ᆵчᙴᏢεᏢៈ౛Ꮲࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎ Taipei Medical University

ᆵчᙴᏢεᏢៈ౛Ꮲࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎ Taipei Medical University

Graduate Institute of Nursing Master Thesis

ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻഋࠔ࣓ Chen, Ping-Ling

๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈჹҞ߻֎๨ޣϐי๨གྷݤ!

!!!Ϸ֎๨Չࣁᡂϯϐቹៜ௖૸!

ɡаѠчѱ࿤๮୔ࣁٯ!

The Effect of Health Welfare Tax on Smoking Cessation Intention and Smoking Behavior

Among Smokes in Wanhwa, Taipai, Taiwan

ࣴزғǺഋ᜽ӵ Chen, Li-Ju ኗ ύ๮҇୯ΐΜΎԃΎД

July, 2008

ठᖴ!

! !౥཰ΑǼᆉ΋ᆉϤԃޑྃДǴགྷ྽߃খғΠԴΟǴ஥๱഻৹ޑЈ

፯ΕᏢ୸Ǵख़ྕ྽Ꮲғޑ኷፪Ƕՠᒿ๱Ꮲ཰ǵπբϷৎ৥Οय़ޑፂᔐǴ ךޑ຾অϐਓǴᒿ๱ਜ਼ᓫޑ؁ҵ጗጗ӛ߻ǶགᖴԴৣǵߏ۔ϷৎΓޑх

৒Ǵךωૈ୲࡭ډಖᗺǶ!

!!!!೭ጇፕЎૈ໩ճֹԋǴ२ӃाᖴᖴךޑࡰᏤ௲௤ࠔ࣓ԴৣǴགᖴԴ

ৣჹךޑόᚆόకǶ྽ךགྷܫకᏢ཰ਔǴ፾ਔႴᓰךǴᡣךԖ߿਻ӆԛ ԾךࡷᏯǶவࣴزीฝډፕЎኗቪֹ౥ǴഉךॺዖڹץׯፕբǴԴৣޑ ಒЈϷຠЈǴ೿зךགᚶӧЈǶΨᖴᖴќѦٿՏα၂ہ঩Ǵᓉ௵ԴৣϷ

൤ಹԴৣޑፕЎࡰᏤǴ٠ගٮڀᡏޑࡌ᝼Ϸঅ҅ޑБӛǴᡣךᕇ੻ؼ ӭǶ׳ाགᖴ࿤๮୔ 47 ՏٚߏޑڐշǴᡣךࣴزԏਢૈ୼໩ճֹԋǶ གᖴБ༝ৎ௼ޑᏢۊۂॺǴమ३ᏢۊޑႴᓰǵۏীǵ܃։ǵ㻝ᚧǵᐪ๩ǵ ធฅǵ྆ࢀǵᛏ३ǵऍृ///ǴӧᏢ཰ϷЈ౛ޑЍ࡭Ƕ׳ाགᖴךޑπ բൂՏǴ઒ฐЬҺǵܴ੧Ϸࣿᗪ࿎ᏤޑЍ࡭ǴаϷӕ٣ॺޑڐշᆶᔅԆǴ ᡣךӧπբϐᎩளаঋ៝Ꮲ཰Ƕനࡕाགᖴךޑܻ϶ϷৎΓ.પችޑက

਻࣬ਇǵ༰༰ޑЍ࡭ǵϦஇޑᡏፊǵ୯჏ǵ᷾ԀǵࡹᏌǵ߭⣬Ǵᖴᖴգ ॺޑх৒ϷຠЈǴᡣך஑ЈёаֹԋᏢ཰Ƕ!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!᜽ӵ!!!!!!97.07.!

ፕЎᄔा!

ፕЎӜᆀǺ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈჹҞ߻֎๨ޣϐי๨གྷݤϷ֎๨Չࣁᡂϯ ϐቹៜ௖૸ɡаѠчѱ࿤๮୔ࣁٯ

ࣴز܌ӜᆀǺᆵчᙴᏢεᏢៈ౛Ꮲࣴز܌!

ࣴزғۉӜǺഋ᜽ӵ!

౥཰ਔ໔ǺΐΜϤᏢԃಃΒᏢය!

ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻഋࠔ࣓!!ᆵчᙴᏢεᏢៈ౛Ꮲࣴز܌!!ୋ௲௤!

ਥᏵШࣚፁғಔᙃ 2005 ԃޑၗ਑ᡉҢǴӄౚΓαύԖΜΟሹΓα

֎๨Ǵѳ֡؂ԃऊԖϖԭ࿤Γαԝܭ֎๨܌Їଆޑ੯ੰǴӧѠ᡼؂ԃԖ ຬၸ΋࿤ΖίΖԭΓࢂԝܭک֎๨Ԗᜢޑ੯ੰǶ֎๨όՠቚу੯ੰ॥

ᓀǵ෧ϿғڮǵԶЪቚуޗ཮ᙴᕍԋҁǴ㵝ᗉխ֎๨ჹ଼நޑӒ্Ǵ95 ԃҥݤଣ೯ၸ๨্ٛڋঅ҅ਢǴፓᅍ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈǶҁࣴزϐҞޑࢂ

аѠчѱ࿤๮୔ٚ҇ࣁٯ௖૸ӧ 2006 ԃ 2 ДΟ᠐೯ၸ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈ җ 5 ϡፓᅍࣁ 10 ϡࡕǴځ֎๨҇౲ࢂց཮Ӣ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈሽ਱ׯᡂǴ ගϲ֎๨҇౲ϐי๨གྷݤϷׯᡂ֎๨ՉࣁǶܭ 97 ԃ 1 ДԿ 3 Д໔Ǵӧ Ѡчѱ࿤๮୔ 36 ٚа؂ٚ 20 ӜҞ߻֎๨҇౲ࣁࣴزჹຝǴаୢڔ༤ቪ БԄǴԏ໣Ҟ߻֎๨ޣϐי๨གྷݤϷ֎๨Չࣁޑᡂϯ௃׎ǴӅीԏ໣

720 ҽǶҁࣴز่݀ᡉҢǺ

Ͽ؂Ϻ֎๨ЍኧǴϷ෧Ͽ؂В֎๨ϺኧǶќѦΟԋΎׯᡂځᖼ๨

ಞᄍǴځύΎԋ෧Ͽວ๨ໆǶ

Βǵʳ ଯၲΖԋа΢ϐҞ߻֎๨ޣǴޕၰ๨ࠔሽ਱ςϣ֖๨ࠔ଼நᅽճ ਈǴаϷ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈςፓᅍ 10 ϡǶќѦଯၲϤԋϤϐڙೖޣ ߄Ңऩᝩុፓᅍ๨ࠔሽ਱ஒԵቾי๨Ƕ

Οǵʳ Ԗଽޣӧ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕᡉ๱෧Ͽ֎๨Ѝኧǹԃइၨεޣ ӧ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕᡉ๱෧Ͽ֎๨Ѝኧǵ֎๨ϺኧϷׯᡂᖼ

๨ಞᄍǹӳ϶ؒԖಞᄍ֎๨ޣӧ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕᡉ๱෧Ͽ

֎๨Ѝኧǹե௲ػำࡋϷคπբޣӧ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕᡉ๱

ׯᡂᖼ๨ಞᄍǶ

Ѥǵʳ ჹҞ߻๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈϐᇡޕόӕǴᗨฅҞ߻ϐ֎๨Չࣁᡂϯค ᡉ๱ৡ౦Ǵՠޕၰ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈޣǴ҂ٰԵቾׯ֎ၨߡەࠔจ ޑКٯᡉ๱ၨଯǶ

ਥᏵҁࣴز่݀ගрΠӈࡌ᝼Ǻ

΋ǵʳ ଛӝ๨্ٛڋݤঅਢǴᝩុፓᅍ๨ิሽ਱Ƕ

Βǵʳ ࡭ុଓᙫ๨ࠔሽ਱ჹי๨གྷݤϷ֎๨ՉࣁᡂϯϐቹៜǶ!

Οǵʳ ҂ٰࣴزჹຝᔈх֖ςי๨ޣჹ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈޑ࣮ݤϷჹځי

๨ޑቹៜǶ!

!

ᜢᗖӷǺ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈǵי๨གྷݤǵ֎๨Չࣁ

Abstract

Title of thesis: The Effect of Health Welfare Tax on Smoking Cessation Intention and Smoking Behavior Among Smokes

in Wanhwa, Taipai, Taiwan

Institution: Graduate Institute of Nursing, Taipei Medical University Author: Li-Ju Chen

Thesis directed by: Ping-Ling Chen, Associate professor

According to the data shown by World Health Organization in 2005, there are 1,300,000,000smokers around the world and about 5,000,000 people die of diseases caused by smoking. In Taiwan, more than 18,800 people die of the diseases which are related to smoking. Smoking not only increases the risk of getting disease and shortening life span but also augments the cost of medical treatment. In order to avoid the harm caused by smoking, Legislative Yuan enacts the bills of fighting against smoking and increases the tax posed on cigarettes. The research purpose was to determine the effect of health welfare tax on smoking cessation intention and smoking behaviors among smokers. Twenty current smokers were recruited in each districts in Wanhua area of Taipei city (36 districts). In total, 720 participants completed questionnaires.

The results of the study were shown as :

1. About 25% of smokers had tried to quit smoking after the rising of

health welfare tax. More than 30% of smokers reduced the frequency of

smoking. In addition, 37 % of smokers changed their habits of

2. More than 80% of smokers knew that the health welfare tax had already added into the price of cigarettes and the health welfare tax had

increased 10 dollars. Around 66 % of respondents considered giving up smoking if the price of cigarettes continues soaring.

3. Married smokers significantly decreased numbers of cigarettes per day than un-married smokers. Elders significantly decreased numbers of cigarettes, smoking days, and changed smoking habits than younger smokers. Smokers without best friends who were smokers significantly decreased numbers of cigarettes. Smokers with lower education or without jobs significantly changed their cigarettes purchasing habits than smokers with higher education or with job.

4. In spite of the fact that there were no significant difference of smoking behavior, people who are aware of the health welfare tax will consider purchasing certain brands at cheaper price.

Based on the study results, suggestions were made as followedǺ 1. Continuity increase the health fare tax may decrease the smoking

prevalence.

2. Keep track of the influence of price on the behaviors of smokers.

3. The opinions and the perceptions of ex-smokers showed be included in the future study.

Key word: health welfare tax, smoking cessation intention,

Smoking behavior

Ҟ!!!!!ᒵ!

।!ኧ!

ठ!!!!ᖴ!!!!...!!!!!!!I!

ύЎᄔा!!!!...!!!!!!!II!

मЎᄔा!!!!...!!!!!!!IV!

Ҟ!!!!ᒵ!!!!...!!!!!!VII!

კ߄Ҟԛ!!!!...!!!!!! X!

ಃ΋കʳ ᆣፕ!

ಃ΋࿯!!ࣴز୏ᐒᆶख़ा܄...!!!!!!!!!1!

!!!!ಃΒ࿯!!ࣴزҞޑ...!!!!!!!!4

ಃΒകʳ Ў᝘ࢗ᛾! !!!!ಃ΋࿯!!֎๨ޣϐۓကϷ౰Չ౗...!!!!!!!!5!

ಃΒ࿯ʳ י๨གྷݤϐۓကǵ౰Չ౗Ϸ࣬ᜢӢન...!!!!!!!!8

!!!!ಃΟ࿯!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈሽ਱ᆶי๨གྷݤϷ֎๨Չࣁϐᜢೱ!!!10 !!!!ಃѤ࿯!!ࣴزࢎᄬ...!!!!!!!15

!!!!ಃϖ࿯!!ࣴزଷ೛...!!!!!!!16

!!!!ಃϤ࿯!!Ӝຒࣚۓ...!!!!!!!17

ಃΟകʳ ࣴزБݤ! !!!!ಃ΋࿯!!ࣴز೛ी...!!!!!!!18

!!!!ಃΒ࿯!!ࣴزჹຝ...!!!!!!!19

!!!!ಃΟ࿯!!ࣴزπڀ...!!!!!!!20!

!!!!ಃѤ࿯!!ၗ਑ԏ໣...!!!!!!!21

!!!!ಃϖ࿯!!ၗ਑ೀ౛ᆶϩ݋...!!!!!!!23

ಃѤക!!!!ࣴز่݀

ಃ΋࿯!!!ࣴزঁਢϐ୷ҁၗ਑ϷঁΓ֎๨ಞᄍ...!!!!!!24

ಃΒ࿯ʳ ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣჹ๨ࠔ଼!

நᅽճਈϐᇡޕϷ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐי๨ཀᜫϩթ.. 28!

!!!!ಃΟ࿯!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣϐי๨གྷݤ 30

!!!!ಃѤ࿯!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣ֎๨Չࣁᡂ

ϯ... 32 !

!!!!ಃϖ࿯!!ࣴزঁਢόӕ୷ҁឦ܄ϐי๨གྷݤৡ౦ϩ݋...!!!34!

!!!!ಃϤ࿯!!ࣴزঁਢόӕ୷ҁឦ܄ϐ֎๨Չࣁৡ౦ϩ݋...!!!41

ಃΎ࿯ʳ ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣޑόӕ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈᇡޕޣϐ

י๨གྷݤৡ౦ϩ݋...!!!48!

ಃΖ࿯ʳ ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣޑόӕ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈᇡޕϷ๨

ࠔፓᅍሽ਱ϐי๨ཀᜫϐ֎๨Չࣁᡂϯৡ౦ϩ݋..!!!54

ಃϖകʳ !!!૸ፕ!

!!!!ಃ΋࿯!!࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣϐי๨གྷݤϷ֎๨Չࣁׯᡂ౜ݩ 60!

!!!!ಃΒ࿯!!୷ҁឦ܄ᆶ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈჹ֎๨Չࣁᡂϯϐᜢᖄ 62!

ಃΟ࿯ʳ ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈᇡޕϷ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐי๨ཀᜫᆶ

י๨གྷݤϷ֎๨Չࣁᡂϯϐᜢᖄ...!!!63!

ಃϤക!!!!่ፕᆶࡌ᝼!

!!!!ಃ΋࿯!!่ፕ!...!!!!65!

!!!!ಃΒ࿯!!ᔈҔᆶࡌ᝼ ...!!!!66!

!!!!ಃΟ࿯!!ࣴزज़ڋ...!!!!67

ୖԵၗ਑!

!!!!ύЎ೽ϩ!!...!!!!!69

!!!!मЎ೽ϩ!!...!!!!!71 ߕᒵ!

ߕᒵ΋!!!!ࣴزୢڔ!!!...!!!!!78!

!!!ߕᒵΒ!!!!஑ৎਏࡋϐӜൂ!!!...!!!!!84!

!!!ߕᒵΟ!!!!ѠчᙴᏢεᏢΓᡏ၂ᡍӕཀ᛾ܴਜ...!!!!!85!

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კ߄Ҟԛ!

।ኧ კ΋!!!!!!ࣴزཷۺࢎᄬ...!!!!!!!15 კΒ!!!!!!ԏਢࢬำ...!!!!!!!22 ߄΋!!!!!!ШࣚӚ୯؂х३๨ѳ֡႟୧ሽϷځิᚐ...!!!!!!!14 ߄Β!!!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣϐ୷ҁ

ၗ਑ϩթ ...!!!!!!!26 ߄Ο!!!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣ֎๨ಞᄍ

ϐϩթ ...!!!!!!!27 ߄Ѥ!!!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣჹ๨ࠔ଼ந

ᅽճਈϐᇡޕϷ๨ࠔሽ਱ϐי๨ཀᜫϩթ...!!!!!! 29 ߄ϖ!!!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣי๨གྷݤ

ϐϩթ ...!!!!!!31 ߄Ϥ!!!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣ֎๨Չࣁ

ᡂϯϐϩթ ...!!!!!!33 ߄Ύ!!!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ୷ҁ

ឦ܄ϐགྷי๨Кٯϐৡ౦ϩ݋ ...!!!!!!!37 ߄Ζ!!!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ୷ҁ

ឦ܄ϐགྷ෧Ͽ֎๨ЍኧКٯϐৡ౦ϩ݋ ...!!!!!!!!38 ߄ΐ!!!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ୷ҁ

ឦ܄ϐགྷ෧Ͽ֎๨ϺኧКٯϐৡ౦ϩ݋ ...!!!!!!!39 ߄Μ!!!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ୷ҁ

ឦ܄ϐགྷׯ֎ၨߡەޑ๨ࠔКٯϐৡ౦ϩ݋....!!!!!!!40

!

߄Μ΋!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ୷ҁ

ឦ܄ϐי๨࿶ᡍКٯϐৡ౦ϩ݋ ...!!!!!!!44 ߄ΜΒ!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ୷ҁ

ឦ܄ϐ෧Ͽ֎๨ЍኧКٯϐৡ౦ϩ݋ ...!!!!!!!45 ߄ΜΟ!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ୷ҁ

ឦ܄ϐ෧Ͽ֎๨ϺኧКٯϐৡ౦ϩ݋ ...!!!!!!!46 ߄ΜѤ!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ୷ҁ

ឦ܄ϐׯᡂᖼ๨ಞᄍКٯϐৡ౦ϩ݋ ...!!!!!!!47 ߄Μϖ!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ๨ࠔ

଼நᅽճਈᇡޕޣϷ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐי๨ཀᜫϐགྷ

י๨Кٯޑৡ౦ϩ݋ ...!!!!!!!!50 ߄ΜϤ!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ๨ࠔ

଼நᅽճਈᇡޕޣϷ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐי๨ཀᜫϐགྷ

෧Ͽ֎๨ЍኧКٯϐৡ౦ϩ݋ ...!!!!!!!!51 ߄ΜΎ!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ๨ࠔ

଼நᅽճਈᇡޕޣϷ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐי๨ཀᜫϐགྷ

෧Ͽ֎๨ЍኧКٯϐৡ౦ϩ݋ ...!!!!!!!!52 ߄ΜΖ!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ๨ࠔ

଼நᅽճਈᇡޕޣϷ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐי๨ཀᜫϐགྷ

ׯ֎ၨߡەޑ३๨ࠔจКٯϐৡ౦ϩ݋ ...!!!!!!!!53 ߄Μΐ!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕޑ๨ࠔ

଼நᅽճਈᇡޕޣϐי๨࿶ᡍКٯϐৡ౦ϩ݋ ..!!!!!!56

߄ΒΜ!!!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ๨ࠔ

଼நᅽճਈᇡޕޣϷ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐי๨ཀᜫϐ෧

Ͽ֎๨ЍኧКٯޑৡ౦ϩ݋ ...!!!!!!57 ߄ΒΜ΋!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ๨ࠔ

଼நᅽճਈᇡޕޣϷ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐי๨ཀᜫϐ෧

Ͽ֎๨ϺኧКٯϐৡ౦ϩ݋ ...!!!!!!58 ߄ΒΜΒ!!๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ๨ࠔ

଼நᅽճਈᇡޕޣϷ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐי๨ཀᜫϐׯ

ᡂᖼ๨ಞᄍКٯϐৡ౦ϩ݋ ...!!!!!!59

ಃ΋കʳ ᆣፕ

ಃ΋࿯ ࣴز୏ᐒᆶख़ा܄

ਥᏵШࣚፁғಔᙃ 2005 ԃޑၗ਑ᡉҢǴӄౚΓαύԖΜΟሹΓα

֎๨Ǵѳ֡؂ԃऊԖϖԭ࿤Γԝܭ֎๨܌Їଆޑ੯ੰǴࢂШࣚಃΒεԝ ΫচӢǶ2000 ԃӄౚ֎๨౰Չ౗ऊ 29%ǴႣी 20 ԃࡕځԝΫΓኧஒа ७ኧԋߏȐWorld Health Organization, 2005ȑǶѠ᡼Ӧ୔ 2006 ԃԋԃت

܄ϐ֎๨౰Չ౗ࣁ 39.56%ǵζ܄ࣁ 4.12%Ȑഋǵߋǵ৪Ǵ2007ȑǴ؂ԃ ຬၸ΋࿤ΖίΖԭΓԝܭک֎๨Ԗᜢޑ੯ੰȐྕǴ2003ȑǶ

ླྀǵቅǵ೚ǵ௏ǵ໚Ȑ1992ȑ՗ीѠ᡼Ӧ୔ 1990 ԃ๨্೷ԋᕴ࿶

ᔮԋҁཞѨȐό֖ΒЋ๨ǵᒃ϶ྣ៝ϷОؠ܌Ꮴठϐԋҁȑϟܭ 128~139 ሹཥѠჾϐ໔ǶࣴزᡉҢǴ֎๨཮೷ԋڥ֎ၰ΢Ҝཞ໾Ȑቅǵ໙ǵЦǵ ଯǵԫǵֆǴ2005ȑǴ٬ڥ֎ၰϩݜނቚуǵڥ֎ၰᗹጢၸࡋϩݜϷว ݹǴ೷ԋޤ೽ᄌ܄วݹϷڥ֎ၰߔ༞ǴԋΓߏය֎๨཮೷ԋᄌ܄ߔ༞܄

ޤ೽੯ੰȐ݅ǵቅǵֈǴ2006ǹ໳Ǵ2001ȑ Ƕ଼ߥֽ҇୯ 93 ԃߐບ੯ੰ

ձ಍ीǴڥ֎س಍੯ੰ൩ບ౗ଯၲ 71.33%Ǵܭڥ֎س಍੯ੰϐᙴᕍߥ

଼Ѝр 908 ሹϡǴ՞ঁΓᙴᕍϐ 15.3%ȐՉࡹଣፁғ࿿Ǵ2005ȑǶҗԜ ёޕ๨্ӧѠ᡼ࢂឦܭଯ౰Չ౗Ϸଯ੯ੰ઻ཞǴჹך୯୯଼҇நϐፂ ᔐǴ౰ܭځд୯ৎǶ

֎๨όՠቚу੯ੰ॥ᓀǵ෧ϿғڮǴԶЪቚуޗ཮ᙴᕍԋҁǴ㵝 ᗉխ֎๨ჹ଼நޑӒ্Ǵי๨ࢂന٫ޑБݤǶ୷ܭᆢៈΓᜪ଼நǴШ

ࣚፁғಔᙃܭ୯ሞ໔ᑈཱུ௢୏Ӛ໨ϸ๨Չ୏ǴӚ୯ҭ઱઱ुۓߦ຾୯

଼҇நϐ๨্ٛݯ࣬ᜢݤзǴӵуԀܭ 1990 ԃஒ๨ࠔิҗ؂хʓ10 ϩ

ԃፓቚԿ؂х 50 ϩǴፓᅍ 4 ԃࡕܭ 2002 ԃፓ่ࢗ݀ว౜๨ࠔ੃຤फ़ ե 13 ሹхȐSung, Hu, Ong, Keeler, & Sheu, 2005ȑǶቺԀճҔ๨ิ୷ߎ

຾Չӭϡ܄๨্ٛڋ฼ౣǴ่݀ځԋΓ֎๨౰Չ౗җ 2000 ԃޑ 22%फ़ Կ 2004 ԃޑ 16%ȐMcAlister, Huang,ȿRamirez, 2006ȑ Ƕ1994 ԃу৾ε මஒ೽ҽԀ؂х 200 Ѝϐ๨ิፓफ़Ǵҗʓ10.36 ᡂԋʓ5.36Ǵ่݀֎๨

౰Չ౗җ 2.0%ᡂԋ 3.4%Ǵ໒ۈ֎๨ԃសϷי๨౗फ़եȐHamilton, Levinton, Pierre-ST, & Grimard, 1997ȑ ǴӢԜёޕ๨ิک֎๨౰Չ౗ԋϸ Кᜢ߯Ǵ׳᛾ܴΑ๨ิࡹ฼ჹ୯଼҇நԖځᖐىᇸख़ϐӦՏǶ

࣬ᜢჴ᛾ς᛾ܴቚу३๨ޑิԏᆶගଯ๨ࠔޑሽ਱ዴჴࢂёаԖ ਏफ़ե֎๨ޑ౰Չ౗Ȑ৪ǵᖴǴ1999ǹMcAlister et al., 2006ǹSung, et al., 2005ǹWorld Health Organization \WHO^, 1998ȑǴԶך୯๨ิۘ҂ૈว ච׭ڋ֎๨౰Չ౗ϐਏ݀ǴЬाࢂӢ๨ሽୃեȐယǵ׵ǵഋǵ໳Ǵ2005ȑ Ƕ ӢԜࡹ۬ӧ 2006 ԃ 1 Д 3 ВΟ᠐೯ၸ๨ଚิݤచЎঅ҅Ǵ،ۓஒ๨ࠔ

଼நᅽճਈҗ 5 ϡፓቚࣁ 10 ϡǶ

ၸѐ୯ϣ௖૸֎๨࣬ᜢࣴزǴЬा๱ख़ܭ֎๨܈י๨ჹيᡏϐቹៜ ϐ࣬ᜢӢનȐֆǴ2004ǹමǴ1999ȑ ǹߙϿԃ֎๨܈י๨ՉࣁȐ׵Ǵ1990ǹ

׵Ǵ1999ǹߋǴ2005ǹࠬǴ2002ǹࢫǴ2005ǹ஭Ǵ2003ǹ஭Ǵ2004ǹഋǵ

׵Ǵ2004ǹෞǴ1997ǹ໳Ǵ2006ǹླྀǵഋǵ׵ǵ࢒Ǵ2003ȑǹԋΓ܈੝

ਸიᡏȐӵᚶѫ஁ζ܈ᙍ൑ȑϐ֎๨܈י๨ՉࣁȐֆǴ2004ǹ׵ǵ݅ǵ ԢǴ2003ǹڑǴ1993ǹ೚Ǵ2004ǹഋ฻Ǵ2006ǹᄃǴ1995ǹዐǴ2001ǹ ᎄǵྕǵጰǵጰǴ2002ǹᑵǵᒘǴ2005ȑǶ߈යԖᜢཥิڋჹ๨ࠔ੃຤

ѱ൑ϐ௖૸ǴԖٿጇǴ΋ࣁȨ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈჹ३๨੃຤ໆϷౢ཰ϐቹ ៜȩǴځࣴز่݀ࣁȨ2002 ԃຩܰԾҗϯǴፐቻ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈ 5 ϡǴ

٬୯Γ؂Γર๨੃຤ໆ෧Ͽ 18%ǹԶ؂х๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈҗ 5 ϡፓᅍډ

10 ϡǴ௢՗୯Γ؂Γ؂ԃ३๨੃຤ໆ෧Ͽ 8.58%ȩ Ȑယ฻Ǵ2005ȑ ǹΒࣁ Ȩຑ՗๨ଚิݤϷځჹ๨ࠔ੃຤ѱ൑ϐቹៜȩǴ่݀ࣁȨ๨ิཥڋ٬᏾

ᡏޑ֎๨౗җуิ߻ޑ 2000 ԃ 24.74%ፓफ़ډ 2003 ԃޑ 22.84%Ǵՠ 2004 ԃΞගϲډ 23.93%ǹуิࡕǴ໻Ԗ 2004 ԃԏΕλܭ΋࿤ϡޑ֎๨҇౲

ӧᒧ᏷३๨ࠔจਔ཮аሽ਱ࣁಃΒᓬӃԵໆȐጰǵླྀǵഋǵጰǴ2006ȑǶ Զ֎๨ޣύҾკי๨ޣǴ߈ 10 ԃࣴزऊԖ 5-7 ԋȐՉࡹଣፁғ࿿୯҇

଼நֽǴ2003ǹ೚Ǵ1993ǹഋ฻Ǵ2006ǹෞǴ1998ǹYang, Fisher, Li, & Danaher, 2006ȑǶ

ך୯Ծவ 2002 ԃ໒ۈቻԏ 5 ϡ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈࡕǴѠ᡼Ӧ୔ 18 ྃ а΢ϐԋԃ֎๨ޣԖ 27.2%फ़ե֎๨ໆǹ25.8%Ԗᙯඤ३๨ࠔจȐጰ฻Ǵ 2006ȑ Ǵՠӧ 2006 ԃ๨্ٛڋঅ҅ݤਢ೯ၸࡕǴ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈޑፓᅍ ჹҞ߻֎๨҇౲ගϲځי๨གྷݤϷׯᡂ֎๨Չࣁࢂց೷ԋቹៜǴҞ߻ϝ

҂Ԗ຾΋؁ޑ௖૸Ƕ

ᆕӝ΢ॊ܌قǴ֎๨೷ԋޑ଼நӒ্όՠ໾ϷঁΓǴ׳ቹៜډৎΓ

଼நǶቚу३๨ޑิԏᆶගଯ๨ࠔޑሽ਱ࢂӚ୯फ़ե֎๨౰Չ౗ޑБݤ ϐ΋Ƕך୯Ծ๨্ٛڋݤჴࡼаٰǴ2002 ԃ໒ۈቻԏ 5 ϡ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճ ਈࡕǴᗨԖफ़ե֎๨ໆϷᙯඤ३๨ࠔจޑՉࣁȐጰ฻Ǵ2006ȑ Ǵՠӧ 2006 ԃ 1 ДΟ᠐೯ၸ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈҗ 5 ϡፓᅍࣁ 10 ϡǴ࿶Ԝԛፓ᏾ࡕǴ ځ֎๨҇౲ࢂց཮Ӣ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈሽ਱ׯᡂǴගϲ֎๨҇౲ϐי๨གྷ ݤϷׯᡂ֎๨Չࣁ฻࣬ᜢ᝼ᚒǴ׆ఈᙖҗჴ፦ୢڔࣴزБݤٰΑှǴࡺ

ҁࣴزϐҞޑ߯௖૸๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈࢂց཮ቹៜѠчѱҞ߻֎๨ޣϐ

֎๨Չࣁᆶי๨གྷݤǴය่݀ё଺ࣁ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈ࣬ᜢࡹ฼ୖԵǶ

ಃΒ࿯ ࣴزҞޑ

௖૸ 2006 ԃ 2 ДΟ᠐೯ၸ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈҗ 5 ϡፓᅍࣁ 10 ϡࡕǴ

֎๨҇౲ࢂց཮Ӣ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈሽ਱ׯᡂԶቹៜ֎๨҇౲ϐי๨གྷ

ݤϷׯᡂ֎๨ՉࣁǶ

ಃΒക Ў᝘ࢗ᛾

ҁࣴزӧ௖૸଼நᅽճਈჹᆵчѱҞ߻֎๨҇౲ჹי๨གྷݤϷ֎

๨ՉࣁϐቹៜǴࡺஒ࣬ᜢЎ᝘٩ྣ΃ǵ֎๨ޣϐۓကϷ౰Չ౗ǹΒǵ י๨གྷݤϐۓကϷ౰Չ౗ǹΟǵ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈሽ਱ᆶי๨གྷݤϷ֎

๨ՉࣁϐᜢೱǴ᏾౛ឍॊӵΠǶ

ಃ΋࿯ʳ ֎๨ޣϐۓကϷ౰Չ౗

΋ǵ֎๨ޣۓက

୯ϣჹܭ֎๨ޣϐۓကǴᒿ๱όӕᏢޣ٬ҔϐෳໆۓကԶԖ܌ό ӕǶѠ᡼Ӧ୔ 94-96 ԃϐȨԋΓ֎๨ՉࣁፓࢗȩஒȨҞ߻֎๨ޣȩۓ ကࣁ΃ғϐύ֎๨ຬၸ 5 хȐ100 ЍȑǴԶЪၸѐ 30 Ϻϣම࿶٬Ҕ๨

ࠔޣȐഋ฻Ǵ2007ȑ ǴځдჹҞ߻֎๨ޣȐCurrent smokingȑϐۓကх

ࡴǺࡰၸѐ 30 Ϻම֎๨ޣȐMcAlister et al., 2006ȑǴ܈߈ 6 ঁДϣ؂

Ϻ֎๨ޣۓကࣁҞ߻֎๨ޣȐYang et al., 2006ȑ Ƕ׵฻Ȑ2003ȑஒࣴز ኬҁჹȨፎୢգܜόܜ๨ǻȩเȨࢂȩޣϩᜪࣁ֎๨ޣǶǶ

ШࣚፁғಔᙃȐ1998ȑஒȨ֎๨ޣϐۓကȩࡰፓࢗ྽ਔϝԖ֎๨Ǵ

΃ғύ֎๨ໆຬၸ 5 хȐ100 ЍȑǴхࡴ؂Ϻ֎๨ޣȐdaily smokerȑ

ࡰ؂ϺԿϿ֎๨΃ԛǹ܈ࢂଽᅟ֎๨ޣȐoccasional smokerȑ Ƕ߻ޣࣁ

؂ϺԖ֎๨ಞᄍǹࡕޣхࡴΟᅿǴϩձ΃ࣁම࿶؂Ϻ֎๨౜ςόӆ؂

Ϻ֎๨ϐ෧ໆޣǹΒࣁߚ؂Ϻ֎ՠԿҞ߻ࣁЗςܜ๨εܭ 100 ЍЪҞ

߻ϝଽᅟܜϐଽᅟ࡭ុޣǹΟࣁᕴ֎๨ໆϿܭ 100 Ѝՠ౜ӧଽᅟ֎๨

ޣȐWHO, 1998ȑǶ

ҁࣴز௦Չഋ฻Ȑ2007ȑஒȨҞ߻֎๨ޣȩϐۓကȨ΃ғϐύ֎

Βǵ֎๨ޣ౰Չ౗

όӕਔжǵӦ୔ϷԃសቫፓࢗǴځ౰Չ౗ࣣԖόӕǶӄౚ֎๨Γ αҞ߻Ԗ 13 ሹǴႣीܭ 2025 ԃஒԋߏऊ 17 ሹȐFagerstrom, 2002; WHO, 2003ȑǴ2004 ԃѠ᡼ԋԃΓ֎๨ՉࣁፓࢗǴӧ 16,688 ΓޑڙೖޣύǴ Ԗ 30.22%ࣁම࿶֎๨ޣȐت܄՞ 53.79%ǹζ܄՞ 5.84%ȑ ǹ23.99%ࣁ Ҟ߻֎๨ޣȐت܄՞ 42.78%ǹζ܄՞ 4.54%ȑ ǹ6.13%ࣁၸѐ֎๨ޣǶ Ҟ߻֎๨ޣύԖ 85.32%ӧၸѐ 30 ϺϣϺϺ֎๨ǹ66.16%؂Вѳ֡֎

๨ኧࣁ 10 ਥа΢Ȑഋ฻Ǵ2006ȑǶԶ 2006 ԃ୯Γԋԃت܄ϐ֎๨౰

Չ౗ࣁ 39.56%ǵζ܄ࣁ 4.12%Ǵک҇୯ 85 ԃޑၗ਑Ǵت܄Γαύ֎

๨՞ 55.11%Ǵζ܄Γαύ՞ 3.28%ϐၗ਑КၨǴت܄֎๨౗ԖΠफ़ᖿ

༈Ǵՠζ܄֎๨௼ဂԖቚуϐᖿ༈Ȑഋ฻Ǵ2007ȑǶՉࡹଣፁғ࿿ϐ ፁғࡰ኱Ǵ׆ఈѠ᡼Ӧ୔ԋΓ֎๨౰Չ౗؂ԃफ़ե 0.61%Կ 2010 ԃ ፓफ़Կ 23.3%ȐՉࡹଣፁғ࿿Ǵ2005ȑǶ

GilpinǵLee Ϸ PierceȐ2005ȑа 2002 ԃऍ୯уԀ 18-29 ྃϐԃ ᇸԋΓ௼ဂࣁჹຝǴว౜Ԗ 27.1%ࣁҞ߻֎๨ޣǹ86.7%ࣁ҂ٰ֎๨

ϐଯӒᓀဂǶӧቺԀаႝ၉ፓࢗԋԃΓҞ߻֎๨౰Չ౗Ǵ2000-02 ԃ 16-19% ǹ2004 ԃऊࣁ 16%ȐMcAlister et al., 2006ȑ Ƕӧ΋ঁ 2001-2002 ԃ୯ሞ܄֎๨౰Չ౗ፓࢗх֖Α New EnglandǵMiddle AtlanticǵEast North Central ǵWest North CentralǵSouth AtlanticǵEast South Centralǵ West South CentralǵMountainǵPacific ځѳ֡֎๨౰Չ౗ӧ೿ѱऊࣁ 22%ǹໂ׸ऊࣁ 25%ȐDoescher, Jackson, Jerant, & Hart, 2006ȑǶԶ Healthy People 2010 ȐHP2010ȑԋΓ֎๨౰Չ౗׆ఈफ़Կ 12%ȐLevy, Nikolayev, Mumford, & Compton, 2005ȑǶ

ᆕӝ΢ॊၗ਑ᡉҢǴ2006 ԃѠ᡼Ӧ୔ϐت܄֎๨౰Չ౗ࣁ 39.56%Ǵ

ک୯ሞ໔ԋΓ֎๨౰Չ౗࣬ၨǴך୯֎๨౰Չ౗߯ឦଯ౰Չ౗୯ৎǶ

ಃΒ࿯ י๨གྷݤϐۓကǵ౰Չ౗Ϸ࣬ᜢӢન

΋ǵי๨གྷݤϐۓက

٩ᏵՉࡹଣ୯଼҇நֽჹȨי๨གྷݤȩϐۓကǴࣁҞ߻֎๨ޣၸ ѐ΋ԃϣම࿶჋၂י๨ȐՉࡹଣፁғ࿿୯଼҇நֽ\୯଼ֽ^Ǵ2006ȑǶ Զҁࣴز௦ҔϐȨי๨གྷݤȩϐۓကǴࣁҞ߻֎๨ޣԾ 95 ԃ 2 Д๨

ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕම࿶჋၂י๨Ȑ୯଼ֽǴ2006ȑǶ Βǵי๨གྷݤ౰Չ౗

୯଼ֽፓࢗ 2004 ԃѠ᡼ԋԃΓ֎๨ՉࣁǴӧ 23.99%ޑҞ߻֎๨

ޣύԖ 45.77%Ҿკགྷי๨Ȑഋ฻Ǵ2006ȑǶύ୯ܼԀමҾკי๨ޣऊ 24.9%ȐYang et al., 2006ȑǶ೚Ȑ1993ȑଞჹᙴៈΓ঩Ǵว౜ 71.4%֎

๨ޣགྷי๨Ƕӧᙍ൑ύම࿶י๨ޣ՞ 41%Ȑֆ฻Ǵ2004ȑǶ୯଼ֽܭ

҇୯ 91 ԃ୯଼҇நፓࢗǴӧঁΓ଼நՉࣁϐי๨གྷݤύǴόፕتζ

ࣣԖ߈ 50%ϐי๨གྷݤȐᎄ฻Ǵ2003ȑǶ

ᆕӝ΢ॊЎ᝘ǴѠ᡼Ӧ୔Ԗၨଯ֎๨౰Չ౗ǴԶ֎๨ဂ౲ύҾკ י๨ޣ൩՞Α߈ 5-7 ԋȐֆ฻Ǵ2004ǹ୯଼ֽǴ2003ǹ೚Ǵ1993ǹഋ

฻Ǵ2006ǹYang et al., 2006ȑ Ǵёـ୯ϣϝԖࡐӭҾკי๨ϐ௼ဂϝڙ

๨্ϐ࠶ુǶ

Οǵי๨གྷݤϐ࣬ᜢӢન

י๨གྷݤёҗࡐӭቫय़ٰᢀჸǴѬࢂי๨ԋфϐख़ाӢનȐOsler ȿ rescott, 1998ȑ ǶᄃȐ1995ȑว౜ৎΓȨԖคܜ๨ȩӧי๨ᆢ࡭ཀӛ

΢Ԗᡉ๱ৡ౦Ƕ஭Ȑ2000ȑ߄ҢৎΓϷाӳܻ϶֎๨ࢂ೷ԋߙϿԃ֎

๨ޑख़ाቹៜӢનǴԶৎ㚊ޑΓϷܻ϶ӧי๨ޣيᜐ֎๨ǴΨ཮ቹៜ ډי๨ޣϐי๨ཀӛȐቅǴ2005ȑǶ໳Ȑ1998ȑଞჹεᏢғࣁՖ֎๨

຾Չ፦܄ፓࢗǴว౜֎๨ޣόӆ֎๨౛җࢂٰԾӕᏢ྽ύؒΓ֎๨܈

Ӣϩ੤ࡕک֎๨ޑܻ϶ϩ໒Ƕي਒ख़ाޑΓӵଛଽǵζܻ϶܈ӕۚΓ ό֎๨܈ৎΓϸჹ֎๨Ψࢂי๨౛җϐ΋Ȑ໳Ǵ1998ǹᄃǴ1995ǹOsler

& Prescott, 1998ǹYou, 1995ȑǶ

Osler ک PrescottȐ1998ȑමଞჹϏഝԋΓ຾ՉΜԃޑߏයଓᙫࣴ

زǴว౜ᆶόܜ๨ޑΓۚՐΨࢂי๨ԋфϐӢનϐ΋ǹ܈ӢπբӢન

܈ख़ाΓނႴᓰȐ໳Ǵ2005ȑǹϷຼᜐԖΓי๨ԋф܈㵝Αيᡏ଼ந

ࣣࢂቚமי๨୏ᐒϐ౛җȐᑵǵᒘǴ2005ȑǶԶࡹ฼Ӣનǵ܈මୖᆶ Ԗᜢϸ๨ޑ࠹Ꮴࢲ୏ǵ܈㵝Α࣪ᒲ܈Ծ᝺ޗ཮ჹ֎๨ޣޑೕጄࣣࢂי

๨౛җȐڑǴ1993ǹዐǴ2001ǹChristopher & Jenkins, 1997ǹOsler &

Prescott, 1998ǹYou, 1995ȑǶ

ಃΟ࿯ ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈሽ਱ᆶי๨གྷݤϷ֎๨Չࣁϐᜢೱ

΋ǵ๨ࠔሽ਱ᆶ֎๨౗ϐᜢᖄ

ਥᏵ୯ϣࣴزᡉҢǴ๨ࠔሽ਱΢ϲ 10%Ǵ३๨ޑ੃຤ໆஒ෧Ͽ 13.5%~15.6% ȐᛥǴ1994ȑ Ƕऍ୯຾Չӄय़܄ޑ๨ࠔٛڋ฼ౣύǴхࡴ

ᙖҗගଯ๨ิٰቚу๨ࠔޑԋҁ฻ȐManley et al., 1997ȑ ǶуԀࢂऍ୯

ಃ΋ঁჴࡼ๨্ٛڋीฝޑԀǴ㵝फ़ե֎๨Γαܭ 1989 ԃ೸ၸ׫౻ ೯ၸ؂х๨ࠔቚуʓ0.25 ೤ނิȐPierce, White, & Gilpin, 2005ȑǴҗ

؂хʓ10 ϩऍϡගϲډ؂хʓ35 ϩऍϡȐBal et al., 1990ȑǶௗុӧ 1999 ԃஒ๨ࠔิፓቚԿ 50 ϩऍϡ/؂хǴ2002 ԃࣴز่݀ࣁ 4 ԃϣ फ़ե๨ࠔ੃຤ 13 ሹхǴѳ֡؂ঁࠤѱ؂ۑफ़ե 2.4 хȐSung et al., 2005ȑǶ2002 ԃуԀ๨ࠔ੃຤ፓࢗǴԖ 32.3%ϐ֎๨ޣ߄Ңӧଯ๨ሽ

਱ϐࡹ฼ΠǴځ๨ࠔ੃຤ς೏ज़ڋȐWhite, Gilpin, White, & Pierce, 2005ȑǶ2005 ԃว߄ӣྉ 1990-2002 ԃуԀ๨ࠔፓࢗȐCalifornia Tobacco Surveys\CTS^ȑ ǴуԀ֎๨౰Չ౗ӧ 2001-2 ԃςफ़Կ 15.5%Ǵ ЪК 1998-99 ԃ׳फ़եΑ 18%ȐPierce et al., 2005ȑǶ

у৾εவ 1985 ԃ໒ۈჹ๨ิ଺ΑΟԛޑፓϲǴ10 ԃ໔Ǵу৾ε ३๨ޑ੃຤౗ӢԜΠफ़Α 38%ǴΨӢࣁิ౗ޑፓᅍǴᏤठу৾εԖ֎

๨ಞᄍޣޑ౰Չ౗Ǵҗ 38%Πफ़ډ 26%ȐLaugesen & Chris, 1991ȑǶ у৾εࡹ۬ӧ 1994 ԃමஒ೽ҽԀ؂х 200 Ѝϐ๨ิፓफ़Ǵҗʓ10.36 ऍϡፓफ़Կʓ5.36 ऍϡǴՠԜࡹ฼ԖӒ୯଼҇நǴࡺ଼நᐒᄬܭ 1995 ԃፓࢗεܭ 15 ྃа΢ 11119 ՏۚՐܭу৾ε҇౲ϐ֎๨ՉࣁǴӚᒧ 5

ঁፓफ़Ϸ҂ፓफ़ޑԀٰКၨځ֎๨౰Չ౗ǵ֎๨วғ౗ǵי๨౗Ϸ؂

Ϻ֎๨ЍኧǴ่݀֎๨౰Չ౗җ 2.0%ቚуډ 3.4%ǹЪ໒ۈ֎๨ԃស

Ϸי๨౗फ़եȐHamilton et al., 1997ȑǶ

ӧځд౰Չ౗Бय़ǴቺԀճҔ๨ิ୷ߎ຾Չ๨্ٛڋǴ่݀ቺԀ

ܿࠄБޑ Beaumont Ϸ Port Arthur ޑԋΓ֎๨౰Չ౗җ 2000 ԃޑ 22%

फ़Կ 2004 ԃޑ 16%ȐMcAlister et al., 2006ȑǴҞ߻ቺԀ֎๨౰Չ౗ऊ ࣁ 18%ȐLevy, Bauer, & Lee, 2005ȑǹᖄӝ୯֎๨౰Չ౗ӧ 2003 ԃ 21.6%ȐLevy et al., 2006ȑǴдॺΨ׆ఈ೸ၸፓϲ๨ิ฻Ԗਏޑ๨্ٛ

ڋ௛ࡼǴૈܭ 2010 ԃૈஒ֎๨౰Չ౗फ़ډ 12%ȐUS Department of Health and Human Service, 2000ȑǶ

ᆕӝ୯ϣѦЎ᝘Ǵ๨ࠔሽ਱ዴჴ཮ቹៜ҇౲ϐ֎๨౗Ǵᒿ๱๨ࠔ ሽ਱ޑፓᅍǴ֎๨౰Չ౗཮೴ᅌΠफ़ǴԶ྽҇౲ࢂӢ࿶ᔮӢનགྷי๨

ਔǴځי๨ԋф౗ၨଯǴࡺࡹ۬׆ఈ೸ၸፓᅍ๨फ़Ǵٰၲډफ़ե֎๨

ΓαϐҞޑǶՠନΑ೸ၸ๨ሽፓᅍٰගϲ҇౲י๨౰Չ౗ѦǴ҇౲ࢂ

ցԖי๨གྷݤǴΨࢂׯᡂ֎๨Չࣁϐख़ाӢનǶ!

!

Βǵ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈሽ਱ׯᡂکי๨གྷݤϷ֎๨Չࣁϐᜢ߯

ਥᏵȐ߄΋ȑၗ਑ǴӃ຾୯ৎ؂х๨႟୧ሽύ๨ิ܌эК౗നଯ!

ࣁϏഝޑ 85%ǴѠ᡼໻ࣁ 43%Ȑ୯ৎፁғࣴزଣǴ2003ȑǴа୯ሞࠔ!

จ Marlboro ٰᇥǴ୯ϣ୧ሽऊѠჾ 50 ϡǵᎃ߈ޑ३ෝऊѠჾ 127 ϡ!

ऍ୯ફऊԀऊѠჾ 238 ϡȐӚԀ๨ሽό΋ȑ Ȑ୯଼ֽǴ2003ȑ Ƕҗ΢ॊ!

ၗ਑ёޕǴך୯๨ࠔሽ਱کШࣚӚ୯࣬ၨǴϝឦୃեǴ๨ࠔሽ਱ϝԖ!

ፓᅍޜ໔Ȑጰ฻Ǵ2005ȑǶ٩ՉࡹଣЬीೀޑၗ਑ᡉҢǴѳ֡؂Γ؂

ԃ๨੃຤ໆޑኧӷ೴ԃቚуǴа҇୯ΐΜΒԃࣁٯǴ؂Γ๨੃຤ໆࣁ 1805 ЍǴКΐΜ΋ԃ 1545 Ѝऊԃቚу 16.83%ޑ๨੃຤ໆȐՉࡹଣЬ

ीೀǴ2006ȑǶ

੃຤ޑቹៜਏ݀ȩǴཥิڋ؂х๨ፐቻ 5 ϡፓᅍډ 10 ϡޑ଼நᅽճ ਈǴ௢՗ஒ٬୯Γѳ֡؂ঁΓ/؂ԃޑ३๨੃຤ໆ෧Ͽ 8.09 хǴ୯Γ ӄ೽੃຤ໆ෧Ͽऊ 1.48 ሹхȐ׵ǵယǵ໳Ǵ2005ȑǶՠଞჹ३๨ሽ਱

ाᅍӭϿǴ׵฻Ȑ2005ȑЎύΨ௢՗рȨа؂ԛ३๨ሽ਱ፓᅍ 5 ϡٰ

ीᆉǴ߾຾α३๨Ϸ୯ౢ३๨ޑ؂х३๨ሽ਱Ѹ໪ϩձፓᅍऊ 29 ϡǴ ωૈ٬ѳ֡؂Γ੃຤ໆ෧Ͽ 46.93 хǴ୯Γޑ๨ࠔ੃຤ໆωૈեܭ 1998 ԃШࣚޑѳ֡੃຤Нѳऊࣁ؂Γ੃຤ 61 хȩǶ

ӧऍ୯Ǵ2002 ԃමଞჹ 5,109 ՏуԀ֎๨ޣǴϩ݋֎๨ޣҔব٤ Бݤٰ௓ڋ๨ࠔ੃຤ǶځҞޑࢂགྷᕕှ๨ࠔଯሽ਱ΠǴ֎๨ޣϐ࣪ᒲ БԄϷჴሞ࣪ΑӭϿᒲȐа؂хѳ֡б຤ሽ਱ࣁ՗ᆉȑǶ่݀ᡉҢǴ

᏾ᡏԶقԖ 32.3%ϐ֎๨ޣ߄Ң੃຤Չࣁ೏ज़ڋک 74.1%Ԗ೏ॐ٬Ҕ Πӈځύ΃ᅿ࣪ᒲ฼ౣǶځ࣪ᒲ฼ౣԖǺ61.1%ᒧ᏷ߡە႟୧рၡǹ 28.7% ٬Ҕߡە୘኱ǹک٬Ҕեิ܈คิٰྍ՞ 6.3%ǶӵᖼວٰԾ եิԏ܈คิٰྍё࣪ 1.23 ऍϡ/؂хȐWhite et al., 2005ȑ ǶԶډᘓ཯

៽ᖼວود๨ǴΨࢂफ़ե๨ࠔ੃຤ޑᒧ᏷ϐ΋Ȑጰ฻Ǵ2005ȑǶ ӧጰ฻Ȑ2005ȑ93 ԃ୯ፁଣ୺Չ๨্ٛڋ࣬ᜢࣴزȨຑ՗๨ଚิ

ݤϷځჹ๨ࠔ੃຤ѱ൑ϐቹៜȩύǴаȨ2000-2003 ԃѠ᡼३๨੃຤

Չࣁፓࢗߏයଓᙫၗ਑৤ȩϷȨ2004 ԃѠ᡼३๨੃຤Չࣁፓࢗၗ਑৤ȩ

ٰ຾Չуิ߻ࡕ֎๨ໆϩ݋Ǵ่݀ࣁȨуิࡕಃΒԃКуิ߻ϐ֎๨

ໆǴफ़ե 1.16 х/؂Γ/؂ДǴՠऩ຾΋؁ϩ݋ځ୷ҁឦ܄Ǵ߾ԃសӧ 18-24 ྃ໘ࢤϷ 55 ྃа΢ǹ௲ػำࡋӧ୯λ܈аΠ໘ࢤޣϷεᏢ܈а

΢ޣǹঁΓԏΕȐ؂ДȑӧΒ࿤ϡаΠޑ҇౲Ǵځ෧๨ໆਏ݀നࣁܴ

ᡉȩǶԶ֎๨ޣӧ๨ሽፓᅍࡕǴ཮Ӣሽ਱ӢનԶԵໆ३๨ࠔจޣǴ่

݀Ȩҗуิ߻ޑ 21.15%Ǵफ़Կуิࡕޑ 15.46%Ȑ2002 ԃȑǴϩ݋ځ

চӢǴࣁ୯ౢϷ຾α๨ޑሽ਱ৡຯᡂλǴ೷ԋ๨ࠔᒧ᏷܄ᡂӭϐ่݀ȩ Ȑጰ฻Ǵ2005ȑǶ

ᆕӝ΢ॊЎ᝘Ǵ೸ၸԖ฼ౣ܄ޑ๨ิፓᅍǴޑዴёගϲ҇౲ϐי

๨གྷݤϷ֎๨ՉࣁᡂϯǴёـፓϲ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈϐࡹ฼ჹ୯଼҇ந Ԗځᖐىᇸख़ϐӦՏǶ2006 ԃ 1 ДΟ᠐೯ၸ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈҗ 5 ϡፓ ᅍࣁ 10 ϡǴځ֎๨҇౲ࢂց཮Ӣ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈሽ਱ׯᡂǴගϲ֎

๨҇౲ϐי๨གྷݤϷׯᡂ֎๨Չࣁګǻ׆ఈᙖҗޗ୔ୢڔፓٰࢗᡍ

᛾๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈࡹ฼ϐёՉ܄Ϸቹៜ܄Ƕ

߄΋

ШࣚӚ୯؂х३๨ѳ֡႟୧ሽϷځิᚐȐऍϡ ^/ хȑ

୯ৎ

ѳ֡႟

୧ሽ

ᕴิᚐ

ิᚐэ

႟୧ሽ ޑКٯ

୯ৎ

ѳ֡႟

୧ሽ

ᕴิᚐ

ิᚐэ

႟୧ሽ ޑКٯ

ਊ࠶ 7.05 5.23 74 ቺ୯ 3.18 2.28 72

у৾ε

ȐӦБิന ଯޑ࣪ҽȑ

4.09 2.97 73

у৾ε

ȐӦБิനե ޑ࣪ҽȑ

2.02 1.12 55

ऍ୯

ȐനଯิޑԀȑ

2.65 1.24 47

ऍ୯

ȐനଯิޑԀȑ

1.60 0.34 21

ངᅟើ 4.94 4.16 84 म୯ 5.27 4.3 82

Ϗഝ 4.75 4.02 85 ޹ើ 4.54 3.48 77

ᐞࢪ 4.5 2.92 65 ༫Ӧճ 2.84 2.11 74

ྷڂ 4.47 3.13 70 ಻ើ 2.66 1.94 73

ફՋើ 4.17 2.79 66 ကεճ 2.17 1.59 73

ཥуڵ 3.72 1.87 50 ׆ᛪ 1.82 1.33 73

३ෝ 3.62 1.76 49 ဟ๻У 1.77 1.43 81

ݤ୯ 3.47 2.61 75 ੀ୯ 1.58 0.89 56

Кճਔ 3.23 2.39 74 Ѡ᡼ 1.45 0.62 43

ຏ . ၗ਑ٰԾȨό֎๨ᆶ଼நߦ຾ȩ Ǵ୯ৎፁғࣴزଣǴ2003Ǵ ፕᏝ

଼நߦ຾ᆶ੯ੰႣٛہ঩཮ಃΟයЎ᝘ӣ៝ࣴ݋ीฝ Ȑp. 15ȑǴ

ѠчǺ୯ৎፁғࣴزଣǶ

ಃѤ࿯! ࣴزࢎᄬ

ਥᏵҁࣴزϐҞޑǴӧୖԵ࣬ᜢЎ᝘ࡕǴว৖раΠϐཷۺࢎᄬǶ

֎๨Չࣁᡂϯʳ

๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈϐ ᇡޕ

๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐי

๨ཀᜫ

ঁΓ୷ҁឦ܄

΋ǵ܄ձ!

Βǵஆ࠷!!!!!!

Οǵԃស!!!!!!

Ѥǵ௲ػำࡋ!!!!!!!!

ϖǵᙍ཰!

ϤǵԏΕ!

ΎǵৎΓ܈ӳ϶֎๨!

ঁΓ֎๨ಞᄍ!

י!๨!གྷ!ݤ

კ΋ ࣴزཷۺࢎᄬ

ಃϖ࿯ ࣴزଷ೛

٩Ᏽࣴزୢᚒک࣬ᜢЎ᝘ޑ௖૸ǴᆕӝрΠӈࣴزଷ೛Ǻ

ଷ೛΋ǵόӕ୷ҁឦ܄ϐҞ߻֎๨ޣځי๨གྷݤϩթКٯόӕǶ ଷ೛Βǵόӕ୷ҁឦ܄ϐҞ߻֎๨ޣځ֎๨ՉࣁᡂϯϩթКٯόӕǶ ଷ೛Οǵ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈᇡޕόӕϐҞ߻֎๨ޣǴځי๨གྷݤϩթК

ٯόӕǶ

ଷ೛Ѥǵ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈᇡޕόӕϐҞ߻֎๨ޣǴځ֎๨Չࣁᡂϯϩ թКٯόӕǶ

ଷ೛ϖǵӢ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐόӕי๨ཀᜫޣǴځ֎๨ՉࣁᡂϯϩթК

ٯόӕǶ

ಃϤ࿯ʳ Ӝຒࣚۓ

ҁࣴز࣬ᜢӜຒޑᏹբ܄ۓကӵΠǺ

΋ǵ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈϐᇡޕǺࡰҞ߻֎๨ޣࢂցޕၰ๨ࠔሽ਱ ς ϣ֖๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈϷ๨ࠔሽ਱ࢂցςፓᅍǴхࡴࢂցޕၰѱ ୧๨ࠔሽ਱ύ೿ϣ֖๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈϷࢂցޕၰ๨ࠔ଼நᅽ ճਈӧ 95 ԃ 2 Дଆς࿶ፓᅍ 10 ϡǶ٠ஒϐϩࣁޕၰϷόޕၰǴ ӅٿᜪǶ

Βǵ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐי๨ཀᜫǺऩ๨ࠔሽᝩុፓᅍǴ߾Ҟ߻֎๨ޣ

!!!!!!཮Եቾי๨Ƕϩࣁ཮ᆶό཮ٿᜪǹ཮ԵቾޣǴុϩࣁ 100 ϡа ϣϷ 101 ϡа΢ٿಔǶ

Οǵי๨གྷݤǺࡰҞ߻֎๨ޣӧ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍࡕޑי๨གྷݤǴхࡴ

ࢂցགྷי๨ǵࢂցགྷׯᡂ֎๨Ѝኧǵࢂցགྷׯᡂ֎๨Ϻኧǵࢂ

ցགྷׯ֎ၨߡە३๨ࠔจǶ٠ஒϐϩࣁᕴࢂǵਔதǵଽᅟϷؒ

ԖǴӅѤᜪǶ

Ѥǵ֎๨ՉࣁᡂϯǺࡰҞ߻֎๨ޣӧ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍࡕޑ֎๨ׯᡂ௃

׎Ǵхࡴࢂցම࿶჋၂י๨ǵࢂցׯᡂ֎๨Ѝኧǵࢂցׯᡂ֎

๨ϺኧϷࢂցׯᡂᖼ๨ಞᄍǶӧම࿶჋၂י๨Ϸׯᡂᖼ๨ಞ ᄍǴ٠ஒϩࣁؒԖϷԖǴӅٿᜪǶࢂցׯᡂ֎๨ЍኧϷࢂցׯ ᡂ֎๨ϺኧǴ٠ஒϐϩࣁؒԖׯᡂǵ෧ϿϷቚуǴӅΟᜪǶ ϖǵঁΓ֎๨ಞᄍǺࡰҞ߻֎๨ޣޑ֎๨౜ݩǴхࡴЬाᖼ๨൑܌Ǵ

ѳ֡؂Ϻ֎๨Ѝኧǵ֎๨Ϻኧǵ؂х๨ࠔ޸຤ǵי๨౛җǶନ

Αѳ֡؂Ϻ֎๨ЍኧѦǴځдࣣࣁᜪձᡂ໨Ƕ

ಃΟക ࣴزБݤ

ಃ΋࿯ ࣴز೛ी

ҁࣴز௦ᐉᘐԄȐCross - sectionalȑࣴزݤԏ໣ҁࣴزཷۺࢎᄬϐ ᡂ໨Ǵ௖૸๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈࢂցᆶѠчѱҞ߻֎๨ޣϐ֎๨Չࣁᆶי๨

གྷݤԖᜢǶ߻ᖿෳ၂চаՏܭѠчѱ࿤๮୔ߡճ୘۫Ϸᘓ཯៽ࣁԏਢ౜

൑ǴаԿຬ୘Ϸᘓ཯៽ᖼ๨ϐԋԃ֎๨҇౲ࣁࣴزჹຝǴӢ୘ৎᇡࣁࣴ

زޣӧ୘ৎߐα຾ՉୢڔೖୢǴ཮ቹៜ҇౲ډ၀୘ৎ੃຤ཀᜫǴࡺ҅Ԅ

ࣴزਔׯаԿ࿤๮୔Ǵ೸ၸٚύख़ाΓނȐٚߏ܈ᎃߏȑаᄾഓౚБԄ ϟಏٚύҞ߻֎๨ޣϐٚ҇ǴӧϦ໒໣཮Ӧᗺ຾ՉୢڔፓࢗǴаΑှѠ чѱҞ߻֎๨ޣӧ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕϐי๨གྷݤϷ֎๨ՉࣁǶ

ᒧ᏷࿤๮୔ϐ౛җǺЎ᝘ࡰрԏΕեܭΒ࿤аΠޣჹځ๨ࠔሽ਱ݢ

୏ၨ௵གǴ٩Ᏽ 95 ԃѠчѱ಍ीԃൔၗ਑ᡉҢǴ࿤๮୔ύեԏΕЊ՞

ӄѱ 27.6%ȐѠчѱࡹ۬Ǵ2006ȑ Ǵࡺᒧ᏷࿤๮୔ࣁҁࣴزϐԏਢӦ୔Ƕ

ಃΒ࿯ ࣴزჹຝ

ҁࣴز௦ଛᚐᒧኬȐquota samplingȑ!БԄа࿤๮୔36ٚϐ֎๨҇

౲ࣁჹຝǴ؂ٚԏ໣20Ӝ֎๨ٚ҇ϐԖਏୢڔǴӅԏ໣720 ҽǶ

ዴᇡঁਢӕཀௗڙୢڔೖୢਔǴӃрҢ᛾ҹ᛾ܴࣴزғيϩ٠၌ୢ

၀ঁਢȨࢂցۚՐܭѠчѱ࿤๮୔ϐٚ҇ȩϷȨࢂցࣁ֎๨Ѝኧεܭ 100 Ѝϐ֎๨҇౲ȩǴٿޣࣣࣁȨࢂȩਔǴ٠࿶ӕཀࡕڐշ༤ቪୢڔǶঁਢ ༤เୢڔ߻ǴӃӛځှញࣴزᆶࢬำǴ࿶ӕཀࡕБ୺ՉԏਢǶ

΋ǵԏਢచҹȐInclusion criteriaȑǺ

Ȑ΋ȑҞ߻Ԗ֎๨ಞᄍϐѠчѱ࿤๮୔ԋԃ҇౲Ƕ ȐΒȑૈ᎙᠐ϷਜቪЎӷޣǶ

ȐΟȑऩό᛽ӷ܈คݤԾՉ༤เޣǴёҔ୯Ѡᇟ຾Չྎ೯ࡕଛӝ༤

เޣǶ

ಃΟ࿯ ࣴزπڀ

΋ǵπڀว৖

ҁࣴزୢڔϣ৒ΏୖԵ࣬ᜢࣴزϷ༼᏾࣬ᜢЎ᝘ࡕԾᔕԶԋǶ Βǵࣴزπڀϣ৒

Ȑ΋ȑঁΓ୷ҁឦ܄Ǻ܄ձǵஆ࠷ރݩǵԃសǵ௲ػำࡋǵπբރ ݩǵঁΓѳ֡ДԏΕǵৎ৥ѳ֡؂ঁДᕴԏΕǵӕՐৎΓࢂ

ց֎๨Ϸӳ϶ࢂց֎๨ǴӅ 9 ᚒǶ

ȐΒȑ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈᇡޕǺჹޕၰѱ୧๨ࠔሽ਱ς଼֖நᅽճਈ Ϸޕၰ 95 ԃ 2 Дଆ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈςፓᅍԿ 10 ϡǴӅ 2 ᚒǶ ȐΟȑ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐי๨ཀᜫǺ๨ࠔፓᅍԿӭϿ཮Եቾי๨ǴӅ

4 ᚒǶ

ȐѤȑי๨གྷݤǺ๨ࠔፓᅍࡕǴࢂցԖр౜י๨ǵ෧Ͽ֎๨Ѝኧǵ ෧Ͽ֎๨Ϻኧǵׯ֎ၨߡەޑ๨ǴӅ 4 ᚒǶ

Ȑϖȑ֎๨ՉࣁׯᡂǺ჋၂י๨ǵ෧Ͽ֎๨Ѝኧǵ෧Ͽ֎๨Ϻኧǵ ׯᡂᖼ๨ಞᄍǴӅ 4 ᚒǶ

ȐϤȑঁΓ֎๨ಞᄍǺЬाᖼ๨൑܌ǵѳ֡֎๨Ѝኧǵ֎๨Ϻኧǵ

؂х๨ࠔ޸຤ǵי๨౛җǴӅ 5 ᚒǶ а΢ᚒҞ֡ࣁᜪձᚒȐߕᒵ΋ȑǶ

Οǵࣴزπڀϐߞਏࡋෳ၂

ҁࣴزа஑ৎਏࡋᔠۓࣴزπڀϐਏࡋǴۯፎ 8 Տౢ۔Ꮲ஑

ৎǴхࡴ 5 ՏᏢࣚǵ2 Տ۔ࣚǵ1 Տౢࣚ฻ठΚܭ๨্ٛڋሦୱ

஑ৎȐߕᒵΒȑǴଞჹࣴزޣᔕۓϐୢڔϣ৒ӝ፾܄ǵЎӷమධ

፾ࡋ܄Ǵ٠٩஑ৎࡌ᝼অׯୢڔϣ৒Ƕ

ಃѤ࿯ ၗ਑ԏ໣

ҁࣴز೯ၸѠчᙴᏢεᏢΓᡏ၂ᡍہ঩཮ӕཀȐߕᒵΟȑ Ǵܭ 97 ԃ 1 Д 14 ВԿ 97 ԃ 3 Д 31 ВǴӅԏਢ 741 ҽǴԌନ᏾।҂༤ቪޑ 19 ҽ Ϸ᏾ҽ؂ᚒࣣаፄᒧБԄϭᒧޑ 2 ҽǴ҅ԄયΕࣴزϩ݋Ӆ 720 ҽԖਏ

ୢڔǶ

ҁࣴزԏਢБԄӅϩࣁΒᅿǺ΋ࣁҗࣴزғԾՉԏਢǹΒࣁҗٚߏ жࣁԏਢǶҗࣴزғԏਢБԄӵΠǺӕཀୖᆶҁࣴزϐঁਢǴҗࣴزޣ ᇥܴࣴزҞޑǴቻளӕཀ٠ᛝ࿿ӕཀਜࡕǴӆ๏ϒୢڔ྽൑༤เǶၗ਑

ԏ໣ၸำύᗉխঁਢᆶৎΓ܈ܻ϶Ҭፋǵ૸ፕǴऩჹᚒҞόమཱϐೀǴ җࣴزޣှញǶӣԏୢڔਔᘤំԖคᒪᅅϐೀǴӵԖᒪᅅ߾྽൑ፎঁਢ ༤ံమཱǴऩό᛽ӷ܈คݤԾՉ༤เޣஒҗࣴزޣ೴ᚒ୦рǴӆ٩ځเ ਢ༤ቪୢڔǶၗ਑ԏ໣ਔ໔ऊࣁ 15-20 ϩដǴӅԏ໣ 94 ҽԖਏୢڔǶ

җٚߏԏਢБԄӵΠǺҗٚߏዴᇡٚϣ಄ӝԏਢϐჹຝǴ٠ᇥܴࣴ

زҞޑǴቻளӕཀࡕᛝ࿿ӕཀਜǴӆ๏ϒୢڔ྽൑༤เǶऩჹᚒҞόమ

ཱϐೀǴҗٚߏှញǶӣԏୢڔਔҗٚߏᘤំԖคᒪᅅϐೀǴӵԖᒪᅅ

߾྽൑ፎঁਢ༤ံమཱǴӅԏਢ 626 ҽԖਏୢڔǶՠ೽ҽٚߏӣԏਔ҂

ӆԛբ༤เዴᇡǴӢԜ೽ϩୢڔр౜೽ҽᚒҞᅅ໨Ǵаठϩ݋ਔǴ೽ϩ

ᒧ໨ԖᒪᅅॶǶ

Ѡ ч ѱ

Бߡڗኬ

࿤๮୔

؂΋ٚҞ߻֎๨ޣϐޗ୔ٚ҇

җࣴزғᒃԾԏਢ N=94 җٚߏжࣁԏਢ N=626

!

ዴ!ᇡ!ୖ!ᆶ!ࣴ!ز!ޣ!ۚ!Ր!ܭ!࿤!๮!୔!!!!ց!

ࢂ!

ዴᇡҞ߻֎๨ޣࢂցࣁ֎๨ຬၸ 100 Ѝϐ҇౲ ց

ࢂ

ӕཀୖᆶࣴز ց

ࢂ

༤ቪӕཀਜϷୢڔ

კΒ ԏਢࢬำ

!

!

ಃϖ࿯!ၗ਑ೀ౛ᆶϩ݋!

!ஒࣴزၗ਑ԏ໣ࡕ຾Չጓ᝿ȐCodingȑ٠ᒡΕႝတǴа SAS 9.1 ಍

ी೬ᡏ຾Չϩ݋ၗ਑ǴаԛኧϩଛϷԭϩКև౜ࣴزঁਢϐ୷ҁឦ܄ǵ

֎๨ಞᄍǵ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈϐᇡޕǵ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐי๨ཀᜫǵי๨གྷ ݤϷ֎๨Չࣁׯᡂ฻ᡂ໨ϐϩթ௃׎ǴаьБᔠۓϩ݋୷ҁឦ܄ǵ֎๨

ಞᄍǵ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈϐᇡޕǵ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐי๨ཀᜫǵי๨གྷݤϷ

֎๨Չࣁׯᡂ฻ᡂ໨ϐ࣬ᜢ܄Ƕ!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

ಃѤകʳ ࣴز่݀

ҁࣴزԏਢਔ໔ࣁ 97 ԃ 1 Д 14 ВԿ 97 ԃ 3 Д 31 ВǴӅԏਢ 741 ҽǴԌନคਏୢڔ 21 ҽǴ҅ԄયΕࣴزϩ݋Ӆ 720 ҽԖਏୢڔǶ

ಃ΋࿯ʳ ࣴزঁਢϐ୷ҁၗ਑ϷঁΓ֎๨ಞᄍ

ҁࣴزԏ໣ 720 Տ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣϐޗ୔҇౲ϐ୷ҁၗ਑Ǵх

ࡴǺ܄ձǵஆ࠷ރݩǵԃសǵ௲ػำࡋǵπբރݩǵঁΓѳ֡ДԏΕǵ ৎ৥ѳ֡ДԏΕǵৎΓ֎๨Ϸӳ϶֎๨ރݩǶ٩ࣴزҞޑϷЎ᝘ၗ਑ஒ

೽ҽᡂ໨ख़ಔǴஆ࠷ރݩϩࣁȨԖଽȩϷȨൂيȩǴӅΒಔǹԃសቫϩ ࣁȨ18-44 ྃȩ ǵ Ȩ45-64 ྃȩϷȨ65 ྃа΢ȩ ǴӅΟಔǹ௲ػำࡋϩࣁȨ߃ ύǵ୯ύϷаΠȩǵȨଯύǵଯᙍȩϷȨ஑ࣽа΢ȩǴӅΟಔǹঁΓѳ֡

ДԏΕ೽ҽǴϩࣁȨ40,000 ϡаΠȩǵȨ40,001 ϡа΢ȩϷȨόޕၰ/ό ዴۓȩ ǴӅΟಔǹৎ৥ѳ֡ДᕴԏΕ೽ҽǴϩࣁȨ80,000 ϡаΠȩ ǵ Ȩ80,001 ϡа΢ȩϷȨόޕၰ/όዴۓȩǴӅΟಔǹځ่݀ϩॊӵΠȐ߄ΒȑǺ

ୖᆶࣴزϐঁਢаت܄ۚӭǴ՞ 87.5%Ȑ630 Γȑ Ƕъኧа΢ϐࣴز

ୖᆶޣࣁԖଽǴ՞ 67.6%Ȑ481 Γȑ ǶԃសϩթǴа 18-44 ྃനӭǴ՞ 47.7%

Ȑ324 Γȑ Ǵځд٩ׇࣁ 45-64 ྃᆶ 65 ྃа΢ǴӚࣁ 39.5%Ȑ268 ΓȑϷ 12.8% Ȑ87 Γȑ ǶԶঁਢϐ௲ػำࡋаଯύǵଯᙍࣁӭǴ39%Ȑ278 Γȑǹ ځԛࣁ߃ύǵ୯ύϷаΠǴ34.2%Ȑ244 Γȑǹ஑ࣽа΢Ǵ26.8%Ȑ191 Γȑ ǶԖ 77%Ȑ525 ΓȑϐঁਢԖπբǶӧঁΓѳ֡ДԏΕ೽ҽǴ40,000 ϡаΠനӭǴ՞ 54.4%Ȑ371 Γȑ Ƕӧୖᆶࣴزঁਢϐৎ৥ѳ֡ДᕴԏΕ Бय़Ǵа 80,000 ϡаΠࣁӭǴ՞ 68.2%Ȑ464 ΓȑǶऊъኧޑৎΓԖ֎

๨ޑಞᄍȐ345 ΓȑǹԶӕՐ֎๨ৎΓύΞаР҆ࣁӭǴ՞ 31.8%Ȑ110

Γȑ ǹځдࣁӕՐл׌ۊۂǵଛଽǵӕՐηζǴӚ՞ 28.4%ǵ27.5%ǵ27%Ƕ ߈ΐԋޑ֎๨ޣ߄Ңӳ϶Ԗ֎๨ޑಞᄍȐ629 ΓȑǶ

຾΋؁ϩ݋࿤๮୔ୖᆶࣴزঁਢ֎๨ಞᄍǴځ่݀ϩॊӵΠȐ߄ Οȑ ǺӧЬाᖼ๨൑܌೽ϩǴ٩ׇࣁߡճ୘۫ǵᚇ೤۫Ϸᘓ཯៽Ȑ79.7%;

13.1%; 4.4%ȑ ǹѳ֡֎๨ЍኧǴа 11-20 ЍനӭȐ48.9%ȑ ǹ10 ЍϣϷ 21 Ѝа΢ǴӚࣁ 29.9 %Ȑ208 Γȑᆶ 21.2%Ȑ148 Γȑǹӧၸѐ 30 ϺϣǴ

ࣴزୖᆶޣϺϺ֎๨КٯനӭȐ68.6%ȑ Ƕӧ޸຤؂х๨ࠔሽ਱೽ϩǴа 55 ϡаΠࣁӭǴ՞ 63.6%Ȑ457 ΓȑǶӧবᅿ௃ݩΠǴω཮Եቾי๨೽

ϩǴ߻ΟӜϩձࣁׯ๓଼நǵৎΓा؃ךי๨Ϸ࣪ᒲǴӚ՞ 68.1%ǵ26%ǵ 20.1%ǹӧҺՖ௃ݩ೿ό཮י๨՞ 14.6%ǹځд٩ׇࣁϸ๨൑܌ၸӭǵ

ܻ϶ा؃ךי๨Ϸޗ཮ᗈፕϸ๨ǴӚ՞ 8.1%ǵ5.6%ǵ4%Ƕ

߄Β

๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣϐ୷ҁၗ਑ϩթȐ N=720 ȑ

ᡂ໨

% ᡂ໨

%

܄ձ ৎ৥ѳ֡ДᕴԏΕ

ت 630 87.5 80,000ϡаΠ 464 68.2

ζ 90 12.5 80,001ϡа΢ 104 15.3

ஆ࠷ރݩ! όޕၰ/όዴۓ 112 16.5

!!Ԗଽ! 481 67.6 ৎΓ֎๨!

!!ൂي! 231 32.4 !!ց! 335 49.3

ԃស !!ࢂ! 345 50.7

18-44ྃ 324 47.7 !!!!ଛଽ! 95 27.5

45-64ྃ 268 39.5 !!!!Р҆! 110 31.8

65ྃа΢ 87 12.8 !!!!л׌ۊۂ! 98 28.4

௲ػำࡋ !!!!ηζ! 93 27.0

߃ύǵ୯ύϷаΠ 244 34.2 !!!!ځдᒃ௏ 19 5.5

ଯύǵଯᙍ 278 39.0 ӳ϶֎๨!

஑ࣽа΢ 191 26.8 !!ց! 81 11.4

πբރݩ !!ࢂ 629 88.6

ؒԖ 157 23.0

Ԗ 525 77.0

ঁΓѳ֡ДԏΕ!

40,000ϡаΠ 371 54.4 40,001ϡа΢ 219 32.2

όޕၰ/όዴۓ 91 13.4

ຏ/!

ࣁᒪᅅॶ҂યΕϩ݋

߄Ο

๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕҞ߻֎๨ޣ֎๨ಞᄍϐϩթȐ ^N ɨ ⁷²⁰ ȑ

ᡂ໨ n

%

Ьाᖼ๨൑܌

ߡճ୘۫ 506 79.7

ᘓ཯៽ 28 4.4

ᚇ೤۫ 83 13.1

ځд 18 2.8

޸຤؂х๨ࠔሽ਱

55 ϡаΠ 457 63.6

56 ϡа΢ 261 36.4

ၸѐ 30 ϺϣǴҞ߻֎๨ޣϐ֎๨Ϻኧ!

!!ؒԖ؂Ϻ! 199 27.9

!!؂Ϻ೿Ԗ! 490 68.6

όޕၰ/όዴۓ܈ځд 25 3.5

ၸѐ 30 ϺϣǴҞ߻֎๨ޣѳ֡֎๨Ѝኧ

!! 10 Ѝϣ! 208 29.9

!! 11-20 Ѝ! 341 48.9

!! 21 Ѝа΢! 148 21.2

Եቾי๨ϐ౛җ

ׯ๓଼ந 488 68.1

࣪ᒲ 144 20.1

ৎΓा؃ךי๨ 186 26.0

ܻ϶ा؃ךי๨ 40 5.6

ϸ๨൑܌ၸӭ 58 8.1

ޗ཮ᗈፕϸ๨ 28 4.0

ӧҺՖ௃ݩ೿ό཮י๨ 105 14.6

ځд௃ݩ 15 2.1

ຏ/!

ࣁᒪᅅॶ҂યΕϩ݋

ಃΒ࿯ʳ ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣჹ๨ࠔ଼நᅽ ճਈϐᇡޕϷ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐי๨ཀᜫϩթ

Ζԋϖޑୖᆶࣴزঁਢޕၰѱ୧๨ࠔሽ਱ύ೿ϣ֖๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈ Ȑ606 ΓȑǶ๊εӭኧΨ೿ޕၰӧ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈς࿶வ 5 ϡቚуԿ 10 ϡȐ82.7%Ǵ593 ΓȑǶ

ӵ݀๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈᝩុፓᅍǴԖ 34.4%ޑࣴزঁਢ߄Ңคፕፓᅍ

ӭϿǴ೿όԵቾי๨ǶऊϤԋϤޑঁਢ߄Ңѝा๨ࠔፓᅍሽ਱൩཮Եቾ

י๨Ǵځύ 100 ϡϣޣ՞ 78.2%Ȑ363 Γȑ ǹԶ 101 ϡа΢ޣ՞ 21.8%Ȑ߄

ѤȑǶ

߄Ѥ

๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣჹ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈϐᇡޕ Ϸ๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐי๨ཀᜫϩթȐ N ɨ 720 ȑ

ᡂ໨ n

%

ᇡޕ๨ࠔሽ਱ϣ֖๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈ!

ޕၰ 606 84.8

όޕၰ! 109 15.2

ᇡޕ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈςፓᅍ 21 ϡ!

ޕၰ 593 82.7

όޕၰ 124 17.3

๨ࠔሽ਱ፓᅍϐי๨ཀᜫ

!!คፕӭϿ೿όԵቾי๨! 224 34.4

!!ѝाፓᅍ൩Եቾי๨! 464 65.6

!!!!100 ϡаϣ 363 78.2

101 ϡа΢ 101 21.8

ຏ/

ࣁᒪᅅॶ҂યΕϩ݋

ಃΟ࿯ʳ ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣϐי๨གྷݤ

ୖᆶࣴزϐঁਢǴӧי๨ཀკБय़Ǵъኧа΢όགྷי๨Ȑ51%Ǵ307 ΓȑǶ߈ϤԋޣԖགྷ෧Ͽ֎๨ЍኧȐ57.7%Ǵ348 ΓȑǹϖԋϤԖགྷ෧Ͽ

֎๨ϺኧȐ55.7%Ǵ322 Γȑǹՠ཮Ӣሽ਱ӢનԵቾׯ֎ၨߡەޑ३๨ࠔ จϐୖᆶࣴزঁਢ߾फ़ԿΒԋΖȐ28.3%Ǵ414 ΓȑǶ

ӧবᅿ௃ݩΠǴω཮Եቾי๨೽ϩǴ߻ΟӜϩձࣁׯ๓଼நǵৎΓ

ा؃ךי๨Ϸ࣪ᒲǴӚ՞ 68.1%ǵ26%ǵ20.1%ǹӧҺՖ௃ݩ೿ό཮י๨

՞ 14.6%ǹځд٩ׇࣁϸ๨൑܌ၸӭǵܻ϶ा؃ךי๨Ϸޗ཮ᗈፕϸ๨Ǵ

Ӛ՞ 8.1%ǵ5.6%ǵ4%Ȑ߄ϖȑǶ

߄ϖ

๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣי๨གྷݤϐϩթȐ ^N ɨ ⁷²⁰ ȑ

ᡂ໨ n

%

གྷי๨

Ԗ! 295 49.0

ؒԖ! 307 51.0

གྷ෧Ͽ֎๨Ѝኧ

Ԗ! 348 57.7

ؒԖ! 255 42.3

གྷ෧Ͽ֎๨Ϻኧ!

Ԗ! 322 55.7

ؒԖ! 256 44.3

གྷׯ֎ၨߡەޑ३๨ࠔจ

Ԗ! 163 28.3

ؒԖ! 414 71.7

ຏ/

ࣁᒪᅅॶ҂યΕϩ݋

ಃѤ࿯ʳ ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣ֎๨Չࣁᡂϯ

ୖᆶࣴزঁਢӧ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕޑ֎๨ՉࣁᡂϯБय़Ǵа

ؒԖ჋၂י๨ޣࣁӭǴ՞ 75.5%Ȑ533 Γȑǹӧ჋၂י๨ԛኧ೽ϩǴ3 ԛаϣޣۚӭǴ՞ 68.8%Ȑ95 Γȑ ǴόၸǴҭԖΟԋࣴزঁਢ჋၂י๨

ޑԛኧၸѤԛǴࠅ҂ԋфȐ31.2%ȑǶӧׯᡂ֎๨Ѝኧǵׯᡂ֎๨Ϻኧ Ϸׯᡂᖼ๨ಞᄍБय़ǴࣣаؒԖׯᡂޣࣁӭǴӚ՞ 65%Ȑ467 Γȑ ǹ70%

Ȑ498 Γȑǹ 63.4%Ȑ437 ΓȑǶόၸҭԖऊΟ~ѤԋޑΓ཮௦ڗ෧Ͽ؂

Ϻޑ֎๨Ѝኧǵ෧Ͽ֎๨Ϻኧࡕׯᡂᖼ๨ಞᄍ฻ٰӢᔈ๨ࠔ଼நᅽճ ਈϐፓᅍǶ

ӧׯᡂᖼ๨ಞᄍ೽ϩǴа෧Ͽວ๨ໆࣁനӭǴ՞ 74.2%Ȑ187 Γȑǹ

Ԗ 19.1%ׯԿխิ۫ᖼວ३๨ǹ17.5%ׯ֎ၨߡەޑ३๨ǹ5.6%ׯࣁᖼ

ວود๨ࠔȐ߄ϤȑǶ

߄Ϥ

๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣ֎๨Չࣁᡂϯϐϩթ Ȑ N ɨ 720 ȑ

ᡂ໨ n

%

჋၂י๨

ؒԖ 533 75.5

Ԗ 173 24.5

჋၂י๨ԛኧ

3 ԛаϣ 95 68.8

4 ԛа΢ 43 31.2

؂Ϻ֎๨Ѝኧᡂϯ

ؒԖ 467 65.0

෧Ͽ 247 34.4

ቚу 4 0.6

֎๨Ϻኧᡂϯ!

ؒԖ 498 70.0

෧Ͽ 212 29.8

ቚу 4 0.2

ᖼ๨ಞᄍᡂϯ

ؒԖ 437 63.4

Ԗ 252 36.6

ׯᡂব٤ᖼ๨ಞᄍ

෧Ͽວ๨ໆ 187 74.2

ׯ֎ၨߡەޑ३๨ 44 17.5

ᖼວխิ۫३๨ 48 19.1

ᖼວود๨ 14 5.6

ຏ/

ᒪᅅॶ҂યΕϩ݋

ಃϖ࿯ʳ ࣴزঁਢόӕ୷ҁឦ܄ϐי๨གྷݤৡ౦ϩ݋

΋ǵགྷי๨

ت܄ࣴزୖᆶޣϐགྷי๨Кٯౣեܭζ܄Ȑ48.4% v.s. 53.4%ȑǴ ՠ಍ी΢٠คᡉ๱ৡ౦Ȑ͞

ɨ.7, p =.42ȑ ǶԖଽޣϐགྷי๨Кٯଯܭൂ

يޣǴՠ಍ी΢ҭคᡉ๱ৡ౦Ȑ51.1% v.s. 45.8%, pɨ.23ȑǶ

όӕԃសϐགྷי๨КٯϩթǴ65 ྃа΢ϐགྷי๨Кٯଯܭ 18-44

ྃϷ 45-64 ྃǴՠ಍ी΢คᡉ๱ৡ౦Ȑ50.7% v.s. 49.1 % v.s. 48.4%, pɨ.94ȑǶόӕ௲ػำࡋϷόӕπբރݩޣǴགྷי๨ޑКٯ֡҂ၲ

಍ी΢ϐᡉ๱ৡ౦НྗȐpɨ.16; pɨ.16ȑǶ

ӧঁΓѳ֡ДԏΕϷৎ৥ѳ֡ДᕴԏΕ೽ҽǴགྷי๨ޑКٯ֡҂

ၲ಍ी΢ϐᡉ๱ৡ౦НྗȐpɨ.16; pɨ.22ȑǶ

ӧӕՐৎΓࢂց֎๨೽ϩǴӕՐৎΓؒԖ֎๨ಞᄍޑགྷי๨Кٯ ଯܭӕՐৎΓԖ֎๨ಞᄍޑǴՠ಍ी΢คᡉ๱ৡ౦Ȑ50.7% v.s. 47.0%, pɨ.37ȑǶӧӳ϶ࢂց֎๨೽ϩǴӳ϶ؒԖ֎๨ಞᄍϐགྷי๨Кٯଯܭ ӳ϶Ԗ֎๨ಞᄍޣǴၲ಍ी΢ϐᖏࣚৡ౦НྗȐ60.0% v.s. 47.7%,

pɨ.07ȑȐ߄ΎȑǶ

Βǵགྷ෧Ͽ֎๨Ѝኧ

ت܄ࣴزୖᆶޣϐགྷ෧Ͽ֎๨ЍኧКٯեܭζ܄Ȑ56.8% v.s.

63.6%ȑǴՠ಍ी΢٠คᡉ๱ৡ౦Ȑ͞

ɨ1.3, p = .26ȑǶԖଽޣϐགྷ෧ Ͽ֎๨ЍኧϐКٯեܭൂيޣǴՠ಍ी΢คᡉ๱ৡ౦Ȑ57.8% v.s. 59.5%, pɨ.71ȑǶ

όӕԃសϐགྷ෧Ͽ֎๨ЍኧϐགྷݤКٯϩթǴ45-64 ྃϐགྷ෧Ͽ֎

๨ЍኧϐКٯଯܭ 18-44 ྃϷ 65 ྃа΢Ǵՠ಍ी΢คᡉ๱ৡ౦Ȑ58.4%

v.s. 56.9% v.s. 52.3%, pɨ.68ȑǶόӕ௲ػำࡋϷόӕπբރݩޣǴ෧Ͽ

؂Ϻ֎๨ЍኧޑКٯ֡҂ၲ಍ी΢ϐᡉ๱ৡ౦НྗȐpɨ.23; pɨ.53ȑǶ ӧঁΓѳ֡ДԏΕϷৎ৥ѳ֡ДᕴԏΕ೽ҽǴ෧Ͽ؂Ϻ֎๨Ѝኧޑ Кٯ֡҂ၲ಍ी΢ϐᡉ๱ৡ౦НྗȐpɨ.52; pɨ.89ȑǶӕՐৎΓࢂցಞ ᄍ֎๨Ϸӳ϶ࢂցಞᄍ֎๨೽ϩǴ෧Ͽ؂Ϻ֎๨ЍኧޑКٯ֡҂ၲ಍ी

΢ϐᡉ๱ৡ౦НྗȐpɨ.14; pɨ.29ȑȐ߄ΖȑǶ

Οǵགྷ෧Ͽ֎๨Ϻኧ

ت܄ࣴزୖᆶޣϐགྷ෧Ͽ֎๨ϺኧКٯౣեܭζ܄Ȑ58.1% v.s.

55.4%ȑǴՠ಍ी΢٠คᡉ๱ৡ౦Ȑ͞

ɨ1.3, p = .26ȑǶόፕஆ࠷ރݩऊ ԖϖԋϤǴ߄ҢමԖགྷ෧Ͽ֎๨ϺኧϐКٯ࣬྽Ȑ56.3% v.s. 56.4%ȑǴ ՠ಍ी΢คஆ࠷ᡉ๱ৡ౦Ȑ͞

ɨ.02, pɨ.66ȑǶ

όӕԃសϐགྷ෧Ͽ֎๨ϺኧϐགྷݤКٯϩթǴ18-44 ྃϐགྷ෧Ͽ֎

๨ϺኧϐКٯౣଯܭ 45-64 ྃϷ 65 ྃа΢Ǵՠ಍ी΢คᡉ๱ৡ౦Ȑ56.5%

v.s. 54.1% v.s. 52.3%, pɨ.78ȑǶ෧Ͽ֎๨ϺኧޑКٯᒿ๱௲ػำࡋሀቚ ԶᡂӭǴ஑ࣽа΢ޣ෧Ͽ֎๨ϺኧКٯᡉ๱ଯܭଯύǵଯᙍϷޣϷ߃ ύǵ୯ύϷаΠޣȐ61.5% v.s. 54.5% v.s. 51.4%, pɨ.15ȑ Ƕ൩ځπբރݩ ৡ౦ԶقǴؒπբޣϐགྷ෧Ͽ֎๨ϺኧϐКٯଯܭԖπբޣǴၲ಍ी΢

ϐᖏࣚৡ౦НྗȐ64.3% v.s. 55.1%, pɨ.07ȑǶ

ӧঁΓѳ֡ДԏΕϷৎ৥ѳ֡ДᕴԏΕ೽ҽǴ෧Ͽ֎๨ϺኧޑКٯ

֡҂ၲ಍ी΢ϐᡉ๱ৡ౦НྗȐpɨ.12; pɨ.38ȑǶӕՐৎΓࢂցಞᄍ֎

๨Ϸӳ϶ࢂցಞᄍ֎๨೽ϩǴ෧Ͽ؂Ϻ֎๨ϺኧޑКٯ֡҂ၲ಍ी΢ϐ

Ѥǵགྷׯ֎ၨߡەޑ๨ࠔ

ت܄ࣴزୖᆶޣགྷׯ֎ၨߡەޑ๨ϐКٯౣଯܭζ܄Ȑ28.6% v.s.

25.7%ȑǴՠ಍ी΢٠คᡉ๱ৡ౦Ȑ͞

ɨ.3, p = .62ȑǶԖଽޣϐགྷׯ֎

ၨߡەޑ๨ϐКٯեܭൂيޣǴၲ಍ी΢ϐᖏࣚৡ౦НྗȐ26.2% v.s.

33.7%, pɨ.06ȑǶ

όӕԃសӧགྷׯ֎ၨߡەޑ๨ϐགྷݤКٯϩթǴ65 ྃа΢ϐགྷׯ

֎ၨߡەޑ๨ϐКٯଯܭ 18-44 ྃϷ 45-64 ྃǴՠ಍ी΢คᡉ๱ৡ౦ Ȑ33.8% v.s. 28.1% v.s. 25.6%, pɨ.42ȑǶ൩௲ػำࡋϐৡ౦ԶقǴ߃ύ ǵ୯ύϷаΠޣϐགྷׯ֎ၨߡەޑ๨КٯեܭଯύǵଯᙍϷ஑ࣽа΢

ޣǴՠ಍ी΢คᡉ๱ৡ౦Ȑ͞

ɨ4.4, pɨ.1ȑǶ൩ځπբރݩৡ౦ԶقǴ

ؒπբޣϐགྷׯ֎ၨߡەޑ๨ϐКٯᡉ๱ၨଯܭԖπբޣȐ41.9% v.s.

27.7%, pɨ.0001ȑǶ

ӧঁΓѳ֡ДԏΕ೽ҽǴ߄ҢόޕၰϷόዴޣޣགྷׯ֎ၨߡەޑ

๨Кٯᡉ๱ၨଯܭ 40,000 ϡаΠϷ 40,001 ϡа΢ޣȐ33.3%v.s.29.7%

v.s. 20.7%, pɨ.04ȑǶӧৎ৥ѳ֡ДᕴԏΕ೽ҽǴ߄ҢόޕၰϷόዴޣ Ϸ 80,001 ϡа΢ޣϐགྷׯ֎ၨߡەޑ๨ϐКٯଯܭ 80,000 ϡаΠǴ

ၲ಍ी΢ϐᖏࣚৡ౦НྗȐ33.7% v.s.33.7% v.s.24.6%, pɨ.08ȑǶ ӧӕՐৎΓࢂց֎๨೽ϩǴӕՐৎΓؒԖ֎๨ಞᄍޑགྷׯ֎ၨߡ ەޑ๨ϐКٯౣଯܭӕՐৎΓԖ֎๨ಞᄍޑǴՠ಍ी΢คᡉ๱ৡ౦ Ȑ28.6% v.s. 27.0%, pɨ.68ȑǶӧӳ϶ࢂց֎๨೽ϩǴӳ϶ؒԖ֎๨ಞ ᄍϐགྷׯ֎ၨߡەޑ๨ϐКٯᡉ๱ၨଯܭӳ϶Ԗ֎๨ಞᄍޣȐ44.2%

v.s. 26.7%, pɨ.0001ȑȐ߄ΜȑǶ

߄Ύ

๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ୷ҁឦ܄ϐགྷי๨К ٯϐৡ౦ϩ݋

གྷי๨ གྷי๨

ค Ȑn=307ȑ

Ԗ Ȑn=295ȑ

ค Ȑn=307ȑ

Ԗ Ȑn=295ȑ Ծᡂ໨

n^a % n^a %

͞² p Ծᡂ໨

n^a % n^a %

͞² p

܄ձ 0.7 .42 ৎ৥ѳ֡Д!

ᕴԏΕ 3.0 .22

ت 273 51.6 256 48.4 80,000ϡаΠ 189 49.7 191 50.3

ζ 34 46.6 39 53.4 80,001ϡа΢ 58 58.6 41 41.4

ஆ࠷ރݩ! 1.5 .23 όޕၰ/όዴۓ 46 47.4 51 52.6

!!Ԗଽ! 197 48.9 206 51.1 ৎΓ֎๨! 2.8 .37

!!ൂي! 104 54.2 88 45.8 !!ց! 137 49.3 141 50.7

ԃស 0.1 .94 !!ࢂ! 157 53.0 139 47.0

18-44ྃ 146 50.9 141 49.1 ӳ϶֎๨! 3.3 .07

45-64ྃ 114 51.6 107 48.4 !!ց! 24 40.0 36 60.0

65ྃа΢ 33 49.3 34 50.7 !!ࢂ 281 52.3 256 47.7

௲ػำࡋ 3.7 .16 !

߃ύǵ୯ύ ϷаΠ

107 54.3 90 45.7

ଯύǵଯᙍ 124 53.7 107 46.3 !

஑ࣽа΢ 76 45.2 92 54.8 !

πբރݩ 2.0 .16

ؒԖ 55 44.4 69 55.6

Ԗ 230 51.6 216 48.4

ঁΓѳ֡ДԏΕ! 3.7 .16

40,000ϡаΠ 156 50.8 151 49.2 40,001ϡа΢ 110 56.1 86 43.9 όޕၰ/όዴۓ 33 43.4 43 56.6

߄Ζ

๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ୷ҁឦ܄ϐགྷ෧Ͽ֎

๨ЍኧКٯϐৡ౦ϩ݋

གྷ෧Ͽ֎๨Ѝኧ གྷ෧Ͽ֎๨Ѝኧ

ค Ȑn=255ȑ

Ԗ Ȑn=348ȑ

ค Ȑn=255ȑ

Ԗ Ȑn=348ȑ Ծᡂ໨

n^a % n^a %

͞² p Ծᡂ໨

n^a % n^a %

͞² p

܄ձ 1.3 .26 ৎ৥ѳ֡Д!

ᕴԏΕ 0.2 .89

ت 227 43.2 299 56.8 80,000ϡаΠ 163 41.8 227 58.2

ζ 28 36.4 49 63.6 80,001ϡа΢ 43 43.4 56 56.6

ஆ࠷ރݩ! 0.1 .71 όޕၰ/όዴۓ 39 44.3 49 55.7

!!Ԗଽ! 171 42.1 235 57.8 ৎΓ֎๨! 2.2 .14

!!ൂي! 77 40.5 113 59.5 !!ց! 111 39.2 172 60.8

ԃស !!ࢂ! 134 45.3 162 54.7

18-44ྃ 124 43.1 164 56.9 0.8 .68 ӳ϶֎๨! 1.1 .29

45-64ྃ 91 41.6 128 58.4 !!ց! 22 36.1 39 63.9

65ྃа΢ 31 47.7 34 52.3 !!ࢂ 232 43.1 306 56.9

௲ػำࡋ 3.0 .23 !

߃ύǵ୯ύ ϷаΠ

89 46.8 101 53.2

ଯύǵଯᙍ 99 42.5 134 57.5 !

஑ࣽа΢ 66 37.9 108 62.1 !

πբރݩ 0.4 .53

ؒԖ 43 38.1 70 61.9

Ԗ 190 41.3 270 58.7

ঁΓѳ֡ДԏΕ! 1.3 .52

40,000ϡаΠ 130 42.2 178 57.8 40,001ϡа΢ 92 45.3 111 54.7 όޕၰ/όዴۓ 26 37.7 43 62.3

ຏ/^aᒪᅅॶ҂યΕϩ݋¸^ɀpɦ.05^ɀɀpɦ.005

߄ΐ

๨ࠔ଼நᅽճਈፓᅍࡕ࿤๮୔Ҟ߻֎๨ޣόӕ୷ҁឦ܄ϐགྷ෧Ͽ֎๨

ϺኧКٯϐৡ౦ϩ݋

གྷ෧Ͽ֎๨Ϻኧ གྷ෧Ͽ֎๨Ϻኧ

ค Ȑn=256ȑ

Ԗ Ȑn=322ȑ

ค Ȑn=256ȑ

Ԗ Ȑn=322ȑ Ծᡂ໨

n^a % n^a %

͞² p Ծᡂ໨

n^a % n^a %

͞² p

܄ձ 0.2 .66 ৎ৥ѳ֡ДᕴԏΕ

1.9 .38

ت 225 44.6 279 55.4 80,000ϡаΠ 164 44.8 202 55.2

ζ 31 41.9 43 58.1 80,001ϡа΢ 48 49.0 50 51.0

ஆ࠷ރݩ! 0.1 .99 όޕၰ/όዴۓ 35 38.9 55 61.1

!!Ԗଽ! 170 43.7 219 56.3 ৎΓ֎๨! 0.6 .44

!!ൂي! 79 43.6 102 56.4 !!ց! 112 42.8 150 57.2

ԃស 0.5 .78 !!ࢂ! 134 46.1 157 53.9

18-44ྃ 121 43.5 157 56.5 ӳ϶֎๨! 0.8 .38

45-64ྃ 96 45.9 113 54.1 !!ց! 21 38.9 33 61.1

65ྃа΢ 31 47.7 34 52.3 !!ࢂ 234 45.1 284 54.9

௲ػำࡋ 3.8 .15 !

߃ύǵ୯ύ ϷаΠ

88 48.6 93 51.4

ଯύǵଯᙍ 102 45.5 122 54.5 !

஑ࣽа΢ 65 38.5 104 61.5 !

πբރݩ 3.2 .07

ؒԖ 41 35.7 74 64.3

Ԗ 194 44.9 238 55.1

ঁΓѳ֡ДԏΕ! 4.2 .12

40,000ϡаΠ 128 44.6 159 55.4 40,001ϡа΢ 98 49.0 102 51.0 όޕၰ/όዴۓ 24 34.8 45 65.2