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頭頸部癌患進食及營養狀況之探討

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頭頸部癌患進食及營養狀況之探討

頭頸部癌症可施行手術、放射線及化學治療,療程中可單獨或合併進行治療方式(徐, 2001 ; Alison et al., 2002 )。多種治療的副作用中,又以口腔黏膜改變最為困擾,對病人的生理、心理、社會都會造 成莫大的影響( Alison, 2002 )。國內口腔癌病人以 40~60 歲之間最多,但 30~39 歲發病個案也逐年上 升(林, 2002 );此類病人以青壯年最具生產力的人口居多,病人從診斷的衝擊、經歷切片手術及進 一步放射線照射或化學治療,往往造成病人身心極大的衝擊;且若在此時罹癌對社會、家庭都會造成 莫大的衝擊及影響(林, 2002 )。為能確實瞭解頭頸部癌症病人的營養狀況與實際飲食攝取情形及影 響進食、吞嚥的相關因素或機能改變的因素探討,故本橫斷式研究旨在探討台北某醫學中心整形外科 病房、口腔外科病房、耳鼻喉科病房、血液腫瘤科病房或門診頭頸部癌症病人的進食困難與營養狀況 之相關問題。共收集 100 位個案,資料內容包括病人基本資料、進食困難程度評估、身體質量指數( b ody mass index; BMI )、身體功能狀態( Karnofsky’s performance status; KPS )及迷你營養評估( Min i-Nutritional Assessment; MNA )、生化值(血清白蛋白及血紅素)。資料分析以描述性統計、單因子 變異數分析( one way ANOVA )、皮爾森相關( Pearson’s correlation )、逐步回歸( stepwise regressi on )。研究結果發現:(一)研究對象進食困難程度落在輕度或中度影響吃或吞東西。且有 85 %的病 人顯示他們在過去的三個月因食慾、咀嚼及吞嚥困難以致影響進食量。(二)在 MNA 總分方面( 0~3 0 分),本研究對象平均值為 17.7±4.00 ;超過 50% 的個案,依照其營養程度分類上,潛在營養不良者

( MNA17~23.5 )佔 53% 為最高,營養不良者( MNA<17 )佔 5% 。(三) MNA 總分愈低,進食困 難程度得分愈高,營養狀況愈差。但無法把食物咬爛、上下顎牙齒無法咬合、吃東西時容易嗆到、食 物無法吞嚥、口腔內有疤痕吃東西困難、聞不出食物味道,這六項進食困難程度為最高,且與 MNA 營 養不良指標總分有顯著的相關性。(四)進食困難程度、 BMI 、 KPS 、血清白蛋白值、血紅素值、治 療方式、合併其他慢性病及住院與否,均達統計上相關,能有效預測以 MNA 總分作為評估的營養狀況

( R?=52.3% )。本研究結果提出改善頭頸部癌症病人進食困難的需求與其營養狀況是一個急迫但長遠 的議題。期許建立臺灣頭頸部癌症病人進食與吞嚥困難及營養評估之相關資料,透過問題解決及相關 因素之探討,來改善頭頸部癌症病人因疾病、治療所引發的各種需求或症狀護理及營養狀況,進而提 昇頭頸部癌症病人的生活品質與尊嚴;更期待跨科部的參予,讓頭頸部癌症病人能得到更完善之醫療 品質的照護。

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Eating and Nutrition States in Patients With Head and Neck Cancers

The purposes of the cross-sectional study were to delineate the nutritional status and the real f

ood intake and identify the factors influencing food intake and swallowing abilities in head an

d neck cancer patients. Patients were recruited from a medical center in Taipei. One hundred h

ead and neck cancers were recruited. We assessed information related to patients’ background

characters, degrees of eating difficulties, body mass index (BMI), performance status (measure

d by Karnofsky’s performance status, KPS), nutritional status (measured by mini-nutritional as

sessment, MNA), and biochemical profiles (serum albumin and hemoglobin). Data were analy

zed by descriptive statistics, one way ANOVA, Pearson&apos;s regression, and stepwise regre

ssion. Several important results were found. First, most patients with eating difficulties had mi

ld to moderate eating or swallowing disabilities. Second, majority of patients were in “at risk o

f malnourished” status (17.7±4.00) and 5% of patients were malnourished. Third, the 6 most st

ressful eating problems were: (1) not being able to completely chew up the food, (2) unfitting

of upper and lower jaws during chewing, (3) easy to choke while eating, (4) not able to swallo

w, (5) scars in the mouth cavity, and (6) loss of smelling sense. Patients who had severer level

of the above mentioned problems had more severe malnutrition status. Fourth, higher degree o

f eating difficulty and lower BMI, KPS, serum albumin, hemoglobin can significantly predict t

he level of malnutrition (R2=52.3%). The results strongly suggest the importance of improvin

g patients eating and swallowing problems in head and neck cancer patients to further enhance

patients’ nutrition status.

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