 37.45
2.3. 0LNUR\DSÕ|]HOOLNOHUL 2.3.1. XRD analizi
6WDQGDUW''YH'QXPXQHOHULQHDLW;ÕúÕQODUÕGLIUDNVL\RQDQDOL]LVRQXFXùHNLOGHYHULOPLúWLU*UDILNLQFHOHQGL÷LQGH
MHRSROLPHUOHúPH UHDNVL\RQX QHWLFHVLQGH EWQ EQ\HOHUGH NXYDUV ID]ÕQÕQ \DQÕQGD UHDNVL\RQODU VRQXFXQGD ROXúPXú KLGUDWH
NDOVL\XPVLOLNDWYHKLGURNVLDOXPLQ\XPVLOLNDWIHOGLVSDWRLWID]ODUÕWHVSLWHGLOPLúWLU
;X YHDUNDGDODUÕQÕQ \DSWÕNODUÕoDOÕúPDGD J|VWHUGLNOHULJLELMHRSROLPHUL]DV\RQELUHN]RWHUPLN NLP\DVDOSURVHVGLUYH
\NVHNDONDOLRUWDPGDPROHNOOHULQo|]QPHWDúÕQPD\|QHOPHYHSROLNRQGHQVDV\RQKDUHNHWOHULQLNDSVDU-HRSROLPHUOHúPHÕVÕO
LúOHPJ|UPúNLOPHWDNDROHQLoLQGHEXOXQDQDOXPLQDWODULOHVLOLNDWODUÕQRNVLMHQDWRPXHOHNWURQODUÕQÕSD\ODúPDVÕLOHNRYDOHQWED÷OÕ
ELOHúLN ROXúWXUPDVÕ VHQWH]LQH GD\DQPDNWDGÕU -HRSROLPHU ROXúXPXQGD NUOHPH VÕFDNOÕNODUÕQGD NDROLQ DONDOL 1D2+ VRG\XP
hidroksit) ile reaksiyona girerek polikRQGHQVDV\RQD X÷UDU ROXúDQ UQ WHNWRDOPLQRVLOLNDW IHOGLVSDWRLW YH KLGURNVLVRGDOLWWLU
+LGURVRGDOLW YH SROLVLDODWODU KHN]DJRQDO o ER\XWOX PROHNO GL]LOLPLQGHGLU %LU EDúND GH\LúOH KLGURWHUPDO SROLNRQGHQVDV\RQ
sonucunda içindeki suyu hem kimyasal hem de IL]LNVHO\ROODUODYHUHUHNGHKLGUDWDV\RQGHKLGUDV\RQ]HROLWND\DoODUÕQDEHQ]HU
WDQHFLN\DSÕVÕQDXODúDQDQFDN]HROLWNULVWDOOHULQGHQIDUNOÕRODUDNDPRUIoER\XWOXKHN]DJRQDOPROHNOHUED÷\DSÕGDRODQDOXmino silikat jeopolimerdir. Hidrosodalit ve polisDODWODUÕQROXúXPXQHWLFHVLQGHJ|UOHQDPRUI\DSÕùHNLOGH67'YH'QXPXQHVLQGH
QHWELUúHNLOGHWHVSLWHGLOPLúWLU
44
bĞŬŝů͘ϭ͘EƵŵƵŶĞůĞƌĞĂŝƚy-ŦƔŦŶůĂƌŦĚŝĨƌĂŬƐŝLJŽŶƉĂƚĞƌŶŝ͖Y͗ŬƵǀĂƌƐ͕͗ŚŝĚƌĂƚĞŬĂůƐŝLJƵŵƐŝůŝŬĂƚ͕/͗ŚŝĚƌŽŬƐŝůƵŵŝŶLJƵŵ ƐŝůŝŬĂƚ͕͗ŵŽƌĨĨĂnj
2.3.2. SEM-EDX analizi
1XPXQOHUHDLWWDUDPDOÕHOHNWURQPLNURVNREXJ|UQWOHULùHNLOùHNLOùHNLOYHùHNLOGHVXQXOPXúWXU(';DQDOL]OHUL
VRQXoODUÕGDùHNLOùHNLOùHNLOYHùHNLOGDYHULOPLúWLU67'EQ\H\HDLW6(0YH(';J|UQWOHULLQFHOHQGL÷LQGHMHRSROLPHU
\DSÕKHPKRPRMHQKHPGH\R÷XQELU\DSÕROXúWXUPXúWXU;5'DQDOL]LQGHDoÕNODQGÕ÷Õ]HUHKLGURVRGDOLWYHSROLVLDODWKHN]DJRQDO
üç boyutlu molekül dizilimlerinin hidrotermal polikondensasyonu sonucunda içindeki suyu hem kimyasal hem de fiziksel yollarla YHUHUHN ROXúWXUGX÷X DPRUI $ o ER\XWOX KHN]DJRQDO PROHNOHU DOXPLQR VLOLNDW MHRSROLPHU ED÷ \DSÕVÕ J|UOPHNWHGLU (';
DQDOL]L VRQXFXQD J|UH 6WG EQ\HVL DQD MHRSROLPHU D÷ \DSÕVÕQÕ ROXúWXUDQ 6L22, Al2O3, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O ve Fe2O3
içermektedir.
ùHNLO67'QXPXQHVLQHDLWPLNUR\DSÕJ|UQWV$MHRSROLPHULNDPRUI\DSÕ
45
ùekil 3. STD numunesine ait EDX analizi sonucu
'QXPXQHVLQHDLW6(0YH(';DQDOL]OHULLQFHOHQGL÷LQGH\R÷XQYHKRPRMHQ6L-$ODPRUIMHRSROLPHULNPDNULNV\DSÕLoHUVLQGH
gömülü olarak kuvars taneOHULYHD\UÕFDNXOODQÕODQXoXFXNOGHQ\NVHNRUDQGDJHOHQ&D2LQROXúWXUGX÷XKLGUDWHNDOVL\XPDOXPLQD
VLOLNDWID]ODUÕJ|UOPHNWHGLU(';DQDOL]LVRQXFXQDJ|UH'EQ\HVLQGHDQDMHRSROLPHUD÷\DSÕVÕQÕROXúWXUDQ6L22, Al2O3, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O ve Fe2O3 içermektedir
ùHNLO'QXPXQHVLQHDLWPLNUR\DSÕJ|UQWV4NXYDUV&$6KLGUDWHNDOVL\XPDOXPLQDVLOLNDW
46
ùHNLO'QXPXQHVLQHDLW(';DQDOL]LVRQXFX
ùHNLOYHùHNLOGH'QXPXQHVLQHDLW6(0YH(';DQDOL]OHULLQFHOHQGL÷LQGH'QXPXQHVLQGHWHVSLWHGLOGL÷LJLEL\R÷XQYH
homojen Si-$ODPRUIMHRSROLPHULNPDNULNV\DSÕLoHUVLQGHJ|PORODUDNNXYDUVWDQHOHULYHD\UÕFDNXOODQÕODQXoXFXNOGHQ\NVHN
RUDQGDJHOHQ&D2LQROXúWXUGX÷XKLGUDWHNDOVL\XPDOXPLQDVLOLNDWID]ODUÕJ|UOPHNWHGLU(';DQDOL]LVRQXFXQDJ|UH'EQ\HVL
GHDQDMHRSROLPHUD÷\DSÕVÕQÕROXúWXUDQ6L22, Al2O3, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O ve Fe2O3 içermektedi
ùHNLO'QXPXQHVLQHDLWPLNUR\DSÕJ|UQWV4NXYDUV&$6KLGUDWHNDOVL\XPDOXPLQD silikat
47
ùekil 7. D2 numunesine ait EDX analizi sonucu
ùHNLOYHùHNLOGD'QXPXQHVLQHDLW6(0YH(';DQDOL]OHULLQFHOHQGL÷LQGH'YH'QXPXQHOHULQGHWHVSLWHGLOGL÷LJLEL
\R÷XQYHKRPRMHQ6L-Al amorf jeopolimerik PDNULNV\DSÕLoHUVLQGHJ|PORODUDNNXYDUVWDQHOHULYHD\UÕFDNXOODQÕODQXoXFXNO
GHQ\NVHNRUDQGDJHOHQ&D2LQROXúWXUGX÷XKLGUDWHNDOVL\XPDOXPLQDVLOLNDWID]ODUÕEXEQ\HGHGHWHVSLWHGLOPLúWLU(';DQDOizi sonucuna göre D3 bünyesi de ana jeopolimer D÷\DSÕVÕQÕROXúWXUDQ6L22, Al2O3, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O ve Fe2O3 içermektedir.
ùHkil 8. 'QXPXQHVLQHDLWPLNUR\DSÕJ|UQWV$MHRSROLPHULNDPRUI\DSÕ&$6KLGUDWHNDOVL\XPDOXPLQDVLOLNDW4
kuvars
48
ùHNLO. D3 numunesine ait EDX analizi sonucu
3. SONUÇLAR
%XoDOÕúPDGDNXYDUVYHPHWDNDROHQLODYHVLQLQMHRSROLPHUOHULQ|]HOOLNOHUL]HULQHHWNVLDUDúWÕUÕOPÕúWÕU0DO]HPHOHULQDoÕNNDSDOÕ
YHWRSODPJ|]HQHNOLOL÷LVXHPPHVLJ|UQU\R÷XQOX÷XH÷PHYHEDVPDGD\DQÕPODUÕYHID]ROXúXPODUÕEHOLUOHQPLúWLU
+D]ÕUODQDQMHRSROLPHUPDO]HPHOHUHNXYDUVYHPHWDNDROHQLODYHVLLOHJ|]HQHNOLOLNGH÷HUOHULQGHD]DOPDYHEXQDED÷OÕRODUDNWD
\Õ÷ÕQ \R÷XQOXNODUÕQGD DUWÕú WHVSLW HGLOPLúWLU .XYDUV PLNWDUÕQGDNL DUWÕú LOH LOH J|]HQHNOLOLN YH VX HPPH GH÷HUOHULQGH D]DOPD
PH\GDQDJHOPLúWLU<Õ÷ÕQ\R÷XQOX÷XQGDNLDUWÕúDED÷OÕRODUDNWDH÷PHYHEDVPDPXNDYPHWOHULVWDQGDUWEQ\H\HNÕ\DVODDUWPÕúWÕU
)D]DQDOL]OHULVRQXFXQGDGDKLGURVRGDOLWYHSROLVDODWODUÕQROXúXPXQHWLFHVLQGHDPRUIoER\XWOXKHN]DJRQDOPROHNOHUED÷\DSÕGD
RODQ DOXPLQR VLOLNDW MHRSROLPHU \DSÕODU WHVSLW HGLOPLúWLU 8oXFX NOGHQ JHOHQ \NVHN RUDQGDNL &D2 MHRSOLPHU UHRNVL\RQODUÕ
HVQDVÕQGD KLGUDWHNDVOL\XPDOXPLQD VLOLNDW ID]ODUÕQÕROúWXUPXúWXU6RQXoRODUDNEXoDOÕúPDJV|WHUPLúWLUki kuvars ve metakolen LODYHVLMHRSOLPHUROúXPUHNDVL\RQODUÕQDYHQLKDLUQQWHNQRORMLN|]HOOLNOHULQH|HQPOLGHUHFHGHNDWNÕVD÷ODPÕúWÕU
4. KAYNAKLAR
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