TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

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ABSTRACT ……….. ii

Acknowledgement ……… iii

Dedication ………. iv

Declaration ……… v

List of figures ……… vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study……… 1

1.2 Aim of study……… 3

1.3 Scope of study………. 3

1.4 Research methodology……… 4

1.4.1 Background Research………. 4

1.4.2 Field work……….. 4

CHAPTER 2 HISTORY OF CYPRUS, LEFKOSA AND THE WALLED CITY LEFKOSA 2.1 A Brief history of Cyprus……….. 6

2.1 History of Lefkosa……… 12

2.2.1 Origin of the name……….... 13

2.2.2 Development of Lefkosa………... 14

2.3 The walled city of Lefkosa……… 16

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CHAPTER 3 HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER OF THE WALLED CITY

3.1 The historical process of the walled city of Lefkosa………. 19

3.2 Lusignan period 1192 – 1489……….………... 21

3.2.1 Architectural character of Lusignan period………... 24

3.3 Venetian period 1489 – 1570………...………. 25

3.3.1 Architectural character of Venetian period………... 28

3.4 Ottoman period 1571-1878……….... 29

3.4.1 Architectural character of the Ottoman period……… 30

3.5 British colonial period 1878 – 1960………..……….. 32

3.5.1 Architectural character during the British colonial period……….. 34

3.6 The walled city survey of 1991………..………. 34

CHAPTER 4 EXPLORING THE MEANING AND ELEMENTS OF FAÇADE 4.0 Defining Monuments and Civil buildings ……… 36

4.1 Survey work and laying the analysis………. 37

4.2 Method of choice taken for buildings analysed……… 38

4.3 Façade………... 38

4.4 Elements of analysis of Façade ………....………. 40

4.4.1 Symbolic Elements………... 40

4.4.1.1 Motif……….……… 40

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4.4.1.2 Other Decorative elements…………..……….. 40

4.4.2 Physical elements………..……… 41

4.4.2.1 Proportion………..……….………… 42

4.4.2.2 Scale……… 45

4.4.2.3 Dimension………... 47

4.4.3 Functional elements……….… 47

4.4.3.1 Wall………….………..……… 48

4.4.3.2 Window………... 48

4.4.3.3 Door……….... 49

4.4.3.4 Cantilever………... 50

4.4.3.5 Eave……… 50

4.4.3.6 Arches……….... 51

4.4.3.7 Columns………. 51

4.4.3.8 Porches………. 52

4.4.3.9 Railings………. 52

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4.4.4 Building Materials………. 54

4.4.4.1 Wood……….………..…. 54

4.4.4.2 Brick and Masonry………..…...… 54

4.4.4.3 Stone……….... 55

CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF SELECTED HISTORICAL HOUSES 5.1 Lusignan House………...………..….…. 56

5.1.1 Symbolic Elements ………...… 56

5.1.2 Physical Elements ………. 57

5.1.3 Functional elements ……….. 59

5.1.4 Building material ………. 63

5.2 The Venetian house (Lapidary Museum) ……..………. 64

5.2.1 Symbolic elements ………. 65

5.2.2 Physical Elements ... 66

5.2.3 Functional Elements ……….. 68

5.2.4 Material for building ……….. 70

5.3 The Saçakli Ev (Eaved House)……… 71

5.3.1 Symbolic Elements ……….. 72

5.3.2 Physical Elements ……… 73

5.3.3 Functional Elements ……… 76

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5.3.4 Building material ……… 76

5.4 The Şamanbahce housing project ………..………. 78

5.4.1 Symbolic Elements ……… 80

5.4.2 Physical Element ………... 81

5.4.3 Functional Elements ……….. 81

5.4.4 Building material ………... 82

5.5 Picture plates of analysed houses …………..………….………... 86

CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Summary of findings………. 97

6.2 Conclusion………. 100

6.3 Recommendations………. 101

Reference………... 103

Appendix ………. 109