• Sonuç bulunamadı

(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOLùLQGH.DG×Q2OPDN0HVOHùHúOLüNLQ'üQFHOHUYH6RUXQODU %HLQJD)HPDOH(GXFDWLRQ6XSHUYLVRU7KRXJKWVRQWKH3URIHVVLRQDQG3UREOHPV

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOLùLQGH.DG×Q2OPDN0HVOHùHúOLüNLQ'üQFHOHUYH6RUXQODU %HLQJD)HPDOH(GXFDWLRQ6XSHUYLVRU7KRXJKWVRQWKH3URIHVVLRQDQG3UREOHPV"

Copied!
32
0
0

Yükleniyor.... (view fulltext now)

Tam metin

(1)

&LOW6D\×VV

Z Z Z  N X H \  Q H W 

(ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQOLùLQGH .DG×Q 2OPDN 0HVOHùH úOLüNLQ

'üQFHOHUYH6RUXQODU



%HLQJ D )HPDOH (GXFDWLRQ 6XSHUYLVRU 7KRXJKWV RQ WKH 3URIHVVLRQ

DQG3UREOHPV

6X]DQ&DQO×+DVDQ'HPLUWDü$KPHW%R]DN6HUSLO'RUXN g]

%X DUDüW×UPDQ×Q WHPHO DPDF× NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQH LOLüNLQ GüQFHOHULQL YH

VRUXQODU×Q×EHOLUOHPHNWLU$UDüW×UPDGDJHQHOWDUDPDPRGHOLQHGD\DO×EHWLPVHO\|QWHPNXOODQ×OP×üW×U$UDüW×UPDYHULOHULQLWHO

DUDüW×UPD\|QWHPL\OHHOGHHGLOPLüROXSQLWHODUDüW×UPDGHVHQOHULQGHQROJXELOLPGHVHQL\OH\UWOPüWU9HULWRSODPDDUDF×

RODUDN \DU× \DS×ODQG×U×OP×ü J|UüPH IRUPX NXOODQ×OP×üW×U <DU× \DS×ODQG×U×OP×ü J|UüPH IRUPXQGD NDG×Q HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQOHULQLQHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùLPHVOHùLQHLOLüNLQGüQFHOHULQLYHVRUXQODU×Q×EHOLUOHPHNDPDF×\ODFHYDSOD\DFDNODU×

VRUX\HUDOP×üW×U(OGHHGLOHQYHULOHULQDQDOL]LQGHEHWLPVHOYHLoHULNDQDOL]L\|QWHPOHULNXOODQ×OP×üW×U7UNL\H·GH

HùLWLP|ùUHWLP \×O×QGD WRSODP  NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL J|UHY \DSPDNWDG×U $UDüW×UPDQ×Q oDO×üPD JUXEX DPDoO×

|UQHNOHPH \|QWHPLQH J|UH NROD\ XODü×ODELOLU GXUXP |UQHNOHPHVL WHNQLùL LOH EHOLUOHQPLüWLU dDO×üPD JUXEXQX J|UüPH\L

NDEXO HGHQ  NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL ROXüWXUPDNWDG×U $UDüW×UPD VRQXFXQGD NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQOLùLQH\|QHOPHOHULQGHIDUNO×HWNHQOHUROPDNODELUOLNWHHQV×NYXUJXODQDQHWNHQLQ´gùUHWPHQOLNPHVOHùLQHLOLüNLQ

ROXPVX]WXWXPµROGXùXEHOLUOHQPLüWLU.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQoRùXHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùLQHJLULüDüDPDV×QGDKHUKDQJL

ELU ROXPVX]OXN \DüDPDG×ù×Q× LIDGH HGHUNHQ ED]×ODU× FLQVL\HWH GD\DO× PHVOHNL D\U×PF×O×ùD PDUX] NDOG×ù×Q× EHOLUWPLüWLU

$UDüW×UPDGD NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ oRùXQXQ JQON PHVOHNL oDO×üPDODU V×UDV×QGD VRUXQODU \DüDG×NODU× YH HQ V×N

YXUJXODQDQVRUXQXQ´'HQHWOHQHQOHULQROXPVX]WXWXPYHGDYUDQ×üODU×µROGXùXEHOLUOHQPLüWLU.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQ

oRùX|ùUHWPHQGHQHWLPLQGHKHUKDQJLELUVRUXQ\DüDPDG×NODU×Q×YHNDG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQLROPDQ×QKHUKDQJLELUDYDQWDM

VDùODPDG×ù×Q×EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU<LQHNDG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQoRùXPHVOHNOHULQGHQPHPQXQROGXNODU×Q×EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU

'LùHU \DQGDQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ HQ V×N YXUJXODG×NODU× HWNHQOHULQ PHVOHNL PHPQXQL\HW Do×V×QGDQ ´)D\GDO×

ROPDNµPHPQXQL\HWVL]OLNDo×V×QGDQLVH´0DGGL\HWHUVL]OLNµROGXùXEHOLUOHQPLüWLU

$QDKWDUV|]FNOHU'HQHWLPH÷LWLPGHQHWLPLNDGÕQH÷LWLPGHQHWPHQLH÷LWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQVRUXQODUÕ



$EVWUDFW

:KDW LV PDLQO\ LQWHQGHG KHUH LQ LV WR DVFHUWDLQ WKH IHPDOH HGXFDWLRQ VXSHUYLVRUV· RSLQLRQV DERXW WKH SURIHVVLRQ RI HGXFDWLRQ

VXSHUYLVLQJDQGWRDVFHUWDLQWKHLUSUREOHPVDVZHOO'HVFULSWLYHPHWKRGEDVHGRQWKHGHVFULSWLYHVFUHHQLQJPHWKRGZDVXWLOL]HGLQ

WKHUHVHDUFK+DYLQJREWDLQHGWKHUHVHDUFKGDWDE\PHDQVRITXDOLWDWLYHUHVHDUFKPHWKRGWKHUHVHDUFKZDVFRQGXFWHGE\PHDQVRI

SKHQRPHQRORJLFDOGHVLJQDVEHLQJDPRQJWKHGHVLJQVRIWKHTXDOLWDWLYHUHVHDUFK6HPLVWUXFWXUHGLQWHUYLHZIRUPZDVXVHGDVEHLQJ

WKHPHDQVRIGDWDFROOHFWLRQ7KHUHZHUHTXHVWLRQVEHLQJDVNHGLQWKHVHPLVWUXFWXUHGLQWHUYLHZIRUPVRDVWREHDQVZHUHGE\WKH

IHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUVZLWKWKHLQWHQWRIDVFHUWDLQLQJWKHLURSLQLRQVDERXWDQGWKHLUSUREOHPVDULVLQJIURPWKHSURIHVVLRQRI

HGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVLQJ'HVFULSWLYHDQGFRQWHQWDQDO\VLVPHWKRGVZHUHXVHGLQWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKHREWDLQHGGDWD$WRWDORI

IHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUVDUHVHUYLQJLQ7XUNH\WKURXJKRXWWKHHGXFDWLRQDOWHDFKLQJWHUPRI6WXG\JURXSRIWKH

UHVHDUFKZDVQRPLQDWHGE\PHDQV RIWKHHDVLO\DFFHVVLEOHFRQGLWLRQVDPSOLQJWHFKQLTXHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHSXUSRVHIXOVDPSOLQJ

PHWKRG6WXG\JURXSLVFRQVLVWHGRIWKHIHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUVKDYLQJDFFHSWHGWKHLQWHUYLHZ&RQVHTXHQWO\GHVSLWH

YDULRXVIDFWRUVKDYLQJRULHQWDWHGWKHIHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUVWRZDUGVHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVLQJWKHPRVWO\HPSKDVL]HGIDFWRU

DPRQJWKHPZDVIRXQGWREH´WKHQHJDWLYHDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVWHDFKLQJSURIHVVLRQµ:KLOHPRVWRIWKHIHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUV

VSRNHRIQRQHJDWLYLW\WKH\KDGHQFRXQWHUHGWKURXJKRXWWKHVWDJHRIWKHLULQWURGXFWLRQWRWKHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVLQJVRPHRIWKHP

VSRNHRIKDYLQJXQGHUJRQHJHQGHUEDVHGRFFXSDWLRQDOGLVFULPLQDWLRQLQWKHPHDQWLPH,WZDVIXUWKHUIRXQGRXWLQWKHUHVHDUFK

WKDWPRVWRIWKHIHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUVZHUHHQFRXQWHULQJSUREOHPVZKLOHGRLQJWKHLUGDLO\SURIHVVLRQDOURXWLQHVDQGWKH

´QHJDWLYHDWWLWXGHVDQGEHKDYLRUVRIWKRVHXQGHUVXSHUYLVLRQµZDVWKHPRVWO\FLWHGDPRQJWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGSUREOHPV:KLOH

PRVWRIWKHIHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUVVSRNHRIQRSUREOHPWKH\KDGHQFRXQWHUHGGXULQJWKHLUVXSHUYLVLRQRIWKHWHDFKHUVWKH\

DOVR WROG WKDW EHLQJ IHPDOH HGXFDWLRQ VXSHUYLVRUV GLG QRW SURYLGH DQ\ DGYDQWDJH IRU WKHP 0RVW RI WKH IHPDOH HGXFDWLRQ

VXSHUYLVRUVIXUWKHUWROGWKDWWKH\ZHUHFRQWHQWZLWKWKHLUSURIHVVLRQV2QWKHRWKHUKDQGLWZDVIXUWKHUDVFHUWDLQHGWKDWDPRQJ

WKHIDFWRUVKDYLQJPRVWO\EHHQFLWHGE\WKHIHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUV´EHLQJKHOSIXOµZDVWKHPRVWO\FLWHGRQHLQWHUPVRI

RFFXSDWLRQDOVDWLVIDFWLRQZKLOH´ILQDQFLDOLQVXIILFLHQF\µZDVWKHPRVWO\FLWHGRQHLQWHUPVRIRFFXSDWLRQDOGLVVDWLVIDFWLRQ

.H\ZRUGV6XSHUYLVLRQHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVLRQIHPDOHHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUVHGXFDWLRQVXSHUYLVRUVSUREOHPV



 0LOOv (ùLWLP 0GUOù $G×\DPDQ FDQOLVX]DQ#JPDLOFRP 'Ro 'U úQ|Q hQLYHUVLWHVL 0DODW\D

KDVDQGHPLUWDV#LQRQXHGXWU0LOOv(ùLWLP0GUOù0DODW\D0LOOv(ùLWLP0GUOùûDQO×XUID

$W×ILoLQ3OHDVHFLWHDV

&DQO× 6 'HPLUWDü + %R]DN $  'RUXN 6   (ùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùLQGH NDG×Q ROPDN

0HVOHùHLOLüNLQGüQFHOHUYHVRUXQODU.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL>(GXFDWLRQDO

$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFH@  



(2)



>(GXFDWLRQDO$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFH9RO,VVXH@



gUJWOHU DPDoODU×Q× JHUoHNOHüWLUGLNOHUL VUHFH YDUO×NODU×Q×

VUGUHELOPHNWHGLU%XQHGHQOH|UJWVHODPDoODU×QJHUoHNOHüWLULOPHGHUHFHVLQH

LOLüNLQ VUHNOL RODUDN G|QW DO×QPDO×G×U %X LVH |UJWQ JLUGLOHULQLQ |UJWVHO

VUHFLQYH|UJWo×NW×ODU×Q×QSODQO×YHSURJUDPO×RODUDNVUHNOLELoLPGHNRQWURO

HGLOPHVLYHGHùHUOHQGLULOPHVLLOHRODQDNO×ROXSWPEXLüOHYOHULLoHUHQGHQHWLPLQ

|UJW Do×V×QGDQ |QHPLQL YH ]RUXQOXOXùXQX J|VWHUPHNWHGLU 'HQHWLPLQ WHPHO

DPDF× |UJWQ DPDoODU×Q×Q JHUoHNOHüWLULOPH GHUHFHVLQL VDSWDPDN GDKD L\L

VRQXo DODELOPHN LoLQ JHUHNOL |QOHPOHUL DOPDN YH VUHFL JHOLüWLUPHNWLU $\G×Q

V 2KDOGHGHQHWLPNRQWUROHWPHNWHQ|WHJHOLüWLUPHRGDNO×ELULüOHY

J|UPHNWHGLU%XDo×GDQ|ùUHWLPLQGHQHWLPLYHJHOLüWLULOPHVLHùLWLPVLVWHPLQLQ

DPDoODU×QDXODüPDV×QGDHQJHUHNOLXQVXUODUGDQELULGLU $\G×QV 

(ùLWLPGHGHQHWLPDQOD\×ü×\|QHWLP\DNODü×PODU×QDYHNXUDPODU×QDX\JXQELU

GHùLüLP YH JHOLüLP J|VWHU PLüWLU  $\G×Q  V   .ODVLN GHQHWLP DQOD\×ü×

RNXOGDNL WP IDDOL\HWOHUL |OoPH YH GHùHUOHQGLUPH DQODP×QD JHOLUNHQ oDùGDü

GHQHWLPDQOD\×ü×|ùUHWPHQOHUHPHVOHNLGHVWHNYHUHKEHUOLNHWPH\LVDùOD\DQELU

VUHo RODUDN J|UOPHNWHGLU 7\DJL  V   $\U×FD |ùUHWPHQOHULQ EX

VUHFH NDW×OPDV× VDùODQDUDN RQODUOD LüELUOLùL \DS×OPDV× YXUJXODQPDNWDG×U

*OLFNPDQQ *RUGRQ YH 5RVV*RUGRQ  +R\ YH )RUV\WK  6KDUPD

<XVRII .DQQDQ YH %DED   .×VDFDV× |QFHOHUL NXUDOODUD X\JXQOXùXQ

VDùODQPDV× YH \HWHU VL]OLNOHU LQ DU DQPDV× DPDF×QD VDKLS GHQHWLP WU OHU L

YXUJXODQ×UNHQ ]DPDQOD |ùUHWLPLQ L\LOHüWLULOPHVL |ùUHWPHQ GR\XPXQXQ

DUWW×U×OPDV×YH|ùUHQHQWRSOXPXQ\DUDW×OPDV×JLELLQVDQND\QDNODU×YHLüELUOLùLQH

GD\DO×GHQHWLPWUOHULYXUJXODQP×üW×U $\G×QV 

(ùLWLP GHQHWLPL E\N |OoGH |ùUHQFL LOH LOJLOL GHùLO |ùUHWLPOH LOJLOLGLU

'HQHWLPRNXOXQLüOH\LüLQGH|QHPOLELUIRQNVL\RQGXUELUJ|UHY|]HOELUPHVOHN

\DGD\|QWHPOHUVHWLGHùLOGLU +DUULVV +R\YH)RUV\WK·D V  J|UHGHQHWLP|ùUHWPH|ùUHQPHVUHFLQLJHOLüWLUPHNLoLQWDVDUODQDQIDDOL\HWOHU

*ODWWKRUQ·D  V   J|UH RNXOXQ DPDoODU×Q×Q GDKD L\L JHUoHNOHüPHVL

DPDF×\OD |ùUHWPHQOHULQ PHVOHNL JHOLüPHOHULQH RODQDN VDùOD\DQ KL]PHWOHU YH

X\JXODQDQLüOHPOHU7D\PD]·D V J|UHLVHNXUXPGDoDO×üDQSHUVRQHOLQ

J|UHYOHULQL\DSPDüHNLOOHULQLJ|]OHPHNKDWDODU×YHHNVLNOLNOHULRUWD\DNR\PDN

EXQODU× G]HOWPHOHUL LoLQ JHUHNOL |QOHPOHUL DOPDN VRUXQODU× o|]POHPHN

\HQLOLNOHULWDQ×WPDNYH\|QWHPOHULJHOLüWLUPHOHULQLVDùODPDNW×U.×VDFDV×HùLWLP

GHQHWLPL RNXOGDNL |ùUHWPH|ùUHQPH VUHFLQLQ JHOLüWLULOPHVLQH YH

VUGUOPHVLQH\|QHOLNWLU +DUULVV 

'HQHWLPLQHùLWLP|ùUHWLPDo×V×QGDQ|QHPLQLJ|]|QQHDOG×ù×P×]GDHùLWLP

GHQHWLPLQLQHWNLOLELUELoLPGHJHUoHNOHüWLULOPHVL|QHPOLJ|UOPHNWHGLU(ùLWLP

GHQHWLPLQLQ HWNLOLùL LVH E\N RU DQGD HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU LQLQ NHQGLOHU LQGHQ

EHNOHQLOHQ J|UHYOHUL JHUoHNOHüWLUPHOHULQH EDùO×G×U dQN HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL

GHQHWLP VLVWHPLQLQ |QHPOL ELU NHVLPLQL ROXüWXUPDNWDG×U 7HU]L  V  

(ùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL HùLWLP NXUXPODU×Q×Q DPDoODU×Q×Q JHUoHNOHüWLULOPHVL LoLQ

\|QHWLFL |ùUHWPHQ YH GLùHU SHUVRQHOLQ oDO×üPDODU×Q× \|QOHQGLULU EHOLUOHQHQ

(3)

>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@ 

NXUDOODUD X\JXQ oDO×ü×S oDO×üPDG×NODU×Q× GHQHWOHU YH Lü EDü×QGD \HWLüPHOHULQL

VDùODUODU .XUXPGDNL SHUVRQHO DUDV×QGD ELUOLN YH GD\DQ×üPD\D KL]PHWLQ

\UWOPHVLQGH SODQODPD\D HüJGPH YH X\JXODPD\D NDWN× VDùODUODU (ùLWLP

|ùUHWLPOH LOJLOL VRUXQODU× EHOLUOHU VRUXQODU×Q o|]P NRQXVXQGD |QHULOHU

VXQDU DN HùLWLP|ùU HWLP VU HFLQLQ JHOLüWLU LOPHVLQH NDWN×GD EXOXQXU ODU  0LOOv

(ùLWLP %DNDQO×ù× >0(%@   %X EDùODPGD HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQH HùLWLP

VLVWHPLQLQ DPDoODU×QD XODüPDV×QGD oDùGDü ELU \DS× YH LüOH\LüH

NDYXüWXUXOPDV×QGDLüOHYVHOELUVRUXPOXOXN\NOHQPLüWLU 7HU]LV 

(ùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULLOGHNLKHUGHUHFHYHWUGHNL|UJQYH\D\J×QHùLWLP

NXUXPODU× LOH LO YH LOoH PLOOv HùLWLP PGUONOHULQLQ UHKEHUOLN LüEDü×QGD

\HWLüWLUPH GHQHWLP GHùHUOHQGLUPH LQFHOHPH DUDüW×UPD YH VRUXüWXUPD

KL]PHWOHULQL \UWPHNWHGLUOHU 5HVPv *D]HWH   (ùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL

NXUXPXQDPDF×QDXODüPDV×LoLQoDO×üDQSHUVRQHOH\DUG×PHWPH\ROJ|VWHUPH

SHUVRQHOLQ PHVOHNL JHOLüLPLQH NDWN×GD EXOXQPD LüOHYOHULQLQ \DQ× V×UD

SHUVRQHOLQoDO×üPDODU×Q×GDGHùHUOHQGLULU$\U×FD\DVDG×ü×H\OHPOHUGHEXOXQDQ

SHU VRQHOOHU LQ VRU XüWXU PDV×Q× GD HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU L \DSPDNWDG×U  7D\PD]

 V   %X GXUXPGD HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ IDUNO× UROOHU R\QDPDODU×

JHUHNPHNWHYHGHQHWPHQOHULQUROOHULJLGHUHNNDUPDü×NODüPDNWDG×U %XUQKDP

 V   7D\PD]   GHQHWLP VUHFLQGH GHQHWPHQOHULQ UROOHULQL

\|QHWLFLOLN OLGHU OLN |ùU HWLFLOLN U HKEHU OLN DU DüW×U PD X]PDQO×ù× YH VRU JX

\DU J×oO×ù× RODU DN LIDGH HGHU NHQ %HDFK YH 5HLQKDU W]   GHQHWPHQOHU LQ

UROOHULQL OLGHUOLN SODQODPDF×G]HQOH\LFL NROD\ODüW×U×F× GHùHUOHQGLULFL

FHVDUHWOHQGLULFLPRWLYH HGLFL LOHWLüLPFL NDUDU YHULFL NRoOXNPHQWRUON YH

GHùLüLPDMDQO×ù×RODUDNEHOLUWPHNWHGLU

(ùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULGHQHWLPLüOHYOHULQLKHUWUOHWNLGHQX]DNV×N×QW×V×]YH

KX]XULoHULVLQGH\HULQH JHWLUHELOGLNOHUL|OoGH NHQGLOHULQGHQEHNOHQLOHQUROOHUL

JHUoHNOHüWLUHELOLUOHU 7D\PD]  V   %X EDN×PGDQ HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ \DüDG×ù× VRUXQODU oHüLWOL Do×ODUGDQ HOH DO×QDUDN

o|]POHQPHOLGLU $ODQ\D]×QGD HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ \DüDG×NODU× VRUXQODU×

LQFHOH\HQ SHN oRN DUDüW×UPD \DS×OPDV×QD %H\KDQ  'DùO×  (UGHP

 g]PHQ YH ûDKLQ  6DUSND\D  6|E  ûHQ\] 

7D\PD]  7HU]L   UDùPHQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ FLQVL\HWOHUL

QHGHQL\OH PHVOHNL VUHoWH \DüDG×NODU× VRUXQODU× LQFHOH\HQ ELU DUDüW×UPD

\DS×OPDP×üW×U 'LùHU \DQGDQ \DS×ODQ ED]× DUDüW×UPDODUGD NDG×Q HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ Lü GR\XPXQXQ HUNHN PHVOHNWDüODU×QD RUDQOD GüN ROGXùX

.D\×No× YHGX\JXVDOWNHQPHER\XWXDo×V×QGDQHUNHNPHVOHNWDüODU×QGDQ

GDKDID]ODWNHQPLüOLNGX\JXVX\DüDG×NODU×EHOLUOHQPLüWLU (QJLQ %XQXQ

QHGHQL NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ FLQVL\HWOHUL QHGHQL\OH PHVOHNL VUHoWH

NDUü×ODüW×NODU×VRUXQODUYHEXVRUXQODU×Q\DüDPODU×QDROXPVX]\DQV×PDV×RODELOLU

1LWHNLP oDO×üPD \DüDP×QGD NDG×QODU HUNHNOHUGHQ IDUNO× VRUXQODU \DüDPDNWDG×U

+HOPV YH *XIIH\  .DUD  .RFDF×N YH $\DQ  .RFDF×N YH

*|NND\D/LXYH:LOVRQ<×OPD]%R]NXUWYHú]FL 

(4)



>(GXFDWLRQDO$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFH9RO,VVXH@



7DULKVHOVUHoLoLQGHNDG×QODUKHUG|QHPLQNRüXOODU×QDYHQLWHOLNOHULQHJ|UH

IDUNO×üHNLOOHUGHHNRQRPLNIDDOL\HWOHUHNDW×OP×üODUG×U$QFDNNDG×QODU×QELUFUHW

NDUü×O×ù×oDO×üPDV×6DQD\L'HYULPLLOHEDüODP×üW×U .RFDF×NYH*|NND\DV

  .DG×Q×Q oDO×üPD \DüDP×QD JLUPHVLQH UDùPHQ HY LüOHULQLQ FLQVL\HWoL

GDù×W×P×QGDELUGHùLüLP\DüDQPDP×üYHNDG×QODUDo×V×QGDQoDO×üPDROJXVXLNLQFL

HWNLQOLN RODUDN J|UOPH\H GHYDP HWPLüWLU .XPDü YH )LGDQ  V  

dQN NDG×Q YH HUNHùLQ oDO×üW×ù× GXUXPODUGD HUNHùLQ PHVOHùL |QHPOL

J|UOPHNWHEXHUNHNOHUHHYLüOHULQGHQYHoRFXNEDN×P×QGDQPXDIROPDKDNN×Q×

YHUPHNWHGLU &RRSHUYH/HZLVV %XQHGHQOHoDO×üDQNDG×QODUDLOHLoL

JHOHQHNVHOLüOHULQL\HULQHJHWLUPHN]RUXQGDNDOP×ü .RFDF×NYH$\DQ YH

NHQGLVLQH \NOHQHQ EX DVOL J|UHYOHULQL DNVDWPDPDN üDUW×\OD GDKD D] UHWNHQ

ID]OD VRUXPOXOXN JHUHNWLUPH\HQ YH ]DPDQ DOPD\DQ VHNW|UOHUGH oDO×üPD\D

LWLOPLüOHUGLU %HVOHUYH2UXoV %|\OHOLNOHED]×PHVOHNOHULQNDG×QODUD

ED]×ODU×Q×Q LVH HUNHNOHUH X\JXQ ROGXùX J|Uü EHQLPVHQHUHN FLQVL\HWH GD\DO×

PHVOHNLD\U×PF×O×NRUWD\Do×NP×üW×U 3UHVWRQ 2KDOGH FLQVL\HWUROOHULQH

LOLüNLQ WRSOXPVDO WXWXPODU HUNHNOHULQ YH NDG×QODU×Q PHVOHN VHoLPLQL

HWNLOHPHNWHGLU :RRWWRQV 

0HVOHNL FLQVL\HW D\U×P×Q×Q \DQ× V×UD Lü\HULQGH GH FLQVL\HW D\U×PF×O×ù×

\DS×OPDNWDG×U 8]PDQODU Lü\HULQGH NDG×QODUD NDUü× X\JXODQDQ D\U×PF×O×ù×QD

JHQHOOLNOH FLQVL\HWH LOLüNLQ NOWUHO LQDQoODU×Q WHPHO ROGXùXQX EHOLUWPHNWHGLU

5LGJHZD\ YH (QJODQG  DNW %REELWW=HKHU   7RSOXPVDO FLQVL\HW

|]HOOLNOHUL |UJWVHO FLQVL\HW |]HOOLNOHUL ]HULQGH EHOLUOH\LFL ELU URO R\QDPDNWD

0HUFDQO×RùOXV Lü\HULQGHNLHUNHNNDG×QLOLüNLOHULQLQLoLQHLüOHPHNWH

KHU ELU FLQVL\HWWHQ EHNOHQLOHQ GDYUDQ×üODU× YH GDYUDQ×üODU×Q \RUXPODQPDV×Q×

HWNLOHPHNWHGLU &RRSHU YH /HZLV   $\U×FD WRSOXPVDO FLQVL\HWH LOLüNLQ

|]HOOLNOHU WHPHO DO×QDUDN Lü\HULQGH FLQVL\HW D\U×PF×O×ù×QD \RO DoDQ ELUWDN×P

|UJWVHO X\JXODPDODU×Q SROLWLNDODU×Q YH |UJWVHO \DS×ODU×Q ROXüPDV×QD QHGHQ

ROPDNWDG×U 5LGJHZD\ YH (QJODQG  DNW %REELWW=HKHU   &LQVL\HWH

LOLüNLQ |]HOOLNOHU LOH EDüDU×O× \|QHWLFLOHULQ |]HOOLNOHUL DUDV×QGD LOLüNL ROGXùX YH

HUNHNOHULQ NDG×QODUD RUDQOD EDüDU×O× \|QHWLFL |]HOOLNOHULQH GDKD X\JXQ ROGXùX

J|Uü EHQLPVHQPHNWHGLU %X J|Uü NDG×QODU×Q \|QHWLP SR]LV\RQODU× LoLQ

HUNHNOHUGHQ GDKD D] QLWHOLNOL ROGXùXQXQ DOJ×ODQPDV×QD YH \|QHWLP

SR]LV\RQODU×QD JLUPHOHULQLQ ROXPVX] RODUDN HWNLOHQPHVLQH QHGHQ

RODELOPHNWHGLU %UHQQHU7RPNLHZLF]YH6FKHLQV 

<XNDU×GD \DS×ODQ Do×NODPDODU ×ü×ù×QGD WRSOXPVDO FLQVL\HW |]HOOLNOHULQLQ

|UJWOHUH \DQV×PDV× YH NDG×QODU×Q WRSOXPVDO FLQVL\HW UROOHUL QHGHQL\OH NDG×Q

HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU LQLQ HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQH EDN×ü Do×ODU ×Q×Q YH

PHVOHNL VUHoWH \DüDG×NODU× VRUXQODU×Q HUNHN PHVOHNWDüODU×QGDQ IDUNO×

RODELOHFHùL GüQOPHNWHGLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ NHQGLOHULQGHQ

EHNOHQLOHQ GHQHWLP KL]PHWOHULQL HWNLOL ELU üHNLOGH JHUoHNOHüWLUHELOPHOHUL LoLQ

HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQH LOLüNLQ GüQFHOHULQLQ YH VRUXQODU×Q×Q

EHOLUOHQHUHNRUWD\Do×NDQVRUXQODU×Qo|]POHQPHVL|QHPOLJ|UOPHNWHGLU

(5)

>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@ 

$UDüW×UPDQ×Q$PDF×

%X DUDüW×UPDQ×Q WHPHO DPDF× NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQH LOLüNLQ GüQFHOHULQL YH VRUXQODU×Q× EHOLUOHPHNWLU

$UDüW×UPDQ×Q GLùHU ELU DPDF× EXOJXODUGDQ \ROD o×N×ODUDN X\JXOD\×F×ODUD YH

DUDüW×UPDF×ODUD |QHULOHU VXQPDNW×U %X DPDoOD DüDù×GDNL VRUXODUD \DQ×W

DUDQP×üW×U

 .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQL HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQH \|QHOWHQ

HWNHQOHUQHOHUGLU"

 .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ NDG×Q ROPDODU× QHGHQL\OH HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQH JLULü DüDPDV×QGD \DüDG×NODU× ROXPVX]OXNODU

QHOHUGLU"

 .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ NDG×Q ROPDNWDQ |WU PHVOHNL VUHoWH

\DüDG×NODU×VRUXQODUQHOHUGLU"

 .DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQLROPDQ×QDYDQWDMODU×QHOHUGLU"

 .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHNL PHPQXQL\HW YH

PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLNOHULQHOHUGLU"

<|QWHP

$UDüW×UPDQ×Q0RGHOL

%X DUDüW×UPDGD JHQHO WDUDPD PRGHOLQH GD\DO× EHWLPVHO \|QWHP

NXOODQ×OP×üW×U 7DUDPD PRGHOL PHYFXW GXUXPX ROGXùX JLEL Do×NODQPDNWDG×U

.DUDVDUV $UDüW×UPDYHULOHULQLWHODUDüW×UPD\|QWHPL\OHHOGHHGLOPLü

ROXS QLWHO DUDüW×UPD GHVHQOHULQGHQ ROJXELOLP GHVHQL\OH \UWOPüWU

2OJXELOLP GHVHQL EL]H WP\OH \DEDQF× ROPD\DQ YH WDP RODUDN DQODP×Q×

NDYUD\DPDG×ù×P×] ROJXODU× DUDüW×UPD\× DPDoOD\DQ oDO×üPDODU LoLQ X\JXQGXU

)DUN×QGD ROGXùXPX] DQFDN GHULQOHPHVLQH YH D\U×QW×O× ELU DQOD\×üD VDKLS

ROPDG×ù×P×]ROJXODUDRGDNODQPDNWDG×U <×OG×U×PYHûLPüHNV 

dDO×üPD*UXEX

$UDüW×UPDQ×Q NDW×O×PF×ODU×Q×Q EHOLUOHQPHVLQGH DPDoO× |UQHNOHPH

\|QWHPOHULQGHQ NROD\ XODü×ODELOLU GXUXP |UQHNOHPH WHNQLùL NXOODQ×OP×üW×U

.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQLVD\×V×Q×QD]O×ù×YHIDUNO×LOOHUGHEXOXQPDV×NDG×QHùLWLP

GHQHWPHQOHULQH XODüPD\× JoOHüWLUGLùLQGHQ DUDüW×UPD\D K×] YH SUDWLNOLN

ND]DQG×UPDV× DPDF×\OD NROD\ XODü×ODELOLU GXUXP |UQHNOHPHVL WHUFLK HGLOPLüWLU

.ROD\ XODü×ODELOLU GXUXP |UQHNOHPH WHNQLùLQGH DUDüW×UPDF× \DN×Q RODQ YH

HULüLOPHVL NROD\ RODQ ELU GXUXPX VHoHU <×OG×U×P YH ûLPüHN  V  

(6)



>(GXFDWLRQDO$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFH9RO,VVXH@



NROD\O×NOD XODü×ODELOHQ ELUH\OHU DUDüW×UPDQ×Q oDO×üPD JUXEXQX ROXüWXUXU

)UDHQNHO:DOOHQYH+\XQV 

7P (ùLWLPFLOHU YH (ùLWLP 0IHWWLüOHUL 6HQGLNDV× 7(06(1  DUDF×O×ù× LOH

 WDULKLQGH 0LOOL (ùLWLP %DNDQO×ù×·QGDQ DO×QDQ ELOJLOHUH J|UH

7UNL\H·GH  NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL EXOXQPDNWDG×U $UDüW×UPDQ×Q oDO×üPD

JU XEX J|U üPH\L NDEXO HGHQ  NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQLQGHQ ROXüPDNWDG×U 

.DW×O×PF×ODUDLOLüNLQELOJLOHU7DEOR·GHJ|VWHULOPLüWLU

7DEOR

.DW×O×PF×ODUDúOLüNLQ'HPRJUDILNg]HOOLNOHU

'HùLüNHQOHU ']H\ Q 

%UDQü

6×Q×IgùUHWPHQOLùL  

2NXO|QFHVL  

7UNoH  

0DWHPDWLN  

'LQ.OWUYH$KODN%LOJLVL  

7HNQRORMLYH7DVDU×P  

5HKEHUgùUHWPHQ  

.×GHP

\×O  

\×O  

\×O  

*|UHY<DS×ODQúO

$G×\DPDQ  

$QNDUD  

,ùG×U  

0Xü  

ûDQO×8UID  

0HUVLQ  

<R]JDW  

9HUL7RSODPD$UDF×

%XDUDüW×UPDGDYHULWRSODPDDUDF×RODUDN\DU×\DS×ODQG×U×OP×üJ|UüPHIRUPX

NXOODQ×OP×üW×U  *|U üPH IRU PX KD]×U ODQPDGDQ |QFH LOJLOL DODQ\D]×Q WDU DPDV×

\DS×OP×ü  HU NHN YH  NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL RODQ DU DüW×U PDF×ODU  WDU DI×QGDQ

J|UüPHIRUPXQGD\HUDODFDNVRUXODUROXüWXUXOPXüWXU*|UüPHIRUPXQXQNDG×Q

HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQH LOLüNLQ GüQFHOHULQL YH

VRUXQODU×Q× VDSWDPD DPDF×QD X\JXQOXùXQX EHOLUOHPHN LoLQ X]PDQ J|UüQH

EDüYXU XOPXüWXU  *|U üPH IRU PX ûDQO× 8U ID LOLQGH J|U HY \DSDQ  NDG×Q HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQLQHX\JXODQP×üYHLIDGHER]XNOXùXRODQDQODü×OPD\DQVRUXGDJHUHNOL

(7)

>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@ 

GHùLüLNOLNOHU \DS×ODUDN  VRUXOXN J|UüPH IRUPX ROXüWXUXOPXüWXU *|UüPH

IRUPXQGD\HUDODQVRUXODUDüDù×GDEHOLUWLOPLüWLU

 %LUNDG×QRODUDNHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùLPHVOHùLQLWHUFLKHWPHVHEHELQL]QHGLU"

 .DG×Q ROPDQ×] QHGHQL\OH HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQH JLULü

DüDPDV×QGD\DüDG×ù×Q×]JoONOHUQHOHUGLU"

 *QON PHVOHNL oDO×üPDODU×Q×] V×UDV×QGD NDG×Q ROPDQ×] VHEHEL\OH

\DüDG×ù×Q×]VRUXQODUQHOHUGLU"

 g]HOOLNOH |ùUHWPHQ GHQHWLPLQGH NDG×Q ROPDQ×] VHEHEL\OH QH WU

VRUXQODU\DüDPDNWDV×Q×]"

 .DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQLROPDQ×]×QROXPOX\DQODU×QHOHUGLU"

 %XPHVOHùLVHoPLüROPDNWDQPHPQXQPXVXQX]"1HGHQ"

9HULOHULQ7RSODQPDV×

%X DUDüW×UPDQ×Q YHULOHUL  WDULKOHUL DUDV×QGD

WRSODQP×üW×U 9HULOHU J|UüPH LPNkQ× RODQ GHQHWPHQOHUOH \] \]H J|UüPH

\DS×ODUDN GLùHUOHULQH LVH J|UüPH IRUPXQXQ HPDLO \ROX\OD J|QGHULOPHVL\OH

WRSODQP×üW×U $G×\DPDQ LOLQGH EXOXQDQ  NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL LOH \] \]H

J|UüPH \DS×OP×üW×U ûDQO× 8UID LOLQGH J|UHY \DSDQ  NDG×Q  HUNHN HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQL DUDF×O×ù×\OD  J|UüPH IRUPX RQODU×Q WDQ×G×NODU× NDG×Q HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQOHULQHHPDLO\ROX\ODJ|QGHULOPLüWLU'LùHUJ|UüPHIRUPXLVHIDUNO×

LOOHULQ úO (ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQOHUL %DüNDQO×NODU× LOH WHOHIRQ J|UüPHVL \DS×ODUDN

DO×QDQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ HPDLO DGUHVOHULQH J|QGHULOPLüWLU .DG×Q

HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ HPDLO DGUHVOHULQL YHUPHN LVWHPH\HQ úO (ùLWLP

'HQHWPHQOHUL %DüNDQO×NODU×Q×Q HPDLO DGUHVOHULQH J|UüPH IRUPODU×

J|QGHULOPLü YH GROGXUXODQ J|UüPH IRUPODU× SRVWD DUDF×O×ù×\OD DUDüW×UPDF×\D

XODüW×U×OP×üW×U $G×\DPDQ LOLQGH J|UHY \DSDQ  NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL LOH

\DS×ODQJ|UüPHOHU\DNODü×NRODUDNGNVUPüWU%XJ|UüPHOHUV×UDV×QGD

YHULOHUNDW×O×PF×ODUGDQL]LQDO×QPDNVXUHWL\OHVHVND\G×\DS×ODUDNYHQRWDO×QDUDN

WRSODQP×üW×U 0DFN :RRGVRQJ 0DF4XHHQ *XHVW YH 1DPH\  V 

<×OG×U×PYHûLPüHNV 

9HULOHULQd|]POHQPHVLYH<RUXPODQPDV×

$UDüW×UPDGD HOGH HGLOHQ YHULOHULQ DQDOL]LQGH EHWLPVHO YH LoHULN DQDOL]L

NXOODQ×OP×üW×U %HWLPVHO DQDOL] LoHULN DQDOL]LQH J|UH GDKD \]H\VHOGLU YH GDKD

oRN DUDüW×UPDQ×Q NDYUDPVDO \DS×V×Q×Q |QFHGHQ Do×N ELoLPGH EHOLUOHQGLùL

DUDüW×UPDODUGD NXOODQ×OPDNWDG×U %HWLPVHO DQDOL]GH J|UüOHQ ELUH\OHULQ

J|UüOHULQL oDUS×F× ELU ELoLPGH \DQV×WPDN DPDF×\OD GRùUXGDQ DO×QW×ODUD V×N V×N

\HUYHULOLUúoHULNDQDOL]LYHULOHULQGHULQOHPHVLQHDQDOL]HGLOPHVLQLJHUHNWLULUYH

|QFHGHQEHOLUJLQROPD\DQWHPDODU×QRUWD\Do×NDU×OPDV×QDRODQDNVDùODUúoHULN

DQDOL]LQGH\DS×ODQLüOHPELUELULQHEHQ]H\HQYHULOHULEHOLUOLNDYUDPODUYHWHPDODU

(8)



>(GXFDWLRQDO$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFH9RO,VVXH@



oHUoHYHVLQGH ELU DUD\D JHWLUPHN YH EXQODU× RNX\XFXQXQ DQOD\DELOHFHùL ELU

ELoLPGH G]HQOH\HUHN \RUXPODPDNW×U <×OG×U×P YH ûLPüHN   %X

DUDüW×UPDGDYHULOHULQo|]POHQPHVLYH\RUXPODQPDV×LNLDUDüW×UPDF×WDUDI×QGDQ

DüDù×GDNLüHNLOGHJHUoHNOHüWLULOPLüWLU

gQFHOLNOH KHU  ELU  J|U üPH IRU PX ' '« üHNOLQGH NRGODQP×üW×U  *|U üPH

IRUPXQGD \HU DODQ VRUXODUD YHULOHQ \DQ×WODU DUDüW×UPDF×ODU WDUDI×QGDQ WLWL]OLNOH

LUGHOHQPLü YH WPHYDU×PF× ELU \DNODü×POD |QFHGHQ EHOLUOHQHQ ELU NRG LoHULùL

ROPDGDQ LIDGHOHULQ |]QH EDùO× NDO×QDUDN NRGODPDODU \DS×OP×üW×U .RGODPD

\DS×O×UNHQ LIDGH V×NO×ù×Q×Q EHOLUOHQPHVLQH GLNNDW HGLOPLüWLU .RGODU ELU DUD\D

JHWLULOHUHNEHQ]HUOLNOHULYHIDUNO×O×NODU×LQFHOHQPLüELUELULQHEHQ]HUNRGODUDUDV×QGD

RUWDN\|QOHUEXOXQDUDNWHPDODUROXüWXUXOPXüWXU'DKDVRQUDYHULOHUWHNUDUJ|]GHQ

JHoLULOHUHNLNLDUDüW×UPDF×Q×QROXüWXUGXùXNRGODUYHWHPDODUNDUü×ODüW×U×OP×üX]PDQ

J|UüQH EDüYXUXODUDN NRGODU×Q YH WHPDODU×Q VRQ KDOL EHOLUOHQHUHN RNX\XFXQXQ

DQOD\DELOHFHùL ELU GLOOH WDQ×PODQP×üW×U 1LWHO YHULQLQ EHOLUOL G]H\GH VD\×ODUD

LQGLUJHQPHVL PPNQ ROGXùXQGDQ NRGODUD YH WHPDODUD LOLüNLQ IUHNDQVODU

KHVDSODQP×üW×U %XOJXODU×Q VXQXPXQGD NDW×O×PF×ODU×Q ELUH\VHO RODUDN GLOH JHWLUGLùL

LIDGHOHUGHQ ED]×ODU× YHULOPLüWLU (OGH HGLOHQ YHULOHU QHGHQVRQXo LOLüNLOHUL LOH

LQFHOHQHUHNELUWDN×P\DUJ×ODUDXODü×OP×üW×U <×OG×U×PYHûLPüHN 

*HoHUOLNYH*YHQLUOLN

1LWHO DUDüW×UPDODUGD JHoHUOLN GRùUXOXN DQODP×QD JHOPHNWHGLU 1HXPDQ

  1LWHO DUDüW×UPDODUGD ´Lo JHoHUOLNµ \HULQH ´LQDQG×U×F×O×Nµ ´G×ü JHoHUOLNµ

\HULQH ´DNWDU×ODELOLUOLNµ NDYUDPODU×Q×Q NXOODQ×OPDV× WHUFLK HGLOPHNWHGLU

$UDüW×UPD NRQXVX KDNN×QGD JHQHO ELOJL\H VDKLS YH QLWHO DUDüW×UPD \|QWHPOHUL

NRQXVXQGD X]PDQ NLüLOHUGHQ DUDüW×UPD\× oHüLWOL ER\XWODU×\OD LQFHOHQPHVLQLQ

LVWHQPHVL LQDQG×U×F×O×ù× DUW×UDFDN VWUDWHMLOHUGHQ ELULGLU $\U×FD DUDüW×UPDF×Q×Q

XODüW×ù× VRQXoODU×Q YH \RUXPODU×Q NDW×O×PF×ODU WDUDI×QGDQ WH\LW HGLOPHVL

LQDQG×U×F×O×ù× DUW×UDQ ELU EDüND VWUDWHMLGLU <×OG×U×P YH ûLPüHN   %X

DUDüW×UPDGD LQDQG×U×F×O×ù× DUW×UPDN DPDF×\OD KHP J|UüPH IRUPXQXQ NDG×Q

HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHùH LOLüNLQ GüQFHOHULQL YH VRUXQODU×Q× VDSWDPD

DPDF×QDX\JXQOXùXQXKHPGHNRGODU×QYHWHPDODU×QVRQKDOLQLEHOLUOHPHNLoLQ

X]PDQ J|UüQH EDüYXUXOPXüWXU $\U×FD DUDüW×UPD VRQXoODU× YH \RUXPODU×

NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL\OH SD\ODü×OP×ü \RUXPODUOD NDW×O×PF× WH\LGL DO×QDUDN

LQDQG×U×F×O×NDUW×U×OPD\DoDO×ü×OP×üW×U

1LWHO DUDüW×UPD VRQXoODU×Q×Q DNWDU×ODELOLUOLùL YHULOHULQ \HWHUOL G]H\GH

EHWLPOHQPHVLQH EDùO×G×U $\U×QW×O× EHWLPOHPH YHULOHULQ RUWD\D o×NDQ NDYUDP YH

WHPDODUD J|UH G]HQOHQPLü ELU üHNLOGH RNX\XFX\D \RUXP NDWPDGDQ YH YHULQLQ

GRùDV×QDPPNQROGXùXQFDVDG×NNDO×QDUDNDNWDU×OPDV×G×U <×OG×U×PYHûLPüHN

 %XDPDoODDUDüW×UPDGDV×NV×NGRùUXGDQDO×QW×ODUD\HUYHULOPLüWLU

1LWHODUDüW×UPDODUGDJYHQLOLUOLNWXWDUO×O×NYH\DVDùODPO×NDQODP×QDJHOPHNWHGLU

1HXPDQV 1LWHODUDüW×UPDODUGD´LoJYHQLUOLNµ\HULQH´WXWDUO×O×Nµ´G×ü

JYHQLUOLNµ\HULQH´WH\LWHGLOHELOLUOLNµNDYUDPODU×Q×QNXOODQ×OPDV×WHUFLKHGLOPHNWHGLU

(9)

>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@ 

<×OG×U×P YH ûLPüHN   úo JYHQLUOLùLQ VDùODQPDV× DPDF×\OD DUDüW×UPD

YHU LOHU LQLQ DQDOL]L LNL DU DüW×U PDF× WDU DI×QGDQ ELU ELU OHU LQGHQ EDù×PV×] RODU DN

\DS×OP×üW×U 6×Q×IODQG×UPD LüOHPLQLQ ELUGHQ ID]OD NLüL WDUDI×QGDQ \DS×OPDV×

JYHQLOLUOLùLQ GHùHUOHQGLULOPHVLQH RODQDN VDùODU :HEHU   $UDüW×UPDF×ODU

DUDV×QGDNL X\XP \]GHVL DUDüW×UPDQ×Q JYHQLUOLùLQL EHOLUWLU 6WHPOHU   %X

EDùODPGD 0LOHV YH +XEHUPDQ   WDUDI×QGDQ |QHULOHQ IRUPO JYHQLUOLN  J|U ü ELU OLùLJ|U ü ELU OLùL  J|U ü D\U ×O×ù×  NXOODQ×ODU DN DU DüW×U PDF×ODU  DU DV×QGDNL

X\XüXP RUDQ×    RODUDN EXOXQPXüWXU '×ü JYHQLUOLùL VDùODPDN

DPDF×\ODWPYHULWRSODPDDUDoODU×KDPYHULOHUYHULOHULQDQDOL]DüDPDV×QGD\DS×ODQ

NRGODU QRWODU YH o×NDU×PODU WDOHS HGLOPHVL GXUXPXQGD YH\D JHOHFHNWH \DS×ODFDN

EHQ]HUELUDUDüW×UPDLOHNDUü×ODüW×UPDODU×Q\DS×ODELOPHVLDPDF×\ODVDNODQP×üW×U

%XOJXODU

.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHULQL(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOLùL0HVOHùLQH<|QHOWHQ(WNHQOHU

.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùLPHVOHùLQH\|QHOPHOHULQGH

HWNLOLRODQHWNHQOHUHLOLüNLQJ|UüOHUL7DEOR·GHYHULOPLüWLU

7DEOR 

.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHULQL(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOLùL0HVOHùLQH<|QHOWHQ(WNHQOHU

0HVOHùH\|QHOWHQHWNHQOHU .DG×Q(ùLWLP

'HQHWPHQL1R Q

gùUHWPHQOLNPHVOHùLQHLOLüNLQROXPVX]WXWXP  

hVWOHUL \|QHWLFLYHGHQHWPHQ \HWHUOLJ|UPHPH  

.DUL\HU\DSPDN  

'HQHWPHQOLNPHVOHùLQHLOLüNLQROXPOXWXWXP  

dHYUHPHID\GDO×ROPDN HùLWLPVLVWHPLQHYH

|ùUHWPHQOHUH   

'DKDL\LLPNkQODUDVDKLSROPDN J|UHY\HULYHVWDW   

&LQVL\HWHGD\DO×PHVOHNLD\U×PF×O×ùDWHSNL  

.DG×Q|ùUHWPHQOHUOHGDKDL\LLOHWLüLPNXUDUDN\DUG×PF×

ROPDN  

.DG×QODUDPRGHOROPDN  

)DUNO×ELUDODQGDoDO×üPDN  

hONHPHYHGHPRNUDVL\HRODQLQDQoYHJYHQFLP  

7HVDGI  

7DEOR  LQFHOHQGLùLQGH NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQL HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL

PHVOHùLQH\|QHOWHQ HWNHQOHULQ´gùUHWPHQOLNPHVOHùLQH LOLüNLQROXPVX]WXWXP

hVWOHUL \|QHWLFLYHGHQHWPHQ \HWHUOLJ|UPHPH.DUL\HU\DSPDN'HQHWPHQOLN

PHVOHùLQH LOLüNLQ ROXPOX WXWXP dHYUHPH ID\GDO× ROPDN HùLWLP VLVWHPLQH YH

|ùUHWPHQOHUH 'DKDL\LLPNkQODUDVDKLSROPDN J|UHY\HULYHVWDW &LQVL\HWH

GD\DO×PHVOHNLD\U×PF×O×ùDWHSNL.DG×Q|ùUHWPHQOHUOHGDKDL\LLOHWLüLPNXUDUDN

\DUG×PF×ROPDN.DG×QODUDPRGHOROPDN)DUNO×ELUDODQGDoDO×üPDNhONHPHYH

GHPRNUDVL\HRODQLQDQoYHJYHQFLP7HVDGIµROGXùXJ|UOPHNWHGLU

(10)



>(GXFDWLRQDO$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFH9RO,VVXH@



.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùLQH\|QHOPHOHULQGHHQV×N

YXUJXODG×NODU× HWNHQ ´gùUHWPHQOLN PHVOHùLQH LOLüNLQ ROXPVX] WXWXPµ RODUDN

EHOLUOHQPLüWLU.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHUL|ùUHWPHQOLNPHVOHùLQGHVUHFLQUXWLQ

KDOHJHOPHVL|ùUHWPHQOLùLQ\RUXFXROPDV×NHQGLOHULQLNDQ×WODPD\D\HWPHPHVL

YHYHULPOHULQLQJLGHUHND]DOG×ù×Q×GüQPHOHULQHGHQL\OHHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùLQL

WHUFLKHWWLNOHULQLEHOLUWPLüOHUGLU%XHWNHQHLOLüNLQNDG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQ

ED]×LIDGHOHULDüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU

´gùUHWPHQOLNPHVOHùLQLQUXWLQKDOHJHOPHVLQGHQV×N×OG×ù×PLoLQE|\OH

ELUWHUFLKWHEXOXQGXP ' µ

´gùUHWPHQ RODUDN NHQGLPL \HWHULQFH NDQ×WODG×ù×P× EDQD DUW×N

\HWPHGLùLQLGüQPHPHWNHQGLU ' µ

´%UDQü×PV×Q×I |ùUHWPHQOLùL\×OER\XQFDV×Q×I|ùUHWPHQOLùL \DSW×P

\×O×Q\×O×6×Q×IODU×RNXWPDNODJHoWLdRNWLWL]VRUXPOXOXNVDKLEL

ND\J×O× ELU |ùUHWPHQGLP gùUHQFLOHULPLQ KHP HùLWVHO EDüDU×ODU×Q×

\NVHOWPHNWHQKD]DO×UKHPGHL\LELULQVDQRODUDN\HWLüWLUPHND\J×V×Q×

GX\DUROXPVX]GDYUDQ×üODU×G]HOWPHNLoLQoDEDVDUIHGHUGLP$PDEX

LüEDQDJLGHUHN\RUXFXJHOPH\HEDüODG× ' µ

´gùUHWPHQOLNWHNL YHULPLPLQ JLGHUHN D]DOG×ù×Q× YH  \×O GDKD

|ùUHWPHQOLN\DSDPD\DFDù×P×GüQPHPHWNHQGLU ' µ

.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHùL VHoPHOHULQGH LNLQFL V×UDGD

YXUJXODG×NODU×HWNHQLQ´VWOHUL \|QHWLFLYHGHQHWPHQ \HWHUOLJ|UPHPHµROGXùX

EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL \|QHWLFLQLQ VRUXPVX]OXùX

\|QHWLFLQLQNHQGLQLJHOLüWLUPHPHVL\|QHWLFLYHGHQHWPHQLQ\HWHUOLELOJLOHQGLUPH

VDùODPDPDV× V×Q×ID GHQHWLPH JHOHQ HUNHN HùLWLP GHQHWPHQLQL \HWHUVL]

J|UPHOHUL YH GDYUDQ×üODU×Q× EHùHQPHPHOHUL QHGHQL\OH HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùLQL

WHUFLK HWWLNOHULQL EHOLUWPLüWLU %X HWNHQH LOLüNLQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ

ELUH\VHORODUDNGLOHJHWLUGLNOHULLIDGHOHUGHQED]×ODU×DüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU

´gùUHWPHQOLN PHVOHùLQL \DSDUNHQ oDO×üW×ù×P NXUXPODUGD J|UHY \DSDQ

\|QHWLFLOHUHJ|UHGDKDID]ODVRUXPOXOXNVDKLELROGXùXPXRQODUDJ|UH

NHQGLPLJHOLüWLUPH\HGDKDoRNoDEDVDUIHWWLùLPLJ|UGP$\U×FDEXWU

\|QHWLFLOHULQ NHQGLOHULQLQ \DSDPDG×ù× üH\OHUL EHQGHQ LVWHPHVL GH

JFPH JLGL\RUGX .HQGLP LGDUHFL ROPDN LVWHPHGLùLP LoLQ

GHQHWPHQOLùLVHoWLPµ ' 

´gùUHWPHQOLN \DSDUNHQ V×Q×I×PD WHIWLüH JHOHQ HUNHN GHQHWPHQLQL \HWHUOL

J|UPHGLùLPYHGDYUDQ×üODU×Q×EHùHQPHGLùLPLoLQVHoWLP ' µ

´gùUHWPHQ LNHQ ED]× NRQXODUGD \DUG×PD LKWL\DF×P ROX\RUGX 2NXO

PGU YH GHQHWPHQOHU VRUGXùXP VRUXODUD \HWHUOL FHYDS YHUHPH\LS

EHQL ELOJLOHQGLUPL\RUODUG× %X QHGHQOH EX PHVOHùL VHoWLP NL GLùHU

|ùUHWPHQOHUEHQLPoHNWLùLPV×N×QW×ODU×oHNPHVLQ ' µ

.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùLQH\|QHOPHOHULQGHHWNLOL

RODQ GLùHU  ELU  HWNHQLQ ´FLQVL\HWH GD\DO× PHVOHNL D\U ×PF×O×ùD WHSNLµ ROGXùX

EHOLUOHQPLüWLU%XHWNHQHLOLüNLQJ|UüQNDW×O×PF×ODUGDQ'´«%XPHVOHùLQ

(11)

>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@ 

VDGHFH HUNHN LüL RO PDG×ù×QD NDG×QO DU×Q GD JD\HW J]HO  \DSDELO HFHùLQH LQDQG×ù×P

LoLQEXPHVOHùLVHoWLPµüHNOLQGHLIDGHHWPLüWLU

.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHULQLQ.DG×Q2OPDODU×1HGHQL\OH(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOLùL

0HVOHùLQH*LULü$üDPDV×QGD<DüDG×NODU×2OXPVX]OXNODU

.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU LQLQ PHVOHùH JLU Lü DüDPDV×QGD NDG×Q ROPDODU ×

QHGHQL\OH\DüDG×NODU×ROXPVX]OXNODUDLOLüNLQJ|UüOHUL7DEOR·WHYHULOPLüWLU

7DEOR

.DG×Q (ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQOHULQLQ .DG×Q 2OPDODU× 1HGHQL\OH (ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQOLùL

0HVOHùLQH*LULü$üDPDV×QGD<DüDG×NODU×2OXPVX]OXNODU

0HVOHùH*LULüWH<DüDQ×ODQ2OXPVX]OXNODU .DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL1R Q

+HUKDQJLELUROXPVX]OXN\DüDPDG×P  

&LQVL\HWHGD\DO×PHVOHNLD\U×PF×O×N  

7DEOR ·H J|UH NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ oRùXQOXùXQXQ PHVOHùH JLULü

DüDPDV×QGD KHUKDQJL ELU ROXPVX]OXN \DüDPDG×NODU× ED]×ODU×Q×Q ´&LQVL\HWH

GD\DO× PHVOHNL D\U×PF×O×ùDµ PDUX] NDOG×NODU× EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ \DN×Q oHYUHOHULQGHNL NLüLOHU \HWNLOL NLüLOHU YH HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQOHULWDUDI×QGDQFLQVL\HWHGD\DO×PHVOHNLD\U×PF×O×ùDPDUX]NDOG×NODU×Q×

EHOLUWHQLIDGHOHULQGHQED]×ODU×DüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU

´0ODNDWV×QDY×QGDNRPLV\RQ\HOHULQGHQELULVL¶ú]PLU·GH\DüDG×ù×Q×

ERüDQP×ü ROGXùXQX YH ELU oRFXùXQ ROGXùXQX V|\OHGLQ (ùHU

GHQHWPHQROXUVDQoRFXùXQODELUOLNWHWHNEDü×QDGRùXGDELULOGHJ|UHY

\DSDELOHFHNPLVLQ"·GL\HVRUGX ' µ

´«PHVOHùLQ JH]LVL ROPDV× VHEHEL\OH QH \DSDFDNV×Q EDüND LüLQ \RN

PX UDKDW×Q× QL\H ER]X\RUVXQ JLEL SHN oRN ROXPVX] LOHWLüLPOH

NDUü×ODüW×ù×P× V|\OH\HELOLULP +DWWD PODNDW V×QDY×QGD NRPLV\RQ

EDüNDQ× ELOH ¶N×]×P KHU QHUH\H DWDQ×UVDQ JLWPH\L J|]H DO×\RU PXVXQ·

GL\HVRUPXüWX ' µ

´(UNHNGHQHWPHQOHULQEDüODQJ×oWDEHQLP\DQ×PGD¶%XPHVOHNNDG×Q

LoLQ]RUNDG×QPHVOHùLGHùLO·JLELNRQXüPDODU×QD]OPüWP ' µ

´%DEDP YH oHYUHPGHNL GLùHU NLüLOHU |ùUHWPHQOLN PHVOHùLQLQ NDG×QODUD

GDKD\DWN×QELUPHVOHNROGXùXQXV|\OHGLOHU+DWWD\HWNLOLNLüLOHUELOHN|\

N|\JH]PHQLQNDG×QLoLQX\JXQROPDG×ù×Q×LIDGHHWPLüOHUGL ' µ

.DG×Q (ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQOHULQLQ .DG×Q 2OPDNWDQ gWU 0HVOHNL 6UHoWH

<DüDG×NODU×6RUXQODU

.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQNDG×QROPDNWDQ|WUPHVOHNLVUHoWH\DüDG×NODU×

VRUXQODU ´*QON PHVOHNL oDO×üPDODUGD \DüDQ×ODQ VRUXQODUµ YH ´gùUHWPHQ

GHQHWLPLQGH\DüDQ×ODQVRUXQODUµROPDN]HUHLNLEDüO×NDOW×QGDLQFHOHQPLüWLU

(12)



>(GXFDWLRQDO$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFH9RO,VVXH@



*QON0HVOHNLdDO×üPDODUGD<DüDQ×ODQ6RUXQODU

.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ JQON PHVOHNL oDO×üPDODU× V×UDV×QGD NDG×Q

ROPDNWDQ|WU\DüDG×NODU×VRUXQODUDLOLüNLQJ|UüOHUL7DEOR·WHYHULOPLüWLU

7DEOR

.DG×Q (ùLWLP 'HQHWPHQOHULQLQ *QON 0HVOHNL dDO×üPDODU× 6×UDV×QGD .DG×Q

2OPDNWDQgWU<DüDG×NODU×6RUXQODU

*QONPHVOHNLoDO×üPDODUGD\DüDQ×ODQVRUXQODU .DG×Q(ùLWLP

'HQHWPHQL1R Q

+HUKDQJLELUVRUXQODNDUü×ODüPDG×P  

'HQHWOHQHQOHULQROXPVX]WXWXPYHGDYUDQ×üODU×  

(UNHNHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQROXPVX]WXWXPYHGDYUDQ×üODU×  

8]DNLOoHYHELULPOHUHJLGLSRUDGDNDOPDN]RUXQGDROPDN  

úüLHYHWDü×PDN  

.DG×QVD\×V×Q×QD]O×ù×QHGHQL\OH\DOQ×]O×ùDVUNOHQPHN  

$UDoNXOODQ×P×YHEDN×P×NRQXVXQGDHUNHNOHUNDGDUHWNLQROPDPDN  

dRN\ROFXOXN\DSPDN  

.|\\ROODU×Q×ELOPHPHN  

%DüNDQO×NYH\D%DüNDQ<DUG×PF×O×ù×VHoLPLQGHWHUFLKHGLOPHPHN  

7DEOR ·WHNL EXOJXODU  GHùHU OHQGLU LOGLùLQGH NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU LQGHQ

ED]×ODU×Q×Q JQON PHVOHNL oDO×üPDODU V×UDV×QGD KHUKDQJL ELU VRUXQ

\DüDPDG×NODU× J|UOPHNWHGLU 'LùHU \DQGDQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ

JQON PHVOHNL oDO×üPDODU V×UDV×QGD \DüDG×NODU× VRUXQODU×Q ´GHQHWOHQHQOHULQ

ROXPVX]WXWXPYHGDYUDQ×üODU×HUNHNHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQROXPVX]WXWXPYH

GDYUDQ×üODU×X]DNLOoHYHELULPOHUHJLGLSRUDGDNDOPDN]RUXQGDROPDNúüLHYH

WDü×PDNNDG×QVD\×V×Q×QD]O×ù×QHGHQL\OH\DOQ×]O×ùDVUNOHQPHNDUDoNXOODQ×P×

YHEDN×P×NRQXVXQGDHUNHNOHUNDGDUHWNLQROPDPDNoRN\ROFXOXN\DSPDNN|\

\ROODU×Q× ELOPHPHN EDüNDQO×N YH\D EDüNDQ \DUG×PF×O×ù× VHoLPLQGH WHUFLK

HGLOPHPHNµROGXùXEHOLUOHQPLüWLU

.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ JQON PHVOHNL oDO×üPDODU V×UDV×QGD HQ V×N

\DüDG×NODU× VRUXQ ´'HQHWOHQHQOHULQ ROXPVX] WXWXP YH GDYUDQ×üODU×µ RODUDN

EHOLUOHQPLüWLU 'LùHU \DQGDQ GHQHWOHQHQ NLüLOHUH LOLüNLQ RODUDN VHUJLOHQHQ

NHQGLOHULQLQ GHQHWPHQ ROGXùXQD LQDQPDPD JDULSVHPH WRNDODüPDPD JLEL ELU

WDN×P ROXPVX] WXWXP YH GDYUDQ×üODU× VRUXQ RODUDN EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU %X VRUXQD

LOLüNLQNDG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQLIDGHOHULQGHQED]×ODU×DüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU

´«RNXOLGDUHOHULYH|ùUHWPHQOHUELUD]JDULSNDUü×ODG×ODU« ' µ

´g]HOOLNOH LIDGH DOPDN LoLQ ELULQH UDQGHYX YHUPHP JHUHNWLùLQGH

WHOHIRQODDUDG×ù×PGDNDG×QROGXùXPGDQ|QFHLQDQPDPDLüOHWLOGLùLQL

VDQPDED]HQúO0LOOL(ùLWLP0GUOù·QGHQDUNDGDüODU×RODQODU¶EL]L

ELUNDG×QDUDG×GHQHWPHQPLüJLEL·DUDüW×UPDODU\DSW×NODU×ROGX ' µ

(13)

>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@ 

´%D]× RNXOODUD JLWWLùLPL]GH HUNHN \|QHWLFLOHULQ HUNHN GHQHWPHQOHUOH

WRNDODüPDV× NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL\OH WRNDODüPDPDV× gUQHùLQ

%LU RNXOD JLWWLN (UNHN \|QHWLFL HUNHN GHQHWPHQOHUOH WRNDODüW× DPD

EHQLPOH WRNDODüPDG× %HQ GH \|QHWLFL\H ¶%L] EXUDGD \RN PX\X]"·

GHGLP ' µ

*QON PHVOHNL oDO×üPDODU  V×U DV×QGD NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU LQLQ

\DüDG×NODU × LNLQFL VRU XQ ´(U NHN HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU LQ ROXPVX] WXWXP YH

GDYUDQ×üODU×µ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU %X VRUXQD LOLüNLQ NDG×Q HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQOHULQLQLIDGHOHULQGHQED]×ODU×DüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU

´%|O JH\H JLGHUNHQ DUDEDGD NDG×Q RO PDV×QGDQ GRO D\× UDKDW

NRQXüDPDG×NODU×Q× V|\OHPHNWH GLùHU PHVOHNWDüODU×P×] +HU DWDQG×ù×P

LOGHE|OJHGH\DGDWHIWLüJUXEXQGDEHQLPOH\HQLoDO×üDPD\DEDüOD\DQ

HUNHNGHQHWPHQOHULQLONVRUXODU׶.DG×QGHQHWPHQOHUNDG×Q|ùUHWPHQOHUL

SHN VHYPH]OHU VL] NDG×QODUD QDV×O GDYUDQ×\RUVXQX]"· ROX\RU 2QODU

HUNHNGHQHWPHQRODUDNKHUWUO HVSUL\L\DSDELOLUJOHELOLU$QFDNVL]

NDG×Q LVHQL] NRQXüPDODU×Q×]×Q DOW×QGDQ IDUNO× DQODPODU o×NDU×OPD

HùLOLPLJHQHOOLNOH\DüDQ×\RU ' µ

´+HU JQ DUDED LOH o×N×OG×ù× LoLQ ED]HQ DUDED\× EHQ NXOODQPDN

LVWL\RUXPDPDHUNHNGHQHWPHQOHUQHGHQVHNDG×QODUDEXNRQXGDID]OD

JYHQPHGLùLLoLQED]HQROXPVX]FHYDSYHUHELOL\RUODU ' µ

.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ \DüDG×ù× GLùHU ELU GLùHU VRUXQ ´úüL HYH

WDü×PDNµ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL Lü \RùXQOXùX

QHGHQL\OHoDO×üPDODU×QHYGH\DS×OPDV×Q×QDLOHLoL\DüDQW×\×ROXPVX]HWNLOHGLùLQL

DLOHOHULQH\HWHUOL]DPDQ×D\×UDPDG×NODU×Q×YHHYGHLü\DSPDND\J×V×\DüDG×NODU×Q×

DüDù×GDNLLIDGHOHUOHEHOLUWPLüOHUGLU

´dRùX ]DPDQ VRUXüWXUPD LQFHOHPH UHKEHUOLN YH WHIWLü WHEOLùOHUL LoLQ

HYGH GH oDO×üPDP JHUHNWLùLQGHQ DLOHPH \HWHUOL ]DPDQ D\×UDPDPDP

VRUXQROX\RUµ ' 

´*QON oDO×üPDODU×Q HYGH \DS×O×\RUROPDV×HYLoL\DüDQW×V×QGDVRUXQ

\DUDWDELOL\RUµ ' 

´(Q E\N VRUXQ HYH Lü JLWPHVLGLU 'HYDPO× Lü \DS×ODFDN ND\J×V×\OD

\DüDQ×\RUúüLü\HULQGHELWPHOLGLUµ ' 

.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQ\DüDG×ù×VRUXQODUGDQELULGH´.DG×QVD\×V×Q×Q

D]O×ù×QHGHQL\OH\DOQ×]O×ùDVUNOHQPHNµRODUDNEHOLUOHQPLüWLU%XVRUXQDLOLüNLQ

RODUDN NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL NDG×Q VD\×V×Q×Q D]O×ù× QHGHQL\OH

SD\ODü×PODU×Q×Q ROPDG×ù×Q× YH \DOQ×]O×N \DüDG×NODU×Q× DüDù×GDNL LIDGHOHUGH

EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU

´.DW×OG×ù×P NXUV YH VHPLQHUOHUGH HUNHN GHQHWPHQ VD\×V×Q×Q oRN ID]OD

ROPDV×G|QHPG|QHP\DOQ×]O×ù×VUNOH\HELOPHNWHGLUµ ' 

´+HU üH\GHQ |QFH KHPFLQVOHULQL]LQ ROPDPDV×QGDQ YH\D \HWHULQFH

EXOXQPDPDV×QGDQGROD\×SD\ODü×PODU×P×]ROPX\RUµ ' 

(14)



>(GXFDWLRQDO$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFH9RO,VVXH@



.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQGHQ ' LVH \DüDG×ù× VRUXQX DüDù×GDNL üHNLOGH

LIDGHHWPLüWLU

´%DüNDQO×N YH EDüNDQ \DUG×PF×O×ù× J|UHYOHQGLUPHOHULQGH NDUü× FLQV LOH

HüLWüDUWODUGDLVHQL]NDG×QGHQHWPHQRODUDNEXJ|UHYHWHUFLKHGLOPH\HQ

WDUDIWDRODFDNV×Q×]G×UdQNOL\DNDWHUNHNOHUH$OODKYHUJLVL\PLü  JLEL

J|UOPHNWHGLUµ

gùUHWPHQ'HQHWLPLQGH<DüDQ×ODQ6RUXQODU

.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ |ùUHWPHQ GHQHWLPLQGH NDG×Q ROPDODU×QGDQ

|WU\DüDG×NODU×VRUXQODUDLOLüNLQJ|UüOHUL7DEOR·WHYHULOPLüWLU

7DEOR

.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHULQLQgùUHWPHQ'HQHWLPLQGH.DG×Q2OPDODU×QGDQgWU

<DüDG×NODU×6RUXQODU

gùUHWPHQGHQHWLPLQGH

\DüDQ×ODQVRUXQODU .DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL1R Q

+HUKDQJLELUVRUXQ

\DüDPDG×P  

.DG×QODU×QNDSULVOLROGXùX

LQDQF×  

0XKDID]DNDUWXWXPYH

GDYUDQ×üODU  

.RUXPDF×GDYUDQ×üODU  

gùUHWPHQOHULQNDG×Q

HùLWLPGHQHWPHQLQGHQ

KRüODQPDPDODU×  

7DEOR ·WHNL YHULOHUH J|UH NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ oRùXQOXùX

|ùUHWPHQ GHQHWLPLQGH NDG×Q ROPDODU×QGDQ |WU KHUKDQJL ELU VRUXQ

\DüDPDG×ù×Q× LIDGH HWPLüWLU 'LùHU \DQGDQ |ùUHWPHQ GHQHWLPLQGH NDG×Q

ROPDODU×QGDQ|WU\DüDG×NODU×VRUXQODULVH´.DG×QODU×QNDSULVOLROGXùXLQDQF×

0XKDID]DNkUWXWXPYHGDYUDQ×üODU.RUXPDF×GDYUDQ×üODUgùUHWPHQOHULQNDG×Q

HùLWLPGHQHWPHQLQGHQKRüODQPDPDODU×µDODUDNEHOLUWLOPLüWLU

.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQ|ùUHWPHQGHQHWLPLQGHNDG×QROPDODU×QGDQ

|WU HQ ID]OD \DüDG×NODU× VRUXQ ´.DG×QODU×Q NDSULVOL ROGXùX LQDQF×µ RODUDN

EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL |ùUHWPHQOHULQ NDG×Q HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ NDSULVOL ROGXùXQX GüQGNOHULQL NDG×QODUD NDSULVOL

EDNPDQ×QWRSOXPXQNDG×QDEDN×üDo×V×\ODLOJLOLELUGXUXPROGXùXQXYHKDWWD

HUNHNHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQEXILNUL\D\G×NODU×Q×EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU%XVRUXQD

LOLüNLQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ ELUH\VHO RODUDN GLOH JHWLUGLNOHUL LIDGHOHU

DüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU

(15)

>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@ 

´'HQHWLPHVQDV×QGDGHUVHJLUPHGHQ|QFHED]HQLQüDOODKEDQDNDG×Q

GHQHWPHQ JHO PH] JLEL EHNO HQWLO HU RO X\RUPXü NDSULVO L RO GXùXPX]X

GüQ\RUODUP×ü DPD GHQHWLP VRQUDV×QGD EX GüQFHOHULQLQ \DQO×ü

ROGXùXQXLIDGHHGHQ|ùUHWPHQOHUROPXüWXUµ ' 

´gùUHWPHQOHU NDG×Q GHQHWPHQGHQ X]DN GXUPD\D oDO×ü×\RUODU %X

NRQXGD HUNHN GHQHWPHQOHU NDG×QODU×Q NDSULVOL RODELOHFHNOHUL ILNULQL

\D\×\RUODUµ ' 

´.×VPHQ GH ROVD NDG×QODUD NDSULVOL RODUDN EDNPDN KkNLP

7RSOXPXQNDG×QDEDN×üDo×V×\ODLOJLOLEXGXUXPµ ' 

%D]× NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ \DüDG×NODU× VRUXQ ´0XKDID]DNkU WXWXP

YH GDYUDQ×üODUµ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL HUNHN

|ùUHWPHQOHULQWRNDODüPDPDJ|]WHPDV×NXUPDPDJLEL ELUWDN×PPXKDID]DNkU

WXWXPYHGDYUDQ×üODUVHUJLOHGLùLQLDüDù×GDNLLIDGHOHUGHEHOLUWPLüOHUGLU

´0XKDID]DNkURODQHUNHN|ùUHWPHQOHUOHJ|UJNXUDOODU×QDYHLOHWLüLPH

LOLüNLQVRUXQODU\Dü×\RUXPgUQHùLQ7RNDODüPDPDNRQXüXUNHQJ|]

WHPDV×NXUPDPDYE ' µ

´<DüDG×ù×P VRUXQODU NDUü×PGDNLQLQ GLQVHO WHUFLKOHULQGHQ

ND\QDNODQG×gUQHùLQWRNDODüPDPDN ' µ

.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ \DüDG×ù× VRUXQODUGDQ ELUL GH ´.RUXPDF×

GDYUDQ×üODUµ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQGHQ ' EX

VRUXQD\|QHOLNJ|UüQDüDù×GDNLüHNLOGHLIDGHHWPLüWLU

´*HQHOOLNOHWHN|ùUHWPHQOLN|\RNXOODU×QGDHùHU|ùUHWPHQNDG×QGHùLO

LVHNXUXPGDNDG×QRODUDNEHQLWHNE×UDNPD\×X\JXQJ|UP\RUNDUü×

FLQVWHNL  GHQHWPHQOHU$QFDNNHQGLOHULWHN|ùUHWPHQOLROXSNDG×Q

oDO×üDQ RNXOODUGD NDODELOL\RUODU %X GDYUDQ×ü NRUXPD\D "  \|QHOLN

PLGLUELOHPL\RUXPµ

.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ \DüDG×ù× VRUXQODUGDQ ELU GLùHUL GH

´gùUHWPHQOHULQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQLQGHQ KRüODQPDPDODU×µ RODUDN

EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQGHQ ' KHP NDG×Q KHP GH HUNHN

|ùUHWPHQOHULQ NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL WDUDI×QGDQ GHQHWOHQPHQLQ KRüODU×QD

JLWPHGLùLQLDüDù×GDNLLIDGHGHEHOLUWPLüWLU

´gùUHWPHQOHULQ oRùXQOXùX NDG×Q GHQHWPHQGHQ KRüODQP×\RU %X

HUNHNOHULQJoSUREOHPLQGHQND\QDNODQ×\RU$\U×FDNDG×QODU×QGDELU

NDG×QWDUDI×QGDQGHQHWOHQPHOHULKRüODU×QDJLWPL\RU ' µ

.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL2OPDQ×Q$YDQWDMODU×

.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQNDG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQLROPDQ×QDYDQWDMODU×QD

LOLüNLQJ|UüOHUL7DEOR·GDYHULOPLüWLU



(16)



>(GXFDWLRQDO$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFH9RO,VVXH@



7DEOR

.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL2OPDQ×Q$YDQWDMODU×

.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL2OPDQ×Q

$YDQWDMODU× .DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL1R Q

+HUKDQJLELUDYDQWDM×\RN  

úOHWLüLPNXUXODQNLüLOHULQ

GDYUDQ×üODU×QDGLNNDWHWPHVL  

.×]|ùUHQFLOHUOHYHNDG×Q

|ùUHWPHQOHUOHGDKDUDKDWLOHWLüLP

NXUDELOPH  

+HPFLQVOHULPLQJ×SWDLOHEDNPDV×  

(UNHNPHVOHNWDüODU×P×Q\DUG×PF×

ROPDV×  

%D]×NXUXPODU×QVRUXQODU×o|]PHGH

\DUG×PF×ROPDV×  

$UDEDODUDLOLüNLQLüOHUGH

J|UHYOHQGLULOPHPH  

(PSDWLNXUPDYHUHKEHUOLN

EDN×P×QGDQGDKDGX\DUO×ROPD  

7DEOR ·GDNL YHULOHUH J|UH NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ oRùXQOXùX NDG×Q

HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL ROPDQ×Q KHU KDQJL ELU  DYDQWDM VDùODPDG×ù×Q× EHOLU WPLüWLU 

.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL ROPDQ×Q VDùODG×ù× DYDQWDMODU  LVH ´úOHWLüLP NXU XODQ

NLüLOHULQ GDYUDQ×üODU×QD GLNNDW HWPHVL N×] |ùUHQFLOHUOH YH NDG×Q |ùUHWPHQOHUOH

GDKD UDKDW LOHWLüLP NXUDELOPH KHPFLQVOHULPLQ J×SWD LOH EDNPDV× HUNHN

PHVOHNWDüODU×P×Q\DUG×PF×ROPDV×ED]×NXUXPODU×QVRUXQODU×o|]PHGH\DUG×PF×

ROPDV×DUDEDODUDLOLüNLQLüOHUGHJ|UHYOHQGLULOPHPHHPSDWLNXUPDYHUHKEHUOLN

EDN×P×QGDQGDKDGX\DUO×ROPDµRODUDNLIDGHHGLOPLüWLU

.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQHQV×NYXUJXODG×NODU×DYDQWDM´úOHWLüLPNXUXODQ

NLüLOHULQ GDYUDQ×üODU×QD GLNNDW HWPHVLµ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQOHULLOHWLüLPLoHULVLQGHEXOXQGXNODU×NLüLOHULQGDKD|OoOVD\J×O×UHVPL

QD]LN YH GX\DUO× GDYUDQG×NODU×Q× EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ

EHOLUWLOHQEXDYDQWDMDLOLüNLQLIDGHOHULQGHQED]×ODU×DüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU

´úOHWLüLP LoHULVLQGH EXOXQXODQ NLüLOHU GDKD QD]LN YH GX\DUO×

GDYUDQPD\D|]HQJ|VWHUL\RUODUµ ' 

´.DUü× WDUDIOD NXUXODQ LOHWLüLPGH GDKD VD\J×O× YH |OoO ROPD

GXUXPXQGDNDOPDODU×µ ' 

(17)

>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@ 

.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ LNLQFL V×N YXUJXODG×NODU× DYDQWDM ´.×]

|ùUHQFLOHUOH YH NDG×Q |ùUHWPHQOHUOH GDKD UDKDW LOHWLüLP NXUDELOPHµ RODUDN

EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL NDG×Q |ùUHWPHQOHULQ YH N×]

|ùUHQFLOHULQ NHQGLOHULQH J|UüOHULQL Do×NoD LIDGH HGHELOGLNOHULQL N×O×N N×\DIHW

NRQXVXQGD NDG×Q |ùUHWPHQOHUL X\DUDELOGLNOHULQL EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU .DG×Q HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQOHULQLQEXDYDQWDMDLOLüNLQJ|UüOHULDüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU

´«VRUXüWXUPDODUGD|]HOKDVVDVL\HWLVWH\HQNRQXODUGDN×]|ùUHQFLOHULQ

YH NDG×Q |ùUHWPHQOHULQ EL]LPOH GDKD UDKDW YH Do×NoD

NRQXüDELOGLNOHULQLGüQ\RUXP ' µ

´.×O×N N×\DIHWH D\N×U× GDYUDQDQ NDG×Q |ùUHWPHQOHULQ X\DU×OPDV×

NRQXVXQGD EL]H LKWL\Do ROGXùXQX GüQ\RUXP JUXS DUNDGDüODU×P

GDD\Q×ILNLUGHOHU ' µ

´.×]|ùUHQFLOHUNDG×QGHQHWPHQGHYDUP×üGL\HUHNEDQD\DNODü×\RUODUYH

VRUXQODU×Q×GDKDUDKDWLIDGHHGHELOL\RUODU ' µ

.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQL ROPDQ×Q DYDQWDMODU×QGDQ ELUL GH ´$UDEDODUD LOLüNLQ

LüOHUGHJ|UHYOHQGLULOPHPHµRODUDNEHOLUOHQPLüWLU.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQGHQ

'HUNHNPHVOHNWDüODU×Q×QNHQGLOHULQGHQüRI|UONDUDEDEDN×P×JLELNRQXODUGD

EHNOHQWLOHULQLQ ROPDG×ù×Q× YH EXQXQ ELU DYDQWDM ROGXùXQX DüDù×GDNL üHNLOGH

EHOLUWPLüWLU

úOLPL]GH JUXS DUDEDODU×\OD \ROODUD o×N×\RUX] .DG×Q ROGXùXPX] LoLQ

üRI|UON\DSPDP×]LOOHGHEHNOHQPL\RUg]HOOLNOHDUDEDODU×QEDN×P

VLJRUWD YHUJL WHPL]OLN WDPLU LüOHUL KHVDS NLWDS LüOHUL YE JLEL LüOHUGH

J|UHYOHQGLULOPL\RUX]µ

´(PSDWL NXUPD YH UHKEHUOLN EDN×P×QGDQ GDKD GX\DUO× ROPDµ NDG×Q HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQL ROPDQ×Q GLùHU ELU DYDQWDM× RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQOHULQGHQ ' J|UüQ ´úO HWLüLP YH VDù GX\X DQO DP×QGD GDKD KDVVDV

RO GXùXPX]X GüQ\RUXP .DUü×P×]GDNLQL DQO DPD HPSDWL NXUPD YH UHKEHUO LN

DQODP×QGD \RO J|VWHUPH NRQXVXQGD HUNHN DUNDGDüODU×P×]D RUDQOD GDKD GX\DUO×

ROGXùXPX]XJ|U\RUXPµüHNOLQGHLIDGHHWPLüWLU

.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHULQLQ0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HWYH0HPQXQL\HWVL]OLNOHUL

.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHNOHULQGHQ PHPQXQ ROXS ROPDPD

GXUXPODU×7DEOR·GHYHULOPLüWLU

7DEOR

.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHULQLQ0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HW'XUXPODU×

0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HW'XUXPX .DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL1R Q

0HPQXQXP  

.DUDUV×]×P  

0HPQXQGHùLOLP  

(18)



>(GXFDWLRQDO$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFH9RO,VVXH@



7DEOR ·GH NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQGHQ ·VLQLQ PHVOHNOHULQGHQ

PHPQXQ ROGXùX ·QQ NDUDUV×] ·XQXQ LVH PHVOHNOHULQGHQ

PHPQXQ ROPDG×NODU× J|UOPHNWHGLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHNL

PHPQXQL\HW GXUXPODU×QD LOLüNLQ J|UüOHUL ´0HVOHNL PHPQXQL\HWOHUµ YH

´0HVOHNLPHPQXQL\HWVL]OLNOHUµRODUDNLNLEDüO×NDOW×QGDDo×NODQP×üW×U

0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HWOHU

.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHNL PHPQXQL\HWOHULQH LOLüNLQ J|UüOHUL

7DEOR·GHJ|VWHULOPLüWLU

7DEOR

.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHULQLQ0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HWOHUL

0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HW(WNHQOHUL .DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL1R Q

)D\GDO×ROPDN  

)DUNO×NLüLOHUOHPHNkQODUODYH

X\JXODPDODUODNDUü×ODüPDN  

0HVDLNDYUDP×Q×QROPD\×ü×  

7HNG]HOLùLQROPDPDV×  

gùUHWPHQOLùLVHYPHPHN  

.DG×Q|ùUHWPHQOHUHPRGHOROPDN  

.LüLOLùLPHNDWW×ù×DUW×GHùHUOHU  

<ROFXOXN\DSPD\×VHYPHN  

0HVOHùLQLVHYPHN  



7DEOR ·GHNL YHULOHUH J|UH NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHNL

PHPQXQL\HWOHUL ´ID\GDO× ROPDN IDUNO× NLüLOHUOH PHNkQODUOD YH X\JXODPDODUOD

NDUü×ODüPDN PHVDL NDYUDP×Q×Q ROPD\×ü× WHNG]HOLùLQ ROPDPDV× |ùUHWPHQOLùL

VHYPHPHN NDG×Q |ùUHWPHQOHUH PRGHO ROPDN NLüLOLùLPH NDWW×ù× DUW× GHùHUOHU

\ROFXOXN\DSPD\×VHYPHNPHVOHùLQLVHYPHNµRODUDNEHOLUOHQPLüWLU

.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ HQ V×N YXUJXODG×NODU× PHVOHNL PHPQXQL\HW

HWNHQL´)D\GDO×ROPDNµRODUDNEHOLUOHQPLüWLU.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULHùLWLP

VLVWHPLQH NDWN× VDùODPD YH NLüLOHUH ID\GDO× ROPDN EDN×P×QGDQ PHVOHNOHULQGHQ

PHPQXQ ROGXNODU×Q× EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ EX

PHPQXQL\HWHWNHQLQHLOLüNLQJ|UüOHULQGHQED]×ODU×DüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU

´.XUXPODUGD 57h. JLEL ELU VUHFH NDWN×P×] ROGXùXQX

GüQGùPGHPHPQXQROX\RUXPµ ' 

´%LULOHULQH \DUG×PF× ROPDN ×ü×N RO PDN PRGHO  RO PDN \DQ×QGD

ROPDN«KHSVLEXPHVOHNWHYDU«GDKDQHROVXQ ' µ

´dDO×üW×ù×P LOGH DGD\ |ùUHWPHQ VD\×V× ROGXNoD ID]OD 2QODUD \RO

J|VWHUPHN UHKEHUOLNWH EXOXQPDN N×VDFDV× LQVDQODUD ID\GDO×

ROGXùXPXGüQPHNEHQLPXWOXHGL\RU ' µ

(19)

>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@ 

´dHYUHPH ID\GDO× ROGXùXPX YH RODFDù×P× KDNV×]O×NODUD L]LQ

YHUPH\HFHùLPGHQ HPLQ ROGXùXP LoLQ L\L NL GHQHWPHQOLN PHVOHùLQL

VHoPLüLPGL\RUXP ' µ

.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQLNLQFLV×NYXUJXODG×NODU×PHVOHNLPHPQXQL\HW

HWNHQL ´)DUNO× NLüLOHUOH PHNkQODUOD YH X\JXODPDODUOD NDUü×ODüPDNµ RODUDN

EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL IDUNO× NLüLOHUOH PHNkQODUOD

X\JXODPDODUOD NDUü×ODüPDODU×Q×Q NHQGLOHULQH NDWN× VDùODG×ù×Q× YH EX GXUXPXQ

KRüODU×QDJLWWLùLQLEHOLUWPLüOHUGLU%XPHVOHNLPHPQXQL\HWHWNHQLQHLOLüNLQNDG×Q

HùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQLIDGHOHULQGHQED]×ODU×DüDù×GDYHULOPLüWLU

´%LU RGD\D EDù×PO× RODUDN oDO×üP×\RUVXQX] IDUNO× \HUOHUGH oDO×üPDN

YH IDUNO× NLüLOHUOH NDUü×ODüPDN GHQH\LP YH ELOJL DQODP×QGD EL]OHUL

]HQJLQOHüWLUL\RU ' µ

´)DNO×NLüLOHUOHLOHWLüLPHJHoPHYHIDUNO×SURMHOHUOHNDUü×ODüPDNELOJLPL

DUW×UG×ù×QGDQEHQLPLoLQDYDQWDM ' µ

´+HU JQ IDUNO× LQVDQ PHNkQ YH ROD\ODUOD NDUü×ODüPDN EXQODU

]HULQGHNRQXüPDNWDUW×üPDNoRN\DUDUO× ' µ

.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQELUGLùHUPHVOHNLPHPQXQL\HWLGH´.LüLOLùLPH

NDWW×ù× DU W× GHùHU OHU µRODU DN EHOLU OHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU LQGHQ'

EXPHVOHNLPHPQXQL\HWHWNHQLQHLOLüNLQJ|UüQ´%XLüEDQDPWKLüELUüHNLOGH

NHQGLPHJYHQND]DQG×UG×%HQEXLüOHULQDGDP×\P×ü×P*L\LQLüLQL]OHGXUXüXQX]OD

LOHWLüLPLQL]OHVL]EDPEDüNDELULQVDQROX\RUVXQX]µüHNOLQGHEHOLUWPLüWLU

0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HWVL]OLNOHU

.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHNL PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLNOHULQH LOLüNLQ

J|UüOHUL7DEOR·GDJ|VWHULOPLüWLU

7DEOR

.DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQOHULQLQ0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HWVL]OLNOHUL

0HVOHNL0HPQXQL\HWVL]OLN1HGHQOHUL .DG×Q(ùLWLP'HQHWPHQL1R Q

0DGGL\HWHUVL]OLN  

.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQLVD\×V×Q×QD]O×ù×  

<DUJ×oO×N  

dRN\RUXFXYHVWUHVOLELUoDO×üPDWHPSRVX  

8QYDQODLOJLOL\DVDOKDNODUDVDKLSROPDPDN  

5RWDV\RQ  

+HUJQ\ROFXOXN\DSPDN  

0HVOHùLQNDG×QODUDX\JXQROPDG×ù×Q×GüQPHN  

0HVOHùLQHUNHNOHUHND]DQG×UG×ù×SUHVWLMLYH

VWDW\NDG×QODUDND]DQG×UPDPDV×  

2OXPVX]\DGDX\JXODQDPD\DFDù×Q×GüQGù

HPLUOHULX\JXODPDN]RUXQGDNDOPDN  

gùUHWPHQOHUOHRODQPHVDIH\LNRUXPD]RUXQOXOXùX  

(20)



>(GXFDWLRQDO$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFH9RO,VVXH@



7DEOR ·D J|U H NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU LQLQ PHVOHNL PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLN

QHGHQOHUL´0DGGL\HWHUVL]OLN.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQLVD\×V×Q×QD]O×ù×<DUJ×oO×N

dRN \RU XFX YH VWU HVOL ELU  oDO×üPD WHPSRVX 8QYDQOD LOJLOL \DVDO KDNODUD VDKLS

ROPDPDN 5RWDV\RQ +HU JQ \ROFXOXN \DSPDN 0HVOHùLQ NDG×QODUD X\JXQ

ROPDG×ù×Q× GüQPHN 0HVOHùLQ HUNHNOHUH ND]DQG×UG×ù× SUHVWLML YH VWDW\

NDG×QODUD ND]DQG×UPDPDV× 2OXPVX] \D GD X\JXODQDPD\DFDù×Q× GüQGù

HPLUOHUL X\JXODPDN ]RUXQGD NDOPDN gùUHWPHQOHUOH RODQ PHVDIH\L NRUXPD

]RUXQOXOXùXµRODUDNEHOLUOHQPLüWLU

.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQHQV×NYXUJXODG×NODU×PHVOHNLPHPQXQL\HWVL]OLN

QHGHQL ´0DGGL \HWHUVL]OLNµ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL

DOG×NODU× PDDü×Q \HWHUVL] ROGXùXQX GLùHU NXUXPODUGDNL GHQHWPHQOHUH RUDQOD

SDUDVDODQODPGDGDKDD]ND]DQG×NODU×Q×YHLü\NQHRUDQODND]DQoODU×Q×Q\HWHUVL]

ROGXùXQX EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU %X PHVOHNL PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLN HWNHQLQH LOLüNLQ NDG×Q

HùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQGHQ'J|UüQDüDù×GDNLüHNLOGHEHOLUWPLüWLU

´0DGGL\HWHUVL]OLNOHUYDU%XWDüUDLOOHULQGHJHoHUOLGHùLOEHONLRUDGD

\ROOXNODUHNRQRPL\HNDWN×\DS×\RUDPD«E\NüHKLULOOHULQGHPDDü

\HWHUVL] \RO O XN \RN 2\VD GHQHWPHQ üHKLU PHUNH]LQGH \DüDPDO ×

üHKULQHQPHUNH]L\HULQGHRNXOODUDNROD\FDXODüDELOPHVLLoLQ $\U×

RGDV×ROPDO×oDO×üDELOPHVLLoLQ(YLQGHKL]PHWHGHQROPDO×oQNHYH

LüJLGL\RUµ

.DG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQPHVOHNLPHPQXQL\HWVL]OLNQHGHQOHULQGHQELUL

GH ´<DUJ×oO×Nµ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU .DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQGHQ ' EX

PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLN HWNHQLQH LOLüNLQ J|UüQ ´%LOKDVVD |Q LQFHOHPH YH

VRUXüWXUPDODUGD KDNHP ROXS NDUDU YHUPHN ]RUXQGD NDOG×ù×PGD ELQ SLüPDQ

ROX\RUXPµüHNOLQGHEHOLUWPLüWLU

0HVOHNL PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLùLQ GLùHU ELU QHGHQL GH ´gùUHWPHQOHUOH RODQ

PHVDIH\L NRUXPD ]RUXQOXOXùXµ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLüWLU %X PHVOHNL

PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLùHLOLüNLQJ|UüQ'´$UW×N|ùUHWPHQOHUOHVDPLPLROPDPDNYDU

KD\DW×PGD%XVRV\DOoHYUH\LN×V×WOD\DQELUGXUXPGXUgùUHWPHQOHDUDGDNLPHVDIH\L

NRUXPDG×ù×Q×] ]DPDQ VD\J×QO×ù×Q×]×Q ]HGHOHQPHVL VRQXFX\OD NDUü× NDUü×\DV×Q×]µ

üHNOLQGHEHOLUWPLüWLU

7DUW×üPD6RQXoYHgQHULOHU

%XDUDüW×UPDNDG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùLQH\|QHOWHQ

HWNHQOHUL NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ NDG×Q ROPDODU× QHGHQL\OH HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQOLùLQH JLULü DüDPDV×QGD \DüDG×NODU× ROXPVX]OXNODU× NDG×Q

ROPDODU×QGDQ |WU PHVOHNL VUHoWH \DüDG×NODU× VRUXQODU× NDG×Q HùLWLP

GHQHWPHQL ROPDQ×Q DYDQWDMODU×Q× NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ PHVOHNL

PHPQXQL\HWOHULQLYHPHPQXQL\HWVL]OLNOHULQLRUWD\DNR\PDNWDG×U

(21)

>.XUDPYH8\JXODPDGD(ùLWLP<|QHWLPL&LOW6D\×@ 

.DG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHULQLQ oRùXQOXùX |ùUHWPHQOLN PHVOHùLQGH VUHFLQ

UXWLQOHüPHVL |ùUHWPHQOLùLQ \RUXFX ROPDV× |ùUHWPHQOLNWH NHQGLOHULQL

NDQ×WOD\DPDPD YH |ùUHWPHQOLNWHNL YHULPOLOLNOHULQLQ JLGHUHN D]DOG×ù×Q×

GüQPHOHUL QHGHQL\OH HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùLQH \|QHOGLNOHULQL EHOLUWPLüWLU %X

GXU XP |ùU HWPHQOHU LQ X]XQ ELU  VU H D\Q× RNXOGD J|U HY \DSPDODU × RNXOGDNL

RODQDNODU×Q \HWHUVL]OLùL GHUVLQ LüOHQLüLQGH IDUNO× PDWHU\DO NXOODQPD RODQDù×Q×Q

ROPDPDV× JLEL  QHGHQL\OH |ùU HWPHQOLN PHVOHùLQLQ U XWLQ RODELOPHVL \Dü

VHYL\HVLQLQ \NVHOPHVL\OH DNWLI ROPD\× JHUHNWLUHQ |ùUHWPHQOLN PHVOHùLQLQ

\RUXFX KDOH JHOHELOPHVL |ùUHWPHQOHULQ NHQGLOHULQL JHOLüWLUPHOHUL YH

NDQ×WODPDODU×LoLQJHUHNOLRODQDNODU×QVXQXOPDPDV×YH|ùUHWPHQOHULPRWLYHHGLFL

HWNHQOHULQ \HWHUVL]OLùL LOH Do×NODQDELOLU 1LWHNLP .DUDPDQ·×Q   \DSW×ù×

oDO×üPDGD |ùUHWPHQOHULQ oRùXQXQ |ùUHWPHQOLùL \×SUDW×F× ELU PHVOHN RODUDN

J|U Gù KL]PHW LoL HùLWLPOHU LQLQ VD\×FD \HWHU VL] YH LoHU LN \|QQGHQ ]D\×I

ROGXùX PHVOHNL Do×GDQ \HWLüPHOHUL LoLQ JHUHNOL LPNDQODU×Q VDùODQDPDG×ù×

ELOJLOHULQL J|UJOHULQL YH GHQH\LPOHULQL DUW×UPDN LoLQ \HWHULQFH DUDüW×UPD

RODQDNODU×Q×Q VXQXOPDG×ù× JHOHFHNWH PHVOHNOHULQGH \NVHOHELOHFHNOHULQH

LQDQPDG×NODU×EHOLUOHQPLüWLU

%D]× NDG×Q HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHU L FLQVL\HWH GD\DO× PHVOHNL D\U ×PF×O×ùD WHSNL

RODUDN EX PHVOHùL VHoWLNOHULQL YH HUNHNOHU JLEL NDG×QODU×Q GD EX PHVOHùLQ

JHUHNOHULQL\HULQHJHWLUHELOHFHùLQLLIDGHHWPLüWLU%XEXOJXWRSOXPXPX]GDHùLWLP

GHQHWPHQOLùLQLQ HUNHNOHUH |]J ELU PHVOHN RODUDN J|UOGùQQ ELU J|VWHUJHVL

RODELOLU1LWHNLPED]×NDG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULPHVOHùHJLULüDüDPDV×QGD\DN×Q

oHYUHOHULQGHNL NLüLOHU \HWNLOL NLüLOHU YH HUNHN HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOHUL WDUDI×QGDQ

FLQVL\HWH GD\DO×PHVOHNLD\U×PF×O×ùDPDUX] NDOG×NODU×Q× EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU %LUNDG×Q

HùLWLP GHQHWPHQLQLQ LVH PHVOHNL PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLùLQL HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL

PHVOHùLQLQ NDG×QD X\JXQ ELU  PHVOHN ROPDG×ù×Q× EHOLU WHUHN LIDGH HWPHVL ROGXNoD

LOJLQo ROPDNOD ELUOLNWH NDG×QODU×Q GD E|\OH ELU GüQFH\H VDKLS ROPD RODV×O×ù×Q×

J|VWHUHELOLU %HQ]HU üHNLOGH PHVOHùLQ HUNHNOHUH ND]DQG×UG×ù× SUHVWLML YH VWDW\

NDG×QODUD ND]DQG×UPDG×ù×Q×Q LIDGH HGLOPHVL HùLWLP GHQHWPHQOLùL PHVOHùLQLQ

NDG×QODUD X\JXQ RODUDN J|UOPHGLùL üHNOLQGH GHùHUOHQGLULOHELOLU $QFDN

7UNPHQ·LQ  DUDüW×UPDV×QGDGHQHWPHQOHULQNDG×QYHHUNHN|ùUHWPHQOHULQ

HùLWLP GHQHWLPL DODQ×QD LVWLKGDP×QGD FLQVL\HW D\U×P×QD N×VPHQ NDUü× ROGXNODU×

EHOLUOHQPLüWLU$\Q×DUDüW×UPDGDNDG×QHùLWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQLQVD\×FDoRND]ROVD

GD NLüL QHWELoLPGHFLQVHOD\U×PDNDUü×ROGXNODU×EHOLUOHQPLüWLU%XDUDüW×UPD\D

NDW×ODQNDG×QYHHUNHN|ùUHWPHQOHUOHLON|ùUHWLPGHQHWPHQOHULQ×Q]HULQGH

ELU RQD\OD NDG×QODU×Q GD GHQHWPHQOLN PHVOHùLQGH DUDQDQ QLWHOLN YH |]HOOLNOHUH

VDKLSROGXNODU×Q×EHOLUWPLüOHUGLU

%LUH\OHU WRSOXPGD \HUOHüLN FLQVL\HWoL GHùHUOHU YH LGHRORMLOHU oHUoHYHVLQGH

QDV×O GDYUDQDFDNODU× QDV×O GüQHFHNOHUL NRQXVXQGD NRüXOODQDUDN EL\RORMLN

FLQVL\HWOHULQLQ ]HULQH WRSOXPVDO FLQVL\HWOHULQL HGLQLUOHU *|NoH  

.DG×QODU×QoDO×üPD\DüDP×QGDNDUü×ODüW×NODU×VRUXQODU×QEDü×QGDFLQVL\HWHGD\DO×

PHVOHNLD\U×PF×O×NJHOPHNWHGLU 3DUODNWXQDV (ùLWLPGHQHWPHQOLùL

Referanslar

Benzer Belgeler

kompleks fonksiyonu eğrisi üzerinde q-düzgün sürekli ve sıfır noktasında q-regüler olsun.

The properties of q- Bernoulli, q-Euler and q-Genocchi numbers and polynomials are investigated at (Mahmudov and Momenzadeh, 2014) by using q- improved exponential

Moreover, improved q-exponential function creates a new class of q-Bernoulli numbers and like the ordinary case, all the odd coefficient becomes zero and leads

%LUoRN NDQVHU WUQGH YH RWRLPPQ OLQIRSUROL- IHUDWLI VHQGURP JLEL KDVWDO×NODUGD DSRSWR] oRN LOHUL.

Çizelge 10.1 4 kere madeni para atıldığında farklı sayıda tura gelme olasılıklarının dağılımı.. x kere tura

İnfertilite sorunu olan dişi sığırlar- da ve insanlarda Coxiella burnetii antikor- larının ELISA testi ile belirlenmesi ve seroprevalansının saptanması.. Seyitoğlu

Gözlemlerin düz bir doğru etrafında yayılım gösterip göstermediğine bakarak, veri setinin dağılımının şekil parametresi 2 olan Weibull olduğu sonucuna

A) Serhat çalışkan değilse zekidir. B) Serhat zeki ve çalışkandır. C) Serhat çalışkan değilse zeki değildir. D) Serhat çalışkan ise zekidir. E) Serhat zeki