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vii
SUMMARY
Sakarya University Institute of Social Sciences Abstract of Master Thesis Title of the Thesis: Relationship Between Education, Health Indicators And Economic
Growth Within The Frame of Economic Growth Theories
Author: $KPHW*|NoH$.32/$7 Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Ali KABASAKAL Date: 26.07.2012 Nu. of pages: xi (pre text) + (main body) 79 Department: Economics Subfield: Economics
In this study, relationship between education, health and economic growth is examined within the frame of economic growth theories. First of all; development of the concept of human capital during historical duration, several economic growth and human capital models and relationship between education, health and economic growth are handled within the theoretical framework. In the empirical analysis part of the study, the relationship between physical capital, education and health(as two variables of human capital) and economic growth is analyzed for 11 developing and 13 developed countries. As physical capital variable, gross fixed capital formation; as education variable, education expenditures, as health variable, life expectancy at birth are taken.
As a result of the study, the long run relationship between education, health and economic growth is detected and also, the direction of the relationship is determined as positive. Gross fixed capital formation and education expenditures are detected as more effective in the developed countries than those in the developing countries on economic growth; however, life expectancy at birth is determined as more effective in the developing countries than that in the developed countries.
Keywords: Human Capital, Education, Economic Growth, Health
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Yt = F (Kt , Lt , Nt ), (1.1)
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NDEXO HGLOLU . VHUPD\H\L LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU / LVH HPHNWLU YH GÕúDUGDQ JHOPLú NDEXO
HGLOLU<DQLUHWLPVLVWHPLLoHULVLQGHUHWLOPHPLúWLUYHHPH÷LQNDOLWHVLQD]DUDDOÕQPD]
(Aktaran: Osipian, 2009).
William Farr \DSWÕ÷Õ oDOÕúPDVÕQGD LQVDQÕQ VHUPD\H YH\D SDUDVDO GH÷HULQL
KHVDSODPD\D oDOÕúPÕúWÕU )DUU¶ÕQ EHúHUL VHUPD\H GH÷HUOHQGLUPHVL EHúHUL VHUPD\HQLQ
NDPXQXQ ILQDQVPDQÕQD RODQ NDWNÕVÕQGDQ ND\QDNODQPÕúWÕU )DUU PONL\HW ]HULQGHQ
DOÕQDQYHUJL\HGD\DOÕYHUJLVLVWHPLQLQ ND]DQoNDSDVLWHVLQLQEXJQNGH÷HULQGHQ ibaret RODQ PONL\HWH GD\DOÕ (capitalized value of earning capacity) bir sistemle ikame HGLOPHVLJHUHNWL÷LQLLIDGHHWPLúWLU8\JXODGÕ÷Õ \|QWHPLVHJHOHFHNWHNLQHWND]DQoODUÕQ
EXJQN GH÷HULQL |OPOHUL GH KHVDED NDWDQ ELU \DúDP WDEORVX ROXúWXUDUDN DOÕQDFDN
YHUJL\LKHVDSODPDNúHNOLQGH\GL)DUU¶DJ|UHEHúHULVHUPD\HD\QÕIL]LNVHOVHUPD\HJLEL
UHWNHQGL YH YHUJLOHQGLULOPHOL\GL %X GXUXP LQVDQODUÕ KHQ] HOOHULQGH ROPD\DQ
ND]DQoODUÕQGDQ GROD\Õ YHUJL\H WDEL WXWPDN GHPHN ROGX÷XQGDQ DEVUG VRQXoODUD \RO
DoDELOPHNWH\GLAktaran: Kiker, 1966).
(UQVW (QJHO \DSWÕ÷Õ oDOÕúPDVÕQGD LQVDQ \HWLúWLUPHQLQ SDUDVDO PDOL\HWLQL ELU
UHWLP PDOL\HWL IRQNVL\RQX ROXúWXUDUDN KHVDSODPD\D oDOÕúPÕúWÕU (UQVW (QJHO *RHWKH
Newton, Benjamin FraQNOLQ JLEL LQVDQODUÕQ YHULP GH÷HUOHULQLQ\LHOG YDOXH \DQL
WRSOXPD NDWNÕODUÕQÕQ QHW ELU úHNLOGH EHOLUOHQHPH\HFH÷LQL LIDGH HWVH GH NHQGLOHULQLQ
\HWLúWLULOLSWRSOXPDND]DQGÕUÕOPDODUÕDLOHOHULQHEHOLUOLELUPDOL\HWJHWLUHFH÷LQGHQGROD\Õ
katlanÕOan bu maliyetLQWDKPLQHGLOHELOHFH÷LQL D\UÕFDEXPDOL\HWLQWRSOXPXQEXLQVDQODU
LoLQNDWODQGÕ÷ÕSDUDVDOGH÷HULQELU|OoVRODELOHFH÷LQLLIDGHHWPLúWLU[\DúÕQGDNLELU
ELUH\LoLQEXSDUDVDOGH÷HUúXIRUPOOHKHVDSODQDELOLU
Cx = co {1 +x+k [x(x+ 1)/2] }, (1.2) CxIRUPOGH[\DúÕQGDNLELUH\LoLQR]DPDQDNDGDU\HWLúWLULOPHVLQLQWRSODPPDOL\HWLQL
ifade etmektedir. coGR÷XP]DPDQÕQDNDGDUNDWODQÕODQPDOL\HWLJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU Engel EXQXoHúLWOL$OPDQVRV\DOVÕQÕIODUÕLoLQVÕUDVÕ\ODDPSLULNRODUDN 200 ve 300 mark RODUDNKHVDSODPÕúWÕUNPDOL\HWLQ\ÕOOÕNDUWÕúKÕ]ÕQÕLIDGHHWPHNWHGLU ve DPSLULNJ|]OHP
QHWLFHVLQGHRODUDNKHVDSODQPÕúWÕU%XIRUPOELUH\\DúÕQDXODúDQa( x 26 olana)
10
NDGDUX\JXODPÕúWÕU\DúÕQGDQVRQUDLVHELUH\(QJHO¶HJ|UHUHWLPLWDPDPODQPÕúELU
bireydir.7DEL EXUDGD úXQX EHOLUWPHPL] JHUHNLU 1DVÕO ELU PDO YH\D KL]PHWLQ UHWLP
PDOL\HWL LOH RQXQ HNRQRPLN GH÷HUL ELU GH÷LOVH LQVDQ LoLQ NDWODQÕODQ PDOLyetle onun HNRQRPLNGH÷HUL HNRQRPL\HNDWNÕVÕELUGH÷LOGLU (Aktaran: Kiker, 1966).
7KHRGRU :LWWVWHLQ KHP )DUU¶ÕQ ND]DQFÕQ EXJQN GH÷HUL KHP GH (UQVW¶LQ UHWLP PDOL\HWL \DNODúÕPÕ \DNODúÕPODUÕQÕ LoHUHQ YH EHúHUL VHUPD\H\L EX \|QGH
GH÷HUOHQGLUHQ ELU oDOÕúPD \DSWÕ :LWWVWHLQ¶LQ EHúHUL VHUPD\H NDYUDPÕQD RODQ LOJLVL
|OPOHUGHQ ND\QDNODQDQ WD]PLQDW WDOHSOHULQH WHPHO RODUDN NXOODQÕODFDN UHKEHU ELU
oDOÕúPD\DSPDLVWH÷LQGHQGR÷PXúWXU:LWWVWHLQ¶LQYDUVD\ÕPODUÕQDJ|UHELUELUH\LQKD\DW
ER\X ND]DQFÕ RQXQ KD\DWÕQÕ VUGUHELOPHVL LoLQ NDWODQÕODQ KDUFDPDODU YH H÷LWLP
PDVUDIODUÕQÕQWRSODPÕQDHúLWVD\ÕOGÕ÷ÕLoLQEXoDOÕúPD)DUUYH(QJHO¶LQ oDOÕúPDODUÕ\OD
D\QÕWDKPLQOHULYHUPHNWHGLU$\UÕFDoDOÕúPDGL÷HUEDKVHGLOHQoDOÕúPDODUJLELGR÷XPGD
gelir ve masraflarlDEDúODPDNWDGÕUdDOÕúPDVÕúXIRUPOOHUOH|]HWOHQHELOLU
C(n) = aR(o) [L(o)/L(n)]rn - aR(n), (1.3)
C(n) = XR(N) [L(N)/L(n)PN-n - aR(n),
)RUPOGH D EHOOL ELU LúL RODQ KHUKDQJL ELU $OPDQ HUNH÷LQLQ H÷LWLPL GH LoHUHQ \ÕOOÕN
WNHWLPKDUFDPDODUÕQÕLIDGHHWPHNWHGLUU LúHNOLQGHLIDGHHGLOPHNWHGLULEXUDGD
SL\DVD IDL] RUDQÕQÕ J|VWHUPHNWHGLU S U RODUDN LIDGH HGLOHELOLU /Q EHOOL ELU Q
\DúÕQGD \DúD\DQ HUNHNOHULQ VD\ÕVÕQÕ 5Q \ÕOOÕN NDUSD\Õ |GHPHVLQLQ Q \DúÕQGD\NHQNL
GH÷HUL EHOLUOL ELU U RUDQÕQGD YH GR÷XPGD VDWÕQ DOÕQPÕú ; LVH EHOOL ELU LúWH oDOÕúDQ
RUWDODPD ELU NLúLQLQ JHOHFHNWHNL UHWLPLQLQ GH÷HULQL YHUPHNWHGLU 1 LVH EX NLúLQLQ
LúJFQHGDKLOROGX÷X\DúÕLIDGH HWPHNWHGLU:LWWVWHLQ¶LQDQDOL]LLOJLQoROPDVÕQDNDUúÕQ
NLúLQLQKD\DWER\XJHOLULLOHKD\DWÕQÕGHYDPHWWLUHELOPHVLLoLQNDWODQDFD÷ÕPDOL\HWLQHúLW
ROGX÷X úHNOLQGHNL WHPHO YDUVD\ÕPÕ NDQÕWODQPÕú GH÷LOGLU. $\UÕFD ND]DQoODUÕQ EXJQN
GH÷HUL YH UHWLP PDOL\HWL \DNODúÕPODUÕQÕQ KHUKDQJL ELU NRPELQDV\RQXQX ROXúWXUDUDN
\DSÕODQ DQDOL] GH÷HUOHULQ PNHUUHU DQDOL]H VRNXOPDVÕ WHKOLNHVLQGHQ GROD\Õ \DQOÕú
VRQXoODUDQHGHQRODELOLUAktaran: Kiker, 1966).
Schumpeter (1911 \DUDWÕFÕ \ÕNÕP-\HQLOLNOHU YH PWHúHEELVH YHUGL÷L |QHP DoÕVÕQGDQ
EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGDLNWLVDGLE\PHNXUDPÕQDE\NNDWNÕGDEXOXQPXúWXU6FKXPSHWHU¶HJ|UH
E\PHQLQ JHUoHN QHGHQL QIXV DUWÕúÕ YH VHUPD\H PDOODUÕQGDNL DUWÕúODU GH÷LO
11
\HQLOLNOHUGLU <HQLOLNOHU LVH NDSLWDOLVW UHWLP VLVWHPL LoHULVLQGH PWHúHEELV WDUDIÕQGDQ
iktisadi hayata dahil edilir<HQLOLNOHULQPWHúHEELV \DQLLQVDQ \ROX\ODRUWD\DDWÕOPDVÕ
YH E\PHQLQ EX \ROOD RUWD\D oÕNPDVÕ 6FKXPSHWHU¶LQ EHúHUL VHUPD\H\H GH÷LQPLú
ROGX÷XDQODPÕQDJHOPHNWHGLU0WHúHEELV\HQLOL÷LRUWD\DDWPDVÕ\ODPRQRSROFNRQXPD JHoLSNDUJHOLULHOGHHWPH\HEDúODU$QFDNPWHúHEELVLQ\HQLOL÷LX\JXOD\DUDNNDUJHOLUL
HOGHHWPHVLEDúNDPWHúHEELVOHULGHKDUHNHWHJHoLUHUHN\HQLOL÷LQHQGVWUL\H\D\ÕOPDVÕQD
\RODoPDNWDGÕUgWH \DQGDQ\HQLOL÷LQGL÷HUHQGVWULOHUGH EDúND yeniliklere yol DoPDVÕ
HNRQRPLGH JLWJLGH RWRQRP \DWÕUÕP KDFPLQL FLGGL ELoLPGH DUWÕUDUDN E\PH\H |QHPOL
NDWNÕGD EXOXQXU %\PHQLQ ND\QD÷Õ RODQ \HQLOLNOHULQ-WHNQRORMLN JHOLúPHOHULQ
PWHúHEELVOHUFH VD÷ODQPDVÕ NDSLWDOLVW ELU HNRQRPLGH E\PHQLQ GÕúVDO GH÷LO LoVHO
ROGX÷XQXQ ELUJ|VWHUJHVLGLUAktaran: hQVDO
'XEOLQYH/RWNDKD\DWVLJRUWDVÕQRNWDVÕQGDQEHúHULVHUPD\H\H\DNODúPÕúODUGÕU
<DSWÕNODUÕoDOÕúPDúXIRUPOOHJ|VWHULOHELOLU
Vo YxPx( yxEx - cx) (1.4) Vo ELU NLúLQLQ GR÷XPGDNL GH÷HULQL LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU Yx = (1 + i) ±x GRODUÕQ [ \ÕO
VRQUDNLGH÷HULQL3xGR÷DQELUELUH\LQ[\DúÕQDNDGDU\DúDPDLKWLPDOLQLifade eder. yx, ELUNLúLQLQ[\DúÕLOH[\DúÕDUDVÕQGDNL\ÕOOÕNND]DQFÕQÕJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU(x[\DúÕQGDQ
[\DúÕQDNDGDULVWLKGDPHGLOHQELUH\OHULQRUDQÕQÕJ|VWHUPHNWHGLUFxLVHELUH\LQ[\DúÕ
LOH[ \DúDUDOÕ÷ÕQGD \DúDPPDOL\HWLGLU%HOOLELU \DúWDNLELUH\LQSDUDVDOGH÷HULQL
(\DQLDKHVDSODPDNLoLQIRUPOúXúHNLOGHJHOLúWLULOHELOLU
Va =(Po /Pa>Yx-aPx( yxEx - cx)] (1.5)
%X úHNLOGH ELUH\LQ ND]DQoODUÕQÕQ EXJQN GH÷HULQLQ EHOLUOHQPHVL\OH WNHWLPLQLQ
oÕNDUWÕOPDVÕWDKPLQOHUGHED]ÕNROD\OÕNODUVD÷ODPDNWDGÕUgUQH÷LQELUH\LQDLOHVLQHRODQ
HNRQRPLNNDWNÕVÕKHVDSODQDELOPHNWHGLU (Aktaran: Kiker, 1966).
'XEOLQ \DSWÕ÷Õ ELU oDOÕúPD QHWLFHVLQGH LoLQ $%'¶GH QIXVXQ VHUPD\H
GH÷HULQLQ fiziksel sermaye stokXQXQ NDWÕ GH÷HULQH VDKLS ROGX÷XQX EHOLUOHPLúWLU (Aktaran: Kiker,1966).
:DOVK ¶H J|UH H÷LWLPH \DSÕODQ KDUFDPDODU NDU PDNVLPL]DV\RQX DPDFÕyla
\DSÕOPDNWDGÕU$\UÕFDEXKDUFDPDODUfiziksel VHUPD\H\DWÕUÕPODUÕQDQHGHQRODQLNWLVDGL
12
JGOHULGHKDUHNHWHJHoLUPHNWHGLU:DOVK¶DJ|UHRUWDRNXOYHLONRNXOH÷LWLPLVL\DVLYH
NOWUHO QHGHQOHUOH \DSÕOÕUNHQ RUWDRNXO VRQUDVÕ H÷LWLP HNRQRPLN QHGHQOHUH
dayDQPDNWDGÕU %XQDHNRODUDNRUWDRNXOVRQUDVÕ H÷LWLPLQGHELUIÕUVDWPDOL\HWLYDUGÕU
:DOVK RUWDRNXO VRQUDVÕ H÷LWLPLQ JHWLULVLQLQ IÕUVDW PDOL\HWLQL JHoWL÷LQL EXOPXúWXU
(Aktaran: Savvides ve Stengos, 2009).
<XNDUÕGDEDKVHWWL÷LPL]\DNODúÕPODUKHUQHNDGDU,, 'Q\D6DYDúÕ|QFHVLQGHEHOLUWLOPLú
ROVDGD,,'Q\D6DYDúÕ|QFHVLJHQHOH÷LOLPEHúHULVHUPD\H\LVHUPD\HIRUPDV\RQXQD
GDKLOHWPHPH\|QQGH\GL%HúHULVHUPD\H\OHLOJLOLWHRULNWDUWÕúPDODU\DSÕOGÕ÷ÕQGDDPDo
EHúHUL VHUPD\H\L WDQÕPODPDN YH\D E\PH\H NDWNÕVÕQÕ |OoPHN GH÷LOGL 6DYYLGHs ve 6WHQJRV.LNHU¶LQEHOLUWWL÷LJLELEHúHULVHUPD\HoDOÕúPDODUÕGDKDoRNúX
DOWÕ QHGHQ HWUDIÕQGD WRSODQPDNWD\GÕ ELU GHYOHWLQ JFQ J|VWHUPHN H÷LWLP
VD÷OÕN YH J|oQ HNRQRPLN HWNLOHULQL EHOLUOHPHN YHUJL SROLWLNDVÕ VDYDú
PDOL\HWOHULQL EHOLUOHPHN NDPX\X KD\DWÕ YH VD÷OÕ÷Õ NRUXPDVÕ QRNWDVÕQGD X\DUPDN
D\UÕFD ELUH\LQ HNRQRPLN KD\DWÕQÕQ DLOHVLQH YH ONHVLQH RODQ NDWNÕVÕQÕQ |QHPLQL
YXUJXODPDN PDKNHPHOHUGH |OP YH \DUDODQPDODUOD LOJLOL WD]PLQDWOar konusunda DGLONDUDUODUYHULOPHVLQLVD÷ODPDN.LNHU6DYYLGHVYH6WHQJRV
%HúHULVHUPD\HQLQ|QHPLQLYXUJXOD\DQ|QFoDOÕúPDODU¶OHULQVRQODUÕYH¶ODUÕQ
EDúODUÕQGD6FKXOW]YH%HFNHU¶LQoDOÕúPDODUÕ\ODEDúODGÕ6FKXOW]H÷LWLPLLQVDQD \DSÕODQ
\DWÕUÕPRODUDNGH÷HUOHQGLUPLúWLU(÷LWLPR]DPDQDNDGDULúLQLQHKOLYHVRUXPOXOXNVDKLEL
ELUH\OHU \HWLúWLUPH DUDFÕ RODUDN EHQLPVHQPLú YH H÷LWLPLQ HNRQRPLN \|QQH ID]Oa GH÷LQLOPHPLúWL 6FKXOW] H÷LWLPLQ HNRQRPLN \|QQH GH÷LQPHQLQ KLoELU úHNLOGe RQXQ NOWUHO \|QQ DOoDOWPD\DFD÷ÕQÕ ELODNLV NXYYHWOHQGLUHFH÷LQL LIDGH HWPLúWLU
6FKXOW]NDELOL\HWOHUGHJHOLúPHELOJLGHQH\LPYHLoJ|oJLELXQVXUODUÕQEHúHULVHUPD\H\L
HWNLOHGL÷LQL GH EHOLUWPLúWLU 6FKXOW]¶D J|UH EHúHUL VHUPD\H\L JHOLúWLULFL IDDOL\HWOHU EHú
NDWHJRULGH LQFHOHQHELOLU VD÷OÕN LPNDQODUÕ YH KL]PHWOHUL ILUPDODUFD RUJDQL]H
HGLOHQHVNLWDU]oÕUDNOÕNH÷LWLPLQLGHLoHUHQLúGHQH\LPLUHVPLRODUDNYHULOHQLONRUWD
YH \NVHN G]H\GH H÷LWLP ILUPDODUFD G]HQOHQPH\HQ WDUÕPÕ GD NDSVD\DQ oDOÕúPD
SURJUDPODUÕ Lú IÕUVDWODUÕQGDQ GROD\Õ ELUH\ YH DLOHOHULQ J|o HWPHVL 6FKXOW]¶D J|UH
EHúHUL VHUPD\H KHVDED NDWÕOGÕ÷Õ WDNGLUGH HNRQRPLN E\PH\L DQODPD \ROXQGDNL ED]Õ
SDUDGRNVODU YH G÷POHU o|]OHELOLU øON RODUDN L E\PH VUHFLQGH J|]lenen sermaye-KDVÕOD NDWVD\ÕVÕQGDNL Gúú EHúHUL VHUPD\HQLQ GÕúODQPDVÕ VRQXFX VHUPD\HQLQ
13
VDGHFH IL]LNVHO VHUPD\H RODUDN GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVLQGHQ ND\QDNODQPDNWDGÕU (ii) gelir DUWÕúÕQÕQ DoÕNODQDPD\DQ ELOHúHQL $%'¶GH JLWWLNoH DUWPDNWDGÕU; (iii) iúoLOHULQ UHHO
kD]DQoODUÕQGDNL E\N DUWÕúODU EHúHUL VHUPD\H \DWÕUÕPÕQÕQ JHWLULVL RODUDN DoÕNODQDELOLU
%XQODUDHNRODUDN,,'Q\D6DYDúÕVRQUDVÕVD÷ODQDQE\NHNRQRPLNJHOLúPHIL]LNVHO
VHUPD\HGHNL \ÕNÕPÕ KHVDED NDWDUVDN EHúHUL VHUPD\H ile PDNXO ELU úHNLOGH
DoÕNODQDELOPHNWHGLU 6FKXOW] H÷LWLPLQ PLOOL JHOLUGHNL DUWÕúÕQ DoÕNODQDPD\DQ NÕVPÕQÕ
DoÕNODGÕ÷ÕQÕ LIDGH HGHUHN RNXOGD EXOXQPDQÕQ IÕUVDW PDOL\HWL YH RNXOODU LoLQ WHGDULN
HGLOHQND\QDNODUÕQWRSODPPDOL\HWOHULLOHH÷LWLPLQHNRQRPL\HNDWNÕVÕQÕWDKPLQHWPLúWLU
Schultz, QHWLFHGH úX LNL |QHPOL SROLWLND oÕNDUÕPÕQD XODúPÕúWÕU %HúHUL VHUPD\H\H
\DSÕODQNDPX\DWÕUÕPODUÕJHOLUL\HQLGHQGD÷ÕWÕFÕELUDUDoUROQR\QDUYHH÷LWLPEHúHUL
VHUPD\H \DWÕUÕPODUÕQÕQ EX UROQ GDKD GD JHOLúWLULU $] JHOLúPLú ONHOHU fiziksel serPD\H\DWÕUÕPODUÕQGDQ]L\DGHEHúHULVHUPD\H\DWÕUÕPODUÕQDRGDNODQPDOÕGÕUODU (Schultz, 1961; Savvides ve Stengos, 2009).
6FKXOW] ¶XQ $%' LoLQ \DSWÕ÷Õ oDOÕúPD\D J|UH OLVH |÷UHQFLOHUL KDIWDOÕN NROHM
|÷UHQFLOHUL LVH KDIWDOÕN LPDODW VDQD\LL ND]DQFÕQGDQ YD]JHoPLúOHUGLU 6FKXOW] -
\ÕOODUÕDUDVÕQGD¶DU\ÕOOÕNDUDODUODOLVHYHQLYHUVLWH|÷UHQFLOHULQLQYD]JHoWLNOHUL
\ÕOOÕNND]DQoODUÕFDULIL\DWODUDJ|UHKHVDSODGÕ$\UÕFDLONYHRUWDRNXODD\UÕODQND\QDNODUÕ
GDIÕUVDWPDOL\HWLQHHNOHGL%XúHNLOGHH÷LWLPLQWRSODPPDOL\HWLQHXODúPÕúWÕU7DELLNL
LONRNXOGD RNX\DQ oRFXNODU LoLQ ELU YD]JHoLOHQ ND]DQo GXUXPX V|] NRQXVX GH÷LOGLU
$QDOL]LQ úDúÕUWÕFÕ ELU VRQXFX OLVH LoLQ YD]JHoLOHQ ND]DQoODUÕQ EWQ \ÕOODU LoLQ WRSODP
PDOL\HWLQ\DUÕVÕQGDQID]ODVÕQÕNDSVÕ\RUROPDVÕ\GÕ%XGXUXPQLYHUVLWHH÷LWLPLLoLQGH
oR÷X \ÕOGD JHoHUOL\GL %WQ H÷LWLP VHYL\HOHULQL ELUGHQ HOH DOÕQFD ¶GD YD]JHoLOHQ
ND]DQoODU H÷LWLP PDVUDIODUÕQÕQ ¶VÕQÕ ROXúWXUXUNHQ LVH ¶Q WHúNLO
etmekteydi. Schultz, bu periyotta (1900- H÷LWLP JLUGLOHULQLQ IL]LNVHO VHUPD\H
ROXúXPXQGDQGDKDKÕ]OÕELUúHNLOGHDUWWÕ÷ÕQÕEHOLUWPLúWLU(÷HUH÷LWLPHD\UÕODQND\QDNODU
EHúHULVHUPD\H\DWÕUÕPÕRODUDNDOÕQÕUVDEX\DWÕUÕPÕQJHWLULRUDQÕH÷LWLPGHGDKDE\N
ND\QDN ELULNLPLQL VD÷ODPDN LoLQ \DSÕODQ IL]LNVHO \DWÕUÕP RUDQÕQGDQ GDKD E\N
ROPDOÕGÕU<LUPLQFL\]\ÕOÕQELULQFL\DUÕVÕER\XQFDIDUNOÕH÷LWLPG]H\OHULLoLQDNWDUÕODQ
ND\QDNODUÕQ PDOL\HWL KHP PXWODN KHP QLVSL RODUDN DUWPÕúWÕU 6FKXOW]¶XQ
KHVDSODPDODUÕQGDQ G|UW VRQXo RUWD\D oÕNPDNWDGÕU: \ÕOÕQGD ]RUXQOX LONRNXO
H÷LWLPL fiziksel VHUPD\H ELULNLPLQLQ ¶LQL DoÕNODUNHQ ¶GD ¶XQX
DoÕNODPDNWDGÕURUWDRNXOH÷LWLPLQLQPDOL\HWLEXSHUL\RWWDoRNDUWPÕúWÕU\ÕOÕQGD
14
fiziksel VHUPD\H ROXúXPXQXQ ¶VL NDGDUNHQ ¶GD LVH ¶e \NVHOPLúWLU; (3)
QLYHUVLWHH÷LWLPLLoLQGHWUHQGRUWDRNXOH÷LWLPLQHEHQ]HUúHNLOGHVH\UHWPHNWHGLU
\ÕOÕQGDfiziksel VHUPD\HROXúXPXQXQ¶VLLNHQ\ÕOÕQGDµVLQHXODúPÕúWÕU; (4) e÷LWLPH Karcanan kaynaklar fiziksel VHUPD\H ROXúXPXQD DNWDUÕODQ ND\QDNODUGDQ GDKD
KÕ]OÕ ELU úHNLOGH DUWPÕúWÕU +HU o H÷LWLP G]H\LQH DNWDUÕODQ ND\QDNODU \ÕOÕQGD
fiziksel VHUPD\H ROXúXPXQXQ ¶XQX DoÕNODQÕUNHQ \ÕOÕ LoLQ EX RUDQ ¶WU.
(Savvides ve Stengos, 2009; Schultz, 1960).
%HFNHU LON RODUDN \DSWÕ÷Õ oDOÕúPDVÕQGD JHOHFHNWHNL UHHO JHOLUL EHúHUL VHUPD\H
\DWÕUÕPODUÕ\OD DoÕNODPD\D oDOÕúPÕúWÕU %HFNHU LúJFQQ IL]LNVHO YH UXKVDO VD÷OÕ÷ÕQÕ
JHOLúWLUPHN LoLQ \DSÕODFDN \DWÕUÕPODUÕQ |QHPOL ELU EHúHUL VHUPD\H \DWÕUÕPÕ ROGX÷XQX
LIDGH HWPLúWLU %HFNHUH J|UH ONHOHU DUDVÕQGDNL UHIDK IDUNOÕOÕNODUÕQÕQ QHGHQL IL]LNVHO
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LIDGH HWWL÷LQL EHOLUWPLúWLU g]HO Lú GHQH\LPLQL VSHFLILF WUDLQLQJ LVH ILUPDGDQ ILUPD\D
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15
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ILUPDODUÕQWHNQRORML-ELOJLG]H\LHúLWWLUAktaran: hQVDO
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NDYUDPÕQÕ DQDOL]H GDKLO HGHUHN NXUPXúWXU /XFDV ¶ÕQ JHOLúWLUGL÷L PRGHOH J|UH
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16
Mankiw-5RPHU YH :HLOLQ 05: \ÕOÕQGD JHOLúWLUGL÷L PRGHO 6RORZ E\PH
PRGHOLQLQEHúHULVHUPD\HGDKLOHGLOPLúKDOLRODUDNNDEXOHGLOPHNWHGLU&REE-Douglas
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17
%g/h0 (.2120ø. %h<h0( 9( %(ù(5ø 6(50$<(
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.W IL]LNVHO VHUPD\H\L LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU %XUDGD |QHPOL RODQ QRNWD LVH VHUmayenin 6RORZPRGHOLQGHUDNLSJLUGLNDEXOHGLOPHVLGLU%XUDGDµUDNLSOLN¶NDYUDPÕELUJLUGLQLQ
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birden bulunDPD\DFD÷ÕLoLQUDNLSJLUGLNDEXOHGLOPHNWHGLU
hoQF JLUGL RODQ 7W LVH WHNQRORML VHYL\HVL YH\D ELOJL VHYL\HVLQL LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU
Teknolojik bilgi ise modelde rakip olmayan bir girdi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bunun DQODPÕ úXGXU øNL \D GD GDKD ID]OD UHWLFL D\QÕ ]DPDQGD D\QÕ WHNQRORMLN ELOJL\H
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HúLWWLU
. , ,
I t s F K t L t T t (2.3)
18
Modelde fiziksel sermaye, K(W VDELW ELU \ÕSUDQPD RUDQÕQD į VDKLSWLU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD
fiziksel sermaye stokXQGDNL QHW DUWÕú EUW \DWÕUÕPODUGDQ VHUPD\H VWRkundaki
\ÕSUDQPDQÕQoÕNDUÕOPDVÕ\ODHOGHHGLOLU
(t )= I(t) - į.W V)>.W/W7W@- į.W (2.4) Burada K(tLIDGHVL]DPDQJHoWLNoH.W¶GHNLGH÷LúLPLLIDGHHWPHNWHGLU> W KWW@.
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$úD÷ÕGDNL G|UW NRúXO VD÷ODQGÕ÷Õ WDNGLUGH ELU UHWLP IRQNVL\RQX QHRNODVLN UHWLP
fonksiyonudur (Barro ve Sala-i Martin, 2004).
gOoH÷HJ|UHVDELWJHWLUL hUHWLPIDNW|UOHULQGHQRODQHPHNYHVHUPD\HJLUGLOHULQNDW
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YH IL]LNVHO VHUPD\H LoHUHQ LNLQFL ELU IDEULND \DSDUDN UHWLPLQL LNL NDWÕQD oÕNDUDELOLU
Burada emek ve sermaye girdilerinin rakip girdiler ROPDVÕQGDQ D\QÕ DQGD LNL \HUGH
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ifade edilebilir:
Y= F(K, L, T), F( nK, nL, T) = n.F(K, L, T)=nY (2.5) hUHWLPJLUGLOHULQGHD]DODQmarjinal verimlilik: %WQ.!YH/!GXUXPODUÕLoLQ
UHWLP IRQNVL\RQX SR]LWLI YH JLWWLNoH D]DODQ PDUMLQDO UQOHUH VDKLSWLU <DQL 6RORZ
E\PHPRGHOLQGHKHUELUIDNW|UD]DODQJHWLUL\HVDKLSWLU
).!22)2K < 0 (2.6)
)/!22)2L < 0
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1HRNODVLN UHWLP WHRULVLQH J|UH WHNQRORML G]H\L YH LúJF VDbit tutulursa, her ilave VHUPD\H PLNWDUÕ UHWLPL DUWÕUDFDN IDNDW EX DUWÕú ELU |QFHNL LODYH VHUPD\HQLQ VHEHS
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,QDGDNRúXOODUÕ 1HRNODVLNUHWLPIRQNVL\RQXQGDELUUHWLPIDNW|UQQ (sermaye veya LúJFPDUMLQDOUQRUHWLPIDNW|UQQPLNWDUÕVÕIÕUD\DNODúÕUNHQVRQVX]DVRQVX]D
\DNODúÕUNHQVÕIÕUD\DNODúPDNWDGÕU
Lim K ĺ = Lim /ĺ (2.7)
Lim K ĺ = Lim L ĺ = 0
Gereklilik (Essentiality): %LU UHWLPLQ VRQXFXQGD H÷HU SR]LWLI oÕNWÕ HOGH HGLOPHN
LVWHQL\RUVDRUHWLPLQJLUGLOHULPXWODNDSR]LWLIPLNWDUGDROPDOÕGÕU%XGXUXP)/ F(K,0) = 0 úHNOLQGHLIDGHHGLOHELOLU%DUURYH6DOD-i Martin, 2004).
Cobb ± 'RXJODVELoLPLQGHNL1HRNODVLNUHWLPIRQNVL\RQXúXúHNLOGH\D]ÕOPDNWDGÕU
Y = KĮ L1-Į (2.8)
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J|VWHULOGL÷LJLEL
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1HRNODVLNPRGHOHLúJFQGDKLOHGLQFHLúJFEDúÕQDGúHQVHUPD\HELULNLPGHQNOHPL
úXúHNOLDOPDNWDGÕU
k sf k k (2.11) 1HRNODVLNE\PHPRGHOLQHWHNQRORML\LGHGDKLOHWWL÷LPL]GHúXúHNOLDOPDNWDGÕU
, 1
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E\PHNWHGLU%Xg RUDQÕGÕúVDORODUDNEHOLUOHQPLúWLU<DQLA(t) = A0egt ile bu durumu J|VWHUHELOLUL] %DúODQJÕo ]DPDQÕQGDNL $0 WHNQRORML G]H\L g gibi sabit bir oranda E\\HUHN W ]DPDQÕ VRQXQGD A(t) G]H\LQH XODúPÕúWÕU AL LIDGHVL LVH HWNLQ LúJFQ
ifade etmektedir.
¶GHNLHúLWOL÷L\HQLELUúHNLOGH\D]DUVDN
Y=F(K,AL)=AL.F(K/AL,1)=AL.F(k,1)=AL.f(k) (2.13) Buradan $/¶\LoHNHUVHNY/AL = y diyebiliriz. k HWNLQLúJFEDúÕQDVHUPD\HPLNWDUÕQÕ
ifade ederken y LVHHWNLQLúJFEDúÕQDoÕNWÕ\ÕJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
21
Neoklasik modelde teknolojinin GHGDKLOHGLOGL÷LLúJFEDúÕQDVHUPD\HVWRku denklemi úXúHNLOGHGLU
=s.f(k)±(n+gį (2.14) ¶WHNL HúLWOLN 1HRNODVLN E\PH PRGHOLQLQ WHPHO HúLWOL÷LGLU 0RGHOH J|UH HWNLQ
LúJFEDúÕQDGúHQVHUPD\HQLQPRGHOGHGÕúVDORODUDNEHOLUOHQHQWDVDUUXIRUDQÕQIXV
DUWÕú KÕ]Õ DPRUWLVPDQ RUDQÕ YH WHNQRORMLN JHOLúPH RUDQÕQD ED÷OÕ ROGX÷X RUWD\D
oÕNPDNWDGÕU%XSDUDPHWUHOHUHED÷OÕRODUDNHNRQRPLQLQGXUD÷DQGXUXPGHQJHVLQHQDVÕO
XODúDFD÷ÕEHOLUOHQPHNWHGLU.
ùHNLO 1HRNODVLN0RGHOGH'HQJHOL%\PH<olu
ùHNLO¶GH1HRNODVLNPRGHOGHGHQJHOLE\PH\ROXJ|VWHULOPLúWLU LOHJ|VWHULOHQ
H÷UL1HRNODVLNPRGHOGHHWNLQLúJFEDúÕQDoÕNWÕ\ÕJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU LOHJ|VWHULOHQ
RQXQ DOWÕQGDNL H÷UL LVH HWNLQ LúJF EDúÕQD UHWLOHQ oÕNWÕQÕQ WDVDUUXI HGLOHQ NÕVPÕQÕ
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VINHúLWOL÷LQLQVD÷ODQGÕ÷ÕQRNWDGD
=(n+JįN- sf(k) = 0 (2.15) ROPDNWDGÕU VIN ! Q J įN ROGX÷X VUHFH VHUPD\H ELULNLPL GHYDP HWPHNWHGLU
sf(k) < QJįNROGX÷XQGDLVHVHUPD\HELULNLPLD]DODFD÷ÕLoLQEXQRNWDGDQVRQUD
22
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0RGHOLQYDUVD\ÕPODUÕQDJ|UHX]XQG|QHPGXUD÷DQGXUXPGHQJHVLROXúWX÷XQGDVHUPD\H
ELULNLPLYH\DWÕUÕPODUÕQROPDVÕQGDQGROD\ÕE\PHGXUPDNWDGÕU
1HRNODVLNPRGHOHJ|UHONHOHUD\QÕWHNQRORMLG]H\LQHD\QÕ\DWÕUÕPG]H\OHULQHD\QÕ
QIXV DUWÕú KÕ]ÕQD VDKLSOHUVH ELU ONH GL÷HULQGHQ GDKD IDNLUVH ELOH ]HQJLQ ONH\H J|UH
GDKD KÕ]OÕ E\\HFHN YH QLKD\HWLQGH ]HQJLQ ONHQLQ NLúL EDúÕQD PLOOL JHOLU G]H\LQL
\DNDOD\DFDNWÕU%XQXIRUPOYHJUDILN\ROX\ODDúD÷ÕGDNLJLELJ|VWHUHELOLUL]
(úLWOLN¶WHNLLIDGHQLQKHULNLWDUDIÕQÕN¶\DE|OHUVHN
/k=sk (y/k)±(n+g+į (2.16) HúLWOL÷LQH XODúÕUÕ] %X HúLWOLNWHNL LIDGH\L ùHNLO-2.2¶GH GDKD GHWD\OÕ LQFHOH\HELOLUL]
(Jones,1998).
ùHNLO1HRNODVLN0RGHOGH<DNÕQVDPD
ùHNLO ¶GH 1HRNODVLN PRGHOGH \DNÕQVDPD J|VWHULOPLúWLU H÷ULVL 1HRNODVLN
PRGHOGHNLúLEDúÕQDDUWDQVHUPD\HPLNWDUÕQÕ LVHWRSODPDPRUWLVPDQODUÕ
J|VWHUPHNWHGLUkbg, NLúLEDúÕQDWDVDUUXIYHPLOOLJHOLUG]H\LEDúODQJÕoWDJHULRODQONH\L
kbi LVH NLúL EDúÕQD PLOOL JHOLU YH WDVDUUXI G]H\L EDúODQJÕoWD LOHUL RODQ ONH\L WHPVLO
etmektedLU%DúODQJÕoWDJHULRODQONHLOHULRODQONHLOHD\QÕWHNQRORMLG]H\LQHD\QÕ
\DWÕUÕPRUDQODUÕQDYHD\QÕQIXVDUWÕúKÕ]ODUÕQDVDKLSVHLOHULRODQONH\HJ|UHGDKDKÕ]OÕ
ELUE\PHJHUoHNOHúWLUHFHNKHULNLONHDUDVÕQGDNLEDúODQJÕoWDNLHWNLQLúJFEDúÕQD
23
oÕNWÕDoÕ÷ÕJLWWLNoHGDUDODFDNWÕU'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD1HRNODVLNPRGHOLQHQ|QHPOL|QJ|UVQ
úXúHNLOGHEHOLUWHELOLUL]$\QÕGXUD÷DQGXUXPDVDKLSRODQONHOHUDUDVÕQGD\DNÕQVDPD
KLSRWH]LJHUoHNOHúHFHNWLU<DQL\RNVXOONHOHU]HQJLQONHOHUHJ|UHGDKDKÕ]OÕE\\HUHN
NLúLEDúÕQDPLOOLJHOLUOHUL]HQJLQONHQLQNLQH\DNÕQVD\DFDNWÕU( Jones, 1998).
1HRNODVLN PRGHOLQ LNLQFL ELU |QHPOL |QHUPHVL LVH ELU ONH QH NDGDU GXUD÷DQ Gurum GHQJHVLQGHQ X]DNVD R NDGDU KÕ]OÕ E\\HFHNWLU (÷HU GXUD÷DQ GXUXP GHQJHVLQH
\DNODúÕUVDE\PHKÕ]Õ\DYDúOD\DFDNWÕU-RQHV
)DNLU ONHOHULQ ]HQJLQ ONHOHUGHQ GDKD KÕ]OÕ E\\HFH÷LQL LIDGH HGHQ EX \DNODúÕP
µPXWODN \DNDODPD¶ KLSRWH]L RODUDN DGODQGÕUÕOPDNWDGÕU $QFDN %DUUR YH 6DOD-i Martin ¶LQ EHOLUWWL÷L JLEL EX GXUXP JHUoHN GQ\DGDNL DPSLULN EXOJXODUOD ELUHELU
|UWúPHPHNWHGLU <DSÕODQ oDOÕúPDODU EX GXUXPXQ GDKD oRN KRPRMHQ HNRQRPLOHU LoLQ
JHoHUOL ROGX÷XQX KHWHURMHQ HNRQRPLOHU DUDVÕQGD \DNÕQVDPDQÕQ JHUoHNOHúPHGL÷LQL
J|VWHUPHNWHGLU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD ELUELULQH EHQ]HU HNRQRPLOHU DUDVÕQGD HWNLQ LúJF EDúÕQD
oÕNWÕPLNWDUÕQÕQ\DNÕQVD\DFD÷ÕQÕLIDGHHGHQKLSRWH]µNRúXOOX\DNÕQVDPD¶ hipotezi olarak DGODQGÕUÕOPDNWDGÕU%XGXUXPXúHNLO\DUGÕPÕ\ODDoÕNOD\DELOLUL]'R÷UXO
ùHNLO.RúXOOX<DNÕQVDPD
ùHNLO ¶WH NRúXOOX \DNÕQVDPD J|VWHULOPLúWLU )DNLU ONHQLQ HWNLQ LúJF EDúÕQD
VHUPD\HYHWDVDUUXIRUDQÕGDKDGúNROGX÷XYDUVD\ÕOGÕ÷ÕQGDGXUD÷DQGXUXPNLúLEDúÕQD
VHUPD\H G]H\OHUL IDUNOÕ ROPDVÕ EHNOHQLU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD LNL ONHQLQ GXUD÷DQ GXUXP NLúL
24
EDúÕQD oÕNWÕ G]H\OHUL GH IDUNOÕ RODFDNWÕU (÷HU KHU LNL ONHQLQ WDVDUUXI RUDQODUÕ D\QÕ
ROVD\GÕIDNLUONHQLQGDKDKÕ]OÕE\\HUHN]HQJLQONH\L\DNDODPDVÕEHNOHQLUGL)DNDW
WDVDUUXIRUDQODUÕIDUNOÕROGX÷XLoLQEXGXUXPPPNQJ|]NPHPHNWHGLU
1HRNODVLNE\PHPRGHOLQLQHOHúWLULVLQHJHOLQFH
9 (NRQRPLQLQ \HQL ELU GXUD÷DQ GXUXP GHQJHVLQH XODúDELOPHVL LoLQ WHNQRORML
G]H\LQLQ DUWPDVÕ JHUHNPHNWHGLU 0RGHOGH WHNQRORML GÕúVDO RODUDN EHOLUOHQGL÷L
LoLQDVOÕQGDPRGHOE\PHQLQWHPHOND\QD÷ÕYDUVD\GÕ÷ÕWHNQRORML\LDoÕNODPDPÕú
ve bir DQODPGDE\PH\L DoÕNODPDPÕúWÕUGL\HELOLUL]
9 0RGHO XOXVODUDUDVÕ JHOLU IDUNOÕOÕNODUÕQÕ DoÕNODPDNWD \HWHUVL] NDOPÕúWÕU )DNLU
ONHOHU GúN WDVDUUXI \NVHN QIXV DUWÕúÕ YH \HWHUVL] WHNQRORML\e sahiptirler, GROD\ÕVÕ\OD]HQJLQONHOHUL\DNDOD\DPDGÕNODUÕDPSLULNEXOJXODUODGHVWHNOHQPLúWLU 'R÷UXO
2.1.2. Mankiw-Romer-:HLO0RGHOL%HúHUL6HUPD\H'DKLO(GLOPLú6RORZ0RGHOL Mankiw-5RPHUYH:HLO05:\ÕOÕQGD\D]GÕNODUÕPDNDOHOHULQGH6RORZPRGHOLQH
EHúHUL VHUPD\H GH÷LúNHQLQL GDKLO HWPLúOHUGLU dQN DWÕIWD EXOXQGXNODUÕ .HQGULFN¶LQ
1976 tarihli oDOÕúPDVÕQD J|UH \ÕOÕ LoLQ $%'¶QLQ VHUPD\H VWRkXQXQ \DUÕVÕQGDQ
ID]ODVÕ EHúHUL VHUPD\HGLU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD EHúHUL VHUPD\H\L PRGHOH GDKLO HWPHPHN \DQOÕú
VRQXoODUDJ|WUHFHNELUHWNLGR÷XUDFDNWÕU
Yine Mankiw-5RPHU YH :HLO /XFDV¶ÕQ úX YDUVD\ÕPÕQÕ DNWDUPÕúODUGÕU %HúHUL
VHUPD\H VDELW NDEXO HGLOGL÷LQGH fiziksel sermayenin getirisi azalan verimlere tabi ROPDVÕQDUD÷PHQEWQ\HQLGHQUHWLOHELOHQfiziksel EHúHULVHUPD\HQLQJHWLULVLVDELW
verimlere tabiGLU%XYDUVD\ÕPÕQJHoHUOLOL÷LQL D\UÕFDWDUWÕúPÕúODUGÕU
Mankiw-5RPHU YH :HLO DQDOL]OHUL VRQXFXQGD EHúHUL VHUPD\H\L KDULo EÕUDNPDQÕQ
fiziksel VHUPD\H \DWÕUÕPÕN YH QIXV DUWÕúÕQÕQQ NDWVD\ÕODUÕQÕ DQRUPDO GHUHFHGH
VDSWÕUGÕ÷ÕQÕ EHúHUL VHUPD\H GDKLO HGLOGLNWHQ VRQUD LVH EX DQRUPDOOLNOHULQ RUWDGDQ
NDONWÕ÷ÕQÕVDSWDPÕúODUGÕU
Model
Y=K(t)ĮH(t)ȕ[A(t) L(t)]1-Į-ȕ (2.15)