JUNE, 1993 .GURMEN EASTERNMEDITERRANEANUNIVERSITYELECTRICALANDELECTRONICSENGINEERINGDEPARTMENTTHEOUTDOORILLUMINATIONOFTHECHURCHOFST.GEORGEOFTHEGREEKSPREPAREDBYSUPERVISEDBYMOH'DAWADProf.

EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN UNIVERSITY

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

THE OUTDOOR ILLUMINATION OF THE CHURCH OF ST.GEORGE OF THE GREEKS

PREPARED BY SUPERVISED BY

MOH'D AWAD Prof. H .GURMEN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I rnust; thank all my teachers who taught me during my

s~udying in EMU .I also would like to mention Dr .Netice

_eıdiz the Head of Department of Humanities for her

s~pport and the documents she supported me with .Also I

ld like to thank all my family and my friends , for

~~eir support, enthusiasm and patience

-~st important of all I must thank my supervisor Prof

.H.Gurmen, without whose help this project would not have

CONTENTS Introduction~

Chapter 1 / Light Units and Definitions Chapter 2 _I Light Sources

2.1 Filament lamps 2.2 Discharge lamps 2.3 QL Lighting

2.4 Setting up the Light Sources 2.5 Colour

Chapter 3 I Choice of Level of Illumination Chapter 4 I Light Calculation

4,1 Lumen Method

4.2 Direct Method (luminous intensity method)

Chapter 5 / Installation 5.1 Diversity Factor 5.2 Voltage Drop

5.3 Circuit for Discharge lamps List of Material Used

Conclusion Appendix

INTRODUCTION

more than ever before , artificial light , where

~~grıt is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon -"-~egral part of our every day world

- is a prime determinant of our standard of living

and apowerfull factor in the general and economic life of

is an

__ r society .

Illumination can be classified mainly into two parts

a Indoor Illumination

o outdoor Illumination

:::::ndoor illumination which is a type of Illumination

where inside of every kind of building is illuminated.

This type of illumination can be devided into , direct

semi direct mixed semi indirect and indirect

illumination

according to

illuminated

each type of them has its own used

the characteristics of the place to

for example semi direct

be

of type

illumination is used in illumirating

inorder to avoid the formation of

the drawing rooms

shadow and the

suitable light source is to be chosen to handle this

particular case

~ti~or Illumination

=ewe deal with outdoor illumination we shall introduce

-.-=

Flood lighting where the flood 1 it building is

-ef :.ned to be as a focal point in a town; where it is

ark and colours are blurred.

r

flood lighting we shall take into account that the

--~ding must be attractive after being illuminated, and

-~order to achieve this lots of factors are to be studied

s~ch as the surrounding and the background of the

~uilding , and the features of the fa c a de under various

condi t ioris and with the sun light falling upon it at

if.ferent angles inorder to decide which are the most

attractive features.

The appearance of the building at night is to be taken

into account and if this is the case there must be a

good cooperation between the lighting engineer and the

architect ,inorder to avoid any risk of the architect's

conception being misinterpreted .

Lighting UNITS and DEFINITION tness(luminance) Symbol: Bor L

e Lumi nous intensity in a given direction divided by

e area of the surface perpendicular to that direction.

dela(abb :cd)

_;:-.tensity per cm2

intensity

of the

.Equal to 1/60 of the light

black body radiator at the

it of luminous

so~idifying temperature of platinum.

cıour rendering

~he effect of a light source on the colour appearance of

ocjects compared with their colour appearance under a

~eference light source

General lighting

~ighting design to illuminate an area without provision

for special local requirements.

Illumination:Symbol:E

The incident luminotıs flux per unit of area of surface.

Lumen(abbr:lm)

The amount of light flux contained (limitted) by a

solid angle of one steradian(abbr:str) emitting light

having ı cd light intensity in all directions.

Solid angle

The ratio of the area intersected by a cone on a sphere of

a..;:,c~: 1X )

il luminance . The illumination produced on the

of a sphere , having radius of one meter by a

point source of one candela situated at its

to a flux density of one lumen per

aze meter.

ection factor

:e ratio

lumens reflected from a surface lumens receıved by the surface

inous intensity.Symbol (I) ,Unit:candela

___e quantity which descries the light-giving power of a

s.our ce in any particular direction.If cp is the luminous

_:~x emitted within a cone of very small angle w ,having

_t.s apex at the source and its axis in the direction

considered,the luminous intensity in this direction is

~ 'H·

A.

P'I'F

R

'J''·V{)

LIGHT SOURCES

t sources can be classified into a three main types: .:ilament Lamps

.Discharge lamps

.Electromagnetic Lamps(QL Induction Lighting) Filament lamps

ııament lamps fall into a group of light reducing devices called 'incandescents

as a result of heating the filament

'.They give light to a very high temperature . Another name for this group of lamps is

'temperature radiator '

2.2 Discharge lamps

The discharge lamp consists of a glass tube containing a gas . At each end of the tube there is an electrode .If a sufficiently high voltage is applied across these electrodes a discharge takes place between them.The gas now becomes

produced .

The colour of the light produced by a discharge lamp an electrical conductor and light is

depends on the gas in the tube _{Neon - red mercury} vapour - bluish white ; helium - ivory

yellow

The discharge lamps can be categorized as follow

---W pressure sodium vapour lamps

_gh pressure sodium vapour lamps

__ w pressure mercury vapour lamps

:nigh pressure mercury vapour lamps

2.a High Pressure Sodium Lamps

.2.a.ı SON Lamp

_; lamps are high pressure sodium lamps , with sintered

~inum oxide discharged tube enclose in a void outer

ııLb coated with a diffusing layer . The result of the

ıgh pressure is that the light produced by SON lamps has

e much wider spectrum of radiation The ·difference in

lour appearance is immediately visible the light of

igh pressure sodium lamps can best be characterized as

golden - white

In the light of the high pressure lamps a certain

colour distinction is possible

he luminous efficacy is lower than that of low

pressure lamps. Their place in the range of HID lamps is

between low - pressure sodium lamps and high - pressure

mercury lamps.They have economic advantage of high

efficacy , and importance is attached to a pleasant , warm

colour impression.Examples are : road , and street

lighting in built areas , shopping centers, parking lots

and workshops in industry

SON-T Lamps

lamps are the lamps which are used in this

lamps are a high pressure sodium lamps , with a aluminum oxide discharge tube enclosed in a , tubular hard-glass outer bulb .The clear tubular bulb makes these light sources highly suitable for

.. ith specially designed optical systems , they are

_essfully used for plant irradiation also .

. a.3 SON-H Lamps

_gr: pressure sodium lamps with a sintered aluminum

ıde discharge tube enclosed in an internally - coated

ard - glass outer bulb .

. special integrated ignition aid enables these lamps to

~e used for direct replacement of mercury lamps in

existing installations .The SON - H lamps are specially

designed for the conversion of HPL - N installations .

2.3 QL Induction Lighting

Induction lighting is based on the combination of .t.wo

well-known principles namely electromagnetic induction

and the gas discharge as applied in tubular fluorescent

lamps .

The QL induction system is fundamentally different from

entional incandescent and gas discharge lamps in that

.as no filaments or electrodes.Instead a high frequency

.65 MHz] energy flow is induced in a low pressure gas

=eans of an induction coil.

_ lifetime of the

ectronic components

;t , resulting in a

_ ... :::ps in the new

lamp is determined largely by the

in the power supply and control

lifetime of 60000 hours .The first

system will be coated with a

~i-phosphor fluorescent powder and will be available in

::.~o 85 W 5500 lumen version . The system offers an

efficacy of 65 lm/W which compares favorably both with

igh-intensity discharge lamp systems such as the 125 W

.. igh-pressure mercury lamp's 6500 lumen , giving 47 lm/W,

r the 70 W metal halide lamp's 5100 lumen ,yielding 60

lm/W , whose economic lifetime are 16000 and 6000 hours ,

respectively.The QL system is an attractive proposition

for professional applications where access for relamping

and maintenance is difficult or where safety hazards may

be present, as for o xarnp Le in lobbies, tunnels, shaping

malls etc.The long lifetime of QL system and the

interesting architectural possibilities

perspectives in lighting design.

The classification of the light sources can be shown in

open new

the following diagram:

LAMPS

INCANDESCENT GAS DISCHARGE

TIONAL HALOGEN MERCURY SODIUM

LOW- HIGH-PRESSURE LOW HIGH

PRESSURE HPL-N PRESSURE PRESSURE

'TL' HPL COMFORT SOX SON

HPL-R SOX-E SON-T HPL- B COMFORT' SON-H ML MLR HPI HPI-T MHN-TD MHW-TD HID LAMPS

The diagram drawn above shows the sub-division of the

~

Family of Electric Light Sources.

Setting up the Light Sources

f the most important points in designing a

installation is to investigate all the

setting up the light source.There are

alternatives for mounting, for example:

street lamps or other posts specially erected for

purpose.

a penthouse roof

brackets on the house front

• -....n the ground behind flower - beds, bushes or copses

_f the building is located along a main road it must be

rne in mind that the lighting must not hinder the

•raffic.Fittings should be well screened from the drivers

coming vehicle . It is very necessary to set up the

__ ght source in the most advar~ageous position.

2.5 Colotir

Colour is an important subjective phenomenon .What one is ~

concerned is how the colöur of the light source appears

to the human eye ; that is to say whether it creates a

cool

study

warm or intermidiate impression So we have to

the sensitivity of the

colours

human eye

corresponding to different which appears

=:early in the Eye Sensitivity curve which is shown 2. 1.

seen from fig 2.1 ,for the dark adapted eye sensitivity is shifted towards shorter wave

shift is called purkinje effect and it colour rendering .Purkinje effect has

-portant psychological applications too Moon light

most identical spectral distribution compared to sun light . In spite of that , as the light level ın moon - light colour rendering is bluish and -::.:-:ess of the night is psychologically associated to

_sh colour rendering So that , in practice , bluish is used in hot countries to er eat a more fresh t::osphere while pinkish colours are preferred in -~ghting places in colG countries to create warmth

-~ression .

-- is always worthwhile to consider the question of the co Lour qua 1 i ty of a particular 1 ight source ; i.e. how a ::.amp denotes colours is referred to as its 'colour r erıd er ing' .

Ln addition the· colour appearance of a lamp should be taken into account.

-- --- -·---··---·--··-·----···-·--·-· ·---.···--· ) ı:;;_:-ı .- ' \ --·· '()

~=

Cl)~~

(l) .... !() ı: r .)

CJ

o

CX]

o

(_J CD

o

/\+lAl+)SU8S

o

-tj-0

·('1_f-lA·

_{-~ ıt}

p.

_.

' ·-r.

l'I?'D

_{__.,}

ı-··u:JrD

1rnı:~

CHOICE OF THE LEVEL OF ILLUMINATION

ighting level needed on a facade to affect a certain tness contrast depends upon such factors as :

The reflection factor of the surface building and the way the building surface material the light , Table -3.1 shown below indicates the eflection factors of a number of different materials :

Materıal State Reflectıon Factor

White marble fairly clean 0.60

-

0.65

Granite fairly clean 0.10

-

0.15

Light concret.s fairly clean 0.40 - 0.50

Dark concret fairly clean 0.25

or stone very dirty 0.05

-

0.10

Imitation con- clean 0.50

crete paint

White brick clean 0.80

Yellow brick new 0.35

Read brick dirty 0.05

Table - 3.1

The total reflection from a facade depends on the

following points

.the material of the facade

,the incident angle of the light

.the position of ~he observer in relation to the

reflection material

lour of~the material is also an important factor of the surface material is accentuated if

t of the same colour is used .

the building in relation,to its

,and the general brightness of these

ın addition to the background of the

a clear idea of the background against which

building will be seen is important. If the

roundings and background dark a relatively small

aunt of light is needed to make the building lighter

an the background.

f there are other buildings

,ich interrior lighting is

~ighted windows will give an

in the close vicinity in

left on at night the

even greater impression of

rightness and therefore more light will be needed for

floodlighting if it is to have an impact .

3. The dimensions of the building , is also another

factor which should be taken into account for determining

the lighting level needed on a given facade .

In this project the illuminance level is chosen to be 50

lux , and this value is obtained from 'Table 3 - .2 shown

below ,because the type of the surface of the church is

yellow brick , and the surrounding is poor lit .

able 3 - 2 shown below , some illuminance levels for rious surface buildings in either poorly lit , well lit

brightly lit surroundings

Type of the State Illuminatıon in Lux

Surface po o r I i t

we I I I i t b r i g h

surround s u r r o u n ct l it. s

'hi te marble fairly clea 25 50 100 ... ight Concrete fairly clea 50 100 200 Imitatiom

Concrete Paint fairly clea 100 250 400

1hi te Brick _{fairly cl.ea} 20 40 80

Yellow Brick fairly cl.ea 50 100 200 White Granite fairly clea 150 300 600 Concrete or fairly clea 75 150 300 Dark Stone

Red Brick fairly clea 75 150 300

Concrete Ivery dirty requires at least 150-300

Red Brick I dirty requires at least 150-300

Table - 3. 2

C

ır.-ı }, l]ı!'T'l D ·ır;ır

~r

TR-.

,., .iL '\..l .l

s..

.ıı:~.. _I'

J

~..I •

LIGHT CALCULATION

·ııumination which is recieved directly ( i. e

t any reflection from a single light source of

gible dimensions varies inversely as the square of

between the source and the surface being

Fig 4.1 shown below is considered

h

Fig 4.1

the inverse square law is stated

I

lux E

2

r

en light falls on to a surface from a light source of

an angle the illumination of the surface is less

than when the light falls on to it perpendicularly.

The reduction factor is the cosine of the angle between

the perpendicular and the direction of the light .

The cosine law is stated

E I cos 8 2 r cp E

=

Lux

20

I

r2

n

= --A₂ r E = - I 2 r cos e = h _I r I 3 8 E

=

cos h2

on any plane when light ray hits a

solid angle

intensity of light source in the direction of point p distance from light source to point p .

:vertical distance between horizontal plane and light rce

:angle between light ray and a perpendicular line hrough light.

Methods of Calculation

There are two possible ways of calculating types and numbers of floodlights needed to achieve the desired

illumination ; the Direct method and the Lumen method.

4.1 .Lumen Method

This method consists in calculating the number of

s to be directed on to a facade in order to obtain a

lumens can be calculated by means of the formula

A . E

TJ

¢ is the total number of lamp-lumens ,i.e the

flux produced by all lamps

:the surface area of the facade to be illuminated in m2

the desired illumination in lux on that facade

and

is a factor which takes into account the efficiency of

e fitting and the light losses ( luminous efficiency).

e Lumerrs produced by the lamps are concentrated by

reflectors ,in which process ~ome loss is involved .If the

nitial out put is 100% lamp lurnens 60 to 75% are

projected through the lighting equipment and 40 to 25%

are lost in the fitting itself through interreflection in

the reflector and absorption by other parts of the

fitting .

After the floodlight has been in operation for ~ome time

a further percentage of the actual number of lamp

lumens is lost because of the decrease in luminous flux

due to the ageing of the lamp and dirt which collects on

the lamp and fitting

In practice an average utilization factor varying between

0.25 and 0.35 may be reckoned with. Using this figure in

given above , the total luminous flux needed can be calculated Once the total · number of the number of fittings N) needed can lculated by deciding this amount by the number of

per fitting

</J total

calculation of the number of lamps used in eliminating

Church of the st.George of the Greeks are shown

Church of St. George of the Greeks consists of four

and the area of each surface is calculated by

the length with the height of each facade as

low: =24

*

15 360 m2 l2 =42

*

15 63 O m2 2

~ =

24

*

18 = 432 m •• 4 =42

*

15

=

630 rn2

··here Aı A2 , A3 aria A4 are the areas of the facades of

the church to be illuminated

Eis chosen , as shown in chapter 3 to be 50 lux and

the number of lurnens of the SON - T lamp (400 W ) is

47,000 lm.

For facade no 1:

¢₁ = Aı . E

T)

360

_*

50 <P ₁

=

_0.75

=

24,000 lm 24,000

=

0.5100

=

ı tube 47,000 ~ facade no 2: A2 E --rı 630

_*

50 = = 42,000 lm 0.75 42,000 0.89

=

1 tube = 47,000

since facade no 2 is large , and inorder to have

'!"egular lighting we shall replace the lx400 W SON - T

_amp ,for facade no 2 , by 2x250 W SON - T lamp . And the

same is applied for facade no 4 since they are equal.

:or facade no 3 A3 . E 3 ıJ 432

*

50 0.75 28,800 lm _ 28,800

=

0.61

=

1 tube J-47,000

Total number of lamps used in this project is

Direct Method (Luminous Intensity Method

this method the starting point is the luminous in candela , radiated by a light source in a ticular direction .

e illuminance is defined to be

~ _ l(c,ô') cos38

-

-h2

we see from the expression of E , the light intensity

sa function of c and _O angles ,which are shown in fig

.2 below /~

(~,y)

---,----_k,./'/ - C / (X_o

.v )

_{o ,}

//

Fig 4. 2

where c and

o

angles are dependent of x' , Y' and x '

o x' X y~ _{= ~} X ı Yo ' where _=1ı I I o I Yo and _{Yo ' =11} X o

--h-and (x , y) : represents the coordinates of the point at

which the calculation of the illuminance is required.

x , y ı: represents the coordinates of the

o o

which, the projector axis intercept

hich it will illuminate

ence E I (c ,

3

aı cos e

T and c angles are found in terms of x', y'

.,

_{to be as follow} o where 1 +y '2 , o 2 l+y'y '+x' o l+y'yo' 2 ) )· -1 cos

r(

1+x ' 2+y,2) (_{11_;} 0 , 2+x '2 ( ı+yO ' 2 l+y'y o

26

point the at plane x ' and o

- exists in a ready matrix

for a given c and o for

-1 X 1 tan o

ı

,2 x'~l+Yo ı+yf yOI ~ tan (3

f

ı +tanz B tan B 1 3/ 2 ( ı+x'2+y'2

each type of light sources .

So all these parameters I<c,1>, case and h are taken and

placed in the illuminance equation

where ;

E is the illuminance on the facade

I is the luminous intensity ·t the angle 8

h is the light of the object above the ıevel on which

the fittings are arranged or (the distance between the

projector and the surface whlch is to be illuminated,

s the angle , at which the light beam strikes normal be illuminated

program is prepared to calculate both Cando to the given matrix ,which is related to the T lamp , to find. the given light intensity per klm ,then it calculates the illuminance at any

(XI y) the formula

3 l(c,ô')COS8

Saturday, May 29, 1 993 Page 1

,xx,yy,yyo,xxo,h,a,b,c,gm,cm,t,e,k1 ,bb,bbo,zz,dd,cct,gmm:real;

gm,icmr,igmr,temp:integer; abv, tabv1, tabv2: real; (0 .. 36,0 .. 36] of real;

'pm. dat' )

I )

an((xx*sqrt(1+(yy6*yyo)) )/(1+(yy*yyo)) )-arctan(xxo/sqrt(1+(yyo*yyo)

yy*yyo)+(xx*xx)*( (1+yyo*yyo)/(1+(yy*yyo))));

((1+xx*xx+yy*yy)*(1+yyo*yyo+xx*xx * sqr( (1+yyo*yyo)/(1+yy*yyo))));

/dd;

(sqr(dd)-sqr(bb)); an(zz/bb);

an( (tan(b)*sqrt(1+sqr(tan(a))) )/tan(a));

=0) and (c < pi/2) then

( c >=pi ) and ( c < 3 *p-iI 2 ) ) or ( ( c > - pi ) and ( c < = ( - piI 2 ) ) ) then :=c+pi

se .. if ( (c>=3*pi/2) and (c<2*pi)) or ( (c>-pi/2) and (c<O)) then c:=pi-c;

ctan(sqrt( (sqr(tan(b)) )*(1+sqr(tan(a)) )+sqr(tan(a))));

qrt(sqr(1+sqr(xx)+sqr(yy) )*(1+sqr(xx)+sqr(yy))); *gm/pi; *c/pi; n (gm); .ın ( C); :::ound(gm)*10 div 25; =round(gm)*10 mod 25; ==igmr/10; =:::ound ( c) div 1 O; =round(c) mod 10; -==O to 36 do ::: j:=0 to 36 do z e a dLrı ( f, mat [i, j J) ;

~cmr=O) and (igmr=O) then

~bv:=mat[igm,icm]

Saturday, May 29, 1993

'*mat[ignı+ı ,icnı]; -igınr1) *ınat[igm, icm]; a~b)/(igmr1+(2.5-igınr1))

ıcmr <> O) and (igmr =0) then -ıcmr)*ınat[igm,icm];

*mat[igrn,icnı+1];

at[igrn,icrn]+(a+b)/( (10-icmr)+icmr) and (igmr<> O) then rl*nıat[igm+ı, icm];

5-igmrı) *mat[ igm, icm]; :=(a+b)/(igınr1+(2.5-igmrl)) =icm+ 1 ;

r1 *mat[ igm+ı, temp]; .5-igmrı) *ınat[igm, temp]; :=(a+b)/(igınr1+(2.5-igmr1))

-icnır)*tabv1; r*tabv2;

=tabvl+(a+b)/(10-icnır)+icmr;

'tabular value= ',tabv);

(1+sqr(xx)+sqr(yy) )*sqrt(ı+sqr(xx)+sgr(yy))) *cct*47/sgr(h)

'E=' , e);

THE RESULTS OF THE COMPUTER PROGRAM xo,yoı ( 12 I o) SON-T 250 15 -- .~ X y o C E --o

o

38.6 360 16.7 o 2 39.2 192 40.97 o 4 . 41 203 41.5 o 8 46.4 220.4 10.6 o 10 49.5 226.8 31.5

o

12 52.4 232 10.3 2 -2 31.9 194.3 ,85. 1 2 -4 34 207.1 131.7 2 -6 3 7. 2 217.5 142.5 2 -8 40.7 225.6 53.7 2 -10 44.4 232 23 2 -12 47.8 236.9 27.7 4

o

23.7 360 42.3 4 2 24.8 197.9 80.7 4 4 27.6 · 212. 6 91.4 4 6 31.4 223.8 81 4 8 35.5 232 4 3 ..8 4 10 39.7 238 24.5 4 12 43.6 242.5 17. 2 6

o

16.8 360 44 6 -2 18.2 203.1 101.7 6 -4 21. 7 220.7 39.7 6 -8 30.9 239.6 22.0 6 -10 35.5 244.9 41. 4 6 -12 39.8 248.7 17.8 n 10.6 360 43.4

4 16.9 232 88.4 6 22 242.5 69.5 10 32.l 252.7 35.8 12 36.6 255.4 27.l--~

o

-2 8 232 86

o

-4 13.4 248.7 88

ıo

-6 19 255.4 86.2 10 -10 29.4 261,l 30.7 10 -12 33.9 262.6 21.5 14

o

4.3 360 27.8 14 2 7 308 158.8 14 6 16.9 284,5 70.1 14 8 21.7 281 37.4 14 10 26.3 278.9 141.8 14 12 30.6 277.4 35.7 16

o

8.1 360 21.4 16 -2 9.7 327.4 40.8

6 -4 13.2 308 117.1 .•. 6 •.. ;.-6 _{17.3 297.5 113} 6 -8 21.6 291.3 31.3 6 -10 25.8 287.3 48.4 6 -12 29.7 284.6 15.5 8

_o

_{11. 5 360 16.2} 18 2 12.5 336.9 68.1 18 4 15 315.9 16.7 18 6 18.3 307 88.8 18 8 22 300.4 12.4 18 10 25.7 295.1 83.8 18 12 29.3 291.3 15.8 t_·,

( 9I o) SON-T 150 ~~ y o C _- E

o

42 360 25.2 2 43.2 196.7 120 4 46.4 210.9 49.7 6 50.4 22J.. 9 31.3 8 54.5 230 18.7 10 58.3 236 18.9

o

12 61.6 240.8 8.9

o

14 64.4 244.4 13.3

o

16 66.8 247.3 23

o

18 68.8 249.6 16.8

o

21 71.4 252.J 21.9 2 -2 34.4 210 67.7 2 -4 36.8 217.6 105.3 2 -6 42.2 229.1 105.1 2 -8 47.5 237 65.1 2 -10 52.1 242.5 76.1 2 -12 65.2 246.6 92 2 -14 59.6 249.6 36 2 -16 62.5 252 68 4

o

20.2 360 92 4 2 22.7 208.3 169 4 4 28.4 227.1 140.6 4 6 34.9 238.2 76 4 10 55.1 255.1 64.9 6 o J. 'i 360 89.6 6 -2 14.7 221.9 160.4 " -, (") ') ıı (\ 1 1 '"i - g

-12 46.8 259.5 72.4 -18 57.7 263 59.6

o

3.33 360 77 2 13.6 256 152 6 25.3 262.9 76.2 10 38.1 256.7 39 12 43.2 266.4 25.6 8 16 51.4 276.5 17.6 8 21 58.6 267.9 14 12

o

8.2 360 39.9 12 -2 10.9 318.1 49.6 12 -4 16.5 299.1 65.7 12 -8 28.2 285.6 60.3 12 -14' 42.5 279 47.2 12 -18 49.6 277.1 35.6 12 -21 53.8 276. J. 29.9 15 o 14.3 360 26.6 15 2 15.6 335.8 76.7 15 4 18.9 318.1 123.2 "15 6 23.2 306.6 136.1 15 16 43.6 285.6 19.5 15 18 46.7 284 15 15 21 50.9 281.9 8.4

INSTALLATION

the first steps in the design of the installation is

classify the installation under a type heading . To do

is successfully requires a knowledge of the building

d particularly whether it is intended for short - or

ong - term occupation .

building which is designed to last no more than five

Jears would not justify an expensive installation with a

no r ma L life of 20 years However if the building

ncluded a hazardous area the necessary extra expense

in meeting safety requirements would be the over riding

consideration rother than cost

In the design of installation two main and important

items should be taken into account

a . Diversity factor

b .Voltage drop

5.1. Diversity Factor

Diversity factor is an important element in the design of

an installation and its final costing.

Diversity factor is a factor which is applied to

sub-mains and mains cables and their associated swichgear

to reduce (i) the c.s.a of the cable conductors and

.

e factor is based on the assumption that the whole of e connected load· will not be on at the same time .

the IEE Regulation indicates that a factor for ·versity shall not be allowed for when calculating the e size of circuit conductors and switchgear of final subcircuits. The provision of an allowance for diversity

s a matter which calls for special knowledge and e>:perience

n the case of lighting for each type of installation it ··ill be noticed that the more the total lighting load is likely to be switched on over definite periods the smaLl er is the a Ll owarıcc mad e for diversity In a domestic installation , it is estimated that some two -thirds of lighting load will be on at any one time .The diversity factor for this project is ı

5.2 Voltage Drop

The size of every bare conductor or cable conductor shall be such that the drop ın voltage from consumer's terminals to any point in the installation doe~ not exceed 2. 5 percent of the declared or nominal voltage when the conductors are carrying the full - load current , but disregarding starting condition This requirement shall not _1apply to wiring fed to extra low voltage secondary of a transformer .

for a given load, the final factor which will govern of voltage drop in the load circuit is the

involved . However. , the voltage drop figure can also be modified by other factors which are to the type of cable the conditions of nstallation, the ambient temperature , and the class for

current protection , among other things

he two main rating factors used are related to the ambient temperature of the surrounding medium in which a cable is installed and the class of excess - current protection .

The temperature factor is important because an increase in temperature of a conductor will result in increase in its re~istance Thus , the increased I2R watts loss in the

cable will cause a further increase in temperature

This cumulative effect is minimized by reducing the

current rating .Certain types

when they are

well above the limits

the cable of

of

installation may be damaged

subjected to high temperatures

stipulated foi continuous operation

Close excess- current protection is provided by fuses and

circuit-breakers which operate within a period of 4 hours

be protected .

~

en several cables are run in one conduit , an increase

temperature can arise , each cable while it carries

rrent, adding its own quota of heat to the whole . The

isposition of the cables must also be taken into

account.

~.3 . Circuit for Discharge Lamps

One of the main requirements is a consideration of the

'rating' of a discharge lamp outlet, for it has a rather

different meaning from that used for other lighting

points The reason for this is that

owing to the

losses ın the lamp control gear plus the low power factor

it is necessary to multiply the rated lamp watts by a

factor of 1.8 and divide the product of the lamp - rated

voltage to obtain the actual current flowing in the

circuit This factor also takes into

account

consideration harmonic currents in the circuit It

indicated that certain switches may not be suitable for

controlling highly inductive circui.ts associated with

discharge lighting If a switch is not specifically

designed to break an inductive load it should have a

current rating of not less than twice the total steady

current which it is required to carry

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Total material cost

8,400,000 11,400,000 600,000 1,350,00 12,600,000 34,350,000 Labour cost 40% material cost 13,740,000 Total cost of the Project 48,090,000

CONCLUSION _,..

In conclusion I would like to give some more

_nformations and explanations about the floodlighting,

ts applications, advantages and purposes. Floodlighting

ıs the lighting of the whole of a scene or object to a

evel considerably greater than that of its surrounding

In designing an installation of floodlighting for a

building, the all - important consideration is the final

appearance

majority of

of the building as a whole as seen by the

make a

on the

observers The object must be to

the right impact

picture which will have

passer-by.

The subject for floodlighting may be of a purely

commercial character or it. may be an ancient .rnonument;

whose beauties it is hoped to reveal by night as well as

by day . In either case the tL,e of light chosen and the

colours must be carefully planned to give a designed

result .

Area floodlighting i.e .football grounds the system

using four towers is frequently used

illuminating first class grounds.

This system gives minimum glare to spectators and also to

players, because there is no glare kick or throw-in be taken .w it.hout; fear oi a player being dazzled as

e ball passes between him and the lights . The only

isadvantage of the system is the high first cost .

he provision of safety and working light for building

sites is another application of floodlighting.

A specialized use of floodlights which is becoming more

important in the modern world is known as security

floodlighting

Ba si c a Lly such lighting is arranged to cause as much

glare as possible to persons approaching the prohibited

THE CHURCH OF ST.GEORGE OF THE GREEKS

In the 14th C ,when the Latin Civil and religious

authorities a~opted a less r:gorous attitude towards the

Greeks and after the Greek merchants of Famagusta had

become prosperous a Greek Orthodox cathedral in the

Gothic style was built on the edge of the Greek quarter;

.it was dedicated to St.George. Veneration for this

ancient sanctuary prevented its demolition ; all that was

done to restore it and to incorporate its north wall in

the wall of the southern aisle of the new cathedral,

turning it into a chapel

Unfortunately , there is no documentary evidence for the

foundation date of the church of St. George.The church

recorded under that name in which were buiried the

Genoese victims of the riots that broJçe out at Peter II's

coronation. There is a possibility that this building was

aôondoned after 1571 it had suffered saverely from the

fire of the battery established by the turks on the rock

to the south - east of the harbour. Because St.George of

the Greeks can be dated as

ss

Peter and Paul , which is

from 1360 to 1370 , so the building may have been erected

one decade later

Today it is more than half ruined; it consists of a nave

height , and two aisles apisal chaple ..

The nave, and the ·a isles had ribbed v au I ts and pointed without buttresses

arcades decorated with mouldings _{they were carried on} assive bircular piers in the shape of columns

The interior of the church of St.George is covered with paintings accompanied by inscriptions in greek .The paintings decoration is later than the construction work

,it was probably done in the 16thC .The character of the paintings is clearly Italian

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w

high-pressure sodium lamps

rk

e heart of the Philips SON lamp stands the harge tube, fabricated troro sintered

minium oxide. The tungsten electrodes and ir niobium supports are sealed into this tube

a specially developed cement to give a

hly reliable seal. During. this process.tbe ium, mercury and a rare gas (xenon for N and SON-T, and neonIargon for SON·-H)

acilitate startinq are also introduced into the xt, the tube is inserted into a clear, tubular

elope (Sür\J-T) or built into anovoid bulb

h diffusing layer- (SOI\I). Here it is held in ce by the support wire. Extra protection is erı by special support springs which shion the discharge tube against vibration.

8 10 11

f)

After these are fitted, the outer bulb is evacuated to minimise heat losses, a high vacuum being maintained by a getter which assists in ensuring maximum operating efficiency throughout lifetime.

· SON lamps in the range are ovoid types where the bulb wall has been electrostatically coated with a vıary uniform layer of calcium

pyrophosphate. The use of this diffusing powder results in very low light losses and

quarantees constantly hiqhquality performance during the life of the lamp. Added to that, there

is less glare so that simpler and less costly optical systems can be employed.

Like all gas-discharge lamps the SON lamps require a current limiting device, plus an ignitor . to ensure rapid, reliable starting. With the SON

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HNF 003 and XNF 003 G

floodlights for:

High-pressure soclium lamps

1 xSON-T 250 W

1 xSON-T 400 W

: H~IF 003 Metal halide lamps

1xHPI-T 400 W : HNF003

Low-pressure sodiurn lamps

1 xS0X35W :XNF003 G

General description of the HNF 003 and

XNF 003G floodlights

Exceptionally good photometrical performance, excellent

mechanical construction and easy maintenance characterise

HNF 003/Xf\JF 003G floodlights. A choice of lamp types in various

beam widths are available.

The HNF 003 is suitable for a great number of different tlcodlighting projects, such as:

- Sports facilities: sports grounds, sports halls, skating rinks,

- Tranic-ereas: marshalling yarcls, shipyards.car parks, higr,-mast traffic juncıioh lighting,

- Floociligi1tıng of builciirıgs. Ii required, th.e Hr,ıF 003 floodlights

can be equipped with a matt­ black anodized sheet-aluminium louvre, to screen the lamps from . direct view and thus limit glare.

,The XNF 003G floodlight, with built-in gear for 1 SOX 35W lamp is used tor rather confined areas, . such as smaller marshalling yards

and shipyards, for fence lighting and other security lighting objects. The floodlights have a cast-on beam-aiming sight and protractor scale for cuick daylight

adjustment.

l.arnp replacement is effected by removing the rear cover, thus facilitating servicing.

Materials

-- Housing and rear cover of

high-pressure die-cast aluminium. - The front glass is a 5 mm thick

toughened glass plate, which is attached to the housing by four stainless steel clips.

- High-grade aluminium reflectors for accurate beam control. - Castings of low copper-content

fo.r excellent corrosion­

resistance, even in coastal and industrial areas.

- Easy-to-operate stainless-stes! clips on rear cover; to be closed by hand and opened by using a simple tool. The floodlight cannot be easily opened by unauthorized persons.

- One PG 11 gland for cable entry

- Silicone rubber gaskets tor jetproor and clustproof sealing

or

the ıronı glass 211d rear housing.

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Measuring code Luminaire type Lamp' type I. \!U 11 _Ilı? Hti1: O CJ:ı ,\ı.,ı :::: O iJ T tıO O\,>.1 330.0 3~0 O 350,0 360.0 ·I· •. "' " ,. ... "" "" •. "' "' .... ,,. - ' ., ".,, ..• '" ' -- " " "'" - '' .• '" .,, •• " .• "' •. ,. '" ••. "" •....•...• , " •. " " "' " ,, ' .•. '" " ...•..• -, C p 'I ;;)i ı •: o.o I 612 s12 012 s12 ) C I cn(ı rorı CQC) 0n? ,,.. t ,J CJ .,, ,, .) . .. ,.) ,.. ,, \,) u, ''"" c,,) ,, I)• I ,,,rıPC);J ,, ~pq¥ •,,!~ • ~RR•.·,' V •,,' cprı,,! ') \~ 7 ,, S \ ~)()5 ~:\bf) 5l3\~:, ~)6Lı ı o

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CCJ (" \ i) C 11 ( 8. , J •. .1 .... ..J i \/ Canırııa-anq i e

Floodlight for orıe of the '1~1~

wing lamps:

PI/T400 W metal halide lamp ..

PIT 400 W mercury vapour

amp . . ... . .. . ... ... ,__

SON/T250 Wor400 Whigh­

ressurf sodium lamp

DESCRIPTION

- Housing arıd rear cover of high-pressure die-cast alumini\

- Castings of low copper-conleııt for excellent

corrosiorı-resistance, even in coastal and industrial areas.

- Two' beam-versions, as dillerent reflectors are available·

HP 1/T 400 \fi anci Hf'/T •\00 W SOt·i/T 2:,0 W SO~l'l 400 W 2X7 • 2X2i'J narrow beam. v.ice beam: 2 X '(' 2X 27: 2X?"J 2 X27J

- High-grade,aluıniııium reflectors for accurate beam control

- Lamp replacement is e:fected by removing the rear-cover, thus

facilitating servicing

- Easy-to-operate st21inless· steel clips on rear-cover; to be closed

by hand and opened by usiııg a simple tool

The floodlight cannot be easily opened by unau'.horized per·

sons.

ORDC:R!NG DAT;\

-Cast-on beam-aiming sig'nt and protractor scale for quick day

light adjustment.

Silicone rubber gasket for jetproof and dustprool sealing ol

front glass ··

The froı1t glass is a 5,5mm-thick toughened glass plate, which

is attaciıed \o the housing by 4 stoinless steel clips; two extra

safety b rackets APPLICATIONS -· Sports grounds Floodlight ol buildings Marshalling yards Car parks. Skating rinks High-rn2.st lighting Sports halls - Sııipyar:ls Or,~t;(n] nurrıb'?.r· ·~br~:: ..,.~-~an·, "ty;:-•J 1 l SCNıl 2:u ','/ --- --- ---·----7.ıo ,· For !.::rı~p·,; 1 ı'ri.:'. T ~CıJ ','/ 91·,2 ~:'2 302 91i2 702 :03. 7.'2ıJ · 91:2 ;o~.:21 .. ··--- ---·--·. . ---···- ·----1xso:::T -~CO1.'/ er 1 x~?\.T ~CJ\'/ -·-··-·--..----···--- ---- ··-·-9 ·.) 2 /(,2 .:.'.) .. 91 '.2 702.:.:·3 .. 7.ıo • Cornplt)'.~ f\ooC\i']~,t

i:~J iı ı'...,1fı 1 l

r:

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'··ı

i\ 1 I

·ox: ~

fd\ lO

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'\ '·:· i") (" 1 1n ,,I \j ·ıo '"lı

ı ·~)

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'I'

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..-,;._··,_-·: :::.•...;, -· ..--.-· ---·

-. ryp~

--~'.~wat'i;e .~:~·:.:'.<': .·.. -- -· 4 4 4 MHN-TD 150 250 MHW-TD 70 2x R7s 2x FC2 2x R7s 11250 20000 5000 90 100 95 1,8 3,0 1,0

~ı~

r~~~~~-=-~~10°

-SOX 35 55 4500 68 0,62 7 7400 107 0,59 7 13000 117 0,83 9 21500 176 0,82 10 33000 250 0,83 12

-1800 57 0,35 1·ı 3500 83 0,35 15 5700 114 0,35 15 10700 115 0,62 15 17500 165 0,62 15 26000 245 0,62

---

15 3300 85 0,76 5 5600 90 ı.o 5 9500 100 1,2 5 13500 100 1,8 5 15500 100 1,8 4 25000 100 3.0 5 47000 105 4,4 5 120000 11O 10,3 6

--4000 86 0,75 5 6500 86 1,0 5 10000 100 1,2 5 14000 100 1,8 5 16000 100 1,8 4 27000 100 3,0 5 47000 100 4,6 5 125000 100 10,6 6 18000 104 2,5 3 34500 117 3,6 3 90 135 180 ,61 ,61 ,61 SOX-E 18 26 36 ,61 ,61 ,s1 66 91 131 ,s1 ,s1 .61 SON 50 70 100 150 S 150 250 400 1000 ,31 SON-T 50 70 100 150 150 250 400 1000 .J) s

O

Any ---SON-H 210 350

o

Any ,,...--·-·--. ,_

__...._

--

---

---__...-••___...

----11 _{After 100burning hours.}

21 The number ol minutes ar.er which the lamp has reached 80 per cent of its final luminous flux

31 _{E40/80 X50.} 41

These \amos are corr.scıed directly to the mains. The data aiven in this table refer to the220-2301/ version

51 Recomme~ded burdnc; position. especicılly whsn undervoit;ge is e:,pected

0