JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY
e2019-70 | Vol. 51 Article | DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2019-070First record of Aphelenchoides stammeri (Nematoda:
Aphelenchoididae) from Turkey
Mehmet Dayi,1*
Ece B. Kasapoğlu Uludamar,2 Süleyman Akbulut3 and İ. Halil Elekcioğlu2
1Forestry Vocational School, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey. 2Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
3Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey. *E-mail: mehmetdayi@duzce.edu.tr This paper was edited by
Eyualem Abebe.
Received for publication April 4, 2019.
Abstract
In previous surveys for the investigation of Bursaphelenchus
xylophilus in Turkey, several Bursaphelenchus species, except B. xylophilus, were detected. To determine the insect vectors of
these previously reported Bursaphelenchus species, trap trees of each pine species (Pinus brutia and P. nigra) were cut and kept in the field from April to September in 2011. Aphelenchoides stammeri was isolated from wood chip samples of P. nigra from Isparta (Sütçüler). A. stammeri was first identified by using morphological features and allometric criteria of females and males. In addition, molecular analysis using sequences of 18S and 28S ribosomal (rRNA) genes of A. stammeri was performed. This is the first report of A. stammeri from Turkey.
Keywords
Pinus, Survey, Vector, Aphelenchoides stammeri, Detection, Morphology,
Diagnosis.
Pine wilt disease, caused by the pinewood nem-atode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer, 1934; Nickle, 1970) (Nematoda: Parasitaph-elenchidae), has been leading to extensive damage in pine forests of eastern Asia (Webster, 1999). After detection of the nematode in Portugal (Mota et al., 1999), the scientific interest in this wood-inhabiting group of nematodes and other components of the pine wilt disease (host tree and vector insects) has increased in European countries. Although the European Union imposed specific measures to control, eradicate, and prevent the spread of the pinewood nematode into uninfected regions within the European Union borders, the nematode was reported from Spain (Abelleira et al., 2011; Robertson et al., 2011). Recently, B. xylophilus was also reported from a new host tree (Pinus nigra) in Portugal (Inacio et al., 2015).
Turkey has a very important geographical location between Europe and Asia, which increases the possibility of introduction of B. xylophilus from infested regions. Therefore, the survey of B. xylophilus has
been periodically carried out in different geographical regions of Turkey since 2003.
In 2011, a new project was started to collect the possible insect vectors of Bursaphelenchus Fuchs species in some forest sites of Turkey. During this study, potential insect vectors and wood samples were collected using different techniques. In addition to
Bursaphelenchus species, a species of Aphelenchoides
Fischer was found in wood samples of Pinus nigra Arnold tree taken from the forest site of Isparta Regional Forestry Directorate, the southwest part of Turkey.
In this study, Aphelenchoides stammeri was identified as a first record for Turkey by using morphological characteristics and molecular techniques and compared with the original descriptions.
Materials and methods
Nematode collection and isolation
In 2011, a total of five trap trees (mean 20 m in length and 30 cm in diam.) of each pine species (Pinus brutia
Ten. in İzmir and P. nigra in Isparta) were prepared to catch the possible insect vectors of
Bursaphel-enchus species in forest sites of İzmir and Isparta
Regional Forestry Directorates, respectively. Trap trees composed of healthy trees without any insect and nematodes presence, based on psampled re-sults, were placed at specific locations (Bergama in İzmir and Sütçüler in Isparta) before the beginning of the flight period of insects (early February), and they were kept in the field until September for oviposition of insects. The specific locations of trap trees were selected according to the results of
Bursaphelen-chus survey studies carried out in 2007 and 2008 in
which the presence of Bursaphelenchus species was previously reported from these locations. Approxi-mately 300 g of wood chip samples were taken from different points of the trap trees by using a borer, put into sealed plastic bags and sent to the laboratory to check for the presence of nematodes under a light microscope (Olympus SZX12, Olympus BX-51). All nematodes belonging to the genera of
Bursaphelen-chus and Aphelenchoides were cultured on Botrytis cinerea Pars., growing on malt agar, and incubated at
least for 2 wk at 25°C.
The nematode specimens were killed by heat, fixed in TAF (7 ml formalin (formaldehyde % 40) + 2 ml triethanolamine + 91 ml pure water) (Hooper, 1986), kept in solution I (1 unit of glycerol and 79 unit of pure water) at 35 to 40°C for 12 hr, then solution II (5 units of glycerol and 95 units of ethanol (96%)) at 40°C for 3 hr and processed to glycerol on permanent slides, and then 10 specimens of males and females of each species were identified on the basis of their morpho-logical characters and morphometric measurements. Morphological characters were measured under the microscope with a Leica DM 4000.
Molecular studies
Nematode DNA extraction
DNA extraction was performed using one to five individuals of nematode species. Nematodes were rinsed for approximately 5 min in autoclaved Milli-Q water and then transferred in a 1.5 ml micro tube with 50 µL of DNA extraction buffer (DEB) that was prepared previously and composed of 0.25 mg Proteinase K (Fisher Scientific: BP-1700-500) per 1 mL of 1 × PCR buffer (Fisher Scientific: BP6112). Nematodes were crushed using sterile micro pestle and were incubated for 2.5 hr in a water bath at 60°C, followed by 15 min incubation at 95°C to inactivate the Proteinase K. The tubes were cooled in ice for 5 min and stored at −20°C for PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction).
PCR and sequencing
A total of 2.0 µL DNA (from 50 µL DNA) was used as template during PCR step, together with 0.4 µL of each primer (forward and reverse), 1.25 µL dNTPs, 2.5 µL of 10 × Buffer, 2.0 µL of Titanium Taq, and 18.25 µL of H2O. The final volume was 25 µL. For 18S amplification, M13-18S-1-2A- (Forward primer: TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTCGATCAGATACCGC-CCTAG) and M13-18S-r2b- (Reverse primer: CAG- GAAACAGCTATGACTACAAAGGGCAGGGACG-TAAT) were used under initial denaturation at 94°C for 3 min, 94°C for 30 sec as denaturation, annealing at 57°C for 30 sec (40 cycles), extension at 68°C for 1 min (40 cycles), and final extension at 68°C for 3 min (40 cycles). For 28S amplification, M13 D2A-28S- Forward primer: TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTACAA-GTACCGTGAGGGAAAGT M13 D3B-28S- Reverse primer: CAGGAAACAGCTATGACTGCGAAGGAACCA-GCTACTA were used following the same procedure that was applied for 28S amplification step. PCR products were purified and sequenced using Sanger sequencing method.
Type designation and deposition
A. stammeri slides used for morphological studies in
this manuscript are deposited at Department of Plant Protection, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
Results
Systematics
Aphelenchoides stammeri
Based on morphological and molecular studies, nem-atodes were identified as Aphelenchoides stammeri (Körner, 1954) (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) extract-ed from a trap log of Pinus nigra taken from forest sites (328673 N and 4142474 E, ~1200 m elevation) of Sütçüler Forest Enterprise of Isparta Regional Forestry Directorate.
Females
Body is cylindrical, slightly ventrally arcuate when heat relaxed and fixed, 0.80 to 0.97 mm long. Cuticle with fine transverse annulations is present, and annulus is 0.9 to 1.1 µm wide (Fig. 1A-C and Table 1). Cephalic region is hemispherical in lateral view, 3.5 to 4.5 µ m high and 6.5 to 7.5 µ m wide, distinctly set off from body, appearing smooth and with six equal lips. Stylet is 16 to 17 µm long; conical portion is slightly longer
than the cylindrical shaft, and well-developed minute stylet knobs are present. Each knob is 1.5 to 2 μ m in length, with a shallow constriction in the middle, and the three knobs together are cylindrical.
Procorpus is cylindrical, median esophageal bulb is oval, with a distinct valvular apparatus. Spherical to rectangular median bulb is present, with crescentic valve plates, 16 to 17 µ m long, 10 to 12 µ m wide, located 50 to 58 µ m from the anterior end. Pharyngeal glands are moderately developed and clearly visible, intestine overlaps dorsally, extending for 72 to 123 µ m. Nerve ring is located 90 to 105 µ m from the anterior end. Excretory pore, with 1.0 to 1.5 body widths, is posterior to nerve ring. Hemizonid is indistinct. Intestine lumen is a visible straight tube; rectum is straight. Lateral fields occupy 25 to 33% of the body diameter at mid-body region. There are four incisures in the lateral fields at mid-body. Anus has a relatively long lunate aperture.
Reproductive system is monoprodelphic, with outstretched ovary with oocytes in a single line. The length of post-uterine sac (PUS) is 4 to 5 times the anal body width. Uterus is thick walled; post-uterine sac (PUS) occupies 32 to 42% of distance from vulva to anus, and its length is approximately 2.8 to 4.2 times the corresponding body diameter. Vagina is straight, with a pronounced cuticular annulus, oval in
optical section, as it joins the uterus. Vulva is a long transverse slit without vulva flap.
The shape of the tail terminus is subject to considerable variation within populations of species of the genus Aphelenchoides. In some species, this character may be relatively more stable and constant than others. Tail shape can be divided into four groups: (i) tail shape with no outgrowth or mucrone; (ii) tail with one or two mucrone on terminus; (iii) tail with tetramucrone on tips like spine or star shape; (iv) tail outgrowth differs than spine or star.
A. stammeri females have a relatively long, thin,
conical and pointed tail. Conical tail is ventrally curved. The length of the tail is 3 to 4.5 times the anal body width; it is tapered gradually beyond anus.
Males
Genital system is monorchic, testis is outstretched, with developing spermatocytes in a single line that occupies 49 to 63% of the body length. Anterior region of body and cuticle markers are similar to female (Fig. 1D, Table 1). Tail is arcuate when relaxed, not sharply curved like a hook, with a blunt terminal spine. The spicules are clumsy, strongly curved and do not have a very sharp vertex. Testis is outstretched, with spermatocytes in a row.
Figure 1: Aphelenchoides stammeri (A: female tail, B: female vulva, C: female anterior region and D: male tail. Scale bar = 20 µm).
Table 1. Measurements of
Aphelenchoides stammeri
.
Characteristics
Female (Turkish population) Male (Turkish population) Female (Körner, 1954; Urek et al., 2007) Male (Körner, 1954; Urek et al., 2007)
n 10 10 6 5 L 918.7 ± 46.2 (800.0–972.8) 851.8 ± 61.8 (776.0–976.0) 777.7 ± 98.2 (673.9–905.3) 729.4 ± 53.8 (649.5–790.3) a 31.9 ± 1.4 (30.4–33.0) 33.5 ± 5.3 (21.0–40.6) 38.3 ± 2.7 (34.9–42.3) 37.4 ± 3.5 (34.4–43.0) b 5.7 ± 0.5 (4.8–6.7) 5.7 ± 0.4 (5.1–6.4) Not measured Not measured c 14.4 ± 1.2 (13.4–16.7) 21.1 ± 1.1 (19.4–22.5) 15.7 ± 1.1 (14.5–17.8) 17.8 ± 1.4 (16.3–19.6) c' 4.0 ± 0.3 (3.3–4.5) 2.4 ± 0.1 (2.2–2.7) 4.1 ± 0.4 (3.7–4.6) 3.2 ± 0.2 (3.1–3.5) tail 63.8 ± 3.6 (56.0–68.8) 40.0 ± 2.0 (38.4–43.2) 49.4 ± 5.3 (44.9–59.8) 41.0 ± 2.4 (39.0–43.6) V (%) 67.8 ± 1.6 (67.0–72.0) – 68.1 ± 0.6 (66.9–68.5) – Stylet 17.1 ± 0.6 (16.0–17.6) 17.4 ± 0.4 (16.0–17.6) 15.2 ± 1.0 (14.1–16.5) 14.7 ± 1.4 (13.2–16.6) Vulva/anus distance 230.0 ± 11.1 (214.4–240.0) – Not measured Not measured Pharynx 159.5 ± 11.7 (142.4–184) 148.8 ± 11.3 (128.0–164.8) Not measured Not measured Uterus sac 146.7 ± 8.3 (131.2–158.4) – Not measured Not measured
Anterior end to bulbus
80.8 ± 2.8 (76.8–84.8) 77.6 ± 2.5 (72.0–81.6) Not measured Not measured Testis (%) – 55.6 ± 6.8 (44.0–69.0) – Not measured Spicule – 20.3 ± 3.2 (12.8–24.0) – 20.2 ± 1.4 (18.1–21.6) M ea su re m en ts i n µ m a nd i n t he f or m : m ea n ± S D (r an ge ).
Rose-thorn-shaped spicule is present, with length 19 to 22 µ m and a broadly rounded apex; rostrum is tiny, with triangular shape. Tail is similar in shape to that of female, but more curved.
Differential diagnosis
This is the first report of Aphelenchoides stammeri from Turkey. Morphological characteristics and meas-urements of Turkish populations of Aphelenchoides
stammeri are very similar to the original description
of the species by Körner (1954). Confirmation of the morphological description was made by H. Braasch (pers. Comm. with H. Braasch).
Molecular characterization
The length of sequenced 18S rRNA was 641 bp and matched with A. stammeri gene for 18S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence (AB368535.1) (99% identify, e-value 0.0 and 0% gaps), and the length of sequenced 28S rRNA was 618 and matched with A. stammeri partial 28S rRNA gene, strain Th1/1 (AM396582.1) (99% identity, e-value 0.0 and 0% gaps).
Discussion
During the survey of potential vectors of
Bursaphel-enchus species, A. stammeri was found in a wood
sample. In the present study with enough specimens, morphological and morphometric studies were com-pleted for A. stammeri, reported for the first time from Turkey.
Genus Aphelenchoides Fischer is distributed widely around the world. Some of the species were listed by Hunt (1993), and he suggested that the genus needs a major revision. Between 1894 and 2017, more than 200 nominal species belonging to the genus Aphelenchoides have been published (Shahina, 1996; Esmaeili et al., 2017). Many are poorly described on the basis of morphological and anatomical characters alone and are difficult to identify (de Jesus et al., 2016). Difficulty in morphology-based identification of Aphelenchoides species due to few discriminatory taxonomic characters is conflated by poor descriptions of the numerous nominal species (Hunt, 1993; Hockland, 2001).
Most species of Aphelenchoides are free living and can be found in soil, decaying plant materials, galleries of wood-boring insects, etc. (Hunt, 1993). Several species have been reported as ectoparasites or endoparasites of plants. The best known species is
A. besseyi Christie, which is the causal agent of white
tip disease of rice and is a facultative ectoparasite
and endoparasite on the leaves/young tissues of rice (Hunt, 1993). In the current study, we isolated
A. stammeri from wood chips of P. nigra trap logs.
Plant parasitic nematodes in forest trees, including genus Bursaphelenchus and Aphelenchoides, are not well studied in Turkey. Detailed surveys and taxonomic studies should be carried out to find new species from different regions of Turkey. This study contributes to the nematode fauna of Turkey by adding one new species.
Acknowledgments
This paper was produced from a project that was sup-ported by Düzce University Research fund Project No. 2011.02.02.076. The authors kindly thank to Dr Helen Braasch for confirmation of morphological identifica-tion, to Dr Qing Yu for DNA isolation and sequencing of samples and to Professor Marc J. Linit for reading and editing of the paper.
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