INCREASE OF BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION OF CUTTING FLUID- CONTAINING SEWAGE BY STIMULATION OF SLUDGE WITH SALT
OF PHOSPHENIC ACID
Ilnar Abuzarovich Nasyrov1, Nina Nikolaevna Smirnova1, Alena Alexandrovna Inyusheva2, 1Kazan Federal University, Naberezhnye Chelny Institute,
2 LLC «PEK region 2 e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
In this paper the possibility of an intensification of biochemical processes of active silt at biological cleaning of the industrial drains containing components of the fulfilled cutting fluid brand Inkam by means of salt of phosphenic acid in low concentration is considered. For the research 2 samples of cutting fluid -containing sewage at the automobile plant of "KAMAZ" were selected. Before the study, the main indicators of the samples were determined: appearance, odor, pH, corrosiveness, total number of microorganisms. The cutting fluid -containing waste water has been divorced in the following sequence 1:10, 1:50, 1:100. For biological cleaning of tests of the SOZH-containing sewage used components in the ratio: active silt (it is selected from real conditions of regional treatment facilities) – 30%, waste water of
70% (without Etafosf); active silt – 30%, waste water + Etafosf in concentration 10-4, 10-5 g/l.
The efficacy of Etafosf, as a biostimulator, was evaluated for reducing toxicity and dynamics of the content of petroleum products during wastewater treatment. It was found that the addition of the preparation in a concentration of 10-4 g / l allowed to reduce the petroleum products content by 7 times in comparison with the initial sample and by 3 times in comparison with the classical biological treatment. If acute toxicity was detected in the selected samples, no toxicity was observed in the purified water with active silt and the preparation in a concentration of 10-4 g/l.
Keywords:cutting fluid, Etafosf, sludge, toxicity, purification of coolant-containing wastewater.
INTRODUCTION
An integral part of the technological process of machining metals is the use of cutting fluid. However, modern technological emulsions are toxic to representatives of the biocenosis of aquatic ecosystems in the concentration range of 3.0-0.015% [1]. As a result of microbial destruction these fluids lose a complex of technological and sanitary-hygienic properties [2], which results in frequent replacement of coolant and an increase in the volume of coolant-containing wastewater. Sewage of machine-building enterprises is multicomponent and multiphase water systems. Mineral oils, surfactants, bactericidal and anticorrosive additives, in many cases, heavy metals and also toxic products of destruction of the cutting fluid components are a part of such drains. At revenues to cleaning of volley dumpings cutting fluid-containing of drains is broken water purification process, it isn't possible to reach necessary quality of water on an indicator petroleum products. The pollutants which are in sewage of the enterprises using technological liquids for machining of details hardly give in to destruction. The cleaning intensification cutting fluid- containing of sewage is one of relevant among environmental problems.
One of the most effective methods in the system of sewage treatment is biological now. The advantage of this method is the non-reagent destruction of compounds that are foreign to water.
The biological method uses specific biological communities - active silt, which includes bacteria,
To intensify the process of biodegradation of wastewater components, biologically active substances stimulating the vital activity of the biocenosis of active silt are used.
A method of preliminary treatment of active sludge with an aqueous solution of maleic or succinic acid in low concentrations is known, which allows to increase the chemical consumption of oxygen and reduce the time of aeration [4].
It was found that melafen preparation in low concentrations stimulates the number of representatives of active silt and biocenoses of open reservoirs of Daphnia magna Straus [5]. There are experimental data that testify to the effectiveness of the use of Etafosf (diphenylguanidinium salt of bis (hydrooxymethyl) phosphinic acid) synthesized at the Department of Industrial Ecology of KNITU (Kazan), as an inhibitor and stimulator of the growth of the number of destructors of the emulsion grade of Inkam-1, depending on its concentration [6].
Numerous foreign publications [7-11], devoted to biological wastewater treatment and the effect of environmental conditions on the treatment of effluents, confirm the importance of research on the intensification of biodegradation of pollutants with active silt.
METHODS
To determine the possibility of using the preparation of Etafosf as a stimulator of the process of biodegradation of coolant-containing sewage, two samples of spent coolant to be cleaned at the district sewage treatment plant of the city of Naberezhnye Chelny were selected at the Automobile Plant of
"KamAZ".
Before a research key indicators of tests have been defined: appearance and a smell – organoleptic, рН - on the device ANION 4100, corrosion aggression - method a print [12], the total number of microorganisms [13].
Researches were conducted with use of the active silt applied on treatment facilities of the city. Before a research the index of active silt has been defined. He has made 60 that corresponds the requirement of a mikrobotsenoz of treatment facilities [14].
The efficiency of biological cleaning of tests was determined by change of toxicity [15] and dynamics of maintenance of oil products [16].
Determination of toxicity on mortality of a test object was carried out according to requirements of the Technique of determination of toxicity of water extracts from soils, rainfall of sewage and waste, drinking, waste and natural water on mortality of a test object of Daphnia Magna Straus. They are representatives of active silt and a biocenosis of a surface water.
For biological purification of the SOZH-containing sewage used components in the ratio: active silt – 30%, waste water - 70% (without Etafosf); active silt – 30%, waste water + Etafosf in concentration 10-4, 10-5 g/l.
The cutting fluid -containing waste water has been divorced in the following sequence 1:10, 1:50, 1:100, preliminary physical and chemical cleaning wasn't carried out.
RESULTS
Before carrying out biological cleaning of the selected drains key indicators of tests have been defined:
appearance and a smell – organoleptic, рН - on the device ANION 4100, corrosion aggression, total number of microorganisms.
Researches have shown that both tests represented dirty-gray liquid with the exfoliated oil and a specific smell of petroleum products and hydrogen sulfide.
At a research of corrosion aggression of the studied sewage strong degree of corrosion aggression in both tests (tab. 1) has been revealed.
Table 1. Corrosion aggression cutting fluid – containing sewage test No. point extent of corrosion appearance of the filter
1 4 strong corrosion general corrosion
2 4 strong corrosion general corrosion (one large spot diameter of 86 mm.)
The investigations were carried out using activated sludge used in the city's sewage treatment plants.
Before the study, the index of active sludge was determined, which was 60, which corresponds to the requirement of microbiocenosis treatment plants [15].
For the biological purification of coolant-containing wastewater, the following components were used:
active sludge - 30%, sewage - 70% (without Etafosf); active sludge - 30%, wastewater + Etafosf in concentrations of 10-4, 10-5 g/l.
The wastewater samples prepared for purification were aerated using the LAB-PU-02 instrument. The pH, toxicity and content of petroleum products were determined in the samples under study.
The results obtained are presented in Tables 2 and 3.
Table 1. Effect of low concentrations of the preparation Etafosf on the toxicity of cutting fluid -containing wastewater of sample No. 1 after biological treatment
Etafosf's concentration of g/l
brought in test at biological cleaning
dilution
time from the beginning
of biotesting
the number of surviving daphnia (in three parallel
definitions)
mortality of daphnia in experience, in %
to control
toxicity in control in
experience
10-4
1:10
in 48
hours 30
6 80 acute
1:50 18 40 chronic
1:100 18 30 chronic
10-5
1:10 6 80 acute
1:50 6 80 acute
1:100 18 40 chronic
control 1 1:10 0 100 acute
1:50 0 100 acute
1:100 0 100 acute
control 2 1:10 6 80 acute
1:50 12 60 acute
1:100 18 40 chronic
control 3 - 10 0 absent
Table 2. Effect of low concentrations of the preparation Etafosf on the toxicity of cutting fluid -containing wastewater of sample No. 2 after biological treatment
Etafosf's concentration of g/l
brought in test at biological cleaning
dilution
time from the beginning
of biotesting
the number of surviving daphnia (in three parallel
definitions)
mortality of daphnia in experience, in %
to control
toxicity in control in experience
10-4
1:10
in 48 hours 30
6 80 acute
1:50 18 40 chronic
1:100 18 30 chronic
10-5
1:10 6 80 acute
1:50 6 80 acute
1:100 18 40 chronic
control 1
1:10 0 100 acute
1:50 0 100 acute
1:100 0 100 acute
control 2
1:10 6 80 acute
1:50 12 60 acute
1:100 18 40 chronic
control 3 - 10 0 absent
Where, Control 1 - crude cutting fluid -containing wastewater.
Control 3 - cultivating water.
The results of the toxicity study make it possible to determine the hazard class of these wastewater for the environment.
The death of daphnia in the sample number 1:
According to the results of the biotesting and the calculations based on them, the cutting fluid-containing sewage can be classified as hazard class 3 - moderately hazardous, since the harmless dilution rate is 391.55 (which falls within the range from 101 to 1000).
The death of daphnia in the sample number 2:
The purified wastewater in sample No. 2 can be classified as hazard class 4 - low-risk, since the harmless dilution rate is 84.494 (which falls within the range of 10 to 100).
The efficiency of purification of cutting fluid-containing sewage with the participation of active silt and Etafosf from petroleum products is presented in tables 4 and 5.
Table 4. Effect of low concentrations of the preparation Etafosf on the content of petroleum products during biological treatment of cutting fluid -containing sewage water of sample No. 1 (without dilution)
test No. Etafosf's concentration, g/l рН Content of petroleum products, mg/l
1 10-4 7.3 21.8
2 10-5 7.5 44.8
3 control 1 8.2 144.6
4 control 2 7.8 63.9
13 . 31 ) 0164 . 1 / ) 41 . 4 5 ((
^ 10 /
48 100
50− = − =
LKR
55 . 391 ) 164 . 1 / ) 41 . 4 72 . 3 ((
^ 10 /
48 100
10− = − =
BKR
494 . 84 ) 33 . 5 / ) 33 . 3 72 . 3 ((
^ 10 /
48 100
10− = − =
BKR
604 . 48 ) 33 . 5 / ) 33 . 3 5 ((
^ 10 /
48 100
50− = − =
LKR
Table 5. Effect of low concentrations of the preparation Etafosf on the content of petroleum products during biological treatment of cutting fluid -containing sewage water of sample No. 2 (without dilution)
test No. Etafosf's concentration, g/l рН Content of petroleum products, mg/l
1 10-4 7.3 14.1
2 10-5 7.5 24.8
3 control 1 8.2 78.7
4 control 2 7.8 24.4
DISCUSSION
Corrosion aggressiveness of effluents is explained by the consequence of microbial destruction of coolant during operation, which is confirmed by a high degree of seeding of samples (3x108, 5x108 cells / ml, respectively) and a decrease in pH from 10.0 to 8.21 in the first sample and up to 8.05 in the second.
As a result of the conducted researches it is established that both selected tests had acute toxicity.
Mortality of dafnia was 100% in all three dilutions. The classical method of biocleaning has shown decrease in toxicity only in dilution 1:100. Etafosf's addition in concentration of 10-4 g/l has reduced toxicity in dilutions 1:50, 1:100 that demonstrates increase in biological purification of the cutting fluid- containing sewage.
As can be seen from the data in Table 4, the content of petroleum products is most effectively reduced by purification of the investigated effluent with the addition of 10-4 g / l Etafosf (21.8 mg / l). Addition of the preparation at this concentration allowed to reduce the content of petroleum products by 7 times in comparison with the initial sample (144.6 mg / l) and 3 times compared to the classical biological treatment of crude coolant (63.9 mg / l).
The data in table 5 confirm the effectiveness of bio-purification in sample No. 2 when Etafosf is added at a concentration of 10-4 g / l since the content of petroleum products decreased in comparison with the initial breakdown by 5.57 times and by 1.7 times in comparison with the classical biological treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
The received result shows on the one hand that this medicine can serve as a biocide for cutting fluid which doesn't put pernicious action to destructors but only blocks their activity.
Application of the concentration of this drug does not lead to the removal of mutant strains and the possibility of participation of microbiocenosis of spent cutting fluid in the treatment of coolant containing sewage.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The work is performed according to the Russian Government Program of Competitive Growth of Kazan Federal University.
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