&LOW6D\×VV
Z Z Z N X H \ Q H W
(ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQOLùLQGH .DG×Q 2OPDN 0HVOHùH úOLüNLQ
'üQFHOHUYH6RUXQODU
%HLQJ D )HPDOH (GXFDWLRQ 6XSHUYLVRU 7KRXJKWV RQ WKH 3URIHVVLRQ
DQG3UREOHPV
6X]DQ&DQO×+DVDQ'HPLUWDü$KPHW%R]DN6HUSLO'RUXN g]
%X DUDüW×UPDQ×Q WHPHO DPDF× NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQH LOLüNLQ GüQFHOHULQL YH
VRUXQODU×Q×EHOLUOHPHNWLU$UDüW×UPDGDJHQHOWDUDPDPRGHOLQHGD\DO×EHWLPVHO\|QWHPNXOODQ×OP×üW×U$UDüW×UPDYHULOHULQLWHO
DUDüW×UPD\|QWHPL\OHHOGHHGLOPLüROXSQLWHODUDüW×UPDGHVHQOHULQGHQROJXELOLPGHVHQL\OH\UWOPüWU9HULWRSODPDDUDF×
RODUDN \DU× \DS×ODQG×U×OP×ü J|UüPH IRUPX NXOODQ×OP×üW×U <DU× \DS×ODQG×U×OP×ü J|UüPH IRUPXQGD NDG×Q HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQOHULQLQHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùLPHVOHùLQHLOLüNLQGüQFHOHULQLYHVRUXQODU×Q×EHOLUOHPHNDPDF×\ODFHYDSOD\DFDNODU×
VRUX\HUDOP×üW×U(OGHHGLOHQYHULOHULQDQDOL]LQGHEHWLPVHOYHLoHULNDQDOL]L\|QWHPOHULNXOODQ×OP×üW×U7UNL\H·GH
HùLWLP|ùUHWLP \×O×QGD WRSODP NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL J|UHY \DSPDNWDG×U $UDüW×UPDQ×Q oDO×üPD JUXEX DPDoO×
|UQHNOHPH \|QWHPLQH J|UH NROD\ XODü×ODELOLU GXUXP |UQHNOHPHVL WHNQLùL LOH EHOLUOHQPLüWLU dDO×üPD JUXEXQX J|UüPH\L
NDEXO HGHQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL ROXüWXUPDNWDG×U $UDüW×UPD VRQXFXQGD NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQOLùLQH\|QHOPHOHULQGHIDUNO×HWNHQOHUROPDNODELUOLNWHHQV×NYXUJXODQDQHWNHQLQ´gùUHWPHQOLNPHVOHùLQHLOLüNLQ
ROXPVX]WXWXPµROGXùXEHOLUOHQPLüWLU.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQoRùXHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùLQHJLULüDüDPDV×QGDKHUKDQJL
ELU ROXPVX]OXN \DüDPDG×ù×Q× LIDGH HGHUNHQ ED]×ODU× FLQVL\HWH GD\DO× PHVOHNL D\U×PF×O×ùD PDUX] NDOG×ù×Q× EHOLUWPLüWLU
$UDüW×UPDGD NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ oRùXQXQ JQON PHVOHNL oDO×üPDODU V×UDV×QGD VRUXQODU \DüDG×NODU× YH HQ V×N
YXUJXODQDQVRUXQXQ´'HQHWOHQHQOHULQROXPVX]WXWXPYHGDYUDQ×üODU×µROGXùXEHOLUOHQPLüWLU.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQ
oRùX|ùUHWPHQGHQHWLPLQGHKHUKDQJLELUVRUXQ\DüDPDG×NODU×Q×YHNDG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQLROPDQ×QKHUKDQJLELUDYDQWDM
VDùODPDG×ù×Q×EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU<LQHNDG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQoRùXPHVOHNOHULQGHQPHPQXQROGXNODU×Q×EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU
'LùHU \DQGDQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ HQ V×N YXUJXODG×NODU× HWNHQOHULQ PHVOHNL PHPQXQL\HW Do×V×QGDQ ´)D\GDO×
ROPDNµPHPQXQL\HWVL]OLNDo×V×QGDQLVH´0DGGL\HWHUVL]OLNµROGXùXEHOLUOHQPLüWLU
$QDKWDUV|]FNOHU'HQHWLPH÷LWLPGHQHWLPLNDGÕQH÷LWLPGHQHWPHQLH÷LWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQVRUXQODUÕ
$EVWUDFW
:KDW LV PDLQO\ LQWHQGHG KHUH LQ LV WR DVFHUWDLQ WKH IHPDOH HGXFDWLRQ VXSHUYLVRUV· RSLQLRQV DERXW WKH SURIHVVLRQ RI HGXFDWLRQ
VXSHUYLVLQJDQGWRDVFHUWDLQWKHLUSUREOHPVDVZHOO'HVFULSWLYHPHWKRGEDVHGRQWKHGHVFULSWLYHVFUHHQLQJPHWKRGZDVXWLOL]HGLQ
WKHUHVHDUFK+DYLQJREWDLQHGWKHUHVHDUFKGDWDE\PHDQVRITXDOLWDWLYHUHVHDUFKPHWKRGWKHUHVHDUFKZDVFRQGXFWHGE\PHDQVRI
SKHQRPHQRORJLFDOGHVLJQDVEHLQJDPRQJWKHGHVLJQVRIWKHTXDOLWDWLYHUHVHDUFK6HPLVWUXFWXUHGLQWHUYLHZIRUPZDVXVHGDVEHLQJ
WKHPHDQVRIGDWDFROOHFWLRQ7KHUHZHUHTXHVWLRQVEHLQJDVNHGLQWKHVHPLVWUXFWXUHGLQWHUYLHZIRUPVRDVWREHDQVZHUHGE\WKH
IHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUVZLWKWKHLQWHQWRIDVFHUWDLQLQJWKHLURSLQLRQVDERXWDQGWKHLUSUREOHPVDULVLQJIURPWKHSURIHVVLRQRI
HGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVLQJ'HVFULSWLYHDQGFRQWHQWDQDO\VLVPHWKRGVZHUHXVHGLQWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKHREWDLQHGGDWD$WRWDORI
IHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUVDUHVHUYLQJLQ7XUNH\WKURXJKRXWWKHHGXFDWLRQDOWHDFKLQJWHUPRI6WXG\JURXSRIWKH
UHVHDUFKZDVQRPLQDWHGE\PHDQV RIWKHHDVLO\DFFHVVLEOHFRQGLWLRQVDPSOLQJWHFKQLTXHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHSXUSRVHIXOVDPSOLQJ
PHWKRG6WXG\JURXSLVFRQVLVWHGRIWKHIHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUVKDYLQJDFFHSWHGWKHLQWHUYLHZ&RQVHTXHQWO\GHVSLWH
YDULRXVIDFWRUVKDYLQJRULHQWDWHGWKHIHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUVWRZDUGVHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVLQJWKHPRVWO\HPSKDVL]HGIDFWRU
DPRQJWKHPZDVIRXQGWREH´WKHQHJDWLYHDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVWHDFKLQJSURIHVVLRQµ:KLOHPRVWRIWKHIHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUV
VSRNHRIQRQHJDWLYLW\WKH\KDGHQFRXQWHUHGWKURXJKRXWWKHVWDJHRIWKHLULQWURGXFWLRQWRWKHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVLQJVRPHRIWKHP
VSRNHRIKDYLQJXQGHUJRQHJHQGHUEDVHGRFFXSDWLRQDOGLVFULPLQDWLRQLQWKHPHDQWLPH,WZDVIXUWKHUIRXQGRXWLQWKHUHVHDUFK
WKDWPRVWRIWKHIHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUVZHUHHQFRXQWHULQJSUREOHPVZKLOHGRLQJWKHLUGDLO\SURIHVVLRQDOURXWLQHVDQGWKH
´QHJDWLYHDWWLWXGHVDQGEHKDYLRUVRIWKRVHXQGHUVXSHUYLVLRQµZDVWKHPRVWO\FLWHGDPRQJWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGSUREOHPV:KLOH
PRVWRIWKHIHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUVVSRNHRIQRSUREOHPWKH\KDGHQFRXQWHUHGGXULQJWKHLUVXSHUYLVLRQRIWKHWHDFKHUVWKH\
DOVR WROG WKDW EHLQJ IHPDOH HGXFDWLRQ VXSHUYLVRUV GLG QRW SURYLGH DQ\ DGYDQWDJH IRU WKHP 0RVW RI WKH IHPDOH HGXFDWLRQ
VXSHUYLVRUVIXUWKHUWROGWKDWWKH\ZHUHFRQWHQWZLWKWKHLUSURIHVVLRQV2QWKHRWKHUKDQGLWZDVIXUWKHUDVFHUWDLQHGWKDWDPRQJ
WKHIDFWRUVKDYLQJPRVWO\EHHQFLWHGE\WKHIHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUV´EHLQJKHOSIXOµZDVWKHPRVWO\FLWHGRQHLQWHUPVRI
RFFXSDWLRQDOVDWLVIDFWLRQZKLOH´ILQDQFLDOLQVXIILFLHQF\µZDVWKHPRVWO\FLWHGRQHLQWHUPVRIRFFXSDWLRQDOGLVVDWLVIDFWLRQ
.H\ZRUGV6XSHUYLVLRQHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVLRQIHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUVHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUVSUREOHPV
0LOOv (ùLWLP 0GUOù $G×\DPDQ FDQOLVX]DQ#JPDLOFRP 'Ro 'U úQ|Q hQLYHUVLWHVL 0DODW\D
KDVDQGHPLUWDV#LQRQXHGXWU0LOOv(ùLWLP0GUOù0DODW\D0LOOv(ùLWLP0GUOùûDQO×XUID
$W×ILoLQ3OHDVHFLWHDV
&DQO× 6 'HPLUWDü + %R]DN $ 'RUXN 6 (ùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùLQGH NDG×Q ROPDN
0HVOHùHLOLüNLQGüQFHOHUYHVRUXQODU.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL>(GXFDWLRQDO
$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFH@
gUJWOHU DPDoODU×Q× JHUoHNOHüWLUGLNOHUL VUHFH YDUO×NODU×Q×
VUGUHELOPHNWHGLU%XQHGHQOH|UJWVHODPDoODU×QJHUoHNOHüWLULOPHGHUHFHVLQH
LOLüNLQ VUHNOL RODUDN G|QW DO×QPDO×G×U %X LVH |UJWQ JLUGLOHULQLQ |UJWVHO
VUHFLQYH|UJWo×NW×ODU×Q×QSODQO×YHSURJUDPO×RODUDNVUHNOLELoLPGHNRQWURO
HGLOPHVLYHGHùHUOHQGLULOPHVLLOHRODQDNO×ROXSWPEXLüOHYOHULLoHUHQGHQHWLPLQ
|UJW Do×V×QGDQ |QHPLQL YH ]RUXQOXOXùXQX J|VWHUPHNWHGLU 'HQHWLPLQ WHPHO
DPDF× |UJWQ DPDoODU×Q×Q JHUoHNOHüWLULOPH GHUHFHVLQL VDSWDPDN GDKD L\L
VRQXo DODELOPHN LoLQ JHUHNOL |QOHPOHUL DOPDN YH VUHFL JHOLüWLUPHNWLU $\G×Q
V2KDOGHGHQHWLPNRQWUROHWPHNWHQ|WHJHOLüWLUPHRGDNO×ELULüOHY
J|UPHNWHGLU%XDo×GDQ|ùUHWLPLQGHQHWLPLYHJHOLüWLULOPHVLHùLWLPVLVWHPLQLQ
DPDoODU×QDXODüPDV×QGDHQJHUHNOLXQVXUODUGDQELULGLU$\G×QV
(ùLWLPGHGHQHWLPDQOD\×ü×\|QHWLP\DNODü×PODU×QDYHNXUDPODU×QDX\JXQELU
GHùLüLP YH JHOLüLP J|VWHU PLüWLU $\G×Q V .ODVLN GHQHWLP DQOD\×ü×
RNXOGDNL WP IDDOL\HWOHUL |OoPH YH GHùHUOHQGLUPH DQODP×QD JHOLUNHQ oDùGDü
GHQHWLPDQOD\×ü×|ùUHWPHQOHUHPHVOHNLGHVWHNYHUHKEHUOLNHWPH\LVDùOD\DQELU
VUHo RODUDN J|UOPHNWHGLU 7\DJL V $\U×FD |ùUHWPHQOHULQ EX
VUHFH NDW×OPDV× VDùODQDUDN RQODUOD LüELUOLùL \DS×OPDV× YXUJXODQPDNWDG×U
*OLFNPDQQ *RUGRQ YH 5RVV*RUGRQ +R\ YH )RUV\WK 6KDUPD
<XVRII .DQQDQ YH %DED .×VDFDV× |QFHOHUL NXUDOODUD X\JXQOXùXQ
VDùODQPDV× YH \HWHU VL]OLNOHU LQ DU DQPDV× DPDF×QD VDKLS GHQHWLP WU OHU L
YXUJXODQ×UNHQ ]DPDQOD |ùUHWLPLQ L\LOHüWLULOPHVL |ùUHWPHQ GR\XPXQXQ
DUWW×U×OPDV×YH|ùUHQHQWRSOXPXQ\DUDW×OPDV×JLELLQVDQND\QDNODU×YHLüELUOLùLQH
GD\DO×GHQHWLPWUOHULYXUJXODQP×üW×U$\G×QV
(ùLWLP GHQHWLPL E\N |OoGH |ùUHQFL LOH LOJLOL GHùLO |ùUHWLPOH LOJLOLGLU
'HQHWLPRNXOXQLüOH\LüLQGH|QHPOLELUIRQNVL\RQGXUELUJ|UHY|]HOELUPHVOHN
\DGD\|QWHPOHUVHWLGHùLOGLU+DUULVV+R\YH)RUV\WK·DV J|UHGHQHWLP|ùUHWPH|ùUHQPHVUHFLQLJHOLüWLUPHNLoLQWDVDUODQDQIDDOL\HWOHU
*ODWWKRUQ·D V J|UH RNXOXQ DPDoODU×Q×Q GDKD L\L JHUoHNOHüPHVL
DPDF×\OD |ùUHWPHQOHULQ PHVOHNL JHOLüPHOHULQH RODQDN VDùOD\DQ KL]PHWOHU YH
X\JXODQDQLüOHPOHU7D\PD]·DVJ|UHLVHNXUXPGDoDO×üDQSHUVRQHOLQ
J|UHYOHULQL\DSPDüHNLOOHULQLJ|]OHPHNKDWDODU×YHHNVLNOLNOHULRUWD\DNR\PDN
EXQODU× G]HOWPHOHUL LoLQ JHUHNOL |QOHPOHUL DOPDN VRUXQODU× o|]POHPHN
\HQLOLNOHULWDQ×WPDNYH\|QWHPOHULJHOLüWLUPHOHULQLVDùODPDNW×U.×VDFDV×HùLWLP
GHQHWLPL RNXOGDNL |ùUHWPH|ùUHQPH VUHFLQLQ JHOLüWLULOPHVLQH YH
VUGUOPHVLQH\|QHOLNWLU+DUULVV
'HQHWLPLQHùLWLP|ùUHWLPDo×V×QGDQ|QHPLQLJ|]|QQHDOG×ù×P×]GDHùLWLP
GHQHWLPLQLQHWNLOLELUELoLPGHJHUoHNOHüWLULOPHVL|QHPOLJ|UOPHNWHGLU(ùLWLP
GHQHWLPLQLQ HWNLOLùL LVH E\N RU DQGD HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU LQLQ NHQGLOHU LQGHQ
EHNOHQLOHQ J|UHYOHUL JHUoHNOHüWLUPHOHULQH EDùO×G×U dQN HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL
GHQHWLP VLVWHPLQLQ |QHPOL ELU NHVLPLQL ROXüWXUPDNWDG×U 7HU]L V
(ùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL HùLWLP NXUXPODU×Q×Q DPDoODU×Q×Q JHUoHNOHüWLULOPHVL LoLQ
\|QHWLFL |ùUHWPHQ YH GLùHU SHUVRQHOLQ oDO×üPDODU×Q× \|QOHQGLULU EHOLUOHQHQ
>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@
NXUDOODUD X\JXQ oDO×ü×S oDO×üPDG×NODU×Q× GHQHWOHU YH Lü EDü×QGD \HWLüPHOHULQL
VDùODUODU .XUXPGDNL SHUVRQHO DUDV×QGD ELUOLN YH GD\DQ×üPD\D KL]PHWLQ
\UWOPHVLQGH SODQODPD\D HüJGPH YH X\JXODPD\D NDWN× VDùODUODU (ùLWLP
|ùUHWLPOH LOJLOL VRUXQODU× EHOLUOHU VRUXQODU×Q o|]P NRQXVXQGD |QHULOHU
VXQDU DN HùLWLP|ùU HWLP VU HFLQLQ JHOLüWLU LOPHVLQH NDWN×GD EXOXQXU ODU 0LOOv
(ùLWLP %DNDQO×ù× >0(%@ %X EDùODPGD HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQH HùLWLP
VLVWHPLQLQ DPDoODU×QD XODüPDV×QGD oDùGDü ELU \DS× YH LüOH\LüH
NDYXüWXUXOPDV×QGDLüOHYVHOELUVRUXPOXOXN\NOHQPLüWLU7HU]LV
(ùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULLOGHNLKHUGHUHFHYHWUGHNL|UJQYH\D\J×QHùLWLP
NXUXPODU× LOH LO YH LOoH PLOOv HùLWLP PGUONOHULQLQ UHKEHUOLN LüEDü×QGD
\HWLüWLUPH GHQHWLP GHùHUOHQGLUPH LQFHOHPH DUDüW×UPD YH VRUXüWXUPD
KL]PHWOHULQL \UWPHNWHGLUOHU 5HVPv *D]HWH (ùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL
NXUXPXQDPDF×QDXODüPDV×LoLQoDO×üDQSHUVRQHOH\DUG×PHWPH\ROJ|VWHUPH
SHUVRQHOLQ PHVOHNL JHOLüLPLQH NDWN×GD EXOXQPD LüOHYOHULQLQ \DQ× V×UD
SHUVRQHOLQoDO×üPDODU×Q×GDGHùHUOHQGLULU$\U×FD\DVDG×ü×H\OHPOHUGHEXOXQDQ
SHU VRQHOOHU LQ VRU XüWXU PDV×Q× GD HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU L \DSPDNWDG×U 7D\PD]
V %X GXUXPGD HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ IDUNO× UROOHU R\QDPDODU×
JHUHNPHNWHYHGHQHWPHQOHULQUROOHULJLGHUHNNDUPDü×NODüPDNWDG×U%XUQKDP
V 7D\PD] GHQHWLP VUHFLQGH GHQHWPHQOHULQ UROOHULQL
\|QHWLFLOLN OLGHU OLN |ùU HWLFLOLN U HKEHU OLN DU DüW×U PD X]PDQO×ù× YH VRU JX
\DU J×oO×ù× RODU DN LIDGH HGHU NHQ %HDFK YH 5HLQKDU W] GHQHWPHQOHU LQ
UROOHULQL OLGHUOLN SODQODPDF×G]HQOH\LFL NROD\ODüW×U×F× GHùHUOHQGLULFL
FHVDUHWOHQGLULFLPRWLYH HGLFL LOHWLüLPFL NDUDU YHULFL NRoOXNPHQWRUON YH
GHùLüLPDMDQO×ù×RODUDNEHOLUWPHNWHGLU
(ùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULGHQHWLPLüOHYOHULQLKHUWUOHWNLGHQX]DNV×N×QW×V×]YH
KX]XULoHULVLQGH\HULQH JHWLUHELOGLNOHUL|OoGH NHQGLOHULQGHQEHNOHQLOHQUROOHUL
JHUoHNOHüWLUHELOLUOHU 7D\PD] V %X EDN×PGDQ HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ \DüDG×ù× VRUXQODU oHüLWOL Do×ODUGDQ HOH DO×QDUDN
o|]POHQPHOLGLU $ODQ\D]×QGD HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ \DüDG×NODU× VRUXQODU×
LQFHOH\HQ SHN oRN DUDüW×UPD \DS×OPDV×QD %H\KDQ 'DùO× (UGHP
g]PHQ YH ûDKLQ 6DUSND\D 6|E ûHQ\]
7D\PD] 7HU]L UDùPHQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ FLQVL\HWOHUL
QHGHQL\OH PHVOHNL VUHoWH \DüDG×NODU× VRUXQODU× LQFHOH\HQ ELU DUDüW×UPD
\DS×OPDP×üW×U 'LùHU \DQGDQ \DS×ODQ ED]× DUDüW×UPDODUGD NDG×Q HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ Lü GR\XPXQXQ HUNHN PHVOHNWDüODU×QD RUDQOD GüN ROGXùX
.D\×No×YHGX\JXVDOWNHQPHER\XWXDo×V×QGDQHUNHNPHVOHNWDüODU×QGDQ
GDKDID]ODWNHQPLüOLNGX\JXVX\DüDG×NODU×EHOLUOHQPLüWLU(QJLQ%XQXQ
QHGHQL NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ FLQVL\HWOHUL QHGHQL\OH PHVOHNL VUHoWH
NDUü×ODüW×NODU×VRUXQODUYHEXVRUXQODU×Q\DüDPODU×QDROXPVX]\DQV×PDV×RODELOLU
1LWHNLP oDO×üPD \DüDP×QGD NDG×QODU HUNHNOHUGHQ IDUNO× VRUXQODU \DüDPDNWDG×U
+HOPV YH *XIIH\ .DUD .RFDF×N YH $\DQ .RFDF×N YH
*|NND\D/LXYH:LOVRQ<×OPD]%R]NXUWYHú]FL
7DULKVHOVUHoLoLQGHNDG×QODUKHUG|QHPLQNRüXOODU×QDYHQLWHOLNOHULQHJ|UH
IDUNO×üHNLOOHUGHHNRQRPLNIDDOL\HWOHUHNDW×OP×üODUG×U$QFDNNDG×QODU×QELUFUHW
NDUü×O×ù×oDO×üPDV×6DQD\L'HYULPLLOHEDüODP×üW×U.RFDF×NYH*|NND\DV
.DG×Q×Q oDO×üPD \DüDP×QD JLUPHVLQH UDùPHQ HY LüOHULQLQ FLQVL\HWoL
GDù×W×P×QGDELUGHùLüLP\DüDQPDP×üYHNDG×QODUDo×V×QGDQoDO×üPDROJXVXLNLQFL
HWNLQOLN RODUDN J|UOPH\H GHYDP HWPLüWLU .XPDü YH )LGDQ V
dQN NDG×Q YH HUNHùLQ oDO×üW×ù× GXUXPODUGD HUNHùLQ PHVOHùL |QHPOL
J|UOPHNWHEXHUNHNOHUHHYLüOHULQGHQYHoRFXNEDN×P×QGDQPXDIROPDKDNN×Q×
YHUPHNWHGLU&RRSHUYH/HZLVV%XQHGHQOHoDO×üDQNDG×QODUDLOHLoL
JHOHQHNVHOLüOHULQL\HULQHJHWLUPHN]RUXQGDNDOP×ü.RFDF×NYH$\DQYH
NHQGLVLQH \NOHQHQ EX DVOL J|UHYOHULQL DNVDWPDPDN üDUW×\OD GDKD D] UHWNHQ
ID]OD VRUXPOXOXN JHUHNWLUPH\HQ YH ]DPDQ DOPD\DQ VHNW|UOHUGH oDO×üPD\D
LWLOPLüOHUGLU%HVOHUYH2UXoV%|\OHOLNOHED]×PHVOHNOHULQNDG×QODUD
ED]×ODU×Q×Q LVH HUNHNOHUH X\JXQ ROGXùX J|Uü EHQLPVHQHUHN FLQVL\HWH GD\DO×
PHVOHNLD\U×PF×O×NRUWD\Do×NP×üW×U3UHVWRQ2KDOGH FLQVL\HWUROOHULQH
LOLüNLQ WRSOXPVDO WXWXPODU HUNHNOHULQ YH NDG×QODU×Q PHVOHN VHoLPLQL
HWNLOHPHNWHGLU:RRWWRQV
0HVOHNL FLQVL\HW D\U×P×Q×Q \DQ× V×UD Lü\HULQGH GH FLQVL\HW D\U×PF×O×ù×
\DS×OPDNWDG×U 8]PDQODU Lü\HULQGH NDG×QODUD NDUü× X\JXODQDQ D\U×PF×O×ù×QD
JHQHOOLNOH FLQVL\HWH LOLüNLQ NOWUHO LQDQoODU×Q WHPHO ROGXùXQX EHOLUWPHNWHGLU
5LGJHZD\ YH (QJODQG DNW %REELWW=HKHU 7RSOXPVDO FLQVL\HW
|]HOOLNOHUL |UJWVHO FLQVL\HW |]HOOLNOHUL ]HULQGH EHOLUOH\LFL ELU URO R\QDPDNWD
0HUFDQO×RùOXVLü\HULQGHNLHUNHNNDG×QLOLüNLOHULQLQLoLQHLüOHPHNWH
KHU ELU FLQVL\HWWHQ EHNOHQLOHQ GDYUDQ×üODU× YH GDYUDQ×üODU×Q \RUXPODQPDV×Q×
HWNLOHPHNWHGLU &RRSHU YH /HZLV $\U×FD WRSOXPVDO FLQVL\HWH LOLüNLQ
|]HOOLNOHU WHPHO DO×QDUDN Lü\HULQGH FLQVL\HW D\U×PF×O×ù×QD \RO DoDQ ELUWDN×P
|UJWVHO X\JXODPDODU×Q SROLWLNDODU×Q YH |UJWVHO \DS×ODU×Q ROXüPDV×QD QHGHQ
ROPDNWDG×U 5LGJHZD\ YH (QJODQG DNW %REELWW=HKHU &LQVL\HWH
LOLüNLQ |]HOOLNOHU LOH EDüDU×O× \|QHWLFLOHULQ |]HOOLNOHUL DUDV×QGD LOLüNL ROGXùX YH
HUNHNOHULQ NDG×QODUD RUDQOD EDüDU×O× \|QHWLFL |]HOOLNOHULQH GDKD X\JXQ ROGXùX
J|Uü EHQLPVHQPHNWHGLU %X J|Uü NDG×QODU×Q \|QHWLP SR]LV\RQODU× LoLQ
HUNHNOHUGHQ GDKD D] QLWHOLNOL ROGXùXQXQ DOJ×ODQPDV×QD YH \|QHWLP
SR]LV\RQODU×QD JLUPHOHULQLQ ROXPVX] RODUDN HWNLOHQPHVLQH QHGHQ
RODELOPHNWHGLU%UHQQHU7RPNLHZLF]YH6FKHLQV
<XNDU×GD \DS×ODQ Do×NODPDODU ×ü×ù×QGD WRSOXPVDO FLQVL\HW |]HOOLNOHULQLQ
|UJWOHUH \DQV×PDV× YH NDG×QODU×Q WRSOXPVDO FLQVL\HW UROOHUL QHGHQL\OH NDG×Q
HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU LQLQ HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQH EDN×ü Do×ODU ×Q×Q YH
PHVOHNL VUHoWH \DüDG×NODU× VRUXQODU×Q HUNHN PHVOHNWDüODU×QGDQ IDUNO×
RODELOHFHùL GüQOPHNWHGLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ NHQGLOHULQGHQ
EHNOHQLOHQ GHQHWLP KL]PHWOHULQL HWNLOL ELU üHNLOGH JHUoHNOHüWLUHELOPHOHUL LoLQ
HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQH LOLüNLQ GüQFHOHULQLQ YH VRUXQODU×Q×Q
EHOLUOHQHUHNRUWD\Do×NDQVRUXQODU×Qo|]POHQPHVL|QHPOLJ|UOPHNWHGLU
>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@
$UDüW×UPDQ×Q$PDF×
%X DUDüW×UPDQ×Q WHPHO DPDF× NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQH LOLüNLQ GüQFHOHULQL YH VRUXQODU×Q× EHOLUOHPHNWLU
$UDüW×UPDQ×Q GLùHU ELU DPDF× EXOJXODUGDQ \ROD o×N×ODUDN X\JXOD\×F×ODUD YH
DUDüW×UPDF×ODUD |QHULOHU VXQPDNW×U %X DPDoOD DüDù×GDNL VRUXODUD \DQ×W
DUDQP×üW×U
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQL HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQH \|QHOWHQ
HWNHQOHUQHOHUGLU"
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ NDG×Q ROPDODU× QHGHQL\OH HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQH JLULü DüDPDV×QGD \DüDG×NODU× ROXPVX]OXNODU
QHOHUGLU"
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ NDG×Q ROPDNWDQ |WU PHVOHNL VUHoWH
\DüDG×NODU×VRUXQODUQHOHUGLU"
.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQLROPDQ×QDYDQWDMODU×QHOHUGLU"
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHNL PHPQXQL\HW YH
PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLNOHULQHOHUGLU"
<|QWHP
$UDüW×UPDQ×Q0RGHOL
%X DUDüW×UPDGD JHQHO WDUDPD PRGHOLQH GD\DO× EHWLPVHO \|QWHP
NXOODQ×OP×üW×U 7DUDPD PRGHOL PHYFXW GXUXPX ROGXùX JLEL Do×NODQPDNWDG×U
.DUDVDUV$UDüW×UPDYHULOHULQLWHODUDüW×UPD\|QWHPL\OHHOGHHGLOPLü
ROXS QLWHO DUDüW×UPD GHVHQOHULQGHQ ROJXELOLP GHVHQL\OH \UWOPüWU
2OJXELOLP GHVHQL EL]H WP\OH \DEDQF× ROPD\DQ YH WDP RODUDN DQODP×Q×
NDYUD\DPDG×ù×P×] ROJXODU× DUDüW×UPD\× DPDoOD\DQ oDO×üPDODU LoLQ X\JXQGXU
)DUN×QGD ROGXùXPX] DQFDN GHULQOHPHVLQH YH D\U×QW×O× ELU DQOD\×üD VDKLS
ROPDG×ù×P×]ROJXODUDRGDNODQPDNWDG×U<×OG×U×PYHûLPüHNV
dDO×üPD*UXEX
$UDüW×UPDQ×Q NDW×O×PF×ODU×Q×Q EHOLUOHQPHVLQGH DPDoO× |UQHNOHPH
\|QWHPOHULQGHQ NROD\ XODü×ODELOLU GXUXP |UQHNOHPH WHNQLùL NXOODQ×OP×üW×U
.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQLVD\×V×Q×QD]O×ù×YHIDUNO×LOOHUGHEXOXQPDV×NDG×QHùLWLP
GHQHWPHQOHULQH XODüPD\× JoOHüWLUGLùLQGHQ DUDüW×UPD\D K×] YH SUDWLNOLN
ND]DQG×UPDV× DPDF×\OD NROD\ XODü×ODELOLU GXUXP |UQHNOHPHVL WHUFLK HGLOPLüWLU
.ROD\ XODü×ODELOLU GXUXP |UQHNOHPH WHNQLùLQGH DUDüW×UPDF× \DN×Q RODQ YH
HULüLOPHVL NROD\ RODQ ELU GXUXPX VHoHU <×OG×U×P YH ûLPüHN V
NROD\O×NOD XODü×ODELOHQ ELUH\OHU DUDüW×UPDQ×Q oDO×üPD JUXEXQX ROXüWXUXU
)UDHQNHO:DOOHQYH+\XQV
7P (ùLWLPFLOHU YH (ùLWLP 0IHWWLüOHUL 6HQGLNDV× 7(06(1 DUDF×O×ù× LOH
WDULKLQGH 0LOOL (ùLWLP %DNDQO×ù×·QGDQ DO×QDQ ELOJLOHUH J|UH
7UNL\H·GH NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL EXOXQPDNWDG×U $UDüW×UPDQ×Q oDO×üPD
JU XEX J|U üPH\L NDEXO HGHQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQLQGHQ ROXüPDNWDG×U
.DW×O×PF×ODUDLOLüNLQELOJLOHU7DEOR·GHJ|VWHULOPLüWLU
7DEOR
.DW×O×PF×ODUDúOLüNLQ'HPRJUDILNg]HOOLNOHU
'HùLüNHQOHU ']H\ Q
%UDQü
6×Q×IgùUHWPHQOLùL
2NXO|QFHVL
7UNoH
0DWHPDWLN
'LQ.OWUYH$KODN%LOJLVL
7HNQRORMLYH7DVDU×P
5HKEHUgùUHWPHQ
.×GHP
\×O
\×O
\×O
*|UHY<DS×ODQúO
$G×\DPDQ
$QNDUD
,ùG×U
0Xü
ûDQO×8UID
0HUVLQ
<R]JDW
9HUL7RSODPD$UDF×
%XDUDüW×UPDGDYHULWRSODPDDUDF×RODUDN\DU×\DS×ODQG×U×OP×üJ|UüPHIRUPX
NXOODQ×OP×üW×U *|U üPH IRU PX KD]×U ODQPDGDQ |QFH LOJLOL DODQ\D]×Q WDU DPDV×
\DS×OP×ü HU NHN YH NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL RODQ DU DüW×U PDF×ODU WDU DI×QGDQ
J|UüPHIRUPXQGD\HUDODFDNVRUXODUROXüWXUXOPXüWXU*|UüPHIRUPXQXQNDG×Q
HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQH LOLüNLQ GüQFHOHULQL YH
VRUXQODU×Q× VDSWDPD DPDF×QD X\JXQOXùXQX EHOLUOHPHN LoLQ X]PDQ J|UüQH
EDüYXU XOPXüWXU *|U üPH IRU PX ûDQO× 8U ID LOLQGH J|U HY \DSDQ NDG×Q HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQLQHX\JXODQP×üYHLIDGHER]XNOXùXRODQDQODü×OPD\DQVRUXGDJHUHNOL
>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@
GHùLüLNOLNOHU \DS×ODUDN VRUXOXN J|UüPH IRUPX ROXüWXUXOPXüWXU *|UüPH
IRUPXQGD\HUDODQVRUXODUDüDù×GDEHOLUWLOPLüWLU
%LUNDG×QRODUDNHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùLPHVOHùLQLWHUFLKHWPHVHEHELQL]QHGLU"
.DG×Q ROPDQ×] QHGHQL\OH HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQH JLULü
DüDPDV×QGD\DüDG×ù×Q×]JoONOHUQHOHUGLU"
*QON PHVOHNL oDO×üPDODU×Q×] V×UDV×QGD NDG×Q ROPDQ×] VHEHEL\OH
\DüDG×ù×Q×]VRUXQODUQHOHUGLU"
g]HOOLNOH |ùUHWPHQ GHQHWLPLQGH NDG×Q ROPDQ×] VHEHEL\OH QH WU
VRUXQODU\DüDPDNWDV×Q×]"
.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQLROPDQ×]×QROXPOX\DQODU×QHOHUGLU"
%XPHVOHùLVHoPLüROPDNWDQPHPQXQPXVXQX]"1HGHQ"
9HULOHULQ7RSODQPDV×
%X DUDüW×UPDQ×Q YHULOHUL WDULKOHUL DUDV×QGD
WRSODQP×üW×U 9HULOHU J|UüPH LPNkQ× RODQ GHQHWPHQOHUOH \] \]H J|UüPH
\DS×ODUDN GLùHUOHULQH LVH J|UüPH IRUPXQXQ HPDLO \ROX\OD J|QGHULOPHVL\OH
WRSODQP×üW×U $G×\DPDQ LOLQGH EXOXQDQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL LOH \] \]H
J|UüPH \DS×OP×üW×U ûDQO× 8UID LOLQGH J|UHY \DSDQ NDG×Q HUNHN HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQL DUDF×O×ù×\OD J|UüPH IRUPX RQODU×Q WDQ×G×NODU× NDG×Q HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQOHULQHHPDLO\ROX\ODJ|QGHULOPLüWLU'LùHUJ|UüPHIRUPXLVHIDUNO×
LOOHULQ úO (ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQOHUL %DüNDQO×NODU× LOH WHOHIRQ J|UüPHVL \DS×ODUDN
DO×QDQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ HPDLO DGUHVOHULQH J|QGHULOPLüWLU .DG×Q
HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ HPDLO DGUHVOHULQL YHUPHN LVWHPH\HQ úO (ùLWLP
'HQHWPHQOHUL %DüNDQO×NODU×Q×Q HPDLO DGUHVOHULQH J|UüPH IRUPODU×
J|QGHULOPLü YH GROGXUXODQ J|UüPH IRUPODU× SRVWD DUDF×O×ù×\OD DUDüW×UPDF×\D
XODüW×U×OP×üW×U $G×\DPDQ LOLQGH J|UHY \DSDQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL LOH
\DS×ODQJ|UüPHOHU\DNODü×NRODUDNGNVUPüWU%XJ|UüPHOHUV×UDV×QGD
YHULOHUNDW×O×PF×ODUGDQL]LQDO×QPDNVXUHWL\OHVHVND\G×\DS×ODUDNYHQRWDO×QDUDN
WRSODQP×üW×U 0DFN :RRGVRQJ 0DF4XHHQ *XHVW YH 1DPH\ V
<×OG×U×PYHûLPüHNV
9HULOHULQd|]POHQPHVLYH<RUXPODQPDV×
$UDüW×UPDGD HOGH HGLOHQ YHULOHULQ DQDOL]LQGH EHWLPVHO YH LoHULN DQDOL]L
NXOODQ×OP×üW×U %HWLPVHO DQDOL] LoHULN DQDOL]LQH J|UH GDKD \]H\VHOGLU YH GDKD
oRN DUDüW×UPDQ×Q NDYUDPVDO \DS×V×Q×Q |QFHGHQ Do×N ELoLPGH EHOLUOHQGLùL
DUDüW×UPDODUGD NXOODQ×OPDNWDG×U %HWLPVHO DQDOL]GH J|UüOHQ ELUH\OHULQ
J|UüOHULQL oDUS×F× ELU ELoLPGH \DQV×WPDN DPDF×\OD GRùUXGDQ DO×QW×ODUD V×N V×N
\HUYHULOLUúoHULNDQDOL]LYHULOHULQGHULQOHPHVLQHDQDOL]HGLOPHVLQLJHUHNWLULUYH
|QFHGHQEHOLUJLQROPD\DQWHPDODU×QRUWD\Do×NDU×OPDV×QDRODQDNVDùODUúoHULN
DQDOL]LQGH\DS×ODQLüOHPELUELULQHEHQ]H\HQYHULOHULEHOLUOLNDYUDPODUYHWHPDODU
oHUoHYHVLQGH ELU DUD\D JHWLUPHN YH EXQODU× RNX\XFXQXQ DQOD\DELOHFHùL ELU
ELoLPGH G]HQOH\HUHN \RUXPODPDNW×U <×OG×U×P YH ûLPüHN %X
DUDüW×UPDGDYHULOHULQo|]POHQPHVLYH\RUXPODQPDV×LNLDUDüW×UPDF×WDUDI×QGDQ
DüDù×GDNLüHNLOGHJHUoHNOHüWLULOPLüWLU
gQFHOLNOH KHU ELU J|U üPH IRU PX ' '« üHNOLQGH NRGODQP×üW×U *|U üPH
IRUPXQGD \HU DODQ VRUXODUD YHULOHQ \DQ×WODU DUDüW×UPDF×ODU WDUDI×QGDQ WLWL]OLNOH
LUGHOHQPLü YH WPHYDU×PF× ELU \DNODü×POD |QFHGHQ EHOLUOHQHQ ELU NRG LoHULùL
ROPDGDQ LIDGHOHULQ |]QH EDùO× NDO×QDUDN NRGODPDODU \DS×OP×üW×U .RGODPD
\DS×O×UNHQ LIDGH V×NO×ù×Q×Q EHOLUOHQPHVLQH GLNNDW HGLOPLüWLU .RGODU ELU DUD\D
JHWLULOHUHNEHQ]HUOLNOHULYHIDUNO×O×NODU×LQFHOHQPLüELUELULQHEHQ]HUNRGODUDUDV×QGD
RUWDN\|QOHUEXOXQDUDNWHPDODUROXüWXUXOPXüWXU'DKDVRQUDYHULOHUWHNUDUJ|]GHQ
JHoLULOHUHNLNLDUDüW×UPDF×Q×QROXüWXUGXùXNRGODUYHWHPDODUNDUü×ODüW×U×OP×üX]PDQ
J|UüQH EDüYXUXODUDN NRGODU×Q YH WHPDODU×Q VRQ KDOL EHOLUOHQHUHN RNX\XFXQXQ
DQOD\DELOHFHùL ELU GLOOH WDQ×PODQP×üW×U 1LWHO YHULQLQ EHOLUOL G]H\GH VD\×ODUD
LQGLUJHQPHVL PPNQ ROGXùXQGDQ NRGODUD YH WHPDODUD LOLüNLQ IUHNDQVODU
KHVDSODQP×üW×U %XOJXODU×Q VXQXPXQGD NDW×O×PF×ODU×Q ELUH\VHO RODUDN GLOH JHWLUGLùL
LIDGHOHUGHQ ED]×ODU× YHULOPLüWLU (OGH HGLOHQ YHULOHU QHGHQVRQXo LOLüNLOHUL LOH
LQFHOHQHUHNELUWDN×P\DUJ×ODUDXODü×OP×üW×U<×OG×U×PYHûLPüHN
*HoHUOLNYH*YHQLUOLN
1LWHO DUDüW×UPDODUGD JHoHUOLN GRùUXOXN DQODP×QD JHOPHNWHGLU 1HXPDQ
1LWHO DUDüW×UPDODUGD ´Lo JHoHUOLNµ \HULQH ´LQDQG×U×F×O×Nµ ´G×ü JHoHUOLNµ
\HULQH ´DNWDU×ODELOLUOLNµ NDYUDPODU×Q×Q NXOODQ×OPDV× WHUFLK HGLOPHNWHGLU
$UDüW×UPD NRQXVX KDNN×QGD JHQHO ELOJL\H VDKLS YH QLWHO DUDüW×UPD \|QWHPOHUL
NRQXVXQGD X]PDQ NLüLOHUGHQ DUDüW×UPD\× oHüLWOL ER\XWODU×\OD LQFHOHQPHVLQLQ
LVWHQPHVL LQDQG×U×F×O×ù× DUW×UDFDN VWUDWHMLOHUGHQ ELULGLU $\U×FD DUDüW×UPDF×Q×Q
XODüW×ù× VRQXoODU×Q YH \RUXPODU×Q NDW×O×PF×ODU WDUDI×QGDQ WH\LW HGLOPHVL
LQDQG×U×F×O×ù× DUW×UDQ ELU EDüND VWUDWHMLGLU <×OG×U×P YH ûLPüHN %X
DUDüW×UPDGD LQDQG×U×F×O×ù× DUW×UPDN DPDF×\OD KHP J|UüPH IRUPXQXQ NDG×Q
HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHùH LOLüNLQ GüQFHOHULQL YH VRUXQODU×Q× VDSWDPD
DPDF×QDX\JXQOXùXQXKHPGHNRGODU×QYHWHPDODU×QVRQKDOLQLEHOLUOHPHNLoLQ
X]PDQ J|UüQH EDüYXUXOPXüWXU $\U×FD DUDüW×UPD VRQXoODU× YH \RUXPODU×
NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL\OH SD\ODü×OP×ü \RUXPODUOD NDW×O×PF× WH\LGL DO×QDUDN
LQDQG×U×F×O×NDUW×U×OPD\DoDO×ü×OP×üW×U
1LWHO DUDüW×UPD VRQXoODU×Q×Q DNWDU×ODELOLUOLùL YHULOHULQ \HWHUOL G]H\GH
EHWLPOHQPHVLQH EDùO×G×U $\U×QW×O× EHWLPOHPH YHULOHULQ RUWD\D o×NDQ NDYUDP YH
WHPDODUD J|UH G]HQOHQPLü ELU üHNLOGH RNX\XFX\D \RUXP NDWPDGDQ YH YHULQLQ
GRùDV×QDPPNQROGXùXQFDVDG×NNDO×QDUDNDNWDU×OPDV×G×U<×OG×U×PYHûLPüHN
%XDPDoODDUDüW×UPDGDV×NV×NGRùUXGDQDO×QW×ODUD\HUYHULOPLüWLU
1LWHODUDüW×UPDODUGDJYHQLOLUOLNWXWDUO×O×NYH\DVDùODPO×NDQODP×QDJHOPHNWHGLU
1HXPDQV1LWHODUDüW×UPDODUGD´LoJYHQLUOLNµ\HULQH´WXWDUO×O×Nµ´G×ü
JYHQLUOLNµ\HULQH´WH\LWHGLOHELOLUOLNµNDYUDPODU×Q×QNXOODQ×OPDV×WHUFLKHGLOPHNWHGLU
>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@
<×OG×U×P YH ûLPüHN úo JYHQLUOLùLQ VDùODQPDV× DPDF×\OD DUDüW×UPD
YHU LOHU LQLQ DQDOL]L LNL DU DüW×U PDF× WDU DI×QGDQ ELU ELU OHU LQGHQ EDù×PV×] RODU DN
\DS×OP×üW×U 6×Q×IODQG×UPD LüOHPLQLQ ELUGHQ ID]OD NLüL WDUDI×QGDQ \DS×OPDV×
JYHQLOLUOLùLQ GHùHUOHQGLULOPHVLQH RODQDN VDùODU :HEHU $UDüW×UPDF×ODU
DUDV×QGDNL X\XP \]GHVL DUDüW×UPDQ×Q JYHQLUOLùLQL EHOLUWLU 6WHPOHU %X
EDùODPGD 0LOHV YH +XEHUPDQ WDUDI×QGDQ |QHULOHQ IRUPO JYHQLUOLN J|U ü ELU OLùLJ|U ü ELU OLùL J|U ü D\U ×O×ù× NXOODQ×ODU DN DU DüW×U PDF×ODU DU DV×QGDNL
X\XüXP RUDQ× RODUDN EXOXQPXüWXU '×ü JYHQLUOLùL VDùODPDN
DPDF×\ODWPYHULWRSODPDDUDoODU×KDPYHULOHUYHULOHULQDQDOL]DüDPDV×QGD\DS×ODQ
NRGODU QRWODU YH o×NDU×PODU WDOHS HGLOPHVL GXUXPXQGD YH\D JHOHFHNWH \DS×ODFDN
EHQ]HUELUDUDüW×UPDLOHNDUü×ODüW×UPDODU×Q\DS×ODELOPHVLDPDF×\ODVDNODQP×üW×U
%XOJXODU
.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHULQL(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOLùL0HVOHùLQH<|QHOWHQ(WNHQOHU
.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùLPHVOHùLQH\|QHOPHOHULQGH
HWNLOLRODQHWNHQOHUHLOLüNLQJ|UüOHUL7DEOR·GHYHULOPLüWLU
7DEOR
.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHULQL(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOLùL0HVOHùLQH<|QHOWHQ(WNHQOHU
0HVOHùH\|QHOWHQHWNHQOHU .DG×Q(ùLWLP
'HQHWPHQL1R Q
gùUHWPHQOLNPHVOHùLQHLOLüNLQROXPVX]WXWXP
hVWOHUL\|QHWLFLYHGHQHWPHQ\HWHUOLJ|UPHPH
.DUL\HU\DSPDN
'HQHWPHQOLNPHVOHùLQHLOLüNLQROXPOXWXWXP
dHYUHPHID\GDO×ROPDNHùLWLPVLVWHPLQHYH
|ùUHWPHQOHUH
'DKDL\LLPNkQODUDVDKLSROPDNJ|UHY\HULYHVWDW
&LQVL\HWHGD\DO×PHVOHNLD\U×PF×O×ùDWHSNL
.DG×Q|ùUHWPHQOHUOHGDKDL\LLOHWLüLPNXUDUDN\DUG×PF×
ROPDN
.DG×QODUDPRGHOROPDN
)DUNO×ELUDODQGDoDO×üPDN
hONHPHYHGHPRNUDVL\HRODQLQDQoYHJYHQFLP
7HVDGI
7DEOR LQFHOHQGLùLQGH NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQL HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL
PHVOHùLQH\|QHOWHQ HWNHQOHULQ´gùUHWPHQOLNPHVOHùLQH LOLüNLQROXPVX]WXWXP
hVWOHUL\|QHWLFLYHGHQHWPHQ\HWHUOLJ|UPHPH.DUL\HU\DSPDN'HQHWPHQOLN
PHVOHùLQH LOLüNLQ ROXPOX WXWXP dHYUHPH ID\GDO× ROPDN HùLWLP VLVWHPLQH YH
|ùUHWPHQOHUH'DKDL\LLPNkQODUDVDKLSROPDNJ|UHY\HULYHVWDW&LQVL\HWH
GD\DO×PHVOHNLD\U×PF×O×ùDWHSNL.DG×Q|ùUHWPHQOHUOHGDKDL\LLOHWLüLPNXUDUDN
\DUG×PF×ROPDN.DG×QODUDPRGHOROPDN)DUNO×ELUDODQGDoDO×üPDNhONHPHYH
GHPRNUDVL\HRODQLQDQoYHJYHQFLP7HVDGIµROGXùXJ|UOPHNWHGLU
.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùLQH\|QHOPHOHULQGHHQV×N
YXUJXODG×NODU× HWNHQ ´gùUHWPHQOLN PHVOHùLQH LOLüNLQ ROXPVX] WXWXPµ RODUDN
EHOLUOHQPLüWLU.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHUL|ùUHWPHQOLNPHVOHùLQGHVUHFLQUXWLQ
KDOHJHOPHVL|ùUHWPHQOLùLQ\RUXFXROPDV×NHQGLOHULQLNDQ×WODPD\D\HWPHPHVL
YHYHULPOHULQLQJLGHUHND]DOG×ù×Q×GüQPHOHULQHGHQL\OHHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùLQL
WHUFLKHWWLNOHULQLEHOLUWPLüOHUGLU%XHWNHQHLOLüNLQNDG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQ
ED]×LIDGHOHULDüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU
´gùUHWPHQOLNPHVOHùLQLQUXWLQKDOHJHOPHVLQGHQV×N×OG×ù×PLoLQE|\OH
ELUWHUFLKWHEXOXQGXP'µ
´gùUHWPHQ RODUDN NHQGLPL \HWHULQFH NDQ×WODG×ù×P× EDQD DUW×N
\HWPHGLùLQLGüQPHPHWNHQGLU'µ
´%UDQü×PV×Q×I |ùUHWPHQOLùL\×OER\XQFDV×Q×I|ùUHWPHQOLùL \DSW×P
\×O×Q\×O×6×Q×IODU×RNXWPDNODJHoWLdRNWLWL]VRUXPOXOXNVDKLEL
ND\J×O× ELU |ùUHWPHQGLP gùUHQFLOHULPLQ KHP HùLWVHO EDüDU×ODU×Q×
\NVHOWPHNWHQKD]DO×UKHPGHL\LELULQVDQRODUDN\HWLüWLUPHND\J×V×Q×
GX\DUROXPVX]GDYUDQ×üODU×G]HOWPHNLoLQoDEDVDUIHGHUGLP$PDEX
LüEDQDJLGHUHN\RUXFXJHOPH\HEDüODG×'µ
´gùUHWPHQOLNWHNL YHULPLPLQ JLGHUHN D]DOG×ù×Q× YH \×O GDKD
|ùUHWPHQOLN\DSDPD\DFDù×P×GüQPHPHWNHQGLU'µ
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHùL VHoPHOHULQGH LNLQFL V×UDGD
YXUJXODG×NODU×HWNHQLQ´VWOHUL\|QHWLFLYHGHQHWPHQ\HWHUOLJ|UPHPHµROGXùX
EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL \|QHWLFLQLQ VRUXPVX]OXùX
\|QHWLFLQLQNHQGLQLJHOLüWLUPHPHVL\|QHWLFLYHGHQHWPHQLQ\HWHUOLELOJLOHQGLUPH
VDùODPDPDV× V×Q×ID GHQHWLPH JHOHQ HUNHN HùLWLP GHQHWPHQLQL \HWHUVL]
J|UPHOHUL YH GDYUDQ×üODU×Q× EHùHQPHPHOHUL QHGHQL\OH HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùLQL
WHUFLK HWWLNOHULQL EHOLUWPLüWLU %X HWNHQH LOLüNLQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ
ELUH\VHORODUDNGLOHJHWLUGLNOHULLIDGHOHUGHQED]×ODU×DüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU
´gùUHWPHQOLN PHVOHùLQL \DSDUNHQ oDO×üW×ù×P NXUXPODUGD J|UHY \DSDQ
\|QHWLFLOHUHJ|UHGDKDID]ODVRUXPOXOXNVDKLELROGXùXPXRQODUDJ|UH
NHQGLPLJHOLüWLUPH\HGDKDoRNoDEDVDUIHWWLùLPLJ|UGP$\U×FDEXWU
\|QHWLFLOHULQ NHQGLOHULQLQ \DSDPDG×ù× üH\OHUL EHQGHQ LVWHPHVL GH
JFPH JLGL\RUGX .HQGLP LGDUHFL ROPDN LVWHPHGLùLP LoLQ
GHQHWPHQOLùLVHoWLPµ'
´gùUHWPHQOLN \DSDUNHQ V×Q×I×PD WHIWLüH JHOHQ HUNHN GHQHWPHQLQL \HWHUOL
J|UPHGLùLPYHGDYUDQ×üODU×Q×EHùHQPHGLùLPLoLQVHoWLP'µ
´gùUHWPHQ LNHQ ED]× NRQXODUGD \DUG×PD LKWL\DF×P ROX\RUGX 2NXO
PGU YH GHQHWPHQOHU VRUGXùXP VRUXODUD \HWHUOL FHYDS YHUHPH\LS
EHQL ELOJLOHQGLUPL\RUODUG× %X QHGHQOH EX PHVOHùL VHoWLP NL GLùHU
|ùUHWPHQOHUEHQLPoHNWLùLPV×N×QW×ODU×oHNPHVLQ'µ
.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùLQH\|QHOPHOHULQGHHWNLOL
RODQ GLùHU ELU HWNHQLQ ´FLQVL\HWH GD\DO× PHVOHNL D\U ×PF×O×ùD WHSNLµ ROGXùX
EHOLUOHQPLüWLU%XHWNHQHLOLüNLQJ|UüQNDW×O×PF×ODUGDQ'´«%XPHVOHùLQ
>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@
VDGHFH HUNHN LüL RO PDG×ù×QD NDG×QO DU×Q GD JD\HW J]HO \DSDELO HFHùLQH LQDQG×ù×P
LoLQEXPHVOHùLVHoWLPµüHNOLQGHLIDGHHWPLüWLU
.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHULQLQ.DG×Q2OPDODU×1HGHQL\OH(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOLùL
0HVOHùLQH*LULü$üDPDV×QGD<DüDG×NODU×2OXPVX]OXNODU
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU LQLQ PHVOHùH JLU Lü DüDPDV×QGD NDG×Q ROPDODU ×
QHGHQL\OH\DüDG×NODU×ROXPVX]OXNODUDLOLüNLQJ|UüOHUL7DEOR·WHYHULOPLüWLU
7DEOR
.DG×Q (ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQOHULQLQ .DG×Q 2OPDODU× 1HGHQL\OH (ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQOLùL
0HVOHùLQH*LULü$üDPDV×QGD<DüDG×NODU×2OXPVX]OXNODU
0HVOHùH*LULüWH<DüDQ×ODQ2OXPVX]OXNODU .DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL1R Q
+HUKDQJLELUROXPVX]OXN\DüDPDG×P
&LQVL\HWHGD\DO×PHVOHNLD\U×PF×O×N
7DEOR ·H J|UH NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ oRùXQOXùXQXQ PHVOHùH JLULü
DüDPDV×QGD KHUKDQJL ELU ROXPVX]OXN \DüDPDG×NODU× ED]×ODU×Q×Q ´&LQVL\HWH
GD\DO× PHVOHNL D\U×PF×O×ùDµ PDUX] NDOG×NODU× EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ \DN×Q oHYUHOHULQGHNL NLüLOHU \HWNLOL NLüLOHU YH HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQOHULWDUDI×QGDQFLQVL\HWHGD\DO×PHVOHNLD\U×PF×O×ùDPDUX]NDOG×NODU×Q×
EHOLUWHQLIDGHOHULQGHQED]×ODU×DüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU
´0ODNDWV×QDY×QGDNRPLV\RQ\HOHULQGHQELULVL¶ú]PLU·GH\DüDG×ù×Q×
ERüDQP×ü ROGXùXQX YH ELU oRFXùXQ ROGXùXQX V|\OHGLQ (ùHU
GHQHWPHQROXUVDQoRFXùXQODELUOLNWHWHNEDü×QDGRùXGDELULOGHJ|UHY
\DSDELOHFHNPLVLQ"·GL\HVRUGX'µ
´«PHVOHùLQ JH]LVL ROPDV× VHEHEL\OH QH \DSDFDNV×Q EDüND LüLQ \RN
PX UDKDW×Q× QL\H ER]X\RUVXQ JLEL SHN oRN ROXPVX] LOHWLüLPOH
NDUü×ODüW×ù×P× V|\OH\HELOLULP +DWWD PODNDW V×QDY×QGD NRPLV\RQ
EDüNDQ× ELOH ¶N×]×P KHU QHUH\H DWDQ×UVDQ JLWPH\L J|]H DO×\RU PXVXQ·
GL\HVRUPXüWX'µ
´(UNHNGHQHWPHQOHULQEDüODQJ×oWDEHQLP\DQ×PGD¶%XPHVOHNNDG×Q
LoLQ]RUNDG×QPHVOHùLGHùLO·JLELNRQXüPDODU×QD]OPüWP'µ
´%DEDP YH oHYUHPGHNL GLùHU NLüLOHU |ùUHWPHQOLN PHVOHùLQLQ NDG×QODUD
GDKD\DWN×QELUPHVOHNROGXùXQXV|\OHGLOHU+DWWD\HWNLOLNLüLOHUELOHN|\
N|\JH]PHQLQNDG×QLoLQX\JXQROPDG×ù×Q×LIDGHHWPLüOHUGL'µ
.DG×Q (ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQOHULQLQ .DG×Q 2OPDNWDQ gWU 0HVOHNL 6UHoWH
<DüDG×NODU×6RUXQODU
.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQNDG×QROPDNWDQ|WUPHVOHNLVUHoWH\DüDG×NODU×
VRUXQODU ´*QON PHVOHNL oDO×üPDODUGD \DüDQ×ODQ VRUXQODUµ YH ´gùUHWPHQ
GHQHWLPLQGH\DüDQ×ODQVRUXQODUµROPDN]HUHLNLEDüO×NDOW×QGDLQFHOHQPLüWLU
*QON0HVOHNLdDO×üPDODUGD<DüDQ×ODQ6RUXQODU
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ JQON PHVOHNL oDO×üPDODU× V×UDV×QGD NDG×Q
ROPDNWDQ|WU\DüDG×NODU×VRUXQODUDLOLüNLQJ|UüOHUL7DEOR·WHYHULOPLüWLU
7DEOR
.DG×Q (ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQOHULQLQ *QON 0HVOHNL dDO×üPDODU× 6×UDV×QGD .DG×Q
2OPDNWDQgWU<DüDG×NODU×6RUXQODU
*QONPHVOHNLoDO×üPDODUGD\DüDQ×ODQVRUXQODU .DG×Q(ùLWLP
'HQHWPHQL1R Q
+HUKDQJLELUVRUXQODNDUü×ODüPDG×P
'HQHWOHQHQOHULQROXPVX]WXWXPYHGDYUDQ×üODU×
(UNHNHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQROXPVX]WXWXPYHGDYUDQ×üODU×
8]DNLOoHYHELULPOHUHJLGLSRUDGDNDOPDN]RUXQGDROPDN
úüLHYHWDü×PDN
.DG×QVD\×V×Q×QD]O×ù×QHGHQL\OH\DOQ×]O×ùDVUNOHQPHN
$UDoNXOODQ×P×YHEDN×P×NRQXVXQGDHUNHNOHUNDGDUHWNLQROPDPDN
dRN\ROFXOXN\DSPDN
.|\\ROODU×Q×ELOPHPHN
%DüNDQO×NYH\D%DüNDQ<DUG×PF×O×ù×VHoLPLQGHWHUFLKHGLOPHPHN
7DEOR ·WHNL EXOJXODU GHùHU OHQGLU LOGLùLQGH NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU LQGHQ
ED]×ODU×Q×Q JQON PHVOHNL oDO×üPDODU V×UDV×QGD KHUKDQJL ELU VRUXQ
\DüDPDG×NODU× J|UOPHNWHGLU 'LùHU \DQGDQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ
JQON PHVOHNL oDO×üPDODU V×UDV×QGD \DüDG×NODU× VRUXQODU×Q ´GHQHWOHQHQOHULQ
ROXPVX]WXWXPYHGDYUDQ×üODU×HUNHNHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQROXPVX]WXWXPYH
GDYUDQ×üODU×X]DNLOoHYHELULPOHUHJLGLSRUDGDNDOPDN]RUXQGDROPDNúüLHYH
WDü×PDNNDG×QVD\×V×Q×QD]O×ù×QHGHQL\OH\DOQ×]O×ùDVUNOHQPHNDUDoNXOODQ×P×
YHEDN×P×NRQXVXQGDHUNHNOHUNDGDUHWNLQROPDPDNoRN\ROFXOXN\DSPDNN|\
\ROODU×Q× ELOPHPHN EDüNDQO×N YH\D EDüNDQ \DUG×PF×O×ù× VHoLPLQGH WHUFLK
HGLOPHPHNµROGXùXEHOLUOHQPLüWLU
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ JQON PHVOHNL oDO×üPDODU V×UDV×QGD HQ V×N
\DüDG×NODU× VRUXQ ´'HQHWOHQHQOHULQ ROXPVX] WXWXP YH GDYUDQ×üODU×µ RODUDN
EHOLUOHQPLüWLU 'LùHU \DQGDQ GHQHWOHQHQ NLüLOHUH LOLüNLQ RODUDN VHUJLOHQHQ
NHQGLOHULQLQ GHQHWPHQ ROGXùXQD LQDQPDPD JDULSVHPH WRNDODüPDPD JLEL ELU
WDN×P ROXPVX] WXWXP YH GDYUDQ×üODU× VRUXQ RODUDN EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU %X VRUXQD
LOLüNLQNDG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQLIDGHOHULQGHQED]×ODU×DüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU
´«RNXOLGDUHOHULYH|ùUHWPHQOHUELUD]JDULSNDUü×ODG×ODU«'µ
´g]HOOLNOH LIDGH DOPDN LoLQ ELULQH UDQGHYX YHUPHP JHUHNWLùLQGH
WHOHIRQODDUDG×ù×PGDNDG×QROGXùXPGDQ|QFHLQDQPDPDLüOHWLOGLùLQL
VDQPDED]HQúO0LOOL(ùLWLP0GUOù·QGHQDUNDGDüODU×RODQODU¶EL]L
ELUNDG×QDUDG×GHQHWPHQPLüJLEL·DUDüW×UPDODU\DSW×NODU×ROGX'µ
>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@
´%D]× RNXOODUD JLWWLùLPL]GH HUNHN \|QHWLFLOHULQ HUNHN GHQHWPHQOHUOH
WRNDODüPDV× NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL\OH WRNDODüPDPDV× gUQHùLQ
%LU RNXOD JLWWLN (UNHN \|QHWLFL HUNHN GHQHWPHQOHUOH WRNDODüW× DPD
EHQLPOH WRNDODüPDG× %HQ GH \|QHWLFL\H ¶%L] EXUDGD \RN PX\X]"·
GHGLP'µ
*QON PHVOHNL oDO×üPDODU V×U DV×QGD NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU LQLQ
\DüDG×NODU × LNLQFL VRU XQ ´(U NHN HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU LQ ROXPVX] WXWXP YH
GDYUDQ×üODU×µ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU %X VRUXQD LOLüNLQ NDG×Q HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQOHULQLQLIDGHOHULQGHQED]×ODU×DüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU
´%|O JH\H JLGHUNHQ DUDEDGD NDG×Q RO PDV×QGDQ GRO D\× UDKDW
NRQXüDPDG×NODU×Q× V|\OHPHNWH GLùHU PHVOHNWDüODU×P×] +HU DWDQG×ù×P
LOGHE|OJHGH\DGDWHIWLüJUXEXQGDEHQLPOH\HQLoDO×üDPD\DEDüOD\DQ
HUNHNGHQHWPHQOHULQLONVRUXODU׶.DG×QGHQHWPHQOHUNDG×Q|ùUHWPHQOHUL
SHN VHYPH]OHU VL] NDG×QODUD QDV×O GDYUDQ×\RUVXQX]"· ROX\RU 2QODU
HUNHNGHQHWPHQRODUDNKHUWUO HVSUL\L\DSDELOLUJOHELOLU$QFDNVL]
NDG×Q LVHQL] NRQXüPDODU×Q×]×Q DOW×QGDQ IDUNO× DQODPODU o×NDU×OPD
HùLOLPLJHQHOOLNOH\DüDQ×\RU'µ
´+HU JQ DUDED LOH o×N×OG×ù× LoLQ ED]HQ DUDED\× EHQ NXOODQPDN
LVWL\RUXPDPDHUNHNGHQHWPHQOHUQHGHQVHNDG×QODUDEXNRQXGDID]OD
JYHQPHGLùLLoLQED]HQROXPVX]FHYDSYHUHELOL\RUODU'µ
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ \DüDG×ù× GLùHU ELU GLùHU VRUXQ ´úüL HYH
WDü×PDNµ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL Lü \RùXQOXùX
QHGHQL\OHoDO×üPDODU×QHYGH\DS×OPDV×Q×QDLOHLoL\DüDQW×\×ROXPVX]HWNLOHGLùLQL
DLOHOHULQH\HWHUOL]DPDQ×D\×UDPDG×NODU×Q×YHHYGHLü\DSPDND\J×V×\DüDG×NODU×Q×
DüDù×GDNLLIDGHOHUOHEHOLUWPLüOHUGLU
´dRùX ]DPDQ VRUXüWXUPD LQFHOHPH UHKEHUOLN YH WHIWLü WHEOLùOHUL LoLQ
HYGH GH oDO×üPDP JHUHNWLùLQGHQ DLOHPH \HWHUOL ]DPDQ D\×UDPDPDP
VRUXQROX\RUµ'
´*QON oDO×üPDODU×Q HYGH \DS×O×\RUROPDV×HYLoL\DüDQW×V×QGDVRUXQ
\DUDWDELOL\RUµ'
´(Q E\N VRUXQ HYH Lü JLWPHVLGLU 'HYDPO× Lü \DS×ODFDN ND\J×V×\OD
\DüDQ×\RUúüLü\HULQGHELWPHOLGLUµ'
.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQ\DüDG×ù×VRUXQODUGDQELULGH´.DG×QVD\×V×Q×Q
D]O×ù×QHGHQL\OH\DOQ×]O×ùDVUNOHQPHNµRODUDNEHOLUOHQPLüWLU%XVRUXQDLOLüNLQ
RODUDN NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL NDG×Q VD\×V×Q×Q D]O×ù× QHGHQL\OH
SD\ODü×PODU×Q×Q ROPDG×ù×Q× YH \DOQ×]O×N \DüDG×NODU×Q× DüDù×GDNL LIDGHOHUGH
EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU
´.DW×OG×ù×P NXUV YH VHPLQHUOHUGH HUNHN GHQHWPHQ VD\×V×Q×Q oRN ID]OD
ROPDV×G|QHPG|QHP\DOQ×]O×ù×VUNOH\HELOPHNWHGLUµ'
´+HU üH\GHQ |QFH KHPFLQVOHULQL]LQ ROPDPDV×QGDQ YH\D \HWHULQFH
EXOXQPDPDV×QGDQGROD\×SD\ODü×PODU×P×]ROPX\RUµ'
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQGHQ ' LVH \DüDG×ù× VRUXQX DüDù×GDNL üHNLOGH
LIDGHHWPLüWLU
´%DüNDQO×N YH EDüNDQ \DUG×PF×O×ù× J|UHYOHQGLUPHOHULQGH NDUü× FLQV LOH
HüLWüDUWODUGDLVHQL]NDG×QGHQHWPHQRODUDNEXJ|UHYHWHUFLKHGLOPH\HQ
WDUDIWDRODFDNV×Q×]G×UdQNOL\DNDWHUNHNOHUH$OODKYHUJLVL\PLüJLEL
J|UOPHNWHGLUµ
gùUHWPHQ'HQHWLPLQGH<DüDQ×ODQ6RUXQODU
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ |ùUHWPHQ GHQHWLPLQGH NDG×Q ROPDODU×QGDQ
|WU\DüDG×NODU×VRUXQODUDLOLüNLQJ|UüOHUL7DEOR·WHYHULOPLüWLU
7DEOR
.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHULQLQgùUHWPHQ'HQHWLPLQGH.DG×Q2OPDODU×QGDQgWU
<DüDG×NODU×6RUXQODU
gùUHWPHQGHQHWLPLQGH
\DüDQ×ODQVRUXQODU .DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL1R Q
+HUKDQJLELUVRUXQ
\DüDPDG×P
.DG×QODU×QNDSULVOLROGXùX
LQDQF×
0XKDID]DNDUWXWXPYH
GDYUDQ×üODU
.RUXPDF×GDYUDQ×üODU
gùUHWPHQOHULQNDG×Q
HùLWLPGHQHWPHQLQGHQ
KRüODQPDPDODU×
7DEOR ·WHNL YHULOHUH J|UH NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ oRùXQOXùX
|ùUHWPHQ GHQHWLPLQGH NDG×Q ROPDODU×QGDQ |WU KHUKDQJL ELU VRUXQ
\DüDPDG×ù×Q× LIDGH HWPLüWLU 'LùHU \DQGDQ |ùUHWPHQ GHQHWLPLQGH NDG×Q
ROPDODU×QGDQ|WU\DüDG×NODU×VRUXQODULVH´.DG×QODU×QNDSULVOLROGXùXLQDQF×
0XKDID]DNkUWXWXPYHGDYUDQ×üODU.RUXPDF×GDYUDQ×üODUgùUHWPHQOHULQNDG×Q
HùLWLPGHQHWPHQLQGHQKRüODQPDPDODU×µDODUDNEHOLUWLOPLüWLU
.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQ|ùUHWPHQGHQHWLPLQGHNDG×QROPDODU×QGDQ
|WU HQ ID]OD \DüDG×NODU× VRUXQ ´.DG×QODU×Q NDSULVOL ROGXùX LQDQF×µ RODUDN
EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL |ùUHWPHQOHULQ NDG×Q HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ NDSULVOL ROGXùXQX GüQGNOHULQL NDG×QODUD NDSULVOL
EDNPDQ×QWRSOXPXQNDG×QDEDN×üDo×V×\ODLOJLOLELUGXUXPROGXùXQXYHKDWWD
HUNHNHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQEXILNUL\D\G×NODU×Q×EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU%XVRUXQD
LOLüNLQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ ELUH\VHO RODUDN GLOH JHWLUGLNOHUL LIDGHOHU
DüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU
>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@
´'HQHWLPHVQDV×QGDGHUVHJLUPHGHQ|QFHED]HQLQüDOODKEDQDNDG×Q
GHQHWPHQ JHO PH] JLEL EHNO HQWLO HU RO X\RUPXü NDSULVO L RO GXùXPX]X
GüQ\RUODUP×ü DPD GHQHWLP VRQUDV×QGD EX GüQFHOHULQLQ \DQO×ü
ROGXùXQXLIDGHHGHQ|ùUHWPHQOHUROPXüWXUµ'
´gùUHWPHQOHU NDG×Q GHQHWPHQGHQ X]DN GXUPD\D oDO×ü×\RUODU %X
NRQXGD HUNHN GHQHWPHQOHU NDG×QODU×Q NDSULVOL RODELOHFHNOHUL ILNULQL
\D\×\RUODUµ'
´.×VPHQ GH ROVD NDG×QODUD NDSULVOL RODUDN EDNPDN KkNLP
7RSOXPXQNDG×QDEDN×üDo×V×\ODLOJLOLEXGXUXPµ'
%D]× NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ \DüDG×NODU× VRUXQ ´0XKDID]DNkU WXWXP
YH GDYUDQ×üODUµ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL HUNHN
|ùUHWPHQOHULQWRNDODüPDPDJ|]WHPDV×NXUPDPDJLEL ELUWDN×PPXKDID]DNkU
WXWXPYHGDYUDQ×üODUVHUJLOHGLùLQLDüDù×GDNLLIDGHOHUGHEHOLUWPLüOHUGLU
´0XKDID]DNkURODQHUNHN|ùUHWPHQOHUOHJ|UJNXUDOODU×QDYHLOHWLüLPH
LOLüNLQVRUXQODU\Dü×\RUXPgUQHùLQ7RNDODüPDPDNRQXüXUNHQJ|]
WHPDV×NXUPDPDYE'µ
´<DüDG×ù×P VRUXQODU NDUü×PGDNLQLQ GLQVHO WHUFLKOHULQGHQ
ND\QDNODQG×gUQHùLQWRNDODüPDPDN'µ
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ \DüDG×ù× VRUXQODUGDQ ELUL GH ´.RUXPDF×
GDYUDQ×üODUµ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQGHQ ' EX
VRUXQD\|QHOLNJ|UüQDüDù×GDNLüHNLOGHLIDGHHWPLüWLU
´*HQHOOLNOHWHN|ùUHWPHQOLN|\RNXOODU×QGDHùHU|ùUHWPHQNDG×QGHùLO
LVHNXUXPGDNDG×QRODUDNEHQLWHNE×UDNPD\×X\JXQJ|UP\RUNDUü×
FLQVWHNLGHQHWPHQOHU$QFDNNHQGLOHULWHN|ùUHWPHQOLROXSNDG×Q
oDO×üDQ RNXOODUGD NDODELOL\RUODU %X GDYUDQ×ü NRUXPD\D " \|QHOLN
PLGLUELOHPL\RUXPµ
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ \DüDG×ù× VRUXQODUGDQ ELU GLùHUL GH
´gùUHWPHQOHULQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQLQGHQ KRüODQPDPDODU×µ RODUDN
EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQGHQ ' KHP NDG×Q KHP GH HUNHN
|ùUHWPHQOHULQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL WDUDI×QGDQ GHQHWOHQPHQLQ KRüODU×QD
JLWPHGLùLQLDüDù×GDNLLIDGHGHEHOLUWPLüWLU
´gùUHWPHQOHULQ oRùXQOXùX NDG×Q GHQHWPHQGHQ KRüODQP×\RU %X
HUNHNOHULQJoSUREOHPLQGHQND\QDNODQ×\RU$\U×FDNDG×QODU×QGDELU
NDG×QWDUDI×QGDQGHQHWOHQPHOHULKRüODU×QDJLWPL\RU'µ
.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL2OPDQ×Q$YDQWDMODU×
.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQNDG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQLROPDQ×QDYDQWDMODU×QD
LOLüNLQJ|UüOHUL7DEOR·GDYHULOPLüWLU
7DEOR
.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL2OPDQ×Q$YDQWDMODU×
.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL2OPDQ×Q
$YDQWDMODU× .DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL1R Q
+HUKDQJLELUDYDQWDM×\RN
úOHWLüLPNXUXODQNLüLOHULQ
GDYUDQ×üODU×QDGLNNDWHWPHVL
.×]|ùUHQFLOHUOHYHNDG×Q
|ùUHWPHQOHUOHGDKDUDKDWLOHWLüLP
NXUDELOPH
+HPFLQVOHULPLQJ×SWDLOHEDNPDV×
(UNHNPHVOHNWDüODU×P×Q\DUG×PF×
ROPDV×
%D]×NXUXPODU×QVRUXQODU×o|]PHGH
\DUG×PF×ROPDV×
$UDEDODUDLOLüNLQLüOHUGH
J|UHYOHQGLULOPHPH
(PSDWLNXUPDYHUHKEHUOLN
EDN×P×QGDQGDKDGX\DUO×ROPD
7DEOR ·GDNL YHULOHUH J|UH NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ oRùXQOXùX NDG×Q
HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL ROPDQ×Q KHU KDQJL ELU DYDQWDM VDùODPDG×ù×Q× EHOLU WPLüWLU
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL ROPDQ×Q VDùODG×ù× DYDQWDMODU LVH ´úOHWLüLP NXU XODQ
NLüLOHULQ GDYUDQ×üODU×QD GLNNDW HWPHVL N×] |ùUHQFLOHUOH YH NDG×Q |ùUHWPHQOHUOH
GDKD UDKDW LOHWLüLP NXUDELOPH KHPFLQVOHULPLQ J×SWD LOH EDNPDV× HUNHN
PHVOHNWDüODU×P×Q\DUG×PF×ROPDV×ED]×NXUXPODU×QVRUXQODU×o|]PHGH\DUG×PF×
ROPDV×DUDEDODUDLOLüNLQLüOHUGHJ|UHYOHQGLULOPHPHHPSDWLNXUPDYHUHKEHUOLN
EDN×P×QGDQGDKDGX\DUO×ROPDµRODUDNLIDGHHGLOPLüWLU
.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQHQV×NYXUJXODG×NODU×DYDQWDM´úOHWLüLPNXUXODQ
NLüLOHULQ GDYUDQ×üODU×QD GLNNDW HWPHVLµ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQOHULLOHWLüLPLoHULVLQGHEXOXQGXNODU×NLüLOHULQGDKD|OoOVD\J×O×UHVPL
QD]LN YH GX\DUO× GDYUDQG×NODU×Q× EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ
EHOLUWLOHQEXDYDQWDMDLOLüNLQLIDGHOHULQGHQED]×ODU×DüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU
´úOHWLüLP LoHULVLQGH EXOXQXODQ NLüLOHU GDKD QD]LN YH GX\DUO×
GDYUDQPD\D|]HQJ|VWHUL\RUODUµ'
´.DUü× WDUDIOD NXUXODQ LOHWLüLPGH GDKD VD\J×O× YH |OoO ROPD
GXUXPXQGDNDOPDODU×µ'
>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ LNLQFL V×N YXUJXODG×NODU× DYDQWDM ´.×]
|ùUHQFLOHUOH YH NDG×Q |ùUHWPHQOHUOH GDKD UDKDW LOHWLüLP NXUDELOPHµ RODUDN
EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL NDG×Q |ùUHWPHQOHULQ YH N×]
|ùUHQFLOHULQ NHQGLOHULQH J|UüOHULQL Do×NoD LIDGH HGHELOGLNOHULQL N×O×N N×\DIHW
NRQXVXQGD NDG×Q |ùUHWPHQOHUL X\DUDELOGLNOHULQL EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU .DG×Q HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQOHULQLQEXDYDQWDMDLOLüNLQJ|UüOHULDüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU
´«VRUXüWXUPDODUGD|]HOKDVVDVL\HWLVWH\HQNRQXODUGDN×]|ùUHQFLOHULQ
YH NDG×Q |ùUHWPHQOHULQ EL]LPOH GDKD UDKDW YH Do×NoD
NRQXüDELOGLNOHULQLGüQ\RUXP'µ
´.×O×N N×\DIHWH D\N×U× GDYUDQDQ NDG×Q |ùUHWPHQOHULQ X\DU×OPDV×
NRQXVXQGD EL]H LKWL\Do ROGXùXQX GüQ\RUXP JUXS DUNDGDüODU×P
GDD\Q×ILNLUGHOHU'µ
´.×]|ùUHQFLOHUNDG×QGHQHWPHQGHYDUP×üGL\HUHNEDQD\DNODü×\RUODUYH
VRUXQODU×Q×GDKDUDKDWLIDGHHGHELOL\RUODU'µ
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL ROPDQ×Q DYDQWDMODU×QGDQ ELUL GH ´$UDEDODUD LOLüNLQ
LüOHUGHJ|UHYOHQGLULOPHPHµRODUDNEHOLUOHQPLüWLU.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQGHQ
'HUNHNPHVOHNWDüODU×Q×QNHQGLOHULQGHQüRI|UONDUDEDEDN×P×JLELNRQXODUGD
EHNOHQWLOHULQLQ ROPDG×ù×Q× YH EXQXQ ELU DYDQWDM ROGXùXQX DüDù×GDNL üHNLOGH
EHOLUWPLüWLU
úOLPL]GH JUXS DUDEDODU×\OD \ROODUD o×N×\RUX] .DG×Q ROGXùXPX] LoLQ
üRI|UON\DSPDP×]LOOHGHEHNOHQPL\RUg]HOOLNOHDUDEDODU×QEDN×P
VLJRUWD YHUJL WHPL]OLN WDPLU LüOHUL KHVDS NLWDS LüOHUL YE JLEL LüOHUGH
J|UHYOHQGLULOPL\RUX]µ
´(PSDWL NXUPD YH UHKEHUOLN EDN×P×QGDQ GDKD GX\DUO× ROPDµ NDG×Q HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQL ROPDQ×Q GLùHU ELU DYDQWDM× RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQOHULQGHQ ' J|UüQ ´úO HWLüLP YH VDù GX\X DQO DP×QGD GDKD KDVVDV
RO GXùXPX]X GüQ\RUXP .DUü×P×]GDNLQL DQO DPD HPSDWL NXUPD YH UHKEHUO LN
DQODP×QGD \RO J|VWHUPH NRQXVXQGD HUNHN DUNDGDüODU×P×]D RUDQOD GDKD GX\DUO×
ROGXùXPX]XJ|U\RUXPµüHNOLQGHLIDGHHWPLüWLU
.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHULQLQ0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HWYH0HPQXQL\HWVL]OLNOHUL
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHNOHULQGHQ PHPQXQ ROXS ROPDPD
GXUXPODU×7DEOR·GHYHULOPLüWLU
7DEOR
.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHULQLQ0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HW'XUXPODU×
0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HW'XUXPX .DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL1R Q
0HPQXQXP
.DUDUV×]×P
0HPQXQGHùLOLP
7DEOR ·GH NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQGHQ ·VLQLQ PHVOHNOHULQGHQ
PHPQXQ ROGXùX ·QQ NDUDUV×] ·XQXQ LVH PHVOHNOHULQGHQ
PHPQXQ ROPDG×NODU× J|UOPHNWHGLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHNL
PHPQXQL\HW GXUXPODU×QD LOLüNLQ J|UüOHUL ´0HVOHNL PHPQXQL\HWOHUµ YH
´0HVOHNLPHPQXQL\HWVL]OLNOHUµRODUDNLNLEDüO×NDOW×QGDDo×NODQP×üW×U
0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HWOHU
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHNL PHPQXQL\HWOHULQH LOLüNLQ J|UüOHUL
7DEOR·GHJ|VWHULOPLüWLU
7DEOR
.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHULQLQ0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HWOHUL
0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HW(WNHQOHUL .DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL1R Q
)D\GDO×ROPDN
)DUNO×NLüLOHUOHPHNkQODUODYH
X\JXODPDODUODNDUü×ODüPDN
0HVDLNDYUDP×Q×QROPD\×ü×
7HNG]HOLùLQROPDPDV×
gùUHWPHQOLùLVHYPHPHN
.DG×Q|ùUHWPHQOHUHPRGHOROPDN
.LüLOLùLPHNDWW×ù×DUW×GHùHUOHU
<ROFXOXN\DSPD\×VHYPHN
0HVOHùLQLVHYPHN
7DEOR ·GHNL YHULOHUH J|UH NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHNL
PHPQXQL\HWOHUL ´ID\GDO× ROPDN IDUNO× NLüLOHUOH PHNkQODUOD YH X\JXODPDODUOD
NDUü×ODüPDN PHVDL NDYUDP×Q×Q ROPD\×ü× WHNG]HOLùLQ ROPDPDV× |ùUHWPHQOLùL
VHYPHPHN NDG×Q |ùUHWPHQOHUH PRGHO ROPDN NLüLOLùLPH NDWW×ù× DUW× GHùHUOHU
\ROFXOXN\DSPD\×VHYPHNPHVOHùLQLVHYPHNµRODUDNEHOLUOHQPLüWLU
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ HQ V×N YXUJXODG×NODU× PHVOHNL PHPQXQL\HW
HWNHQL´)D\GDO×ROPDNµRODUDNEHOLUOHQPLüWLU.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULHùLWLP
VLVWHPLQH NDWN× VDùODPD YH NLüLOHUH ID\GDO× ROPDN EDN×P×QGDQ PHVOHNOHULQGHQ
PHPQXQ ROGXNODU×Q× EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ EX
PHPQXQL\HWHWNHQLQHLOLüNLQJ|UüOHULQGHQED]×ODU×DüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU
´.XUXPODUGD 57h. JLEL ELU VUHFH NDWN×P×] ROGXùXQX
GüQGùPGHPHPQXQROX\RUXPµ'
´%LULOHULQH \DUG×PF× ROPDN ×ü×N RO PDN PRGHO RO PDN \DQ×QGD
ROPDN«KHSVLEXPHVOHNWHYDU«GDKDQHROVXQ'µ
´dDO×üW×ù×P LOGH DGD\ |ùUHWPHQ VD\×V× ROGXNoD ID]OD 2QODUD \RO
J|VWHUPHN UHKEHUOLNWH EXOXQPDN N×VDFDV× LQVDQODUD ID\GDO×
ROGXùXPXGüQPHNEHQLPXWOXHGL\RU'µ
>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@
´dHYUHPH ID\GDO× ROGXùXPX YH RODFDù×P× KDNV×]O×NODUD L]LQ
YHUPH\HFHùLPGHQ HPLQ ROGXùXP LoLQ L\L NL GHQHWPHQOLN PHVOHùLQL
VHoPLüLPGL\RUXP'µ
.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQLNLQFLV×NYXUJXODG×NODU×PHVOHNLPHPQXQL\HW
HWNHQL ´)DUNO× NLüLOHUOH PHNkQODUOD YH X\JXODPDODUOD NDUü×ODüPDNµ RODUDN
EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL IDUNO× NLüLOHUOH PHNkQODUOD
X\JXODPDODUOD NDUü×ODüPDODU×Q×Q NHQGLOHULQH NDWN× VDùODG×ù×Q× YH EX GXUXPXQ
KRüODU×QDJLWWLùLQLEHOLUWPLüOHUGLU%XPHVOHNLPHPQXQL\HWHWNHQLQHLOLüNLQNDG×Q
HùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQLIDGHOHULQGHQED]×ODU×DüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU
´%LU RGD\D EDù×PO× RODUDN oDO×üP×\RUVXQX] IDUNO× \HUOHUGH oDO×üPDN
YH IDUNO× NLüLOHUOH NDUü×ODüPDN GHQH\LP YH ELOJL DQODP×QGD EL]OHUL
]HQJLQOHüWLUL\RU'µ
´)DNO×NLüLOHUOHLOHWLüLPHJHoPHYHIDUNO×SURMHOHUOHNDUü×ODüPDNELOJLPL
DUW×UG×ù×QGDQEHQLPLoLQDYDQWDM'µ
´+HU JQ IDUNO× LQVDQ PHNkQ YH ROD\ODUOD NDUü×ODüPDN EXQODU
]HULQGHNRQXüPDNWDUW×üPDNoRN\DUDUO×'µ
.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQELUGLùHUPHVOHNLPHPQXQL\HWLGH´.LüLOLùLPH
NDWW×ù× DU W× GHùHU OHU µRODU DN EHOLU OHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU LQGHQ'
EXPHVOHNLPHPQXQL\HWHWNHQLQHLOLüNLQJ|UüQ´%XLüEDQDPWKLüELUüHNLOGH
NHQGLPHJYHQND]DQG×UG×%HQEXLüOHULQDGDP×\P×ü×P*L\LQLüLQL]OHGXUXüXQX]OD
LOHWLüLPLQL]OHVL]EDPEDüNDELULQVDQROX\RUVXQX]µüHNOLQGHEHOLUWPLüWLU
0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HWVL]OLNOHU
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHNL PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLNOHULQH LOLüNLQ
J|UüOHUL7DEOR·GDJ|VWHULOPLüWLU
7DEOR
.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHULQLQ0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HWVL]OLNOHUL
0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HWVL]OLN1HGHQOHUL .DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL1R Q
0DGGL\HWHUVL]OLN
.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQLVD\×V×Q×QD]O×ù×
<DUJ×oO×N
dRN\RUXFXYHVWUHVOLELUoDO×üPDWHPSRVX
8QYDQODLOJLOL\DVDOKDNODUDVDKLSROPDPDN
5RWDV\RQ
+HUJQ\ROFXOXN\DSPDN
0HVOHùLQNDG×QODUDX\JXQROPDG×ù×Q×GüQPHN
0HVOHùLQHUNHNOHUHND]DQG×UG×ù×SUHVWLMLYH
VWDW\NDG×QODUDND]DQG×UPDPDV×
2OXPVX]\DGDX\JXODQDPD\DFDù×Q×GüQGù
HPLUOHULX\JXODPDN]RUXQGDNDOPDN
gùUHWPHQOHUOHRODQPHVDIH\LNRUXPD]RUXQOXOXùX
7DEOR ·D J|U H NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU LQLQ PHVOHNL PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLN
QHGHQOHUL´0DGGL\HWHUVL]OLN.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQLVD\×V×Q×QD]O×ù×<DUJ×oO×N
dRN \RU XFX YH VWU HVOL ELU oDO×üPD WHPSRVX 8QYDQOD LOJLOL \DVDO KDNODUD VDKLS
ROPDPDN 5RWDV\RQ +HU JQ \ROFXOXN \DSPDN 0HVOHùLQ NDG×QODUD X\JXQ
ROPDG×ù×Q× GüQPHN 0HVOHùLQ HUNHNOHUH ND]DQG×UG×ù× SUHVWLML YH VWDW\
NDG×QODUD ND]DQG×UPDPDV× 2OXPVX] \D GD X\JXODQDPD\DFDù×Q× GüQGù
HPLUOHUL X\JXODPDN ]RUXQGD NDOPDN gùUHWPHQOHUOH RODQ PHVDIH\L NRUXPD
]RUXQOXOXùXµRODUDNEHOLUOHQPLüWLU
.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQHQV×NYXUJXODG×NODU×PHVOHNLPHPQXQL\HWVL]OLN
QHGHQL ´0DGGL \HWHUVL]OLNµ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL
DOG×NODU× PDDü×Q \HWHUVL] ROGXùXQX GLùHU NXUXPODUGDNL GHQHWPHQOHUH RUDQOD
SDUDVDODQODPGDGDKDD]ND]DQG×NODU×Q×YHLü\NQHRUDQODND]DQoODU×Q×Q\HWHUVL]
ROGXùXQX EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU %X PHVOHNL PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLN HWNHQLQH LOLüNLQ NDG×Q
HùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQGHQ'J|UüQDüDù×GDNLüHNLOGHEHOLUWPLüWLU
´0DGGL\HWHUVL]OLNOHUYDU%XWDüUDLOOHULQGHJHoHUOLGHùLOEHONLRUDGD
\ROOXNODUHNRQRPL\HNDWN×\DS×\RUDPD«E\NüHKLULOOHULQGHPDDü
\HWHUVL] \RO O XN \RN 2\VD GHQHWPHQ üHKLU PHUNH]LQGH \DüDPDO ×
üHKULQHQPHUNH]L\HULQGHRNXOODUDNROD\FDXODüDELOPHVLLoLQ$\U×
RGDV×ROPDO×oDO×üDELOPHVLLoLQ(YLQGHKL]PHWHGHQROPDO×oQNHYH
LüJLGL\RUµ
.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQPHVOHNLPHPQXQL\HWVL]OLNQHGHQOHULQGHQELUL
GH ´<DUJ×oO×Nµ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQGHQ ' EX
PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLN HWNHQLQH LOLüNLQ J|UüQ ´%LOKDVVD |Q LQFHOHPH YH
VRUXüWXUPDODUGD KDNHP ROXS NDUDU YHUPHN ]RUXQGD NDOG×ù×PGD ELQ SLüPDQ
ROX\RUXPµüHNOLQGHEHOLUWPLüWLU
0HVOHNL PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLùLQ GLùHU ELU QHGHQL GH ´gùUHWPHQOHUOH RODQ
PHVDIH\L NRUXPD ]RUXQOXOXùXµ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU %X PHVOHNL
PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLùHLOLüNLQJ|UüQ'´$UW×N|ùUHWPHQOHUOHVDPLPLROPDPDNYDU
KD\DW×PGD%XVRV\DOoHYUH\LN×V×WOD\DQELUGXUXPGXUgùUHWPHQOHDUDGDNLPHVDIH\L
NRUXPDG×ù×Q×] ]DPDQ VD\J×QO×ù×Q×]×Q ]HGHOHQPHVL VRQXFX\OD NDUü× NDUü×\DV×Q×]µ
üHNOLQGHEHOLUWPLüWLU
7DUW×üPD6RQXoYHgQHULOHU
%XDUDüW×UPDNDG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùLQH\|QHOWHQ
HWNHQOHUL NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ NDG×Q ROPDODU× QHGHQL\OH HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQOLùLQH JLULü DüDPDV×QGD \DüDG×NODU× ROXPVX]OXNODU× NDG×Q
ROPDODU×QGDQ |WU PHVOHNL VUHoWH \DüDG×NODU× VRUXQODU× NDG×Q HùLWLP
GHQHWPHQL ROPDQ×Q DYDQWDMODU×Q× NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHNL
PHPQXQL\HWOHULQLYHPHPQXQL\HWVL]OLNOHULQLRUWD\DNR\PDNWDG×U
>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@
.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ oRùXQOXùX |ùUHWPHQOLN PHVOHùLQGH VUHFLQ
UXWLQOHüPHVL |ùUHWPHQOLùLQ \RUXFX ROPDV× |ùUHWPHQOLNWH NHQGLOHULQL
NDQ×WOD\DPDPD YH |ùUHWPHQOLNWHNL YHULPOLOLNOHULQLQ JLGHUHN D]DOG×ù×Q×
GüQPHOHUL QHGHQL\OH HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùLQH \|QHOGLNOHULQL EHOLUWPLüWLU %X
GXU XP |ùU HWPHQOHU LQ X]XQ ELU VU H D\Q× RNXOGD J|U HY \DSPDODU × RNXOGDNL
RODQDNODU×Q \HWHUVL]OLùL GHUVLQ LüOHQLüLQGH IDUNO× PDWHU\DO NXOODQPD RODQDù×Q×Q
ROPDPDV× JLEL QHGHQL\OH |ùU HWPHQOLN PHVOHùLQLQ U XWLQ RODELOPHVL \Dü
VHYL\HVLQLQ \NVHOPHVL\OH DNWLI ROPD\× JHUHNWLUHQ |ùUHWPHQOLN PHVOHùLQLQ
\RUXFX KDOH JHOHELOPHVL |ùUHWPHQOHULQ NHQGLOHULQL JHOLüWLUPHOHUL YH
NDQ×WODPDODU×LoLQJHUHNOLRODQDNODU×QVXQXOPDPDV×YH|ùUHWPHQOHULPRWLYHHGLFL
HWNHQOHULQ \HWHUVL]OLùL LOH Do×NODQDELOLU 1LWHNLP .DUDPDQ·×Q \DSW×ù×
oDO×üPDGD |ùUHWPHQOHULQ oRùXQXQ |ùUHWPHQOLùL \×SUDW×F× ELU PHVOHN RODUDN
J|U Gù KL]PHW LoL HùLWLPOHU LQLQ VD\×FD \HWHU VL] YH LoHU LN \|QQGHQ ]D\×I
ROGXùX PHVOHNL Do×GDQ \HWLüPHOHUL LoLQ JHUHNOL LPNDQODU×Q VDùODQDPDG×ù×
ELOJLOHULQL J|UJOHULQL YH GHQH\LPOHULQL DUW×UPDN LoLQ \HWHULQFH DUDüW×UPD
RODQDNODU×Q×Q VXQXOPDG×ù× JHOHFHNWH PHVOHNOHULQGH \NVHOHELOHFHNOHULQH
LQDQPDG×NODU×EHOLUOHQPLüWLU
%D]× NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU L FLQVL\HWH GD\DO× PHVOHNL D\U ×PF×O×ùD WHSNL
RODUDN EX PHVOHùL VHoWLNOHULQL YH HUNHNOHU JLEL NDG×QODU×Q GD EX PHVOHùLQ
JHUHNOHULQL\HULQHJHWLUHELOHFHùLQLLIDGHHWPLüWLU%XEXOJXWRSOXPXPX]GDHùLWLP
GHQHWPHQOLùLQLQ HUNHNOHUH |]J ELU PHVOHN RODUDN J|UOGùQQ ELU J|VWHUJHVL
RODELOLU1LWHNLPED]×NDG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULPHVOHùHJLULüDüDPDV×QGD\DN×Q
oHYUHOHULQGHNL NLüLOHU \HWNLOL NLüLOHU YH HUNHN HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL WDUDI×QGDQ
FLQVL\HWH GD\DO×PHVOHNLD\U×PF×O×ùDPDUX] NDOG×NODU×Q× EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU %LUNDG×Q
HùLWLP GHQHWPHQLQLQ LVH PHVOHNL PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLùLQL HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL
PHVOHùLQLQ NDG×QD X\JXQ ELU PHVOHN ROPDG×ù×Q× EHOLU WHUHN LIDGH HWPHVL ROGXNoD
LOJLQo ROPDNOD ELUOLNWH NDG×QODU×Q GD E|\OH ELU GüQFH\H VDKLS ROPD RODV×O×ù×Q×
J|VWHUHELOLU %HQ]HU üHNLOGH PHVOHùLQ HUNHNOHUH ND]DQG×UG×ù× SUHVWLML YH VWDW\
NDG×QODUD ND]DQG×UPDG×ù×Q×Q LIDGH HGLOPHVL HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQLQ
NDG×QODUD X\JXQ RODUDN J|UOPHGLùL üHNOLQGH GHùHUOHQGLULOHELOLU $QFDN
7UNPHQ·LQDUDüW×UPDV×QGDGHQHWPHQOHULQNDG×QYHHUNHN|ùUHWPHQOHULQ
HùLWLP GHQHWLPL DODQ×QD LVWLKGDP×QGD FLQVL\HW D\U×P×QD N×VPHQ NDUü× ROGXNODU×
EHOLUOHQPLüWLU$\Q×DUDüW×UPDGDNDG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQVD\×FDoRND]ROVD
GDNLüLQHWELoLPGHFLQVHOD\U×PDNDUü×ROGXNODU×EHOLUOHQPLüWLU%XDUDüW×UPD\D
NDW×ODQNDG×QYHHUNHN|ùUHWPHQOHUOHLON|ùUHWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQ×Q]HULQGH
ELU RQD\OD NDG×QODU×Q GD GHQHWPHQOLN PHVOHùLQGH DUDQDQ QLWHOLN YH |]HOOLNOHUH
VDKLSROGXNODU×Q×EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU
%LUH\OHU WRSOXPGD \HUOHüLN FLQVL\HWoL GHùHUOHU YH LGHRORMLOHU oHUoHYHVLQGH
QDV×O GDYUDQDFDNODU× QDV×O GüQHFHNOHUL NRQXVXQGD NRüXOODQDUDN EL\RORMLN
FLQVL\HWOHULQLQ ]HULQH WRSOXPVDO FLQVL\HWOHULQL HGLQLUOHU *|NoH
.DG×QODU×QoDO×üPD\DüDP×QGDNDUü×ODüW×NODU×VRUXQODU×QEDü×QGDFLQVL\HWHGD\DO×
PHVOHNLD\U×PF×O×NJHOPHNWHGLU3DUODNWXQDV(ùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùL