ORNAMENTAL PLANTS: WITH THEIR FEATURES AND USAGE PRINCIPLES

(1)

Editor

(2)

ORNAMENTAL PLANTS:

WITH THEIR FEATURES

AND USAGE PRINCIPLES

EDITOR

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arzu ÇIĞ

AUTHORS

Prof. Dr. Bahriye GULGUN Assist. Prof. Dr. Eissa ZARIFI

Prof. Dr. Bekir Erol AK Assist. Prof. Dr. Mohsen MIRZAPOUR Prof. Dr. Murat Ertuğrul YAZGAN Assist. Prof. Dr. Sara REDOUANE-SALAH Prof. Dr. Murat TUNCTURK Lecturer Suheda Basire AKCA

Prof. Dr. Mustafa Ercan OZZAMBAK Dr. Basri MUTLU Prof. Dr. Rezzan KASIM Dr. Emrah ZEYBEKOĞLU Prof. Dr. Rüveyde TUNCTURK Dr. Meltem Yağmur WALLACE

Prof. Dr. Şevket ALP Dr. Müge ŞAHİN

Prof. Dr. Tofiq Sadiq MAMMADOV Dr. Zohra ARABI

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arzu ÇIĞ Research Assistant Ezelhan SELEM Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kubra YAZİCİ _{Research Assistant Lutfi NOHUTCU} Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Ufuk KASIM Research Assistant Muhammed Said YOLCI Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet FİDAN Research Assistant Parizad MAVANDI Assoc. Prof. Dr. Minara Yunis

HASANOVA

Research Assistant Selin TEMIZEL Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nazire MİKAİL PhD Std. Atakan PİRLİ

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shalala Adil GULMAMMADOVA

M.Sc Bora GÜNGÖR

Assist. Prof. Dr. Ahmed MESSAÏ M.Sc İbrahim Halil HATİPOĞLU Assist. Prof. Dr. Ali SALMAN M.Sc Tüba Nur DEMİR İNAL Assist. Prof. Dr. Arzu ALTUNTAŞ Landscape Architect Semiha GÜNEŞ

(3)

any means, including photocopying, recording or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher,

except in the case of

brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Institution of Economic

Development and Social Researches Publications®

(The Licence Number of Publicator: 2014/31220) TURKEY TR: +90 342 606 06 75

USA: +1 631 685 0 853 E mail: iksadyayinevi@gmail.com

www.iksadyayinevi.com

It is responsibility of the author to abide by the publishing ethics rules. Iksad Publications – 2020©

ISBN: 978-625-7687-33-1

Cover Design: Arzu ÇIĞ December / 2020

(4)

CONTENTS PREFACE

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arzu ÇIĞ………...1

CHAPTER 1

THE IMPORTANCE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN SUSTAINABLE CITIES

M.Sc İbrahim Halil HATİPOĞLU

Prof. Dr. Bekir Erol AK…….………..…..3

CHAPTER 2

USE OF OUTDOOR ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN LANDSCAPE PLANNING

Assist. Prof. Dr. Arzu ALTUNTAŞ..…….……….29

CHAPTER 3

THE USE OF DECORATION (TEZYİN) AND ILLUMINATION (TEZHİP) ARTS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURE

Prof. Dr. Murat Ertuğrul YAZGAN

(5)

CHAPTER 4

CLASSIFICATION OF ORNAMENTAL PLANT SPECIES WITH ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nazire MİKAİL

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arzu ÇIĞ …….………...…………..67

CHAPTER 5

JOINT USE OF REMOTE SENSING AND PHYTOECOLOGICAL FIELD DIAGNOSIS TO STUDY THE IMPACT OF DESERTIFICATION ON ORNAMENTAL PLANT BIODIVERSITY: CASE OF THE SAIDA PROVINCE ALGERIA

Dr. Zohra ARABI ………...…..…….……….93

CHAPTER 6

FLOWER GARDENS OF THE NATIONAL SEASIDE ABSHERON PARK IN BAKU

Prof. Dr. Tofiq Sadiq MAMMADOV

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shalala Adil GULMAMMADOVA

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Minara Yunis HASANOVA………109

CHAPTER 7

NATURAL SPREAD ORNAMENTAL PLANTS USED BY FOLK IN TURKEY’S SOUTH-EASTERN ANATOLIA REGION

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet FİDAN

(6)

CHAPTER 8

THE ORCHIDS OF EVKA 3 – İZMİR

Dr. Meltem Yağmur WALLACE ...………..………..…….143

CHAPTER 9

THE IMPORTANCE OF SOME SYMBOL ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN URBAN IDENTITY; THE CASE OF TURKEY

Lecturer Suheda Basire AKCA Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kubra YAZİCİ

Prof. Dr. Bahriye GULGUN………..…….……….161

CHAPTER 10

DAHLIA SPP. (STAR FLOWER) AND THEIR LANDSCAPE

DESIGNS USAGE

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kubra YAZİCİ Prof. Dr. Bahriye GULGUN

Research Assistant Selin TEMIZEL…….………..…...187

CHAPTER 11

THE USE OF CHAMERION STEVENII (BOISS.) J. HOLUB.) IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN

Dr. Basri MUTLU

(7)

CHAPTER 12

POTENTIAL OF SOME NATURALLY GROWN ALLIUM SPECIES AS AN ORNAMENTAL PLANT

Research Assistant Ezelhan SELEM Prof. Dr. Murat TUNCTURK Prof. Dr. Rüveyde TUNCTURK

Research Assistant Lutfi NOHUTCU..…..……….……...…………219

CHAPTER 13

GERBERA (GERBERA JAMESONII L.); HISTORY, CLASSIFICATION, VASE LIFE AND POSTHARVEST TREATMENTS

Prof. Dr. Rezzan KASIM

Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Ufuk KASIM…..…….………...……237

CHAPTER 14

TULIP (TULIPA GESNERIANA L.), POSTHARVEST TREATMENTS USING TO PROLONG VASE LIFE

Prof. Dr. Rezzan KASIM

Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Ufuk KASIM…..…….………...285

CHAPTER 15

CYCLAMEN CULTIVATION

(8)

CHAPTER 16

IMPORTANT MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS USED AS ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

Prof. Dr. Ruveyde TUNCTURK Prof. Dr. Murat TUNCTURK Research Assistant Ezelhan SELEM

Research Assistant Muhammed Said YOLCI

Research Assistant Lutfi NOHUTCU…...……….………...327

CHAPTER 17

AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH LAVENDER, AN ORNAMENTAL MEDICINAL PLANT

Assist. Prof. Dr. Mohsen MIRZAPOUR Assist. Prof. Dr. Eissa ZARIFI

Research Assistant Parizad MAVANDI ………..………359

CHAPTER 18

HIBISCUS ROSA-SINENSIS L. BETWEEN ORNAMENTAL

AND MEDICINE

Assist. Prof. Dr. Ahmed MESSAÏ

(9)

CHAPTER 19

ORNAFRUIT: FRUIT SPECIES FOR ORNEMANTAL PURPOSES

Dr. Müge ŞAHİN …...……….………..…………397

CHAPTER 20

GRAFTING IN THE PRODUCTION OF POT CACTI

Dr. Emrah ZEYBEKOĞLU

Prof. Dr. Mustafa Ercan OZZAMBAK………..…..…..425

CHAPTER 21

THE IMPORTANCE OF HYDRO-SEEDING REVEGETATION TECHNIQUES IN LANDSCAPE REPAIR

PhD Std. Atakan PİRLİ

(10)

1

Ornamental Plants are plants that affect both the eye and the soul, and are always present in our lives with their unknown aspects. We love and use some of them for the color of their leaves changing according to the seasons, some for its distinctive visual stem, some for its fragrant and colorful flowers, some for its refreshing body and other ingredients that concern our health. We have always had contact with these plants without realizing it. Because we are always intertwined with ornamental plants in daily life, especially in landscaping.

As in every subject, new research results are revealed and continuous information updates are also made in ornamental plants every day, and as a result, different perspectives are brought to applications and subjects. In this book, there are studies that give information about the growing techniques of ornamental plants and especially their use in landscape. For this reason, I would like to express my special thanks to our valuable authors who shared their research with us in the creation of our book.

Sincerely Yours Arzu ÇIĞ

(11)

2 ORNAMENTAL PLANTS:

(12)

3

CHAPTER 1

THE IMPORTANCE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN SUSTAINABLE CITIES

M.Sc İbrahim Halil HATİPOĞLU

Prof. Dr. Bekir Erol AK*

_{Harran University,}_{Faculty of Agriculture}_{, Department of Horticulture,}

(13)

(14)

5

INTRODUCTION

Landscape architecture is a multidisciplinary profession, it works with many professions and plays an important role in urban planning. It differs from other professions with the use of living and non-living materials in design and planning. Urban landscape concepts should be examined in planning sustainable, holistic, and identity cities. Ornamental plants are of great importance in landscape planning and designs. In this context, the ecological demands, physiological and morphological characteristics of ornamental plants should also be known. Recently, interest in ornamental plants, which will contribute to the urban landscape in an aesthetic and functional way, has increased and its cultivation has developed as an alternative agricultural product. In planting design studies; the ecological characteristics of plants, their importance in terms of landscape, the correct selection of their use, and purpose in the landscape are also of great importance. In addition, the primary purpose of herbal design is to contribute to space functionally, and thus, it can respond to the requests of the users. Plants play an important role in preventing the "urban heat island" effect. In this direction, basically; Examining the landscape and ornamental plants, which can be classified as trees, shrubs, ground cover, in the light of current concepts and by scanning the literature after 2000 will form a basis for studies on this subject.

The relationship between plants and humans is based on historical ages. People have used plants since ancient times to meet their basic needs for a number of instinctive reasons (protection, shelter, food, etc.). In addition to these functional needs, they also used organs such as

(15)

WITH THEIR FEATURES AND USAGE PRINCIPLES

flowers, leaves, or fruits and visually effective plants to express their feelings and thoughts. The concept of "garden", which is of Persian origin, which is of great importance among the mentioned spatial concepts, should be examined in this context. Large or small-scale, introverted gardens integrated with the environment, reflecting the living conditions, economic, and cultural qualities of the societies in certain periods of history, were specified as spaces shaped in line with the ecological conditions of the region. In light of this definition; Unlike many other fine arts, 'garden art' started with first people settling on the land, and the need to organize it as a living environment outside economic activities (Khabbazi & Erdoğan, 2012; Yerli & Kaya, 2015). In this context; Sustainable and holistic cities are planned to emerge with positive features such as the beauties of nature, social opportunities, open green areas at accessible distances, infrastructure services, and wide investment opportunities. In cities that are planned to be an optimum living environment for human beings, aesthetic concerns are as important as a functional connection between departments. Functional and aesthetic concerns are not considered, especially in cities that are considered as symbols of civilization (Gül, 2000).

In rural areas where agriculture, transhumance, and forestry activities are carried out intensely, the city has no function and facilities. The population shows a homogeneous distribution, the density of residential workplaces is low, and deficiencies are observed in the infrastructure system. In this context; Rural settlements are areas with poor functional

(16)

7

diversification in land use, and the proportion of elderly and children population over the young population (Çekiç, 2014). Also, rural areas; includes many different activities with changing social and economic conditions over time. The increase of people's inclination towards nature, the curiosity to learn different cultures, and the desire to get away from crowded urban environments bring rural settlements to the agenda. When this information is examined, in a general sense, rural settlements; It can be expressed as settlements that can offer unique identity qualities with their density, social structure, and life culture, spatial and functional structure, economic structure, recreation areas and activities, relations with the natural environment and landscape appearance (Eminağaoğlu & Çevik, 2007).

In order to increase the comprehensibility of these concepts, to know the principles of rural and urban planning, and to evaluate these two buildings under one roof, it is very important to know the concept of 'landscape' in detail (Table 1).

Landscape (Paysage), a word of French origin, means landscape. When viewed from a certain point, it can be defined as the area that includes all the natural and cultural data that fall into the viewpoint.

According to the European Landscape Convention organized by the European Council on 2000; as perceived by humans, its character refers to a field that is the result of natural or human (anthropogenic) interactions.

(17)

Table 1: Classification of landscape

Natural Landscape Cultural Landscape

Rural Landscape Urban Landscape

Meadows (Grasslands) Villages Parks

Forests Afforestation areas Home gardens Wetlands Agricultural areas Roof gardens

Wildlife corridors Vertical gardens Groves Wildlife corridors

Road afforestation Hobby gardens

In this context, natural, rural, urban, semi-urban areas, land, inland waters, marine areas and wetlands, landscapes that are considered to stand out with their features, as well as ordinary or degraded landscapes, ecological research on the protection, repair, management and sustainable use of degraded ecosystems. restoration and rehabilitation include general and specific principles, stages, planning, implementation, monitoring and supervision, repair obligation, and enforcement (Sönmez, 2014). So the landscape is a system and this system contains many biotic and abiotic elements (Table 2).

Table 2: Abiotic, biotic and cultural factors in the landscape

Abiotic factors Biotic factors Cultural Factors

Climate and microclimate Fauna Residential areas Geology Flora Transport networks Geomorphology Biological diversity Agricultural areas

Hydrology Historical sites

Soil structure Infrastructure elements Topography

The concept of "cultural landscape" has emerged with the human impact on the natural landscape. Throughout the historical process, human beings have begun to use mountains and rivers in line with their

(18)

9

own needs and shaped the landscape under many sub-headings. In this framework, it is possible to divide the cultural landscape into two as the rural and urban landscapes. Rural landscape; it covers the areas where the natural landscape is first affected by human use and where activities such as agriculture and forestry are common. These areas are; it essentially acts as a buffer zone between urban and rural areas. As the subheadings of this concept; Concepts such as agricultural landscape, industrial landscape, forest landscape, tourism landscape, and transportation landscape can be listed.

When the literature that deals with the expectations of people about a city is examined; it is seen that cities are handled in two ways. In the first, cities appear like the place imagined by the author and where the people living in it are happy. In the second, the city itself has been constructed as a utopia. The search for an ideal city from antiquity to the present has developed in different directions within reality as well as in utopias (Yüksel, 2012). In many books, films, and animations, the phenomenon of "urban" has been examined on an imaginary scale. Edward Bellamy's novel "Looking to the Past", published in 1988, describes a character who slept in 1887 and awakened to a different "city" structure in the 2000s, while Fritz Lang's 1927 film "Metropolis II. The city, which was formed with World War II, describes the structure of a city called Orbit in 2062 in "The Jetsons", an animation made in 1962. The success/failure status of urban planning studies and highlighting the problems that may be experienced can be possible with

(19)

retrospective analysis. It is important to know the identity of the space in planning the mutual living spaces of the city people (Sharifi, 2016).

In summary; as a result of the different perspectives of the city and space phenomenon at the intersection center of all the works mentioned, it is observed that the said areas have similar strategies in the planning and design process. Apart from this homogeneous feature, some differences are witnessed by looking at the differences in the socio-cultural and ecological structures of the spaces and cities, and the change experienced by the space over time from different points. However, the solutions of these perspectives, which differ from each other at some points according to the nature of these differences, may show similarities and in this context, it is not possible to separate these ideas from each other with sharp boundaries. Because the factor that plays the leading role in the implementation of all these thoughts is "human", these designed and planned areas are thought with the basis of ergonomic anxiety. The most important fact here is that this balance between nature and humans becomes "sustainable" in a way that equality will not be disrupted in urban spaces.

The concept of sustainability has entered our daily language as “sustainable development” in relation to development through the Brundtland Report titled “Our Common Future” prepared by the UN World Commission on Environment and Development [WCED] in 1987 for the first time and became very popular in the following years. In the report in question, the concept of sustainability has been discussed on the axis of sustainable development and sustainable

(20)

11

development is defined as "development that meets today's needs without jeopardizing the possibilities of meeting the needs of future generations". This definition draws attention to the fact that such needs of future generations are not neglected while meeting the needs of today's generations, and in this context, it guarantees that today's economic development will not make the economic situation of future generations worse than the economic situation of today's generations (Şen et al., 2018).

For sustainable cities, planting design and ornamental plants to be used in this design should be revealed with all the details. Herbal design is science, art, and natural phenomenon. Science and art is the process of establishing the most accurate, effective, and continuous relationship between man and nature. Herbal design is to be able to create the best effect with plants in terms of aesthetics, functionality, ecology, and symbolism. Creating decent living spaces of our rich natural resources without damaging these resources in natural and cultural balance should be the main concern of all disciplines related to the subject, and necessary studies should be done in this regard. Although there are many garden designs in the world, there are two main systems in terms of vegetative design. These are formal and naturalistic herbal designs. Some Egyptian, Persian, Islamic, Italian, French, American, and English gardens are examples of formal gardens. Naturalistic gardens are represented by traditional Chinese gardens, some English, Japanese and American gardens (Chen 2007; Eren & Var, 2016).

(21)

According to another definition, vegetative design; It is the whole process that follows the selection of the plant material necessary for achieving the present and future goals of Landscape Architecture for different purposes, designing it in a way that requires specific and specific creativity and evaluating it for application in the places where human activities will be carried out and the ecosystems that are subject to other landscapes. Accordingly, the herbal design requires a scientific process that requires expertise in designing plants that can be grown from a flower pot that can be regarded as the smallest place where the plant is located, in areas the size of a large park or basin. Selection and design of plants; The dendrological and design features of the plant are closely related to factors such as the plant's growing environment features and conditions, the aesthetic and functional purposes of landscape design (Eren & Var, 2016).

In light of this information, the landscape and ornamental plants sector has gained great importance in rural and urban planning studies in recent years. It is necessary to know not only the aesthetic properties but also the functional properties of the plants in question, as well as the natural and physical properties of the area to be treated. With the concepts such as increasing population, unconscious urbanization, and industrialization, the aspirations of the city people for the green tissue have increased. In this context; Urban parks provide aesthetic and physical value to the city they are in, as well as satisfying this longing of the city people. In cities, roads, and buildings covered with flooring

(22)

13

change the climate structure and temperature values in city centers are higher than in rural areas (Doygun & İlter, 2007).

In planting design studies; The ecological characteristics of plants, their importance in terms of landscape, and the correct selection of their use and purpose in landscaping are also of great importance. In addition, the first purpose of herbal design is to contribute to space functionally and in this way, it can respond to the requests of the users. Plants play an important role in preventing the "urban heat island" effect, increasing the relative humidity, air filter, oxygen production, and noise absorption.

1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTING DESIGN

It is an undeniable fact that the physical environmental conditions have a shaping effect in the period from the hunting-gathering activities of humanity to the settled life, from the establishment of the first cities to the present day. Since historical times, people have used natural resources unconsciously for their personal needs, so living areas that are in harmony with nature have emerged, which are in danger of global damage. In line with these facts, people not only in living spaces but also in rural and urban scale; They have sought a new design and planning in agricultural, industrial areas, and transportation axes.

Today, it is observed that the natural landscape areas are decreasing day by day and the (cultural) areas formed by anthropogenic effects have increased intensely. While the impact of people on nature increases day by day, land use patterns show significant changes. In the first place,

(23)

people used nature only enough to be self-sufficient and limited their agricultural and hunting activities to certain measures. While there was a sense of trust in nature during this period, primitive hunting tribes had an emotional passion for interesting forms and dramatic landscapes in nature. They even preferred such natural areas for social gatherings and religious ceremonies (Gül, 2000).

The first impact of humans on the natural landscape was through agricultural activities. The first examples of landscaping emerged with the settlement of agriculture and livestock activities. With the fertility that people get from the soil and the phenomenon of living in the same place, the desire to organize the areas they live in has emerged. In this context; It can be said that the first structural arrangements appeared during these periods. These areas created by people for agricultural activities; It is in harmony with factors such as climate and soil.

Starting from the ancient civilizations (Egypt, Assyria, Greek, Roman); Urban centers until the industrial revolution in the 19th century, including the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods; a focal point is planned as an imposing building in which the leader or tribal chief lived, and agora-like structures surrounding it. Throughout the ages, natural areas have been a kind of shelter where people can get rid of the troubles of their daily lives and establish close relationships with natural beings. In the holy books, the expression of paradise as a garden place is seen as a reflection of the desire of people to have a small place of paradise in their lives on earth. The first gardens were generally in the form of temples and boulevard arrangements, hunting parks, woodland,

(24)

15

orchard, and vegetable garden. The first garden examples known in history were seen in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Iran, Ancient Greek, and Ancient Roman civilizations. Palace gardens, tomb and temple gardens, and house gardens of Ancient Egypt are works of art. Ducks, fish, and especially sacred lotus flowers, great trees, flower beds, and garden pavilions, floating in the lake-pool, these gardens were a place of pleasure and entertainment. Also; Ancient India, Ancient Greek and Roman, Byzantine gardens and garden art history dates back to the fourth century (Gül, 2000; Yerli & Kaya, 2015).

As a result of the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, residential areas have gone through a global social and physical change. Migration from rural areas to urban areas has accelerated and urban development has increased in a very short time. In this rapid urbanization process, people from the high-income group lived in healthy environments, while people with low-income groups had to live in unhealthy and crowded buildings. Unlike ancient times, human beings preferred destruction (such as opening stone and sand quarries, destruction of forests) instead of coming to terms with nature.

The differences in the lifestyle and cultural structure of the human profile that emerged with the industrialization period made the demand for new housing and urban structure inevitable. These individuals prefer areas close to their workplaces and dominate social and cultural activities and recreation areas. Factors such as population growth and excessive urbanization have led to changes in the physical and social structure of the city. Housing and industrial areas have changed.

(25)

Detached houses with gardens left their place to relatively smaller apartments with fewer people, and the concept of mixed-use buildings that became the symbol of life in the city center was born (Tallon, 2010; Başyazıcı, 2012).

Howard (1902) planned green areas in the urban structure where all people can meet all their needs in his ‘City Garden’ design. In this design, urban areas, agricultural areas, buildings are determined as number and parcel (Table 2).

Table 2: Urban elements of city garden (Howard, 1902)

Elements Quantity

Urban area 400 hectares Agricultural area 2020 hectares

Buildings 5050 pieces

Average parcel size (6 x 40) m Total population 32.000 people

At the beginning of the twentieth century, thinkers from different nations contributed to the emergence of the perception of modern urban planning, but England, which played an important role in the industrial revolution, was the first geography where modern urban understanding gained meaning in theory and practice. In this context; The factory zone, in which the socio-economic life in the city is indexed, constitutes the main core of the new urban organism. The factory, regardless of the industry; is being built in the urban area near the vital resources for itself. For this reason, factories in modern cities are established very close to artificial physical environments such as rivers, lakes, and

(26)

17

similar water resources and transportation networks without worrying about polluting the environment (Çınar, 2000).

In light of this information, humanity destroying natural resources with excessive consumption ambition; recognizing the danger and considering environmental concerns, started to review the relationship between humans and the environment in order to create sustainable living spaces. This phenomenon is parallel to the historical process. Because in the Roman Garden Art Period, high-rise buildings (insuleae) were built due to the dense population, and the rich section of the people, who were negatively affected by this urban pressure, built villas with gardens outside the city with the Renaissance Period.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Developed countries; considering the consequences of the damage they caused to the environment, they sought new planning to reshape their living spaces. For this purpose, new planning principles are formed with the cooperation of relevant professional groups on a rural or urban scale in order to develop methods that can rationally meet the needs of people in a sustainable way and to design living spaces where people who are separated from nature and under the pressure of pollution can interact with nature.

The number of 'ecological' concerned city designs from the 1970s to the present day is increasing rapidly. In this direction; As the number increases, obvious differences are observed between these drafts. While some ecological designs stay further away from technology, some

(27)

include a design that blends technology with the city. One of the important inventions in urban landscape design is the discovery and spread of aircraft. Along with this concept, concepts such as airplane landscape or sky landscape stand out as new concepts emerging in urban planning. The city structure, which is seen as a bird's eye view by people entering the city by plane, constitutes the first ideas of the visitors about the spatial order. The role of landscape and ornamental plants is extremely important in understanding ecologically based urban planning on a correct basis. The main material of landscape planning and design studies is basically examined in two parts as vegetative and structural materials. Vegetative materials used in this context; they are called 'design plants' or 'ornamental plants'.

For example, in Turkey, species diversity, genetic diversity is extremely rich in terms of ecological and ecosystem diversity. In the fact that Anatolia is one of the richest areas in the world in terms of biodiversity; Factors such as climatic diversity, topographical differences, habitat diversity, and its location at the intersection of three different phytogeographic regions play a role. There are also many endemic plants in this region. In the mentioned, landscape planning studies, researching the usability of these plants, ensuring their adaptation to urban landscapes, and protecting this resource is of great importance.

With the increase in migration from the village to the city and the rapid population growth in recent years, the increased building areas are a source of environmental pollution; It adversely affects the temperature

(28)

19

of the urban environment, the humidity economy of the soil and air, and air movements, in short, the urban climate and bioclimatic conditions. On the other hand, noise in cities, monotony of color and lack of aesthetics create negative effects on human psychology. Despite these findings; adequacy of urban green spaces in terms of quality and quantity is not given due importance (Çınar, 2000).

It is clear that the city structure in the coming years will not be a continuation of the present. The interdependencies of economies, cultures, and institutions on each other both on a global and local scale, the interaction of stakeholders, and the information and communication spread through the various networks created by this interaction shows how cities will differ. With the rapid growth of cities and the increase in urbanization, the growth potential of metropolises with a population of more than 10 million today, mostly in developing countries, indicates that we will face new and important urban problems in the coming years (Yetişkul, 2017).

Today, the widespread use of artificial intelligence and computer games causes the use of new applications on the urban phenomenon. In a computer game that is called "Cities: Skyline"; urban designs are made with phenomena such as roads and buildings, parks. In recent years, new concepts related to cities have come to the fore. In addition to the aesthetic features of vegetal materials used in urban landscape planning, preventing air pollution, masking noise, reducing the effects of wind, dust, and gas, giving a dynamic effect to the city form, improving transportation axes, climate conditions, creating protection and living

(29)

areas for plant and wildlife species, With the introduction of functional features such as 'organic planning', 'ecological networks', 'open-green spaces', 'urban corridors', 'green transportation' have gained importance. Ecological networks are an important part of the city's ecological framework. Often the ecological corridor is small rivers or valleys that run through the city and form a habitat for the flora and fauna surrounding important areas. The advantages of these areas for the urban climate should not be ignored (Semina & Maximova, 2018).

In today's particular, urban landscape elements should not only be considered parks, gardens, and medians (road afforestation). With the decrease in urban green areas, roof gardens, vertical gardens (green walls), and hobby gardens have become important elements of urban landscape planning in recent years. For example, vertical gardens are defined as covering the facade walls using various types of plants with the help of various systems.

In addition to increasing the amount of green space in cities, vertical gardens have functions such as sound and heat insulation, energy efficiency, improving air quality, reducing the heat island effect, making a positive contribution to human psychology with their aesthetic appearance. Factors such as the constant maintenance difficulty, cost, lack of knowledge, and awareness of vertical gardens prepare the ground for their use only for aesthetic purposes but prevent the spread of applications. However, limiting the maintenance and repair costs of the plant material to be used in these planning studies is necessary to ensure its sustainability (Ekren, 2017).

(30)

21

Transportation circulation has positive/negative effects on visual quality, noise, land and water quality, spatial use, and historical sites. It is seen that the concept of "urban green transportation" should be emphasized with the insufficiency of public transportation elements in the cities, the increase in the number of motor vehicles per person, and the increase in environmental pollution. This phenomenon is being developed with suggestions such as popularizing the use of bicycles and environmentally friendly spring system. Cities such as Tokyo / Japan, where public transportation is widely used, Amsterdam / Netherlands, where bicycle paths are used extensively, and Seoul / South Korea are considered as important examples in this regard.

Urban planning includes an organization in which multidisciplinary work is absolute. Planning and design phenomena are physical planning processes that follow each other in line with planning decisions. In line with the development and change of the world, new professional disciplines are emerging. This situation also increases the importance of interdisciplinary cooperation in city planning. The urban planning process, although different scales are used, in general; consists of the determination of problem and purpose, current situation determination (survey), analysis, area use diagram, evaluation / final product stages. On the other hand, a difference can be observed in the approach of people belonging to the same profession or from different professions to the planning/design process. The main purpose of bringing these professional disciplines together is that many basic phenomena such as social and physical factors, ecological structure are important concepts

(31)

that should be addressed in the formation of the urban structure (Korkut & Topal, 2015).

In planting design studies; unlike other design disciplines, the material (plants) used is alive. Since changes occur in the size of plants over the years, the time factor should definitely be taken into consideration in planting studies, and planting studies should not be carried out without paying attention to the size of the plants in planting studies.

When this subject is examined in terms of the plant material used; In order to emphasize the place and importance of natural species in the urban landscape, the rates of plants being natural or exotic should be examined. production of public and private sector nurseries even in a country like Turkey with a high rate of endemism of more cosmopolitan or exotic taxa have given weight to indicate that a number of problems in this regard.

CONCLUSION

It is observed that physical environmental conditions have an effect on the demographic, socio-economic, and cultural structure of rural and urban settlements. The spread of infrastructure activities such as construction and transportation in rural areas and the preference of such places for recreational transhumance activities threaten the sustainability of natural resources with local and national values. The use of plants in the urban landscape ensures bioclimatic comfort and high quality of urban areas. In this context; By knowing the functional properties of the plants as well as the aesthetic properties of the plants,

(32)

23

the urban building materials will be preserved, the proportional humidity will increase, the supply of clean air, air filtration, noise absorption, and the greenhouse effect will be reduced. In this direction; It is stated that the determination of these characteristics of the plants used in urban road afforestation and the species selection should be made taking into account the effects of the factors such as road widths, infrastructure and superstructure facilities, traffic density, and their contribution to the urban landscape (Hatipoğlu, 2016; Hatipoğlu & Ak, 2018).

Plants are very important elements that contribute to the design or shaping of parks with all their features. If an evaluation is made within the scope of this research; Among these features, the concept of measure is one of the most important issues that a landscape architect should focus on sensitively in the vegetative designs of park areas and other outdoor spaces. A landscape architect should be able to use not only the concept of the measure but also all the necessary features related to the plant material in plant designs. Thus, thanks to the planting designs made, the users are satisfied both visually and functionally from the outdoors.

The use of plants in the urban landscape ensures bioclimatic comfort and high quality of urban areas. In this context; By knowing the functional properties of the plants as well as the aesthetic properties of the plants, the urban building materials will be preserved, the proportional humidity will increase, the supply of clean air, air filtration, noise absorption, and the greenhouse effect will be reduced.

(33)

In this context, as in all planning approaches, in sustainable cities created by preserving the balance of resource use/conservation in urban planning studies, the plants to be used in plantation and green area facilities are selected from endemic taxa that are suitable for local ecology or whose landscape use value has been demonstrated, making the urban green tissue more resistant will ensure that their qualities are preserved.

Ecological networks, urban corridors, and open-green areas should be used to protect natural assets by connecting people to nature and one wildlife environment to another, with the collective nature of planning. The concept of green transportation in cities is of great importance for human and environmental health. In order to prevent environmental pollution, ensure urban health, and reduce the effect of urban heat islands, it is of great importance to expanding the rail systems and bicycle paths in the city.

In this direction; environmental and socio-economic sustainability can be achieved with transportation master plans. In light of this information; Our country's rich natural resources should be the main concern of all disciplines related to the issue, and the creation of decent living spaces without harming these resources in natural and cultural balance, should be the main concern of all disciplines. In addition, in order to prevent the increase of migration from rural areas to the city and to motivate a proactive planning approach, it is extremely important to plan contemporary agricultural activities that will ensure the development of the people living in the village without going to the city

(34)

25

and to consider the concepts such as 'urban village' and 'rural city' in planning studies.

(35)

REFERENCES

Başyazıcı, B. (2012). Effects of the gentrification process in Cihangir on the commercial ıdentity of the district. Journal of Ideal City/Urban Studies, ADAMOR Urban Studies Center, 5: 198-219.

Chen, G. (2007). Planting Design Illustrated. ArchiteG, Inc., p. 288.

Çekiç, İ. (2014). Rural Planning Lecture Notes, Istanbul: Yıldız Technical University Publications.

Çınar, T. (2000). Intellectual origins of Bahçekent model and its contribution to urban science, Ankara University SBF Journal, 55(1): 27-51.

Doygun, H. & İlter, A. (2007). Investigating adequacy of existing and proposed active green spaces in Kahramanmaras city. Journal of Ecology, 17(65): 21-27. Ekren, E. (2017). Advantages and risks of vertical gardens. Journal of Bartin Faculty

of Forestry, 19(1): 51-57.

Eminağaoğlu, Z. & Çevik, S. (2007). Design policies and tools for rural settlements. Gazi University Journal of Engineering and Architecture Faculty, 22(1): 157-162.

Eren, E. T & Var, M. (2016). Taxa used in planting design in parks: The case of Trabzon city centre. Artvin Coruh University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 17(2): 200-213.

Gül, A. (2000). Landscape-human relationship and landscape architecture. Süleyman Demirel University Journal of the Faculty of Forestry, 1: 97-114.

Hatipoğlu, İ. H. (2016). The Effects of Physical Environment Conditions on Local People's Interactions with Natural Environment: Example of Kahramanmaraş Ahir Mountain. Master's Thesis. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Institute of Science, Kahramanmaraş.

Hatipoğlu, İ. H. & Ak, B. E. (2018). Investigation of the ımportance of planting in urban texture in the sample of Karaköprü District of Şanlıurfa Province, Eskişehir; ISUEP2018 International Symposium on Urbanization and Environmental Problems: Change / Transformation / Originality 28-30 June 2018, Vol. 4, p. 57-60.

(36)

27

Howard, E. (1902). Garden Cities of To-Morrow (Re-printed, edited with a Preface by F.J. Osborn and a Introductory Essay), London, England.

Khabbazi, P. A. & Erdoğan, E. (2012). Islamic Gardens. Namık Kemal University Journal of Agriculture Faculty, 9(2): 20-31.

Korkut, A. & Topal, T. (2015). Interdisciplinary approach to the planning/design process, İnönü University Journal of Art and Design, 5(11): 49-63.

Semina, A. & Maximova, S. (2018). Ecological corridors' morphology ınside the urban structure in forming the enviromental frame of the city, urban form and social context: from traditions to newest demands: Proceedings of the XXV ISUF International Conference, Krasnoyarsk, July 5–9, 2018, p. 963-967. Sharifi, A. (2016). From Garden City to Eco-urbanism: The quest for sustainable

neighborhood development, England, ELSEVIER, Sustainable Cities and Society.

Sönmez, G. (2014). European Landscape Convention and Turkey, Ankara, Sustainable landscape on the ımplementation of the European landscape convention and the council of Europe economics theme 15. International Labor Conference.

Şen, H., Kaya, A., & Alpaslan, B. (2018). A historical and current perspective on sustainability. Economic Approach, 29(107): 1-47.

Tallon, A. (2010). Gentrification in United Kingdom, London, Routledge.

Yerli, Ö. & Kaya, S. (2015). Historical development of garden art, Adana, Çukurova University, I. International Art Research Symposium, April 2015, p. 407-417. Yetişkul, E. (2017). Complex Cities and Complexity in Planning, Journal of Planning,

27(1): 7-15.

Yüksel, Ü. D. (2012). Urban utopias from ancient until today. Journal of Ideal City / Urban Studies, ADAMOR Urban Studies Center, 5: 8-37.

(37)

(38)

29

CHAPTER 2

USE OF OUTDOOR ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN LANDSCAPE PLANNING

Assist. Prof. Dr. Arzu ALTUNTAŞ

_{Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture,}

(39)

(40)

31

INTRODUCTION

Turkey is located at the intersection of a phytogeographic zone between Euro-Mediterranean, Sibirya- and Iran-Turan Zones. For this reason, our country is a bridge between the flora of Southern Europe and South West Asia and has a very rich biodiversity as the center of many plant species (Davis, 1965; Davis, 1978; Tan, 1992; Şirin, 2003). This situation provides a great opportunity especially in terms of increasing the number of plant species used in landscape works. However, it is known that some plant species that grow naturally in our country are used as ornamental plants in many foreign countries (Şirin, 2003).

Ornamental plants are herbaceous and woody plants that stand out with their shape, form, color and aesthetic features. Ornamental plants are plants that have symbolized the suffering and joys of mankind for ages and have also been a source of consolation. It is not correct to consider the historical background of ornamental plants within a time frame that has certain limits. Today, the cultivation of ornamental plants is carried out under headings such as cut flowers, indoor, outdoor, seasonal, ground cover and natural flower bulbs (Baktır, 2013).

Landscape architecture is a professional discipline that takes into account the protection-use balance of the natural and cultural components that make up the landscape and produces projects on the basis of science and art in the fields of planning, design, repair, conservation and management in accordance with ecological, economic, aesthetic and functional criteria (PMO, 2007). One of the materials used in landscape architecture works is undoubtedly plants. Plants are used in these works for many different purposes such as ensuring ecological balance, increasing aesthetic values

(41)

and landscape quality, increasing human comfort and quality of life, and restoring landscape. In this study, the use of outdoor ornamental plants in the field of landscape planning, which is one of the main subjects of the landscape architecture profession, is mentioned.

1. LANDSCAPE PLANNING

In the Dictionary of Landscape Architecture Terms, landscape is a space belonging to the earth whose boundaries can be determined according to its external appearance or development or structure; or the appearance of a piece of land along with its ecological, biological, structural and functional characteristics; or the whole view of natural and cultural elements in various characters in an environment that can fit into the viewing angle from any point (Yücel et al., 2008).

In the "8th Council of Europe Conference on the European Landscape Convention" organized by the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, the definition of landscape in Turkish was put forward as "a holistic perception of the composition of natural and cultural values in the environment" (Council of Europe, 2015). As the official definition of the word landscape, the definition specified in the European Landscape Convention is now used. According to this, Landscape is “means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors” (Council of Europe, 2000).

The concept of landscape planning is defined in the Dictionary of Landscape Architecture Terms as an integrative activity aiming to protect, restructure and develop existing landscapes and to create and arrange

(42)

33

landscapes that include new land uses (Yücel et al., 2008). Here, the basic issues of landscape planning are stated as follows (Yücel et al., 2008):

- Ecological and environmental change processes at the landscape level

- Historical and cultural dimensions of landscape changes

- Social and economic forces that form the infrastructure of human activities and land uses that shape the landscape

- Landscape evaluation that forms the basis for landscape planning - Geographic information systems

- Strategic environmental impact assessment - Techniques such as large-scale field surveys

- Legal, executive, corporate issues related to professional practices In the European Landscape Convention, "Landscape planning" means strong forward-looking action to enhance, restore or create landscapes (Council of Europe, 2000).

The following topics are included in landscape planning studies:

- Strategic landscape planning, - Landscape planning for protection,

- Landscape planning for restoration - improvement and / or development,

- Landscape planning of solid waste landfills, - Landscape planning of transportation routes, - Coastal and wetland landscape planning

(43)

In landscape architecture in general and more specifically in landscape planning, plants are one of the materials used.

2. OUTDOOR ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

According to Yazgan et al. (2005), outdoor ornamental plants are trees, small trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants that are generally used in the arrangement of parks and gardens, in the afforestation of highways and metropolises and in recreation areas.

Outdoor ornamental plants are examined in 5 groups according to their sizes, forms, functions and vegetative features (Karagüzel et al., 2010):

- Broad-leaved trees, small trees and shrubs, - Needled trees and shrubs (Conifers) - Ground cover, annual and perennial plants - Climbing and hugging plants

- Seasonal flowers

Plants have many positive effects on humans and other living beings as well as adding value to their environment. Plants, which host many living species, increase the quality of life and provide diversity, especially with their visual / aesthetic functions. In addition, outdoor ornamental plants also have functional effects.

Ertunç (2011) lists the functional effects of plants as follows:

a. Connecting structures with their surroundings and with each other, connecting outdoor spaces

(44)

35

c. Separating vehicle traffic, directing pedestrian traffic, creating physical barriers to avoid traffic, highlighting linear axes or corner points

d. Providing cascading scale that carries elements such as surrounding buildings from trunk to branches, branches to stems, leaves

e. Ensuring privacy by creating visual barriers

f. Creating and defining outdoor spaces, separating various areas by giving ceiling effect, giving identity to outdoor spaces

g. Identifying level differences, highlighting slopes h. Creating vistas

i. Protection from wind, dust, excessive sun and noise if used in sufficient intensity

j. Providing lower climate control k. To spread a nice smell

l. Harmonizing or contrasting a building floor or water surface through form, texture and color

m. Highlight an important landscape element

n. Preventing rainwater from falling rapidly to the ground and causing damage

o. Erosion control

3. USING POSSIBILITIES OF OUTDOOR ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN LANDSCAPE PLANNING

The selection of the species to be used in landscape planning studies varies locally, regionally or nationally, as well as country by country. The main reasons for this are factors such as ecological data, socio-economic structure and lifestyles. At the same time, plant species selection changes

(45)

according to the nature of the area where the landscape planning study will be done and the type of the study.

In addition to natural vegetation, all types of outdoor ornamental plants are used in landscape planning studies. But among these, the most preferred groups are trees and shrubs. Examples of tree types that can be preferred in landscape planning studies are given in Table 1 and examples of shrub types are given in Table 2.

Table 1: Examples of tree types that can be preferred in landscape planning studies

Acacia sp. Acer campestre Acer platonoides Acer

pseudoplatanus

Acer negundo Aesculus

hippocastanum

Alnus glutinosa Carpinus betulus

Cupressus sp. Eucalyptus

cameldulensis

Fagus orientalis Fraxinus excelsior

Juglans sp. Malus sylvestris Platanus

orientalis

Populus alba

Populus nigra Populus tremula Prunus mahalep Prunus amygdalus

Quercus sp. Robinia

pseudoacacia

Salix sp. Tilia sp.

Ulmus sp. Pinus sp.

Table 2: Examples of shrub types that can be preferred in landscape planning studies

Arbutus andrachne Berberis sp. Cornus sp. Cotoneaster sp.

Creategus sp. Eounymus sp. Ilex aquifolium Juniperus

excelsa Juniperus

orientalis

Juniperus sabina Ligustrum vulgare Rhamnus sp.

Rosa canina Sambucus nigra Taxus sp. Thuja orientalis

Thuja oxidentalis Viburnum sp.

Apart from the tables given above, there are many more outdoor ornamental plants that can be used in landscape planning studies in

(46)

37

different areas of our country. The tables here are given as examples in general.

CONCLUSION

Man is a part of nature. For this reason, meeting the spiritual and social needs as well as human biological and physical needs is a way to be followed in order to improve living conditions (Bayraktar & Aslanboğa, 1985; Ertunç, 2011). In this way, integration with nature can be achieved with plants in the easiest and simplest sense.

The demand for outdoor ornamental plants in our country started to accelerate after 1986. One of the main reasons for this increase in demand is the increase in people's interest in nature as a result of rapid urbanization and construction. Apart from this, the reasons such as the increase in the importance given by local administrations to park and garden arrangements and urban landscape areas in landscape planning and design works; increase in afforestation works in highway construction; the opening of new tourism facilities with the development of the tourism sector and considering the landscape arrangements of new tourism facilities more seriously can be counted. As a result, increases in plant prices and production have occurred. However, the increase in production was not sufficient to meet the demand. As a result, while meeting the plant need was provided by producers concentrated in certain regions in the domestic market, most of them were imported from abroad (Şirin, 2003). Landscape Architecture has emerged with the triggering efforts to protect natural landscapes and processes, which started to deteriorate and disappear due to the environmental problems caused by industrialization in the late 1800s and the resulting intense urbanization, in other words, to

(47)

produce solutions for them. For this reason, one of the most basic occupations of landscape architecture is the sustainable protection, planning and management of natural balances and assets in the longest term. Naturally, ecological planning or landscape planning shapes current and future natural resource planning and land use forecasts and suggestions on this basis (Özkan et al, 2010; Türkdoğdu, 2016). Plants are the main actors of these studies based on sustainability. As a result, the importance and functions of plants should be taken into consideration in landscape architecture studies, which are carried out with the goals such as ensuring the sustainability of natural resources by transferring them to future generations, protecting the ecological balance, increasing the quality of life and living with nature. Here, plant species selection should be made in accordance with the purpose of the study and the characteristics of the area.

(48)

39

REFERENCES

Baktır, İ. (2013). Türkiye’de süs bitkilerinin dünü, bugünü ve yarını. V. Süs Bitkileri Kongresi, Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü, Yalova, s. 13-16.

Bayraktar, A. & Aslanboğa İ. (1985). Kentleşme sanayileşme etkileşiminin İzmir kentinde yaşama ortamında yarattığı sorunlar. Türkiye 9. Şehircilik Günü, 6-8 Kasım, Eskişehir, s. 176-183.

Council of Europe (2000). European Landscape Convention. Floransa.

Council of Europe (2015). Landscape in Languages and Laws of the States Parties to the European Landscape Convention. 8th Council of Europe Conference on the European Landscape Convention. CEP-CDCPP (2015)5E, Strasbourg.

Davis, P. H. (1965). Flora of Turkey and The East Aegean Island. University of Edinburgh, London.

Davis, P. H. (1978). Flora of Turkey and The East Aegean Island. University of Edinburgh, London.

Ertunç, Z. (2011). Antakya Kent Dokusunda Kullanılan Çok Yıllık Süs Bitkilerinin Peyzajda Kullanımları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, Hatay, s. 127.

Karagüzel, O., Korkut, B., Ökan, B., Çelikel, G., & Titiz, Ç. (2010). Türkiye’de Süs Bitkileri Üretiminin Bugünkü Durumu, Geliştirme Olanakları ve Hedefleri. http://www.zmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/e915db6326b6fb6_ek.pdf (Access date: 05.11.2020)

Özkan, M. B., Hepcan, Ş., & Hepcan Coşkun, Ç. (2010). Yaban Hayatı, Üniversiteliler Ofset Yayınları, İzmir.

PMO (2007). Mesleki Tanınırlığımızdaki En Önemli Adım. TMMOB Peyzaj Mimarları Odası. http://www.peyzaj.org.tr/genel/bizden_detay.php?kod

=19&tipi=25&sube=0 (Access date: 05.11.2020)

Şirin, U. (2003). Peyzaj Planlama Çalışmalarında Kullanılabilecek Bazı Çalı ve Ağaççık Formundaki Bitkilerin Farklı Üretim Teknikleri İle Çoğaltılabilirliklerinin ve Fidan Performanslarının Belirlenmesi. Doktora Tezi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı, Aydın, s. 222.

(49)

Tan, A. (1992). Türkiye’de Bitkisel Çeşitlilik ve Bitki Genetik Kaynakları. Anadolu, J. Of AARI, Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2(2), İzmir.

Türkdoğdu, H. (2016). İstanbul O – 1, O – 2 Otoyolları ve Bazı Bağlantı Yollarının Güncel Bitkilendirmelerine İlişkin Araştırmalar. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul, s. 167.

Yazgan, M. E., Korkut, A.B., Barış, E., Erkal, S., Yılmaz, R., Erken, K., Gürsan, K., & Özyavuz, M. (2005). Süs bitkileri üretiminde gelişmeler. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği VI. Teknik Kongresi, Ankara, s. 589-607.

Yücel, M., Aslanboğa, İ., & Korkut, A. (2008). Peyzaj Mimarlığı Terimleri Sözlüğü. TMMOB Peyzaj Mimarları Odası Yayın No: 2008/4, Ankara, s. 128.

(50)

41

CHAPTER 3

THE USE OF DECORATION (TEZYİN) AND ILLUMINATION (TEZHİP) ARTS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN OTTOMAN

ARCHITECTURE

Prof. Dr. Murat Ertuğrul YAZGAN

Landscape Architect Semiha GÜNEŞ*

_{Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Siirt,}

(51)

(52)

43

INTRODUCTION

The decorative arts, which mean the arts of decoration, have become indispensable for the Ottoman Empire over time. It showed itself from book bindings, Quran writings, and architectural details to box decorations, and left its mark both inside and outside the country. Among the decorative arts, the art of illumination has been one of the mostly made arts. The art of illumination is divided within itself by certain techniques and motifs. It is influenced by nature, abstract and symbolic meanings (URL-1). Ottoman artists were mostly influenced by ornamental plants and plants that mentioned in the Qur’an, and they used these plants in their motifs. These are plants such as date tree, rose, tulip, pomegranate, water lily flower (URL-2). Like today’s usage areas, it has been used as well as in plates, manuscripts, bindings, edicts, tughras, lacquer works and miniatures in ancient times. The aim of this study is to investigate the decorative arts and illumination arts and to show how ornamental plants are used in art.

1. ART IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

The Ottoman Empire, the foundation of which was laid in 1299, was one of the largest and most glorious empires of the Islamic civilization. It set an important example for the Western world with its justice and tolerance based understanding of the state, the superior architecture it left the traces in the lands under its domination, the excellent structure it developed in textile, calligraphy and education. The kindness and artistic taste of the Ottoman sultans were remembered with admiration by the Westerners, and the Westerners who saw the Ottoman lands were deeply impressed by the magnificence they observed.

(53)

Ottoman art produced magnificent works in many different fields. It created magnificent works in different branches of art such as architecture, tile making, miniature fields, carpet, cloth, leather making, bookbinding, bookselling, gilding, porcelain, amber and furniture (Figure1-4) (Güney & Güney). The main factor that constituted all the general characteristics of Ottoman art was the religion of Islam and it was originated from the Quran. The Ottomans lived for centuries as subordinate to the whole of the Qur’an and signed the Second Age of Happiness Period. For this reason, the concepts of Ottoman Art and Islamic Art can never be considered different from each other.

One of the most prominent features of Islamic art is the idea of tawhid. The principle of uniqueness of the Creator is the most determining factor. This idea is difficult to understand with prejudices. Islamic art is an abstract style, based on contemplation outlined with revelation rather than copying what is seen. Moreover, this frame encompasses not only ornamental elements but also other art elements such as architecture. Ottoman art produced works parallel to that atmosphere in the splendor of the empire. It showed its effect in all branches of art only within its own set of values and influenced the communities outside this geography as well as within. Ottoman art followed the developed and diversified basic principles in the Islamic world (Güney & Güney).

(54)

45

Figure 1: Tile art in Ottoman (URL-3) Figure 2: Carpet weaving art in the

Ottoman (URL-4)

Figure 3: Bookbinding in Ottoman Figure 4: Furniture in the Ottoman

(URL-5) (URL-6)

2. ARCHITECTURE IN THE OTTOMAN

Ottoman architecture was simple, useful, fine, elegant, dignified and majestic. However, the mosques built in the name of Allah were completely monumental. The mosques were surrounded by many social institutions and they formed a "kulliye".

Ottoman was an outstanding developer. There was no imperial corner where the reconstruction was not seen. Even the neighborhood’s modest wealthy people, who could not build a mosque, would have a fountain built or a school repaired. The sense of society was extremely strong. The idea of compassion had developed a lot in the generations that followed them (Tolga, 1981).

(55)

In addition, the value Islam attaches to science and education has developed the architecture of the madrasa, the art of books and calligraphy, the importance it attaches to human health also has developed the architecture related to health institutions. Likewise, the duty of cleaning improved the water architecture. The most famous architect of the Ottoman Empire is Mimar Sinan.

3. ART OF DECORATION IN THE OTTOMAN

It is a well-known fact that various styles and motifs, which were used in all branches of Ottoman art developed with the admiration and protection of the palace, were created by the artists belonging to the palace’s muralist house. Especially in the 16th century, among the artists and craftsmen who worked for the palace, the ehli-hiref, the majority of them were the muralists. As a natural consequence of their large number, miniaturists, illuminators and painters, coming from different geographical regions of the empire and gathered in the Muralist House of Istanbul Palace, created a common form language that was effective in all art branches and determined the formation of classical Ottoman art.

Since paintings and sculptures are prohibited in Ottoman architecture, Ottoman architects mostly mastered mosque decorations. This style, which Europeans call Arabesque, reached its peak in the Ottoman Empire. Besides these geometric shapes, the most used are "Ornamental plants" (Sarı, 2016). Although these ornamental plants vary with periods, they are palmetto, lotus, pomegranate, spring branches, tulips, carnations, buttercup, poppy, poppy, bean flower, rose, hyacinth, cypress, and other plants. The curved branch motif, which has a wide variety, is widely used