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THE TRANSMISSION and MAINTENANCE OF INFECTION

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THE TRANSMISSION and

MAINTENANCE OF INFECTION

■ ROUTES OF INFECTION – The oral route

– The respiratory route

– Via skin, cornea and mucous membrane – Urogenital tract

– Mammary

■ METHODS OF TRANSMISSION – Ingestion

– Aerial transmission – Contact

– Inoculation

– Iatrogenic transmission – Coitus

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ROUTES OF INFECTION The Oral Route

■ Infection via the mouth is one of the more common routes of entry

■ Especially in relation to the enteric organisms

■ Organisms may contaminate water and foodstuffs, which then act as fomites

■ Ingested agents may be excreted in the faeces, producing the faecal–

oral transmission cycle For ex:

Mouth Saliva Foot-and-mouth virus Foot-and-mouth disease Ox, sheep

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ROUTES OF INFECTION The Respiratory Route

■ The respiratory route is also a common method of transmission for many infectious agents

■ Infectious agents seldom occur as individual airborne particles, but usually are associated with other organic matter in the form of

droplets or dust

■ More likely to occur where population densities are high and ventilation is poor

For ex: Enzootic pneumonia in intensively reared pigs, and

occupationally-acquired brucellosis in meat workers

(4)

ROUTES OF INFECTION

Via Skin, Cornea, Mucuos Membranes

■ Certain agents infect only the skin, and transmission is always by direct contact

■ Infection of the cornea may remain localized, For ex: bovine keratoconjunctivitis caused by Moraxella bovis

■ Although few diseases can be transmitted through intact skin, several

can infect undamaged mucous membranes

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METHODS of TRANSMISSION

■ Ingestion:

– May occur via a mechanical vehicle (fomes)

– Ingested agents usually are excreted in the faeces, producing the faecal–oral transmission cycle

■ Aerial transmission:

– Airborne transmission of infectious agents via contaminated air

– Usual method of transmission with the hardy spores of fungi and some bacteria

■ Aerosol transmission:

– A type of airborne transmission involving transmission via an aerosol – The three essential elements for aerial transmission by aerosol are:

■ take-off

■ Dispersal

■ landing

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■ Contact:

– is transmission without transmission factors (e.g., mechanical vectors) and without participation of an external medium

■ Inoculation:

– the introduction into the body, by puncture of the skin or through a wound, of infectious agents – is frequently associated with contact transmission (e.g.,bites from rabid dogs)

■ Iatrogenic transmission :

– Iatrogenic literally means ‘created by a doctor’. Thus, an iatrogenically-transmitted infection is one that is transferred during surgical and medical practice.

– There are two main types

■ introduction of pathogens by dirty instruments or by contaminated body surfaces

■ introduction of pathogens contaminating prophylactic or therapeutic preparations

■ Coitus:

– Some infectious agents may be transmitted during coitus.

– Certain diseases are transmitted only in this way. These were called venereal diseases.

Reference: Veterinary Epidemiology, 4ed. Michael Thrusfield with Robert Christley, Brown H, Diggle PJ, French N, Howe K, Kelly L, O’Connor A, Sargeant J, Wood H.

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