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Status of Freshwater Crayfish Distribution in Thrace Region of Turkey
Utku Güner a; Muzaffer Mustafa Harlioğlu b
a Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey b Fisheries Faculty, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
First published on: 19 November 2009
To cite this Article Güner, Utku and Harlioğlu, Muzaffer Mustafa(2009) 'Status of Freshwater Crayfish Distribution in Thrace Region of Turkey', Reviews in Fisheries Science, 18: 1, 1 — 6, First published on: 19 November 2009 (iFirst) To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/10641260903267445
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641260903267445
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UTKU G ¨UNER1and MUZAFFER MUSTAFA HARLIO ˘GLU2
1Trakya University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Edirne, Turkey
2Fisheries Faculty, Fırat University, Elazı˘g, Turkey
This review focuses on the present distribution of two crayfish species: narrow-clawed crayfish Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz and stone crayfish Austropotamobius torrentium (Schrank, 1803) in Thrace region of Turkey. The only known native (indigenous) freshwater crayfish species of Turkey is A. leptodactylus. It is found at more sites than A. torrentium. On the other hand, A. torrentium is only found in Thrace region of Turkey. The first population of A. torrentium was observed in Velika River in 1995. In 2006, the second population of A. torrentium was found in Madara Brook in the region, but the abundance of A. torrentium in Madara Brook was very low in comparison to Velika River. Moreover, further studies carried out in some water resources near the population of A. torrentium, such as Deˇgirmen Brook, Poyralı Brook, and Hask¨oy Brook confirmed that no other populations of this species are present in the region at present. Therefore, it can be concluded that A. torrentium is only present in the northwest of Marmara river basin (Istaranca Mountain Part) and A. leptodactylus is widely distributed throughout the places located to the south of Marmara river basin, and Istaranca Mountain might be a border line that separates A. leptodactylus and A. torrentium populations. Moreover, except the presence of these two species, no other crayfish species are found in the Thrace region of Turkey at present.
Keywords Astacus leptodactylus, Austropotamobius torrentium, crayfish, distribution, population, Thrace, Turkey
INTRODUCTION
There are approximately 600 species of freshwater crayfish in the world. They inhabit various habitats (Taylor, 2002). How- ever, in the European continent, there are only five indigenous species: noble crayfish Astacus astacus L., narrow-clawed cray- fish Astacus leptodactylus Esch., thick-clawed crayfish Caspi- astacus pachypus Rathke, stone crayfish Austropotamobius tor- rentium Schrank, and white-clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes Lereboullet (Ackefors, 1999; Holdich, 2002; Trontelj et al., 2005; Machino and Fureder, 2005; Machino and Holdich, 2006; Souty-Grosset et al., 2006). On the other hand, at present there are two species of freshwater crayfish in Turkey. These are A. leptodactylus (Figure 1) and A. torrentium (Figure 2) (Harlıo˘glu and G¨uner, 2006, 2007).
The only native (indigenous) freshwater crayfish species of Turkey is the narrow-clawed crayfish, A. leptodactylus
Address correspondence to Muzaffer Mustafa Harlıo˘glu, Fisheries Faculty, Fırat University, 23119, Elaz˘g, Turkey. E-mail: mharlioglu@firat.edu.tr
(Holthuis, 1961; Geldiay and Kocataþ, 1970; K¨oksal, 1988;
Harlıo˘glu, 2004; Harlıo˘glu and G¨uner, 2006, 2007; G¨uner, 2006, 2007). General life history of A. leptodactylus was described by K¨oksal (1988). In addition to A. leptodactylus, more recently, the presence of A. torrentium was observed in the Velika River and Madara River in the European part of Turkey (Trontelj et al., 2005; Machino and Holdich, 2006; Harlıo˘glu and G¨uner, 2006, 2007). Life cycle and distribution of A. torrentium were detailed by Laurent (1988). However, it is unclear if its occurrence in European Turkey is a natural extension of its range, or if it has been introduced locally. A further study of 13 rivers and brooks near to the Velika River has not confirmed any other populations (Harlıo˘glu and G¨uner, 2007). On the other hand, Starobogatov (1995) mention that A. colchicus may be found in the vicinity of Istanbul, and that it has also been introduced into Kura River in eastern Turkey. Albrecht (1983) considers A. colchicus to be a subspecies of A. astacus. Its presence in Turkey is, therefore, a possibility, but there have been no confirmations at all.
Except for the presence of A. torrentium, no non-native cray- fish species were reported in Turkey. In comparison to Turkey,
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2 U. G ¨UNER AND M. M. HARLIO ˘GLU
Figure 1 Dorsal view of male Astacus leptodactylus.
many non-native crayfish species (i.e., Procambarus clarkii, Pacifastacus leniusculus, Orconectes limosus, O. rusticus) have been introduced into Europe (Ackefors, 1999; Holdich, 2002;
Souty-Grosset et al., 2006). The North American spiny-cheek crayfish, O. limosus, has been spreading quickly down the River Danube and could reach neighboring countries soon (such as Bulgaria). The North American signal crayfish, P. leniusculus, is known from Greece (Souty-Grosset et al., 2006). It seems that there may be a very high possibility of non-native crayfish in- troduction into the European part of Turkey (Thrace Region) via naturally, accidentally, or intentionally by humans. If non-native crayfish species have arrived in the European part of Turkey, it is just a matter of time to see until these introduced crayfish species arrive in the Asian part of the country, which is the main supplier of A. leptodactylus to Europe (K¨oksal, 1980, 1988;
Harlıo˘glu, 2008; Harlıo˘glu and Harlıo˘glu, 2009). However, if non-native crayfish species are introduced into Turkey for any purposes (culinary, farming, etc.), they could be a great threat to native stocks (Harlıo˘glu and Harlıo˘glu, 2006).
For example, native crayfish populations in Europe have been negatively affected by introductions of non-indigenous crayfish species from America. Negative effects included displacement of native crayfish species, transfer of disease (crayfish plague),
consumption of fish eggs, reduction of fish stocks, consumption of large amounts of macrophytes, indirect and direct effects on other invertebrates, upsetting production in rice fields, and displacement of amphibians. As a result of non-native crayfish introductions, the natural harvest and crayfish industry in Europe have been severely affected (Harlıo˘glu and Harlıo˘glu, 2006).
The main aim of this study is to review and summarize the present distribution of crayfish populations in Thrace region of Turkey.
PRESENT STATUS OF FRESHWATER CRAYFISH DISTRIBUTION IN THRACE REGION OF TURKEY
The European side of Turkey is called the Turkish Thrace and it borders the Sea of Marmara in the northeast, the Black Sea in the northwest, Bulgaria, and Greece. The area except some hill series is essentially like high plateau in which average altitude is between 500 and 600 m. There are mainly two mountain series in Thrace: Istranca Mountain Series in the north and Ganos Mountain Series in the south.
The climate of Thrace is humid and semi-humid Mediter- ranean type (Akman, 1982). The rainfall in the region changes
Figure 2 Dorsal view of male Austropotamobius torrentium.
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15 40 56 N 26 58 E B Karaidemir Dam L + − − Deval at al., 2007
16 40◦08N 27◦00E B Karababa Lake − − − Deval at al., 2007
17 41◦07N 27◦12E B Bayrams¸a Lake + − − Deval at al., 2007
18 41◦06N 27◦21E B Karacakılavuz L. + − − Deval at al., 2007
19 41◦00N 27◦23E B Bıyıkali Lake + − − Deval at al., 2007
20 41◦11N 27◦22E B Hanolu Lake + − − Deval at al., 2007
11 40◦11N 27◦52E C Manyas Lake − + − Berber and Balık, 2006; K¨oksal, 1980;
Erdem et al., 2001
12 40◦22N 29◦55E C Iznik Lake + − − K¨oksal, 1980
13 41◦03N 29◦21E C Omer Dam Lake¨ + − − Ozulu, 2005¨
14 40◦10N 28◦40E C Uluabat Lake − + − K¨oksal, 1980
between 550–1,500 mm. Hills above 1.035 m (i.e., Mahya Mountain) take up to 1,400 mm rain. The annual average temper- ature of the region ranges between 8◦C–15◦C. Istranca Moun- tains are mild uplands covered mostly by beech (Fagus orien- talis) forests.
Thrace region is divided into three sub river basins: Marmara, Ergene, and Susurluk River Basins (Figure 1). Marmara River Basin is located at the north part of Thrace. It has many clean brooks and rivers. Ergene River Basin consists of Ergene River and its branches. Many of its branches are much polluted. The Meric¸ sub-basin, including Arda, Tunca, and Ergene tributaries, is one of the major river systems located in the eastern Balkans.
About 66% of this basin belongs to Bulgaria, 28% to Turkey, and 6% to Greece. Finally, Susurluk River Basin is located on the
coast of the Sea of Marmara. There are many brooks, streams, rivers, and lakes in these basins.
The native species of Turkey, A. leptodactylus, is widely distributed in these water resources especially in the middle and south parts of Thrace region. The most important production areas are Terkos Lake, Uluabat Lake, Gala Lake, and ˙Iznik Lake (Balık et al., 2002; G¨uner, 2006; Harlıo˘glu, 2008). On the other hand, A. torrentium is observed only in two water sources (Velika and Madara) in the northwest of Marmara river basin.
Distribution of A. leptodactylus and A. torrentium in Turkish Thrace was listed in Table 1. Figure 3 shows the locations of A.
leptodactylus and A. torrentium in different basins in Thrace Re- gion. In addition, Table 2 shows some water quality parameters of selected locations (unpublished data of the first author).
Table 2 Water quality parameters of ten locations (unpublished data of first author)
River Basin River or lake A. leptodactylus A. torrentium
Temperature (◦C)
Oxygen (mg/L)
Hardness (◦Fr) pH
Marmara River B. Bulanık River − + 19.3 12.3 20.3 7.89
Ergene River B Gala Lake + − 27.5 10.2 32.4 8.3
Marmara River Hamam Lake + − 20.0 12.3 15.0 6.41
Ergene River B. Kavaklı Dam Lake + − 19.5 11.6 42.2 8.40
Marmara River Madara Brook − + 21.6 13.46 25.7 7.17
Ergene River B. Meric¸ River + − 20.1 7.45 20.6 7.95
Ergene River B. Sazlı Brook + − 22.0 3.72 67.2 8.34
Ergene River B. Tunca River + − 20.3 8.23 19.8 8.10
Ergene River B. Usk¨up Dam Lake¨ + − 19.7 9.02 24.8 7.67
Marmara Velika Brook − + 16.4 12.8 13.8 7.60
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4 U. G ¨UNER AND M. M. HARLIO ˘GLU
Figure 3 The distribution of A. leptodactylus and A. torrentium in different basins in Thrace Region (A: Marmara, B: Ergene, and C: Susurluk River Basins).
Note: for numbers in circles please see cod numbers in Table 1).
DISCUSSION
Early research on the presence of freshwater crayfish (A. lep- todactylus) at Thrace Region was carried out by Bott (1950). He identified A. leptodactylus from Bursa and Istanbul. According to Bott (1950), two subspecies are present, A. l. leptodactylus (in ˙Iznik, Terkos Lakes Tunca, Meric¸ Rivers) and A. l. sali- nus (in Manyas, Apolyont, Lakes). K¨oksal (1988) also reported that A. leptodactylus leptodactylus was found in Iznik, Terkos Lakes, while A. leptodactylus salinus was found in the lakes Manyas, Apolyont (Erdemli, 1982; G¨uner and Balık, 2002). In addition, it was reported that A.l. leptodactylus occurred natu- rally in B¨uy¨uk C¸ ekmece, K¨uc¸¨uk C¸ ekmece, Terkos Lakes, and Tunca, Meric¸ (Maritza) Rivers in Turkish Thrace (Geldiay and Kocatas¸, 1970; G¨uner, 2007).
In addition, Astacus leptodactylus is also widely distributed in neighboring countries: Bulgaria (Hubenova et al., 2000, 2002a,b, 2004); Greece (Machino and Holdich, 2006); and Ro- mania (Skurdal et al., 1999). According to Skurdal and Taugbøl (2002), both A. astacus and A. leptodactylus are indigenous for Bulgaria. In addition, A. leptodactylus has been recently ver- ified in the River Evros close to the Greco-Turkish boarder, suggesting that the species should be regarded as indigenous in Greece (Koutrakis et al., 2005). According to Westman et al.
(1990), A. astacus is indigenous to Greece, while A. leptodacty- lus has been introduced. Moreover, Albrecht (1983) mentions the occurrence of A. torrentium in northern Greece. Th´eocharis
(1986) reported on a crayfish plague outbreak among A. asta- cus in north-western Greece in 1982 that coincided with the introduction of P. leniusculus from Sweden.
Turkey was a major supplier of A. leptodactylus to West Eu- ropean markets, but stocks were badly hit by crayfish plague in the mid-1980s (K¨oksal, 1988; Baran and Soylu, 1989). G¨uner (2006) reported that there has been a modest recovery of cray- fish in some previously devastated stocks, i.e., Terkos Lake at the North of Thrace, but some other lakes that had been the highest producers have yet to recover. Although A. leptodacty- lus is present in many water resources in Turkish Thrace, it is only harvested commercially in Kırklareli Dam Lake where the catch was less than 1 ton in 2006. Turkish Thrace is one of the most important agricultural and industrial areas of Turkey. It, therefore, has many industrially-polluted cities (such as C¸ orlu and C¸ erkezk¨oy) (G¨unes¸ et al., 2008; Ordu and Demir, 2009).
Because of high pollution in some water sources, crayfish are not found at present (i.e., Ergene River).
A. torrentium is a common species in many European coun- tries, such as Austria (P¨ockl, 1999; F¨ureder and Machino, 1998), Slovakia (Stloukal and Harvaekova, 2005), Romania (Rentz, 1988; Vogt et al., 1999), and Turkey with recent records from Turkish Thrace representing the most eastern border of its dis- tribution (Harlıo˘glu and G¨uner, 2006, 2007). However, the stone crayfish, Austropotamobius torrentium, is one of the most threat- ened species in Europe (e.g., Grandjean et al., 2000; Streissl and H¨odl, 2002). Water pollution, habitat destruction, and the reviews in fisheries science vol. 18 1 2010
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than other locations in which A. leptodactylus presents. For ex- ample, dissolved oxygen concentrations of Madara and Velika locations where A. torrentium is located are much higher than the other locations having A. leptodactylus. It seems that A. tor- rentium may enlarge its distribution in clean brooks and rivers in higher regions of northwest of Turkish Thrace (especially in the Istaranca (Yıldız) Mountains). All sites where stone crayfish are present are characterized by having both banks of the river shaded by trees. The substrate usually consists of rocks, stones, and gravel. They also occur in sandy parts of brooks or streams with mud at the bottom; however, stone streams are the typical habitat of the stone crayfish. Discharge depends on the season crayfish were caught in fast flowing parts of brooks during the spring, but they prefer slower-flowing parts with suitable shel- ters, which are available mainly in the summer. The temperature of water in Madara and Velika are lower than the other brooks.
In the other sites, A. leptodactylus inhabits many lakes, which are characterized by open water. The substrate consists of big rocks and stones. Both species prefer clean, unpolluted waters.
On the other hand, the stone crayfish is an indigenous Euro- pean species, which is not of significant economical importance, mainly due to the small numbers of their populations. Moreover, A. torrentium is accepted as a threatened species and its rela- tively small size makes it of little commercial interest for Turkey (Harlıo˘glu and Harlıo˘glu, 2006).
It can be concluded that Austropotamobius torrentium is only present in the northwest of Marmara river basin (only Istaranca Mountain Part) and Astacus leptodactylus is widely distributed throughout the places located to the south of Marmara river basin (such as Tunca, Meric¸ Rivers, Terkos Lake, Gala Lake, B¨uy¨uk C¸ ekmece Lake, K¨uc¸¨uk C¸ ekemece Lake, and many small lakes like Kavaklı, Hanoˇglu). Thus, Istaranca Mountain could be a border line which separates these two crayfish species. In addition, no other non-native crayfish species are found in the European part of Turkey at present.
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