R E S E A R C H
Open Access
Hermite-based unified Apostol-Bernoulli,
Euler and Genocchi polynomials
Mehmet Ali Özarslan
**Correspondence:
mehmetali.ozarslan@emu.edu.tr Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Arts of Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a unified family of Hermite-based Apostol-Bernoulli, Euler and Genocchi polynomials. We obtain some symmetry identities between these polynomials and the generalized sum of integer powers. We give explicit closed-form formulae for this unified family. Furthermore, we prove a finite series relation between this unification and 3d-Hermite polynomials.
MSC: Primary 11B68; secondary 33C05
Keywords: Hermite-based Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials; Hermite-based
Apostol-Euler polynomials; Hermite-based Apostol-Genocchi polynomials; generalized sum of integer powers; generalized sum of alternative integer powers
1 Introduction
Recently, Khan et al. [] introduced the Hermite-based Appell polynomials via the gener-ating function G(x, y, z; t) = A(t) exp(Mt), where M = x + y ∂ ∂x+ z ∂ ∂x
is the multiplicative operator of the -variable Hermite polynomials, which are defined by
expxt+ yt+ zt= ∞ n= Hn()(x, y, z)t n n! (.) and A(t) = ∞ n= antn, a= .
By using the Berry decoupling identity,
eA+B= em/e((–m )A/+A)eB, [A, B] = mA/
they obtained the generating function of the Hermite-based Appell polynomialsHAn(x, y, z) as G(x, y, z; t) = A(t) expxt+ yt+ zt= ∞ n= HAn(x, y, z) tn n!.
Letting A(t) =ett–, they defined Hermite-Bernoulli polynomialsHBn(x, y, z) by
t et– exp xt+ yt+ zt= ∞ n= HBn(x, y, z) tn n!, |t| < π.
For A(t) =et+, they defined Hermite-Euler polynomialsHEn(x, y, z) by
et+ exp xt+ yt+ zt= ∞ n= HEn(x, y, z) tn n!, |t| < π
and for A(t) =ett+, they defined Hermite-Genocchi polynomialsHGn(x, y, z) by
t et+ exp xt+ yt+ zt= ∞ n= HGn(x, y, z) tn n!, |t| < π.
Recently, the author considered the following unification of the Apostol-Bernoulli, Euler and Genocchi polynomials
fa(α),b(x; t; k, β) := –ktk βbet– ab α ext= ∞ n= Pn(α),β(x; k, a, b)t n n! k∈ N; a, b∈ R\{}; α, β ∈ C
and obtained the explicit representation of this unified family, in terms of Gaussian hyper-geometric function. Some symmetry identities and multiplication formula are also given in []. Note that the family of polynomials P()n,β(x, y, z; k, a, b) was investigated in [].
We organize the paper as follows.
In Section , we introduce the unification of the Hermite-based generalized Apostol-Bernoulli, Euler and Genocchi polynomialsHP(α)n,β(x, y, z; k, a, b) and give summation
for-mulas for this unification. In Section , we obtain some symmetry identities for these polynomials. In Section , we give explicit closed-form formulae for this unified family. Furthermore, we prove a finite series relation between this unification and d-Hermite polynomials.
2 Hermite-based generalized Apostol-Bernoulli, Euler and Genocchi polynomials
In this paper, we consider the following general class of polynomials:
For the existence of the expansion, we need
(i) |t| < π when α ∈ C, k = and (βa)b= ;|t| < π when α ∈ N
, k = , , . . . and (βa)b= ;|t| < |b log(β a)| when α ∈ N, k∈ N and ( β a)b= (or = –); x, y, z ∈ R, β ∈ C, a, b∈ C/{}; α:= ;
(ii) |t| < π when (βa)b= –;|t| < |b log(βa)| when (βa)b= –; x, y, z ∈ R, k = , α, β ∈ C,
a, b∈ C/{}; α:= ;
(iii) |t| < π when α ∈ Nand (βa)b= –; x, y, z∈ R, k ∈ N, β ∈ C, a, b ∈ C/{}; α:= ,
where w =|w|eiθ, –π≤ θ < π and log(w) = log(|w|) + iθ. For k = a = b = and β = λ in (.), we define the following.
Definition . Let α∈ N, λ be an arbitrary (real or complex) parameter and x, y, z∈ R.
The Hermite-based generalized Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials are defined by t λet– α expxt+ yt+ zt= ∞ n= HB(α)n (x, y, z; λ) tn n!
|t| < π when α ∈ C and λ = ; |t| <log(λ) when α∈ Nand λ= ; x, y, z ∈ R; α:=
. It is clear that
HP(α)n,λ(x, y, z; , , ) =HB(α)n (x, y, z; λ).
Some special cases of the Hermite-based generalized Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials (some of which are definition) are listed below:
• HB()n (x, y, z; λ) :=HBn(x, y, z; λ)is called Hermite-based Apostol-Bernoulli
polynomials.
• HBn(x, y, z; ) =HBn(x, y, z)is the Hermite-Bernoulli polynomials.
• HBn(x, , ; λ) :=Bn(x; λ)is the Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials (see [–]). When
λ= , we have the classical Bernoulli polynomials.
• Bn(; λ) :=Bn(λ)are the Apostol-Bernoulli numbers. λ = gives the classical Bernoulli
numbers.
Setting k + = –a = b = and β = λ in (.), we get the following.
Definition . Let α and λ (= –) be an arbitrary (real or complex) parameter and
x, y, z∈ R. The Hermite-based generalized Apostol-Euler polynomials are defined by λet+ α expxt+ yt+ zt= ∞ n= HEn(α)(x, y, z; λ) tn n!
|t| < π when λ = ; |t| <log(–λ)when λ= ; x, y, z ∈ R, α ∈ C; α:= . Obviously, we have
HP(α)n,λ(x, y, z; , –, ) =HEn(α)(x, y, z; λ).
• HEn()(x, y, z; λ) :=HEn(x, y, z; λ)is called Hermite-based Apostol-Euler polynomials.
• HEn(x, y, z; ) =HEn(x, y, z)is the Hermite-Euler polynomials.
• HEn(x, , ; λ) :=En(x; λ)is the Apostol-Euler polynomials (see []). For λ = , we have
the classical Euler polynomials. • nE
n(; λ) :=En(λ)are the Apostol-Euler numbers. The case λ = gives the classical
Euler numbers.
Choosing k = –a = b = and β = λ in (.), we define the following.
Definition . Let α and λ (= –) be an arbitrary (real or complex) parameter and
x, y, z ∈ R. The Hermite-based generalized Apostol-Genocchi polynomials are defined by t λet+ α expxt+ yt+ zt= ∞ n= HGn(α)(x, y, z; λ) tn n!
|t| < π when α ∈ Nand λ = ;|t| <log(–λ)
when α∈ Nand λ= ; x, y, z ∈ R; α:=
. It is easily seen that
HP(α)n,λ x, y, z; ,– , =HGnα(x, y, z; λ).
Some special cases of the Hermite-based generalized Apostol-Genocchi polynomials (some of which are definition) are listed below:
• HGn()(x, y, z; λ) :=HGn(x, y, z; λ)is called Hermite-based Apostol-Genocchi
polynomials.
• HGn(x, y, z; ) =HGn(x, y, z)is the Hermite-Genocchi polynomials.
• HGn(x, , ; λ) :=Gn(x; λ)is the Apostol-Genocchi polynomials (see [, ]). When
λ= , we have the classical Genocchi polynomials.
• Gn(; λ) :=Gn(λ)are the Apostol-Genocchi numbers. λ = gives the classical
Genocchi numbers.
Finally we define the unified Hermite-based Apostol polynomials by
fa(),b(x; t; k, β) := –ktk βbet– abe xt+yt+zt= ∞ n= HPn,β(x, y, z; k, a, b) tn n! k∈ N; a, b∈ R\{}; β ∈ C .
Thus it is clear thatHPn,β(x, y, z; k, a, b) =HP()n,β(x, y, z; k, a, b) and that we have the following
observations at once:
• HPn,λ(x, y, z; , , ) =HBn(x, y, z; λ)are the Hermite-based Apostol-Bernoulli
polynomials.
• HPn,λ(x, y, z; , –, ) =HE(x, y, z; λ) are the Hermite-based Apostol-Euler polynomials.
• HPn,λ
(x, y, z; ,
–
, ) =HGn(x, y, z; λ)are the Hermite-based Apostol-Genocchi
For the other generalization, we refer [–] and []. Now we give some relations between the above mentioned Apostol polynomials.
Using (.), we get the following identity at once.
Theorem . Let α, k∈ N; a, b∈ R\{}; β ∈ C be such that the conditions (i)-(iii) are
satisfied. Then, the following relation
n r= n r HP(α)n–r,β(x, y, z; k, a, b)HPr(α),β(u, v, w; k, a, b) =HPn(α),β(x + u, y + v, z + w; k, a, b) holds true.
Corollary . For each n∈ N, the following relation
n k= n k HB(α)n–k(x, y, z; λ)HBk(β)(u, v, w; λ) =HB(α+β)n (x + u, y + v, z + w; λ)
holds true for the Hermite-based generalized Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials.
Corollary . For each n∈ N, the following relation
n k= n k HEn(α)–k(x, y, z; λ)HEk(β)(u, v, w; λ) =HEn(α+β)(x + u, y + v, z + w; λ)
holds true for the Hermite-based generalized Apostol-Euler polynomials.
Corollary . For each n∈ N, the following relation
n k= n k HGn(α)–k(x, y, z; λ)HGk(β)(u, v, w; λ) =HGn(α+β)(x + u, y + v, z + w; λ)
holds true for the Hermite-based generalized Apostol-Genocchi polynomials.
Theorem . For each n∈ N, the following relation
n k= n k HB(α)n–k(x, y, z; λ)HEk(α)(u, v, w; λ) = nHB(α)n x+ u , y+ v , z+ w ; λ
holds true between the Hermite-based generalized Apostol-Bernoulli and Euler polynomi-als.
Proof By direct calculations, we have
= ∞ n= HBn(α)(x, y, z; λ) tn n! ∞ k= HEk(α)(u, v, w; λ) tk k! = ∞ n= n k= n k HB(α)n–k(x, y, z; λ)HEk(α)(u, v, w; λ) tn n!.
Comparing the coefficients oftnn! on both sides, we get the result.
3 Symmetry identities for the unified family
For each k ∈ N, the sum Sk(n) =
n
i=ik is known as the power sum and we have the
following generating relation:
∞ k= Sk(n) tk k! = + e t+ et+· · · + ent=e(n+)t– et– .
For an arbitrary real or complex λ, the generalized sum of integer powers Sk(n, λ) is
de-fined, in [], via the following generating relation:
∞ k= Sk(n, λ) tk k!= λe(n+)t– λet– . It clear that Sk(n, ) = Sk(n).
For each k∈ N, the sum Mk(n) =
n
i=(–)kikis known as the sum of alternative integer
powers. The following generating relation is straightforward:
∞ k= Mk(n) tk k!= – e t+ et–· · · + (–)nent= – (–et)(n+) et+ .
For an arbitrary real or complex λ, the generalized sum of alternative integer powers
Mk(n, λ) is defined, in [], by ∞ k= Mk(n, λ) tk k!= – λ(–et)(n+) λet+ .
Clearly Mk(n, ) = Mk(n). On the other hand, if n is even, then
Sk(n, –λ) = Mk(n, λ). (.)
We start by obtaining certain symmetry identities, which includes the results given in [–] and [], when y = z = .
Theorem . Let c, d, m∈ N, n ∈ Nbe such that the conditions(i)-(iii) are satisfied with
t replaced by ct and dt. Then we have the following symmetry identity:
= n r= n r dn–rcr+kHP(m)n–r,β cx, cy, cz; k, a, b × r l= r l Sl d– ; β a b HP(m–)r–l,β dX, dY, dZ; k, a, b. Proof Let G(t) := (–k)(m–)tkm–kecdxt+y(cdt)+z(cdt)(βbecdt– ab)ecdXt+Y (cdt)+Z(cdt) (βbect– ab)m(βbedt– ab)m .
Expanding G(t) into a series, we get
G(t) = ckmdk(m–) –kcktk βbect– ab m ecdxt+y(cdt)+z(cdt) βbecdt– ab βbedt– ab × –kdktk βbedt– ab m– ecdXt+Y (cdt)+Z(cdt) = ckmdk(m–) ∞ n= HPn(m),β dx, dy, dz; k, a, b(ct) n n! ∞ l= Sl c– ; β a b (dt)l l! × ∞ r= HP(m–)r,β cX, cY, cZ; k, a, b(dt) r r! .
Now, using Corollary in [, p.], we get
G(t) = ckmdkm ∞ n= n r= n r cn–rdr+kHP(m)n–r,β dx, dy, dz; k, a, b × r l= r l Sl c– ; β a b HP(m–)r–l,β cX, cY, cZ; k, a, b tn n!. (.) In a similar manner, G(t) = dkmck(m–) –kdktk βbect– ab m ecdxt+y(cdt)+z(cdt) βbecdt– ab βbedt– ab × –kcktk βbedt– ab m– ecdXt+Y (cdt)+Z(cdt) = ckmdkm ∞ n= n r= n r dn–rcr+kHP(m)n–r,β cx, cy, cz; k, a, b × r l= r l Sl d– ; β a b HPr(m–)–l,β dX, dY, dZ; k, a, b tn n!. (.)
From (.) and (.), we get the result.
Corollary . For all c, d, m∈ N, n ∈ N, λ∈ C, we have the following symmetry identity
for the Hermite based generalized Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials:
n r= n r cn–rdr+HBn(m)–r dx, dy, dz, λ × r l= r l Sl(c – ; λ)HB(m–)r–l cX, cY, cZ, λ = n r= n r dn–rcr+HBn(m)–r cx, cy, cz, λ × r l= r l Sl(d – ; λ)HBr(m–)–l dX, dY, dZ, λ.
For k + = –a = b = and β = λ we get, by considering (.) that
Corollary . For all m∈ N, n ∈ N, λ∈ C, we have for each pair of positive even integers
c and d, or for each pair of positive odd integers c and d,
n r= n r cn–rdr+HEn(m)–r dx, dy, dz, λ × r l= r l Ml(c – ; λ)HEr(m–)–l cX, cY, cZ, λ = n r= n r dn–rcr+HEn(m)–r cx, cy, cz, λ × r l= r l Ml(d – ; λ)HEr(m–)–l dX, dY, dZ, λ.
Letting k = –a = b = and β = λ and taking into account (.) that we have the follow-ing.
Corollary . For all m∈ N, n ∈ N, λ∈ C, we have for each pair of positive even integers
c and d, or for each pair of positive odd integers c and d, that
4 Closed-form formulae for Hermite-based generalized Apostol polynomials
In this section, taking into account the relations
fa(α),b(x, y, z; t; k, β) := –ktk βbet– ab α ext+yt+zt= ∞ n= HPn(α),β(x, y, z; k, a, b) tn n!, fa(),b(x, y, z; t; k, β) := –ktk βbet– ab ext+yt+zt= ∞ n= HPn,β(x, y, z; k, a, b) tn n!, we observe the following fact:
fa(),b x α, y α, z α; t; k, β α = fa(α),b(x, y, z; t; k, β). (.)
Using (.), we start by proving the following closed form summation formula:
Theorem . Let the conditions(i)-(iii) be satisfied. The following summation formula:
n l= n l HP(α)n–l+,β(x, y, z; k, a, b)HPl,β x α, y α, z α; k, a, b – αHP(α)n–l,β(x, y, z; k, a, b)HPl+,β x α, y α, z α; k, a, b = holds true.
Proof Taking logarithms on both sides of (.) and then differentiating with respect to t, we get ∂fa(α),b(x, y, z; t; k, β) ∂t f () a,b x α, y α, z α; t; k, β = αfa(α),b(x, y, z; t; k, β)∂f () a,b( x α, y α, z α; t; k, β) ∂t .
Inserting the corresponding generating relations, we obtain
Using the fact that (see [, p., Lemma ]) ∞ n= ∞ l= A(n, l) = ∞ n= n l= A(n – l, l), (.) we get ∞ n= n l= n l HP(α)n–l+,β(x, y, z; k, a, b)HPl,β x α, y α, z α; k, a, b tn n! = α ∞ n= n l= n l HPn(α)–l,β(x, y, z; k, a, b)HPl+,β x α, y α, z α; k, a, b tn n!.
Whence the result.
Corollary . Let k= a = b = and β = λ. For all m∈ N, n ∈ N, λ∈ C, we have the
fol-lowing closed form summation formula for the generalized Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials:
n k= n k HB(α)n–k+(x, y, z; λ)HBk x α, y α, z α; λ – αHBn(α)–k(x, y, z; λ)Bk+ x α, y α, z α; λ = .
Corollary . Let k+ = –a = b = and β = λ. For all m∈ N, n ∈ N, λ∈ C, we have the
following closed form summation formula for the generalized Apostol-Euler polynomials:
n k= n k HEn(α)–k+(x, y, z; λ)HEk x α, y α, z α; λ – αHEn(α)–k(x, y, z; λ)Ek+ x α, y α, z α; λ = .
Corollary . Let k= –a = b = and β = λ. For all m∈ N, n ∈ N, λ∈ C, we have the
following closed form summation formula for the generalized Apostol-Genocchi polynomi-als: n k= n k HG(α)n–k+(x, y, z; λ)HGk x α, y α, z α; λ – αHGn(α)–k(x, y, z; λ)Gk+ x α, y α, z α; λ = .
Theorem . Let the conditions(i)-(iii) be satisfied. Then we have the following relation
between Hermite based Apostol polynomials andd-Hermite polynomials:
Proof From (.), we can write that –k(t + w)k βbet+w– ab α ex(t+w)+y(t+w)+z(t+w)= ∞ n= HPn(α),β(x, y, z; k, a, b) (t + w)n n! = ∞ n,m= HP(α)n+m,β(x, y, z; k, a, b) tn n! wm m!. (.) Therefore, we get –k(t + w)k βbet+w– ab α = e–x(t+w)–y(t+w)–z(t+w) ∞ n,m= HPn(α)+m,β(x, y, z; k, a, b) tn n! wm m!. Multiplying both sides by eX(t+w)+Y (t+w)+Z(t+w), we have
–k(t + w)k βbet+w– ab α eX(t+w)+Y (t+w)+Z(t+w) = e(X–x)(t+w)+(Y –y)(t+w)+(Z–z)(t+w) ∞ n,m= HP(α)n+m,β(x, y, z; k, a, b) tn n! wm m!. Taking into account (.) and (.), then using (.), we get
∞ n,m= HP(α)n+m,β(X, Y , Z; k, a, b) tn n! wm m! = ∞ n,m= HP(α)n+m,β(x, y, z; k, a, b) tn n! wm m! ∞ r,l= Hr()+l(X – x, Y – y, Z – z)t r r! wl l! = ∞ n,m= n,m r,l= n r m l Hr()+l(X – x, Y – y, Z – z)HP(α)n+m–r–l(x, y, z; k, a, b) tn n! wm m!.
Whence the result.
Corollary . Let k= a = b = and β = λ. For all c, d, m∈ N, n ∈ N, λ∈ C, we have the
following summation formula between the Hermite-based generalized Apostol-Bernoulli
polynomials andd-Hermite polynomials:
HBn(α)+m(X, Y , Z; λ) = n,m k,l= n k m l Hk()+l(X – x, Y – y, Z – z)HBn(α)+m–k–l(x, y, z; λ).
Corollary . Let k+ = –a = b = and β = λ. For all m∈ N, n ∈ N, λ∈ C, we have
the following summation formula between the Hermite-based generalized Apostol-Euler
polynomials andd-Hermite polynomials:
Corollary . Let k= –a = b = and β = λ. For all m∈ N, n ∈ N, λ∈ C, we have the
following summation formula between the Hermite-based generalized Apostol-Genocchi
polynomials andd-Hermite polynomials:
HGn(α)+m(X, Y , Z; λ) = n,m k,l= n k m l Hk()+l(X – x, Y – y, Z – z)HGn(α)+m–k–l(x, y, z; λ). Competing interests
The author declares that they have no competing interests. Author’s contributions
The author completed the paper himself. The author read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements
Dedicated to Professor Hari M Srivastava.
Received: 3 December 2012 Accepted: 10 April 2013 Published: 24 April 2013 References
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doi:10.1186/1687-1847-2013-116
Cite this article as: Özarslan: Hermite-based unified Apostol-Bernoulli, Euler and Genocchi polynomials. Advances in
