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21. yüzyıl ses sanatı düşüncesinden hareketle etkileşimli bir ses enstalasyonu denemesi

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T.C.

İNÖNÜ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ

Danışman Prof. Dr. Server ACİM

Hazırlayan Mehmet KURTULUŞ MALATYA 2018

DOKTORA TEZİ

21. YÜZYIL SES SANATI DÜŞÜNCESİNDEN HAREKETLE ETKİLEŞİMLİ BİR SES

ENSTALASYONU DENEMESİ

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/ ƺx2HHBF2 kyX vɃxvøH/ #m BFB 72MQK2M #B`#B`H2`BM/2M 7`FHø MHKH` B7/2 2iK2v2

#ȔHKøȔiø`X

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Ry

6ø`øM+øQĴHm- RNX vɃxvøH/ #2bi2+BH2`BM bɃ`2;2H2M iQMH bBbi2KB p2 FQKTQxBbvQM Fm`H@

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bɃ`KɃȔiɃ`X "m vɃxvøH/ vȔMM #m ?øxHø /2ĴBȔBKB MHKF BÏBM #m vɃxvøHøM bQbvQHQDBF p2 bQbvQFɃHiɃ`2H ?pbøMø ;ƺxH2KH2K2F ;2`2FK2Fi2/B`X kyX vɃxvøH /ɃMv ?HFH`øMøM bpȔH` bv2bBM/2 #B`#B`H2`B BH2 2iFBH2ȔBK2 ;2ÏiBĴB #B` vɃxvøH/ø`X apȔøM #B` ;2iB`BbB QH`F ?øxHø+ /2ĴBȔ2M FBiH2 BH2iBȔBK `ÏH`ø BH2 #B`HBFi2 i2FMQHQDB/2 /2 Fv/ /2Ĵ2` ;2@

HBȔK2H2` vȔMKøȔiø`X avǶøM ky vɃxvøH iMøKø Bb2 #m vmF`ø/ bƺxɃ 2/BH2M ;2HBȔK2H2`B ƺx2iH2K2Fi2/B`c

ǴkyX vɃxvøH #BHBK/2- i2FMQHQDB/2 p2 iQTHmKbH vȔK #BÏBKBM/2 bøÏ`@

KH` ÏĴø/ø`X "m #ĴHK/ bMi / v`iø+ø /2M2vb2H Ï#H`H #BHBK p2 i2FMQHQDBv2 FQȔmi bøÏ`KH`ø ;2`Ï2FH2ȔiB`KBȔiB`X JɃxBFb2H ;2HBȔBK- iQMH KɃxBĴBK FHøT p2 Fm`HH`øMøM ȔøHKbøMø /viKøȔiø`X XXX lvmKbmx b2bH2`

kyX vɃxvøHøM #ȔHø+ ƺx2HHBHĴB/B` M+F /? ƺM+2 /2 #2HB`iiBĴBKBx ;B#B- b@

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kyX vɃxvøH KɃxBĴBMBM vƺMɃMɃ #2HB`H2v2M 2M ƺM2KHB #2bi2+BH2`/2M #B`BbB a+@

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#ȔHKøȔiø` U6ø`øM+øQĴHm- kyRk, NVX "2bi2+B ÏHøȔKH`øM/ iQMH /Ƀx2MB vøFøT v2`BM2

#K#ȔF #B` bBbi2K v`i`F vTøiH`øMø Ƀ`2iKBȔiB`X

uBM2 #m vɃxvøHøM bMi FøKH`ø BH2 vFøM BHBȔFBH2` BÏ2`BbBM/2 QHM #2bi2+BH2`

#m bMi FøKH`øM/M BH?K H`F vTøiH` Ƀ`2iKBȔH2`/B`X "mMH`/M 2M #2HB`;BM QHMø Bb2 BxH2MBK+BHBF FøKø/ø`X "m FøK #B`ÏQF #2bi2+Bv2 BH?K FvMĴø QHKmȔim`X

"m BH?K FvMFH`øM/M v``HMM #2bi2+BH2`/2M #B`BbB /2 A;Q` ai`pBMbFvǶ/B`X ai@

`pBMbFv- imimK QH`F ;2H2M2Fb2H `BiKBF Fm`;mH`/M FÏøMKøȔ mvmKbmx b2b FɃK2H2@

`BM2 vƺM2Hb2/2 mxmM+ #B` bɃ`2 iQMHBi2/2M v`øHKKøȔiø`X "m imimKm Ǵ"?` vBMBǴ

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RR

BbBKHB vTøiøM/ Bb2 iK i2`bBM2 /ƺMKɃȔiɃ` U6ø`øM+øQĴHm- kyRk, NVX "m vTøi BHF b2`;B@

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a2bBM kyX vɃxvøH/FB vQH+mĴmM/ #B` ƺM2KHB #bKF Bb2 2H2Fi`QMBF ÏH;øH`øM

;2HBȔBKB/B`X "m ÏH;øH` Q ;ɃM2 /2ĴBM BȔBiBHK2KBȔ #B` ÏQF b2b FɃK2bBMBMBM /mvmHKbø@

Mø bĴHKøȔiø`X K #m b2b FɃK2H2`B ?BÏ #B` #2bi2+BvB 62``m+BQ "mbQMB F/` 2iFBH2@

K2KBȔiB`X "mbQMB FH2K2 H/øĴø ǴaF2i+? Q7  L2r 2bi?2iB+ JmbB+Ǵ BbBKHB vxøbøM/

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UJBK`QĴHm- kyye, R89VX

ky vɃxvøH- HøȔ;2HKBȔ ?2` T`iBĴ2 v2MB #B` Hi2`MiB7 bmM`F2M vMø xKM/

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Rk

2iK2F ;B#B #B` /ɃȔɃM+2bB QHKKøȔiø`X 6ɃiɃ`BxK ;2H2+2Ĵ2 p2 #mMmM ;2iB`BH2`B QHM i2F@

MQHQDB p2 KFBM2H2`2 #ĴøKHø/ø`X 6ɃiɃ`BbiH2`2 ;ƺ`2 2bFB QHM KɃx2H2`- FɃiɃT?M2H2`-

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bøFø bøFøv b`øHKøȔH`/ø`X PMH` ;ƺ`2 /ɃMvMøM i2/pBbB M+F bpȔ BH2 KɃKFɃM/Ƀ`X UEQb#i`- kyRk, RyyVX

6ɃiɃ`BbiH2`BM b2b p2 KɃxBF BH2 QHM KMB72biQH`øMø KɃxBbv2M "HBHH S`i2HH

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QT2`vø b2M7QMBF #B` 7Q`K QH`F ;ƺ`K2F KDƺ`- KBMƺ` `iKøȔ p2 2FbBHKBȔ FQMmbmM@

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#B` #ȔF KɃxBF Ƀx2`BM2 vxøHKøȔ 7ɃiɃ`Bbi KMB72biQ/ Bb2 _mbbQHQ #K#ȔF #B` b2b /ɃMvbø ƺM2`KBȔiB`X 1M/Ƀbi`B /2p`BKBM/2 KFBM2H2`BM B+/ø BH2 /QĴM bQMBF b2bH2`B vMB #B` M2pB ;Ƀ`ɃHiɃH2`/2M vTøiH` Ƀ`2iK2F Bbi2K2Fi2/B`X _mbbQHQ- #m /ɃȔɃM+2H2`BMB Bb2 Ȕm bƺxH2` BH2 MHiKFi/ø`c

MiBF ÏĴ vȔKø- b2bbBxHBFi2M #ȔF Ȕ2v /2ĴBH/BX :Ƀ`ɃHiɃ M+F sAs vɃxvøH/ KFBM2H2`BM B+/ø BH2 /QĴ/mX "m;ɃM ;Ƀ`ɃHiɃ- BMbMH`øM /mv`HøĴø Ƀx2`BM/2 ?ɃFɃK bɃ`ɃvQ`X uɃxvøHH` #QvmM+ vȔK b2bbBxHBF BÏBM/2 v /

b2bFøbø+ø iFøHKøȔ QH`F ;2ÏiBX 1M vMFøHø ;Ƀ`ɃHiɃH2` #BH2- ȔB//2iHB mxmM bɃ@

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"ɃvɃF mbiH`øM `KQMBH2`B ?2TBKBx b2p/BF p2 #mMH`/M ii H/øFX "22i@

?Qp2M p2 q;M2` vøHH` #Qvm vɃ`2ĴBKBxB iiHø iiHø iBi`2iiBX K #mMH`ø

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Rj

FMøFb/øF `iøFX ŞȔi2 #mM/M ƺiɃ`Ƀ ƺ`M2ĴBM dz1`QBFǴ vø v / dzSb@

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_mbbQHQ #m /ɃȔɃM+2H2`B BH2 #m;ɃM b2b bMiø /2MBH2M QH;mMmM Fm`KbH BHF

/øKH`øMø iKøȔiø`X kyX vɃxvøHøM #ȔøM/ vxøHM #m KMB72biQ/ _mbbQHQ ?2` iɃ`HɃ b2bBM #2HB`HB #B` bɃ`2 BÏ2`BbBM/2 #B` ÏHøȔK/ v2` H#BH2+2ĴBMB ƺM2 bɃ`2M #2bi2+BH2`/2M

#B`BbB/B`X o`ûb2 p2 /BĴ2` #2bi2+BH2` 2b2`H2`BM v`iøHøȔøM/ _mbbQHQ F/` ;2MBȔ #B`

bQMBF /ɃMvvø ƺM2 bɃ`K2KBȔiB`X "mbQMB- o`ûb2 p2 ai`pBMbFv Q ;ɃM2 /2ĴBM vȔMM i2FMQHQDBF ;2HBȔK2H2` BH2 Q`iv ÏøFM 2H2Fi`QMBF ÏH;øH`øM b2bH2`BMBM H`F FmHHMKvø ƺM2`B`F2M- _mbbQHQ #m b2bH2`BM vMøM/ ;ɃMHɃF b2bH2`/2M p2 Ï2p`2 b2bH2`BM/2M QHmȔM

#B` bQMBF 2p`2M v`iKF Bbi2K2Fi2/B`X

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M2HBF ƺM2 bɃ`/ɃĴɃ /ɃȔɃM+2H2` Bb2 _mbbQHQ BH2 QH/mFÏ #2Mx2`/B`X dzCQ?M *;2 a2ÏK2 uxøH`Ǵ FBi#øMø FH2K2 HM 6ø`øM+øQĴHmǶ/ #m Ï2HBȔFBv2 Ȕm bƺxH2` BH2 /BFFi Ï2FK2F@

i2/B`c

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R9

CQ?M *;2 RNj8 v / RNjeǶ/ BHF F2x pm`KHø ÏH;øH` BÏBM #B` T`Ï

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#B` Fp`KX *;2 6ɃiɃ`BbiH2`Ƕ/2M T2F bƺx 2iK2xXXX U6ø`øM+øQĴHm- kyRk, 3VX

*;2ǶBM h?2 6mim`2 Q7 JmbB+ *`2/QǴ BbBKHB vxøbøM/ #?b2iiBĴB /ɃȔɃM+2H2`/2 _mbbQHQǶMmM ƺM2`/BĴB /BMH2K2 2iFBMHBĴBM2 QH/mFÏ #2Mx2`/B` *;2 #m /ɃȔɃM+2bBMB Ȕm Ȕ2FBH/2 MHiø`c

dzL2`2/2 QHm`bF QHHøK- /mv/mĴmKmx ÏQĴm F2x ;Ƀ`ɃHiɃ/Ƀ`X H/ø`øȔ 2i@

K2xb2F #BxB `?ibøx 2/2`X EmHF p2`B`b2F #ɃvɃH2+B ;2HB`X aii2 2HHB KBH

?øx/ ;B/2M FKvQMmM b2bBX _/vQ BbibvQMH`ø `bøM/FB T`xBiX uĴ@

Km`X "m b2bH2`B vFHKF p2 /2M2iH2K2F BbiBvQ`mx b2b 272FiH2`B QH`F /2ĴBH- KɃxBF ÏH;øH`ø QH`F FmHHM#BHK2F BÏBMX >2` }HK biɃ/vQbmM/ }H@

K2 Fv/2/BHKBȔ #B` dzb2b 272FiH2`BǴ `ȔBpB #mHmMm`X `iøF #B` }HK 7QMQ;`7ø BH2 #m b2bH2`BM ?2`?M;B #B`BMBM ;Ƀ`HɃĴɃMɃ p2 7`2FMbøMø FQMi`QH 2/2#BHK2F-

?vH 2iiBĴBKBx v / ?vH #BH2 2/2K2/BĴBKBx `BiBKH2` vɃFH2K2F KɃK@

FɃMX .ƺ`i }HK 7QMQ;`7ø FmHHM`F TiHKHø KQiQ`- `Ƀx;`- FHT iøȔø p2 iQT`F FvKbø /ƺ`iHɃbɃ BÏBM #2bi2 vTøT B+` 2/2#BHB`BxXǴ U6ø`øM+øQĴHm- kyRk, d3V

*;2ǶBM x2M /ɃȔɃM+2bBM/2M vQH ÏøF`F ƺM2 bɃ`/ɃĴɃ /BMH2K2 T`iBĴBMB RNjyǶHm vøHH`/ ƺM2 bɃ`KɃȔiɃ`X uFHȔøF ky vøH ƺM+2 Bb2 _mbbQHQc

dz.BFFiBKBxB- ;ƺxH2`BKBx/2M ÏQF FmHFH`øKøx/ iQTHv`F #ɃvɃF #B`

F2MiB #B`HBFi2 ;2xBM+2- bmvmM- ?pMøM p2 ;xøM K/2MB #Q`mH`/FB- ;m`@

;m`H`øMøXXX KQiQ`H`øM ;m`mH/KH`øMø- bmTTH`øM iBi`2ȔK2bBMBXXX `vH`

Ƀx2`BM/2 i`KpvH`øM ÏøMHK /QHm b`bøHøȔH`øMø- Fø`#ÏH`øM ȔFHvø@

ȔøMøXXX vø`i 2/2`2F /mv`HøĴøKøxøM H/øĴø iiH`ø Ï2ȔBiH2M/B`2+2ĴBx FmȔFbm@

bmxXXX JĴxH`øM Fv/ø`K FTøH`øMø- FH#HøĴøM Tiø`iøbøMø- ;`H`øMXXX 2H2Fi`BF BH2 ÏHøȔM 7#`BFH`øM- K2i`QH`øM 7`FHø ;Ƀ`ɃHiɃH2`BMB xB?MBKBx/2

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R8

Q`F2bi`Hv`F 2ĴH2M2+2ĴBxǴX U_mbbQHQ- RNNd, NRVX

kRX vɃxvøH b2b bMiøM /ɃȔɃMb2H vƺM/2M 2iFBH2v2M p2 vƺM p2`2M #m BFB #2bi2+B-

#B`#B`H2`BMBM `/øM #2Mx2` }FB`H2`B Q`iv FQvKmȔim`X "m`/ Hiø ÏBxBHK2bB ;2`2F2M MQFi #m BFB #2bi2+BvB #B`#B`H2`B `bøM/ `2F#2i2 bQFK/M /ɃȔɃMb2H T`iBFH2`BMB

H;øHKFiø`X "m BFB #2bi2+B #m;ɃM b2b bMiøMø QHmȔim`M #ɃiɃM QH;mH` BH?K Fv@

MĴø QHKmȔim`X "m /ɃȔɃMb2H i2K2HH2`BM Ƀx2`BM2 ƺM+2 6`MbǶ/ `/øM/M HKMv

p2 K2`BFǶ/ b2b Ƀx2`BM2 ÏHøȔKH` vTM K2`F2xH2` Fm`mHKmȔim`X EmȔFmbmx #m K2`F2xH2`- /ɃȔɃMb2H i2K2HH2`BMB #m BFB #2bi2+BMBM ƺM+ɃH }FB`H2`B Ƀx2`BM2 Fm`KmȔim`X a2bBM KɃxBF /2M2M QH;m/M v`øHKbø Bb2 vBM2 #m BFB #2bi2+BMBM /ɃȔɃM+2H2`B bv2bBM@

/2 #ȔHKøȔiø`X kyX vɃxvøH/ dzb2bǴ #B`ÏQF 2p`2/2M ;2ÏKBȔiB`X EBKB xKM ;2H2M2Fi2M

;2H2M #B` Fm`H/ F2M/BbBM2 v2` 2/BMKBȔ- FBKB xKM/ ;2H2M2ĴB vøFM v2MBvB `vM /ɃȔɃM+2H2`BM ?KK//2bB QHKmȔim`X

ǵ

kXk kRX uɂwuAG a1a aLhALAL _E SGLA kXkXR a2bBM aQbvHH2ȔK2bB dzaBH2Mi S`v2`Ǵ

a2bBM bQbvHH2ȔK2bB v / b2bH2`BM ;H2`BH2`2 iȔøMKbø ÏQF Føb #B` bɃ`2/2

;2`Ï2FH2ȔK2KBȔiB`X ky vɃxvøHøM #ȔøM/M BHF v`øbøM F/` QHM bɃ`2Ïi2 ib`HMM vTøiH` ÏQĴmMHmFH ;2H2M2Ĵ2 mv;mM FQMb2` bHQMH`øM/- `/vQ T`Q;`KH`øM/ b2`;B@

H2MKBȔiB`X a2bBM bQbvHH2ȔK2bB BH2 b2b FQMb2` bHQMH`øMøM /øȔøM/ /BMH2vB+B BH2 #mHmȔK@

v #ȔHKøȔiø`X a2bBM FQMb2` bHQMH`øM/ ÏøFKbøMø bĴHvM #ȔHø+ 2iF2M Bb2 ./@

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"mHmMim Q#D2H2`/2M ib`HMM vTøiH` dzb2bǴ HMøM/ *;2ǶB QH/mFÏ 2iFBH2KBȔiB`X

*;2ǶBM ;ɃM/2HBF vȔK QHM BH;BbB Bb2 QMm /øK /øK 9Ƕjj BbBKHB vTøiøMø ib`HK@

R"mHmMim Q#D2H2` ;2M2HHBFH2 ;ɃM/2HBF ?vii F`ȔøHȔ#BH2MM2bM2H2`/2M QHmȔKFi/ø`X./BxK

#m Q#D2H2`2 v2MB #B` 2bi2iBF /2Ĵ2` i72iKBȔiB`X

(33)

Re

bøMø bĴHKøȔiø`X "m ib`øK bɃ`2+BM/2 iøHM /øKH`/M BHFB dzaBH2Mi S`v2`Ǵ BbBKHB vTøiiø`X G#2HH2- vx/øĴø #m FBi#øM/ *;2ǶBM #m /øKøMø b2bBM bQbvHH2ȔK2bB QH`F vQ`mKHKøȔiø`X

uTøi dzJmxFǴ BbBKHB `2bim`Mi- F72 ;B#B v2`H2`2 F2M/B Ï2FiBĴB i2H27QM ?i@

H`ø BH2 KɃxBF vvøMø vTM #B` ȔB`F2i Ƀx2`BM2 BMȔ 2/BHKBȔiB`UE?M- kyyR, Rd3V X *;2ǶBM THMø Bb2 `2bim`Mi- F72- HøȔp2`BȔ K2`F2xH2`BM2 vvøM vTM #m ȔB`F2i2 b2bbBxHBF BH2 ƺ`ɃHɃ

#B` ÏHøȔK vT`F biKFiø`X *;2ǶBM iiøĴø #m /øK dz9ǴjjǴ BbBKHB ÏHøȔKv ;B/2M 2M ƺM2KHB /øKH`/M #B`BbB/B`X "m ÏHøȔKbøMø Bb2 *;2 Ȕm Ȕ2FBH/2 Fi`KFi/ø`c

dz "2HFB mxFiM #bɃ`i ;ƺxɃF2#BHB`- vTKF Bbi2/BĴBK p2 vTKF FQMmbmM/

+B//B QH/mĴmK JmxFǶ biKF Bbi2/BĴBK F2bBMiBbBx b2bbBxHBF BH2 #2x2HB #B` Ï@

HøȔK p`X aiM/`i #B` KɃxBF T`Ïbø ;B#B ɃÏ v / /ƺ`i #mÏmF /FBF bɃ`2+2F p2 BbKB aBH2Mi S`v2` U a2bbBx Ş#/2iV QH+FǴ UGQbb2z p2 .Q+iQ`- kyRe, Ry3V

ÎHøȔKbøMø *;2- dz*MM2/Ǵ UFQMb2`p2 ?HBM/2 ?xø`HMKøȔV Ȕ2FHBM/2 i`B7 2iK2F@

i2/B`X "m ÏHøȔK- #B`ÏQF ?HF ÏøF v2`/2 vTøHM KɃxBF vvøMøM/ vFHȔøF /ƺ`i /FBFHøF

#B` b2bbBxHBF /2M2K2bB/B`X "m 2vH2K BFB MQFi/ /2Ĵ2`H2M/B`BHK2HB/B`X E?M- #m ÏHøȔKvø .m+?KTǶøM ?xø` vTøiH`øM ƺx2HHBFH2 /2 dz"QiiH2/ B`Ǵ US`BbǶBM ?pbøMø #B` ȔBȔ2/2 bF@

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bɃ`2/2FB b2bbBxHBĴB #B` v2`2 bøFøȔiø``F #B` bMibH 2iFBMHBĴBM T`Ïbø vTKF Bbi2K2Fi2/B`

UE?M- kyyR, Rd3V@RdNVX

"m 2vH2KBM BFBM+B MQFibøMø Bb2 G#2HH2- /? ÏQF ;ɃM/2HBF ?vi- iɃF2iBK p2 `F

THM KɃxBĴB ;B#B ɃÏ 7`FHø Tv// /2Ĵ2`H2M/B`K2Fi2/B`X ux` #m /ɃȔɃM+2bBMB B7/2 2/2`F2M G272#p`2 BH2 *;2ǶBM Q/F MQFibøMøM ;ɃM/2HBF vȔK QH/mĴmMm bƺvH2`X G272#p`2- ;ɃM/2HBF

?viøM/ BMbMøM- FTBiHBbi iQTHmK BÏ2`BbBM/2 ;Bi ;B/2 v#M+øHȔKbøMø 2H2ȔiB`KBȔiB`X *@

;2Ƕ/2 #2Mx2` #B` imimK BÏ2`BbBM/2 ;ɃM/2HBF ?viø #B` 72MQK2M QH`F F#mH 2/2`2F bMibH

#B` T`iBF v`iK Ï#bø BÏ2`BbBM2 ;B`KBȔiB` UG#2HH2- kyR8, RRVX *;2 p2 G272#p`2 #m`Dmp

iQTHmKmMmM 2H2ȔiB`B`X G#2HH2- #m ;ƺ`ɃȔ BH2 BH;BHB /ɃȔɃM+2H2`BMB Ȕm Ȕ2FBH/2 B7/2 2/2`c

>2` bMii QH/mĴm ;B#B m+mx BM/B`;2MK2v2+2F xKMøKøxø- FQM7Q`mKmxm p2v x2pFBKBxB- /? p2`BKHB #B` Ȕ2FBH/2 Q`;MBx2 2iK2KBx2 v`/øK+ø QH+F

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Rd

#B`FÏ `Ï p`/ø`X "m`Dmp bMiø #BH;2HBĴBMBM #;DøM/FB KmiHmHmĴm p2 ?xxø

`iiø`+F- i`B7 i2FMBFH2` ?BÏ #B` xKM #BxB iiKBM 2/2K2v2+2F bøĴHøFiFB #BH;B@

H2`/B`XXX "B` HøȔp2`BȔ K2`F2xBXXX /ɃFFMH`øM mvmȔKvM i2F``HvM FQ`B/Q`@

H`øXXX bQMbmx FQ`B/Q`H`XXXX bQMbmx #QȔHmF mvM/ø`M /`KiBF pHmH`XXX Ï2ȔBiHB MQFiH`/M p2 vMbøiø+ø vɃx2vH2`/2M bQMbmx KMx`H`XXX JmxF- HøȔp2`BȔ K2`F2xBM2 bĴH/øĴø KɃxBF BH2 ;ƺ`b2H b2ÏFBH2` #B` #ɃiɃM ?HBM2 ;2HBT iɃF2iB+BvB /QMmF p2 bHF ?HBM2 ;2iB`B`X HøȔp2`BȔ K2`F2xBMBM #Ȕ /ƺM/Ƀ`Ƀ+Ƀ p2 `Ƀv ;B@

#B 2iFBH2`BMB T`ÏHKF- #B` ƺx;Ƀ`HɃF Fp`KøMø #B` #ȔFbøvH /2ĴBȔiB`K2FiB`-

#m / #B` `Ï QHM vȔK bMiøMøM- /QMmFHmĴmMm p2 bHFHøĴøMø 2TBT?MQmb b2bbBxHBĴB BH2 TiHiKFiø`X UG#2HH2- kyR8, RRVX

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QH`F *;2- .m+?KTǶ/M 7`FHø QH`F b2b2 Q/FHMKøȔ vMø T`iBĴB #2MBKb2v2`2F ÏHøȔ@

KH` vTKøȔiø`Xƹ`M2ĴBM b2bBM #B` bMibH T`iBF QH`F v2` 2/BMK2bBM2 ƺM vF QHM vMø xKM/ v2MB #B` /BMH2K2 i2+`Ƀ#2bB ƺM2`2M ÏHøȔKbø 9ǴjjǶ/2 ./BxKǶBM #mHmMim M2bM2H2`B BH2 #2Mx2`HBF ;ƺbi2`B`X ÎHøȔK vMø xKM/ _mb+?2M#2`;ǶBM #QȔ i#HQH`øM/M p2 J2H

"Q+?M2`ǶBM #QȔ #B` bv7/ b/2+2 bv7MøM mxmMHmĴmMm ;ƺbi2`/BĴB 3Ǵ K2bm`2K2MiǶ/M /

BH?K HKøȔiø`X

kXkXk :`QmT PM;Fm UL2Q./ 6HmtmbV

CQ?M *;2ǶBM b2bB bQbvHH2ȔiB`K2 Ï#bøMøM vMøM/ vBM2 vMø bɃ`2Ïi2 HKMv- 6`Mb p2 K2`BF p2 CTQMvǶ/ `/ø `/øM 2H2Fi`QMBF KɃxBF biɃ/vQH`ø ÏøHKøȔiø`X dzCBF@

F2M EQ#QǴ BbBKHB #B` bMiÏøH`/M Fm`mHm #m ;`mT L>E BbBKHB 2H2Fi`QMBF KɃxBF biɃ/@

vQbmM/ ÏHøȔKH`øM #ȔHKøȔiø`X "m ;2HBȔK2H2`B iFB#2M ÏHøȔKH`øM #ȔHvM dz:`QmT PM;FmǴ FQHH2FiB7 bMiÏøH`/M Fm`mHm /? ÏQF /QĴÏHKv /vMM #B` MHvøȔ b@

?BTiB`X "m ;`m#mM BÏ2`BbBM/2 v2` HM bMiÏøH` /? bQM` ~mtmb bMi FøKø BÏ2`BbBM/2 /2 v2` HKøȔH`/ø` UE?M- kyyR, kR9VX

a?mFQm JBxmMQ p2 hF2?Bb EQbm;BǶMBM RN8NǶ/ #ȔHiiøĴø #m ?`2F2i- /? bQM`

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R3

JB2FQ a?BQKB- JBFBQ hQDmK- :2MB+?B hbm;2- M/ umKBFQ hMMQ p2 ubmMQ hQM2ǶMmM FiøHøKø ÏHøȔKH`øM #ȔHKøȔH`/ø`X :`mT #mHmMim Q#D2H2`/2M v``HMKøȔ p2 #mMH`ø #B`

2MbiɃ`KM QH`F FmHHMKøȔiø`X :`mT MmMmM vMøM/ 7`FHø 2H2Fi`QMBF +B?xH`øMøM /2ĴBȔ@

iB`BHK2bB p2 /ƺMɃȔiɃ`ɃHK2bB ;B#B bi`i2DBH2` FmHHM`F /QĴÏHKMøM M 2iK2M QH/mĴm ÏHøȔKH` vTKøȔiø` UG#2HH2- kyR8, j8VX

:`m#mM ƺM2KHB BbBKH2`BM/2M ubmMQ hQM2k PM;FmǶMmM ÏHøȔK T`iBĴBMB Ȕm Ȕ2@

FBH/2 ÏøFHKFi/ø`c

dzP xKM- /QĴÏHK T2`7Q`KMbøKøxøM QiQKiBF #B` vxø #BÏBKB QH#BH2@

+2ĴBMB /ɃȔɃM/ɃF- #B` MHK/ C+FbQM SQHHQ+FǶmM /KH #QvKbø QiQKiBF

#B` vxø #BÏBKBv/B XXX .? bQM` Q`iv FQv/mĴmK bQ`m .m+?KTǶøM dzS`Bb

>pbǴø p2v dzSBbmp`Ǵø KɃxBFH T2`7Q`KMb /ƺMɃȔi`ɃH2#BHB` KB\ bQ`mbmv@

/mX "m bQ`mMmM M2iB+BbM/2 ;ɃM/2HBF M2bM2H2`B 2Mbi`ɃKM QH`F FmHHMKv

#ȔH/øFǴ UGB+?i- kyyd, kejV

ȓ2FBH R, C+FbQM SQHHQ+F dz*QMp2`;2M+2Ǵ

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p2bBM2 F`Ȕø/ø`X :`mT dzbø7ø`/M #ȔHv`FǴ b2b- b2bbBxHBF- xKM- FiBpBi2- FmbiBF /2M2vH2`

kRNNyǶHø vøHH`/ i2FMQHQDBMBM bMi Fmbm`bmx 2iFBbBM/2M `?ibøx QHmT 7`FHø iBTi2FB +B?xH`øM

FbKH`øM/M 2H/2 2/BHKBȔ b2b ƺx/2FH2`BM/2M v2MB #B` T`iBF ÏøF`K Ï#bøøMø FBKH2M/B`2M :HBi+?

FøKøMøM BH?K FvMFH`øM/M #B`BbB/B`

(36)

RN

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UG#2HH2- kyR8, 99@9eVX "mMmM vMøM/ ;`m#mM Fm`m+mH`øM/M EQbm;B p2 hQM2 /? bQM`

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vTKøȔiø` U>QHK2b- kyy3, RyNVX

kXkXj 1MbiHbvQMmM Ep`KHM/ø`øHKbø dz6Hmtmb p2 >TT2MBM; UPHmȔmKV- JBMBKHBxKǴ

"mHmMim #B` Q#D2MBM #B` ;H2`B/2 b2`;BH2MK2bB BHF ./ ?`2F2iB HiøM/ ;2`Ï2FH2Ȕ@

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;2HKBȔiB`X

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bMi ÏHøȔMH`ø FQHBbvQMm Fm`mHKmȔim`X "m FQHBbvQM- #ĴHKbH p2 K2FMbH T`iBĴBM

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b2`;BH2M2M K2FM ƺx;Ƀ #m v2`H2ȔiB`K2H2` Bb2 Jmb2mK Q7 JQ/2`M `iǶbǶ/ b2`;BH2M2M dzaT@

+2b-Ǵ h?2 q?BiM2v Jmb2mKǶb / b2`;BH2M2MdzMiB@AHHmbBQM-Ǵ p2 h?2 C2rBb? Jmb2mKǶ/

b2`;BH2M2M dzlbBM; qHHbǴ BbBKHB ÏHøȔK/ø` UG#2HH2- kyR8, 93@9NVX

(37)

ky

ȓ2FBH k, q?BiM2v Jmb2mKǶb / b2`;BH2M2M dzMiB@AHHmbBQM dz

"m ÏHøȔKH` MiK2MǶ2 ;ƺ`2 bMi vTøiøM/ M2bM2v2 QHM B?iBv+øMøM bQ`;mHM@

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K2M- kyRj, RNjVX

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(38)

kR

ƺM2 ÏøFiøĴø #B` bMi MHvøȔøM b?BTiB`X "m MHvøȔ 72Hb2}- bQbvQHQDBF- TbBFQHQDBF- 2FQHQ@

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KHø/ø` UMiK2M- kyRj, RN9@RN8VX

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MiK2M Ȕm Ȕ2FBH/2 ÏøFHKFi/ø`c

dzEp`K+øH`øM #B` /BĴ2` i2KbBH+BbB CQb2T? EQbmi? bMiøM bMi QHK ?@

HBMBM xi2M #B` Fp`KbH #B` /m`mK QH/mĴmMm BH2`B bɃ`2`X EQbmi?Ƕ ;ƺ`2 dz/BH vQFb bMi / vQFim`XǴXXX aMiø- .m+?KT ƺM+2bB p2 bQM`bø QHKF Ƀx2`2 BFBv2 vø`M EQbmi?-XXX dziMøK `2bBKH2`BM/2Ǵ bMi- MHK- `2bBK- #QȔHmF- ;B#B bƺx+ɃFH2`BM MHKH`øMø bQ`;mHKøȔc dz"B` p2 ɂÏ aM/Hv2Ǵ URNe8V ;B#B vTøiH@

`øM/ #B` bM/Hv2MBM 7QiQĴ`7ø p2 iMøKø Ƀx2`BM/2 ;ƺ`b2H H;ø/M /BH2- /BH/2M Fp`K mxMM xB?BMb2H bɃ`2ÏH2`BM `/øM/FB /BMKBFH2`B B`/2H2KBȔiB`Ǵ UMi@

K2M- kyRj,RN8VX

Ǵ

(39)

kk

ȓ2FBH j, CQb2T? EQbmi? dz"B` p2 ɂÏ aM/Hv2Ǵ

Ep`KbH bMiøM #mHmMim vMB ;ɃM/2HBF Q#D2H2` FQMmbmM/FB bøMø`bøxHøĴøMø HHM ET`Qr Ȕm Ȕ2FBH/2 MHiKFi/ø`c

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/mFH`øKøxø B7/2 2/2M #ȔF KHx2K2H2`B FmHHMKKøx bƺx FQMmbm QH#BHB`X

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;2iB`2+2FH2`ǶǶ UiFBMb- RNNdV

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i2/B`X dzaƺx+ɃFH2`Ǵ BbKBMB p2`/BĴB #m ÏHøȔK/ BFB Q// FĴøiH`øM Ƀx2`BM2- FiøHøK+øH`

(40)

kj i2#2ȔB` Tbi2H #QvH` p2 Fm`ȔmM FH2KH2`H2 bƺx+ɃFH2` vxøT K2p+mi bƺx+ɃFH2`B Bbi2/BFH2`B

;B#B /2ĴBȔiB`BT 7`FHø 2FH2K2H2` vT#BHK2Fi2/B` UƹĴɃM- kyRkV

(41)

k9

ȓ2FBH 9, HHM ET`Qr dzaƺx+ɃFH2`Ǵ

(42)

k8

MiK2M-RNey bQM`bøM/ ;2HBȔ2M #ɃiɃM FøKH`øM vQHmMm Fp`KbH bMiøM Ï@

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KmȔim` UMiK2M- kyRj,RNeVX

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`BM Q`iv ÏøFKbøM ƺM vF QHKmȔim`X "mMmM /2pKøM/ dz?TT2MBM;Ǵ UQHmȔmKV CQ?M *@

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#ĴHø FHøT FBKB xKM/ #2HB`bBx #B` Ȕ2FBH/2- bMi M2bM2bBMB `}M2 #B` 2bi2iBF Ƀ`ɃM QH`F

;ɃM/2HBF vȔK HMH`øM iȔøKøȔH`/ø`X "m FøK/ bMiÏøH` FBKB xKM bMi Q#D2bB QH`F #2/2MH2`BMB FmHHMKøȔH`/ø` UG#2HH2- kyR8, 88@8eVX

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(43)

ke

6Hmtmb bMi FøKø KMB72biQbmM/ KÏH`øMø #m`Dmp ?biHøFH`øM/M Fm`imH@

KF- ƺHɃ bMiiM `øMKF- bMii /2p`BK+B FøK #ȔHiKF QH`F ÏøFHKøȔiø`X FøKøM Fm`m+mbm :2Q`;2 J+BmMbǶ/ø`X 6Hmtmb 2iFBMHBĴBMB RNey BH2 RNdyǶHB vøHH` `bøM/ ;ƺbi2`@

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*;2ǶŞM b2b bMiøMøM /ɃȔɃMb2H `F THMøMøM/FB 2iFBMHBĴBMB B7/2 2iK2Fi2/B`c

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QHKFiM bøv`øHKH`ø ;2`2FiBĴBMB bøH KÏH`øMøM BMbM p2 K//B FvMFH`øM iɃF2iBKB@

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`øMø FmHHM/øĴø pB/2Q 2MbiHbvQMH`ø ;ɃM/2HBF ?viøM v2MB/2M ;ƺxH2KH2MK2bB K+ø iȔø`

UMiK2M- kyRj,ky9@ky8VX

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