ISOQUINOLEINE ALKALOIDS
It is examined under 20 groups.
Tetrahydroisoquinoleine Alkaloids
1) Benzyl isoquinoleine
ve Pavin Alkaloids
2) Bisbenzyl isoquinoleine Alkaloids
3) Aporphin Alkaloids
4) Proaporphin Alkaloids
5) Oxsoaporfin Alkaloids
6) Cularin Alkaloids
7) Dibenzopyrocholine Alkaloids
8) Protoberberin Alkaloids
9) Protopin Alkaloids
1ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS Benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines 1. Simple Benzylisoquinolines Papaverine 2. Bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinolines Curare etc. 3. Aporphines Boldo Apomorphine
4. Protoberberine and its derivatives Hydrastis canadensis
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Isoquinoline alkaloids, in particular, in the Papaveraceae family, Argemone, Glaucium, Baccania, Chelidonium, Papaver, and so on. There are many species.
However, up to 10 species (but there are more than 100 Papaver species) were found tebaine (P. bracteatum, P. orientale); morphine was found only in P. somniferum and P. setigerum.
Structurally true morphinan alkaloids are characteristic for Papaver species. These alkaloids are not very common either.
Structures; BENZYLTETRAHYDROISOKINOLINE derivatives.
Morphine/Morphinan
Alkaloids
• Colchicum seeds
• The plant has 0.3-1.2% total
alkaloid. There are about 20
different alkaloids. Colchicine is
about 0.6%.
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Colchicine; Inhibits leukocyte migration and leukocytes by reducing lactic acid production; decreasing the storage of uric acid.
It has been proven to prevent tumor spread. It is tested as antineoplastic in different cancer cells.
However, its cellular toxicity is very high and therefore cannot be used as an antitumor.
Colchicine provides 95% success in gout treatment if used after the first symptoms appear.
Thiocolchicoside, a sulfur-containing semisynthetic derivative of
glucose-containing, is a muscle relaxant. It has a central effect on spastic hypertoni of skeletal muscles. It is used in rheumatology especially in acute back muscle spasm pain.
After oral administration and gastrointestinal absorption, colchicine is primarily metabolized by the liver but undergoes substantial enterohepatic circulation.
Its pharmacological effects are multiple and varied.
Rhizoma Hydrastis-Radix Hydrastis
Hydrastis canadensis
Ranunculaceae
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used roots and rhizomes. USA, Canada
Rhizome and roots of this plant collected in autumn, which is a perennial plant.
The roots from the rhizome are very thin.
The outside is brown and the inside is yellow and bitter taste. The drug contains 3-4% alkaloids.
Rhizoma Hydrastis-Radix Hydrastis-Goldenseal
Hydrastine (Phthalyltetrahydroisoquinoline), vasoconstrictor, hemostatic use. Hydrastine chloride can be used in eye disorders.
Rhizoma Hydrastis is used in hemorrhage, hemoptysis, hemorrhoids Another alkaloid is Berberine (quaternary ammonium protoberberine). Berberine is one of the quaternary alkaloids.
Berberine is a yellow water-soluble quaternary base. Berberidaceae, Papavearace, Rutaceae are also found. Berberine is hypotensive. It is also bacteriostatic in low doses and bactericide in high doses.
Rhizoma Hydrastis-Radix Hydrastis
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Hydrastine is 80% of the alkaloids of this plant.
Hydrastine has the phthalyl isokinolein skeleton. Nitrogen is tertiary.
Hydrastine is a colorless substance.
It has a hemostatic effect because of its vasoconstrictor effect.
Therefore, drugs, hemorrhage, hemoptysis and hemorrhoids used in the treatment. Hydrastine also increases uterine contraction.
The drug can also be used to obtain hydrastin.
Radix Colombo-Güvercin Kökü
Dried roots
It grows on the eastern coast of Africa and is a scansorial
plant native to the forests of Madagascar and Mozambique.
The fleshy roots collect from the soil in the spring, then dried,
cut transversely and sliced.
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Alkaloid ratio is up to 2-3%
Berberine, palmatin, columbamine, and jatrorizine are major
alkaloids. They all carry the same skeleton (isoquinoline).
There is also a compound called colombin. It is a lactone in bitter
taste. Use as an appetizer and tonic because of its bitter flavor
Radix Ipecacuanhae-İpeka Kökü/Root
Monoterpene type isoquinolines group. Ipeka root (Rubiaceae)
From plants that grow in South America, grows under forest, climber plants.
Especially; Uragoga ipecacuanha-Cephaelis ipecacuanha-Rio ipeca / Brazilian ipeca
Uragoga granatensis - Cephaelis acuminata - Kartagena ipeca - Nicaragua - Panama ipeca They are all bitter taste.
Radix Ipecacuanhae
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The drug contains 2-2.5% alkaloids.
The drug used by the Native Americans as emetic and anti-dysenteric, came to Europe in the 16th century.
In the pharmacopoeia, there is a recognition reaction for emetin: ipeka root is powdered and treated with diluted HCl.
If there is emetin with the addition of potassium chlorate, yellow color is formed and after 1 hour it turns red.
Radix Ipecacuanhae
Ipeka preparations are emetic at low doses and when used orally. It is also a specific drug of amoebic dysentery.
Inhibits protein synthesis.
It kills viruses and is not antibacterial. Toxic to humans.
It is no longer used in treatment.
(Dehydroemetine synthetic type is used but has side effects). Emetin injectable prep. Has emetic effect
Folia Boldo/Boldo Leaves
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Peumus boldus (Monimiaceae)-Aporfin group
Trees are at a height of 6-8 m Grows in South America, Chile. Cultured in Africa and Italy.
The drug is comprised of 0.2-0.5% alk.
the most important alkaloid is BOLDIN which is a benzyl isokinolein derivative
The drug also contains ascaridol, a monoterpene bearing an epoxide
group in the essential oil. Use as antihelmintic.
Drog increases bile secretion.
The digestive stimulant is used in liver failure.
Curare-Kürar
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It is an extract that is mostly used by South American Indians, including herbal and sometimes animal poisons.
It is used by local people as an arrow poison.
Strycnos (S. toxifera, S. castelnaei) -Loganiaceae-Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia Condrodendron tomentosum-Menispermaceae-Amazons
Anomospermum grandiflora-Menispermaceae-Amazons have been used for its preparation
In the past, Indians in South America were hunting this poison by rubbing it at the top of their arrow.
1-The effect is so sudden that the animal cannot escape.
2-Because the poison affects the muscles, the animals in the trees fall down. 3-It can be used safely only because it acts parenterally.
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When the plants are fresh, the plants are collected and peels the stem / root cortex, added the poisons from some
poisonous animals, with cold water, maceration-extraction and obtaine an extract
Bamboo-tube curare-TUBOCURARINE Containers made of clay-POTA CURARINE
Crescentia fruit-CALEBAS CURARE-TOXIFERINS, C-QUARINS 2-7% total alkaloids-bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids
Tubocurarin (Tubocurarini chloridum TF) used in pharmacy is obtained from Chondrodendron species according to TF. This alkaloid is the D-isomer.
Tubocurarin: Paralysis of the muscles. This paralysis occurs in the arms, legs, then abdominal muscles, the latest intercostal muscles. Thus, the diaphragm cannot move, asphyxia, and therefore death.
Chondrodendron tomentosum
There is no harm in the ingestion of the animals
Because the apparent does not affect the mouth, but it acts by vein. It is inactivated in the digestive system and especially in the liver.
Its effect comes from quaternary nitrogen. Because it has muscle
relaxant effect, it is used especially in abdominal surgeries by adjusting the dose. Thus, the anesthetic dose can be reduced
Curar alkaloids also have a side effect that lowers blood pressure.
