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© 2016 Kutbilge Akademisyenler Derneği 2021, Volume: 5, Issue: 2, 139-145 ISSN: 2651-401X

e-ISSN: 2651-4028

Research Article / Araştırma Makalesi

Received: 23.06.2021; Accepted: 28.08.2021 DOI: 10.30516/bilgesci.956352

Physical, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Red Pine Wood- Gypsum Particleboard

Ali İhsan Kaya

1*

, Ömer Ümit Yalçın

2

, Yasemin Türker

1

Abstract: Physica l, mecha nica l a nd some therma l properties of gypsum -wood mixture pa rticleboa rds were a na lyzed for specimens which were prepa red in different proportions previously conditioned at 23 ˚C and 65% relative humidity. Water absorbtion (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) properties were mea sured a fter being soa ked in wa ter for 24 hours.

Furthermore, the increment of wood pa rticle wa s increa sed the wa ter a bsobtion va lues a round 28.5 % a nd 2.1% thickness swelling va lues, respectively. However, the reduction of gypsum ra tio wa s nega tively effected the mecha nica l resista nce of the boa rds. The highest MOR, MOE a nd interna l bond (IB) va lues were observed in the C1 code boa rd with 4.73 MPa , 27.04 MPa a nd 0.97 N/mm2 respectively. The therma l conductivity of wood - gypsum boa rds were ra nged from 0.7404-0.5021 W/mK. The highest density wa s found in C1 type board as 1.333 kg/m³ and also the highest thermal coductivity was observed a t th e sa me sa mple. Besides, the highest surfa ce tempra ture which wa s pa ssed to opposite side of fla me source, wa s found in C5 a s 141.7 oC a fter 300 seconds. However, the lowest va lue was observed in C1 type board as 93.3 ˚C after 300 seconds.

Keywords: Physica l properties, mecha nica l properties, therma l properties, gypsum, wood, pa rticleboa rd.

1Address: Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur/Turkey

2Address: Ispa rta University of Applied Sciences, Ispa rta /Turkey

3Address: Süleyma n Demirel University, Ispa rta /Turkey

*Corresponding author: a ika ya@mehmetakif.edu.tr

Citation: Ka ya , A. İ., Ya lçın, Ö. Ü., Türker, Y. (2021).Physica l, Mecha nica l a nd Therma l Properties of Red Pine Wood-Gypsum Pa rticleboa rd. Bilge Interna tiona l Journa l of Science a nd Technology Resea rch, 5(2): 139-145.

1. INTRODUCTION

Gypsum is known to be one of the oldest building ma teria l tha t uses from a ncient times. It is a n environmenta lly friendly building ma teria l, with energy-sa ving, constructa bility, sound insula tion, therma l insula tion, decora tion ma teria ls, a va ila bility, low price, ea se of production a nd other a dva ntages. (Ma rtia s et a l. 2014; H a n et a l. 2017). Gypsum ha s been used a s a n insula tion ma teria l in buildings since the 1900s. The new insula tion ma teria ls a nd systems provide ma ny a dva nta ges in the structures (Binici et a l. 2016).

It wa s indica ted tha t worldwide energy consumption ha s been increa sing in the buildings more tha n 30%. But this ra te is up to 40% in some countries such a s in Turkey on the buildings in recent yea rs. Therefore, reducing the energy consumption in structures by improving their therma l performa nce ca n dicrea se mentioned ra te a bove (Sha rifi et a l. 2017).

However, the insula tion properties of gypsum b oa rds a re improved by increa sing the porosity. In order to improve physica l properties of gypsum boa rd such a s high permea ble to wa ter, porous na ture, low compressive strength, low flexura l a nd tensile strength ca n be a dded different fillers tha t reinforcing ma teria ls tha t polypropylene fibres, jute fibres, coconut fibres, hemp fibres a nd wood fibre to gypsum boa rds. So, physica l a nd therma l conductivity ca n be improved by some a dditives (Regulska a nd Repelewicz, 2019; Bera m a nd Ya sa r, 2020;

Herrera , a nd Cloutier, 2010; Sophia a nd Sa kthieswa ra n, 2016; Amia nda mhen et a l. 2016). The presence of wood ma teria ls in these boa rds improves the mecha nica l properties while reta ining the grea t fire resista nce on boa rds (El-Juha ny, et a l. 2003; Icel a nd Bera m, 2017).

Therefore, Gypsum boa rd a s insula tion ma teria l ca n be used to reduce building energy consumption (Ka ng et a l. 2018).

Otherwise, Gypsum boa rds a nd wood-ba sed pa nels a re the most common ma teria ls used a s fire ba rriers in the

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residenta l a nd building construction (Kola itis et a l., 2014;

Cra mer et a l., 2003).

Most of the wood species a nd a gricultura l residues tha t a re a va ila ble for wood reinforced pa nels ma nufacturing (Na sser et a l., 2016). Lignocellulosic ma teria ls a re used in cementitious pa nels due to their low densities, low cost, nona bra sive na tures, high specific properties, biodegra da bility, a nd the a bunda nt availa bility in the wo rld (Ashori et a l., 2011).

There is limited resea rches on the properties of boa rds which made with lignocellülosic material under the gypsum existence a s binder. The a im of this study wa s to determine the physica l, mecha nica l a nd therma l properties of red pine wood a nd gypsum mixture boa rd.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Red pine wood sa mples were obta ined from a chipboa rd production fa cility in Ispa rta . Wood chips were cut into pieces using a 5-8 mm sieve with the help of a ha mmer mill. Wood chips were dried in na tura l a tmospheric conditions until they ha d a humidity of 10-12%. The pla ster used in the study wa s obta ined from a compa ny in Ispa rta .The method followed for the prepa ra tion of the sa mples is given in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Sa mple prepa ra tion flow cha rt

The prepa ra tion of the sa mples for production wa s ca rried out a t room tempera ture. Gypsum a nd red pine wood chips were mixed homogeneously with la b type mixer. Meta l mold pla tes of 40 x 40 cm2 a nd 10 mm in size were used t o prepa re the sheet pa ste. It wa s pre-pressed under 80 kg/cm2 for 5 minutes then pressed under 1.5 N / mm2 a t 20 -24 ºC with la bora tory type press 24 hours. The pla tes were a cclima tized for 3 weeks a fter the pressing process wa s completed a nd kept between the meta l pla tes. The ima ge o f the sa mples produced is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Ima ge of the sa mples produced

The experimental panels were conditioned at 23 ºC and 65% rela tive humidity a nd sa mples were sa wn into determine the IB (Interna l Bond), MOE a nd MOR (Modulus of Ela sticity a nd Rupture), TS (Thickness

Swelling a fter 2 a nd 24 hours immersion in wa ter) a nd Th e Wa ter Absorption (WA, %), in a ccorda nce with TS EN 310 (1999), TS EN 319 (1999) a nd TS EN 317 (1999) sta nda rds, respectively.

The therma l conductivity of the test sa mples were exa mined in pursua nce of the ASTM C 1113 -90 sta nda rd a nd the Hot Wire Method by with the QTM 500 device.

Fla me combustion tests of the sa mples were ma de a ccording to TS EN-ISO 11925-2 a nd DIN 4102-1.

Thermogra vimetric a na lysis (TGA), Perkin Elmer SII instrument wa s utilized in order to determine the therma l degra da tion cha ngings. The experimenta l boa rds prepa red with given codes in this study wa s summa rized in Ta ble 1.

Table 1. Code numbers a nd mixture proportions (%) Board Code Red pine wood (%) Gypsum (%)

C1 10 90

C2 20 80

C3 30 70

C4 40 60

C5 50 50

Mea surements were conducted in Ispa rta University of Applied Sciences, Forest Product Engineering Resea rch a nd Applica tion La bora tory. An ANOVA genera l linea r model procedure wa s employed for da ta to interpret intera ction of the pa nels ma nufa ctured. Dunca n test wa s used to ma ke compa rison a mong boa rd types for ea ch property tested if the ANOVA found significa nt.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results of the wa ter a bsorption a nd thickness swelling properties of boa rds in wa ter (2.0 a nd 24 hours) a re presented in Ta ble 2. C1 type boa rd ga ve the lowest wa ter a bsorption va lues of 21%. The highest wa ter a bsorption va lue wa s found in C5 type boa rd a s 45.5 % a fter 24h soa king in wa ter.

It wa s seen tha t the best thickness swelling wa s observed from C1 with the thickness swelling 0.2%, while the worst thickness swelling given by boa rd C5 with 2.2%. Therefore, a ll the boa rds were resulted in sa tisfa ctory thickness swelling level when compa red to the sta nda rd va lue of 12.5%. It seems tha t wa ter a bsorption (WA) a nd thickness swelling properties were improved depending on the increa sing gypsum ra tio by contra st with the decrea sing woody content in the mixture (Yel et a l., 2020).

It wa s seen from sta tistica l da ta tha t F va lues of C type boa rds were found 13.703 (P=0.000) on wa ter a bsorption properties. Likewise F va lues of boa rds wa s observed a s 0.512 (P=0.729) on thickness swelling (TS) properties.

According to these results, significa nt difference wa s found on C type boa rds on wa ter inta ke properties. According to the ANOVA a na lysis results for TS va lues , IB bond properties a nd modulus of ela sticity (MOE) va lues of boa rds were observed sta tistica lly insignifica nt. However, modulus of rupture (MOR) va lues of boa rds were found

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Table 2. The wa ter a bsorption (%), thickness swelling (%) a nd mecha nica l strength properties of boa rds Boa rd

Code

WA (2 h)

WA (24 h)

TS (2 h)

TS (24 h)

IB (MPa )

MOR (MPa )

MOE (MPa )

C1 15.1 17b 0.1 0.1a 0.97a 4.73b 27.04a

C2 18.9 21a 0.2 0.2a 0.73a 4.35b 18.24a

C3 21.6 23.8b 0.3 0.4a 0.67a 4.16b 17.06a

C4 22.3 25.6b 1.5 1.9a 0.18a 3.48a 8.34a

C5 41.2 45.5c 2.1 2.2a 0.07a 3.37a 8.06a

F va lue 13.703*** 0.512(ns) 1.986(ns) 7.221** 1.724(ns)

Note: (***) means 99.9% confidence level, (**) means 99% confidence level, (*) means 95% confidence level (ns) is statistically insignificant and (a, b, c, d, e) means homogeneous groups

The interna l bond (IB), modulus of rupture (MOR) a nd modulus of ela sticity (MOE) properties of the experimenta l pa nels a re shown in Ta ble 2. It wa s found tha t the highest interna l bond (IB) va lue wa s observed in the C1 code boa rd a s 0.97 N/mm2 a nd the lowest IB in C5 a s 0.07 N/mm2. It a ppea rs tha t interna l bond strength (IB) va lues were indica ted higher tha n the sta nda rd va lue of 0.28 N/mm2 in a pproxima tely a ll type boa rds without C4 a nd C5 type boa rds.

So these pa nels could be used for hea vy loa d - bea ring requirements in terms of interna l bond properties.

However, the highest MOR a nd MOE va lues of boa rds were observed in C1 type sa mples with 4.73 MPa a nd 27.04 MPa , respectively. These results were shown tha t a ll boa rd sa mples could not met the sta nda rt va lues of pa rticleboa rd on bending strength (12.5 N/mm2) a nd modulus of ela sticity (1600 N/mm2) unless the interna l bond strength.

The results suggest tha t MOE a nd MOR va lues increa sed with increa sing boa rd density.

Therefore the increa sing a mount of gypsum in the

mixture wa s ca used to density increment from C 5 (50% gypsum) to C1 (10% gypsum) type sa mples.

The therma l conductivity a nd the density va lues obta ined from the va rious types of boa rds tha t prepa red in the presence of gypsum a s a binder a re given in Figure 3. The therma l conductivity of wood-gypsum boa rds were ra nged from 0.7404- 0.5021 W/mK. It wa s resulted tha t therma l conductivity of C5 type boa rd is lower tha n the C4 a nd C1 type boa rd a bout 9% a nd 47%, respectively.

Furthermore, the highest therma l conductivity va lue (0.7404 w/mK) wa s found for C1 type boa rd. The lowest therma l conductivity va lue (0.5021 w/mK) wa s obta ined C5 type boa rd (Figure 3). This therma l conductivity results show tha t a ll boa rd sa mples ha d lower va lue tha n 0.065 w/mK va lue which wa s determined f or building material and thermal insulation material (Yalcın, 2018). It seems tha t the a mount of gypsum is increa sed in the mixture the therma l insula tion propery of the ma teria l decrea ses.

.

Figure 3. The therma l conductivity a nd the density properties of boa rds

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It wa s understood tha t the density wa s increa sed depend in g on gypsum increment a nd density differences of sa mples were effected to therma l performa nce of boa rd. The highe st density was found in C1 type board as 1.333 kg/m³ and also the highest therma l coductivity wa s observed a t the sa me sa mple. However, the lowest density wa s exa mined in the C5 type boa rd which wa s 0% red pine wood/50% gypsum mixture boa rd, a s 0.845 kg/m³.

It wa s due to fa ct tha t the presence of the gypsum ca n ca used the decrea se on the therma l conductivity in wood - gypsum boa rds. So the increment of pa rticle content a nd a mount of spa ce between pa rticles ca n lea d to lower therma l conductivity (Bekhta a nd Dobrowolska , 2006).

Figure 4 shows tha t the results of combustion experiments which wa s ca rried out with a single fla me source. The tempera ture va lues were mea sured every 30 seconds with hea t mea suring device from the ba ck side of the boa rd surfa ce till 300 seconds a ccording to the DIN 4102-1 sta nda rd. As seen in Figure 3, the highest surfa ce tempra ture which wa s pa ssed to opposite side of fla me source, was found in C5 as 141.7 ˚C after 300 seconds.

However, the lowest va lue wa s observed in C1 type boa rd as 93.3 ˚C after 300 seconds.

.

Figure 4. Surfa ce tempra ture properties rela ted to time with a single fla me source In Figure 5, the sha pe (fla me sprea d property)

formed on the surfa ces of the boa rds a s a result of the combustion tests performed with a single fla me source is shown compa ra tively (Bera m et

a l., 2020). When Figure 6 wa s exa mined ca refully, it wa s observed tha t the burning sha pe on the surfa ce of the gypsum a dded boa rds tria l sa mples did not rea ch the 150 mm threshold limit .

Figure 5. The beha vior of gypsum boa rds exposed to single fla me source Deta iled results of TGA – DTG curves a na lysis

(N2 environment) a re given in Figure 6 a nd Ta ble 3 respectively. Degra da tion took pla ce in four pha ses in the sa mples consisting of a mixture of gypsum a nd wood in different proportions by weight. In the first pha se, dehydra tion ca used by the removal of water in 108 ˚C (C1), 110 ˚C (C2- C5), 111 ˚C (C3), 112 ˚C (C4) structure causes. In the second phase, 351 ˚C (C1), 359 ˚C (C2), 370

˚C (C3), 358 ˚C (C4), 350 ˚C (C5) are formed as a result of the decomposition of the composition

of wood. Kim et a l. (2006) sta ted tha t hemicellulose, cellulose decomposed at 275˚C - 350˚C and lignin at 250 ˚C-500 ˚C at 180 ˚C -350

˚C. Gao et al. reached similar results in their 2006 study.

Ca (OH) 2 dehydra tion (1) occurred in the sa mples of the third pha se 740 ˚C (C1), 735 ˚C (C2), 701 ˚C (C3), 748 C (C4), 751 ˚C (C5) (Sha fiq a nd Nuruddin, 2010).

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Ca (OH)2 +CO2 →Ca CO3 + H2O (1) Ca CO3 deca rbona tion in sa mples of the fourth phase 748 ˚C (C4), 751 ˚C (C5) (2). A similar

rea ction occurred in the studies in Ca brera a nd Lynsda le, 1996.

CaCO3 →CaO +CO2 (2)

.

Figure 6. The results of TGA – DTG curves a na lysis According to Ta ble 3, a s the percenta ge of wood increa ses

in the composite structure, which consists of a mixture of gypsum a nd wood in different proportions by weight, the therma l sta bility is a dversely a ffected. The highest ma ss

loss wa s 86.13 (wt.%) in the C5 sa mple, while 26.17 (wt.%) in the lowest sa mple C1.

Table 3. The different therma l decomposition tempera tures a nd fina l residue percenta ge T5

wt%

(ºC)

T10 wt%

(ºC)

T50 wt%

(ºC)

T1max (ºC)

T2max (ºC)

T3max (ºC)

T4max (ºC)

900 ˚C Residue (wt.%)

C1 120 131 - 108 351 740 - 73.83

C2 118.5 132 - 110 359 735 65.84

C3 118 134 - 112 370 701 - 60.22

C4 91 125 360 111 358 748 841 15.68

C5 86.25 119 377 110 350 751 850 13.87

Note: T5 wt%: therma l decomposition tempera ture a t 5% weight loss; T10 wt%: therma l decomposition tempera ture a t 10% weight loss; T50 wt%: therma l decomposition tempera ture a t 50% weight loss;

T1ma x: the tempera ture of the pea k ma ximum a t the first step of degra da tion (ºC); T2ma x: the temperature of the peak maximum at the second step of degradation (ºC); T3max: the temperature o f th e peak maximum at the third step of degradation (ºC). T4max: the temperature of the peak maximum at th e four step of degra da tion (ºC).

After single a nd dua l component va rnish a pplica tions of chestnut wood; lowest a dhesive resista nce wa s seen in specimens performed single component va rnish a pplica tion and waited for 6 hours in 150 ˚C, while highest adhesive resista nce wa s seen in specimens performed dua l component va rnish a pplica tion a nd wa ited for 2 hours in 100 ˚C according to heat treatment temperature and time conditions. As a result of compa ring a dhesive resista nce va lues of non-hea t-trea ted specimens subjected to single component va rnish a pplica tion a nd hea t-treated specimen s, specimens waited for 2, 4, 6 hours in 100 ˚C have higher

a dhesive resista nce tha n specimens va rnished a s without hea t trea tment, a nd it wa s seen tha t a dhesive resista nce va lues decrea sed in other hea t trea tment tempera tures a nd times. As a result of compa ring dua l component va rnished non-hea t-trea ted specimens a nd hea t-trea ted specimens, specimens waited for 2, 4, 6 hours in 100 ˚C and waited for 2 hours in 125 ˚C have higher adhesive resistance, and it wa s observed tha t a dhesive resista nce va lues decrea sed in other hea t trea tment temperatures a nd times.

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4. CONLUSION

In this study, the gypsum a nd wood incorpora tion in the different proportions were investiga ted. For this purpose, wa ter a bsorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of ela sticity (MOE), interna l bond (IB) a nd therma l conductivity properties were conducted. All boa rds were resulted in sa tisfa ctory thickness swelling level when compa red to the sta nda rd va lue of 12.5 %. Mea nwhile, the reduction of gypsum wa s decrea sed the wa ter a bsobtion va lues a round 28.5 % a nd 2.1% thickness swelling va lues, respectively. The wa ter a bsorption a nd thickness swelling properties were improved depending on the increa sing gypsum ra tio by contra st with the decrea sing woody content in the mixture.

Although, the increment of gypsum ra tio wa s positively effected the mecha nica l resista nce of the boa rds. The interna l bond strength (IB) va lues were indica ted higher tha n the sta nda rd va lue of 0.28 N/mm2 in a pproxima tely a ll type boa rds. So these pa nels could be used for hea vy loa d - bea ring equirements in terms of interna l bond properties.

However, boa rd sa mples could not met the sta nda rt va lues of pa rticleboa rd on bending strength (12.5 N/mm2) a nd modulus of ela sticity (1600 N/mm2) unless the interna l bond strength.

It is understood tha t the a mount of gypsum is increa sed in the mixture the therma l insula tion properties of the ma teria l decrea sed. So the increment of pa rticle content a nd a mount of spa ce between pa rticles ca n lea d to lower therma l conductivity.

Acknowledgements

The a uthors a re gra teful to the Forest Products Engineering La bora tory a t Ispa rta University of Applied Sciences a nd Scientific a nd Technology Applica tion a nd Resea rch Center a t Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University. The a uthors decla re tha t they ha ve received no funds a nd there is no conflict of interest.

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TS EN 319: 1999. Pa rticleboa rds a nd fiberboa rds:

Determina tion of tensile strength perpendicula r to pla ne of the boa rd.

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Ignita bility of building products subjected to direct impingement of fla me - Pa rt 2: Single-fla me source test.

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