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Determination of IL-10 levels in chronic pelvic pain syndrome patients

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Determination of IL-10 levels in

s y n d r o m e patients

Serdar Arısan *, Murat Can Kiremit,

Turhan Çaşkurlu, Erbil Ergenekon

Şişli Etfal R e s e a r c h a n d Training Hospital, 1st U r o l o g y Clinics, Istanbul-Turkey

Abstract

C h r o n i c p e l v i c p a i n s y n d r o m e ( C P P S ) i s v e r y c o m m o n p a t h o l o g y t h a t i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y p a i n i n t h e p e r i n e u m , p e l v i s , s u p r a p u b i c a r e a , o r t h e e x t e r n a l g e n i t a l i a , w i t h v a r i a b l e d e g r e e s o f v o i d i n g o r e j a c u l a t o r y d i s t u r b a n c e . T h e e t i o l o g y o f d i s o r d e r i s c o n t r o v e r s i a l w i t h g r o u p s p o s t u l a t i n g i n f e c t i o n s , a u t o i m m u n e , i n f l a m m a t o r y a n d n e u r o m a s c u l a r m e c h a n i s m . C P P S i s t h e m o s t c o m m o n u r o l o g i c d i a g n o s i s i n m e n y o u n g e r t h a n 5 0 y e a r s a n d t h e t h i r d m o s t c o m m o n u r o l o g i c d i a g n o s i s i n m e n o l d e r t h a n 5 0 y e a r s a f t e r b e n i g n p r o s t a t e h y p e r p l a s i a a n d p r o s t a t e c a n c e r . A l t h o u g h h i g h i n c i d e n c e r a t e , t h e e t i o l o g y a n d p a t h o p h y s i o l o g y o f t h e d i s e a s e a r e s t i l l p o o r . K e y w o r d s : C P P S , c y t o k i n e s , IL-10, prostatitis

Introduction

T h e National Institutes of Health (NIH) classification a n d definition of the four c a t e g o r i e s of prostatitis d e f i n e s c a t e g o r y Ilia as an i n f l a m m a t o r y C P P S with w h i t e b l o o d c e l l s ( W B C s ) i n s e m e n , e x p r e s s e d prostatic s e c r e t i o n s ( E P S s ) , or v o i d e d b l a d d e r 3 (VB3) (Krieger etal., 1999). C a t e g o r y lllb is d e f i n e d as

* Correspondence Author:

Şişli Etfal Research and Training Hospital, 1st Urology Clinics, Istanbul-Turkey serdar@arisan.org

Received: December 19, 2008; Accepted: December 28, 2008.

c h r o n i c pelvic pain

n o n i n f l a m m a t o r y C P P S w i t h o u t W B C s i n s e m e n , E P S s , or V B 3 (Orsilles a n d piante-Depaoli, 1998). Patients with C P P S o f t e n have l e u k o c y t e s in EPS's, s u g g e s t i n g e v i d e n c e of an i n f l a m m a t o r y c o m p o n e n t in the p a t h o g e n e s i s of t h e d i s e a s e ( A l e x a n d e r etal.,

1998). C y t o k i n e s r e p r e s e n t an i m p o r t a n t g r o u p of regulatory proteins p r o d u c e d b y leukocytes a n d other c e l l s t h a t c o n t r o l i n f l a m m a t i o n a n d t i s s u e r e p a i r f u n c t i o n s . T h e y w e r e first c h a r a c t e r i z e d as regulators of i n f l a m m a t i o n a n d the i m m u n e r e s p o n s e b u t in the last d e c a d e it has b e e n clear that t h e y also h a v e a critical role in tissue d a m a g e a n d repair ( M o o r e et a/., 2 0 0 1 ) . C y t o k i n e s a n d c y t o k i n e related factors c a n b e d i v i d e d into 3 b r o a d g r o u p s or c l a s s e s , n a m e l y p r o i n f l a m m a t o r y c y t o k i n e s s u c h as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, t u m o r necrosis factor a n d interferon-^, anti­ i n f l a m m a t o r y c y t o k i n e s s u c h as IL-10, IL-1RA, IL-1solR a n d t u m o r necrosis factor-solR, a n d regulatory-growth factor c y t o k i n e s s u c h as IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5 a n d IL-7. P r o i n f l a m m a t o r y c y t o k i n e s are involved in p r o m o t i n g i n f l a m m a t o r y p r o c e s s e s w i t h i n t i s s u e . A n t i -i n f l a m m a t o r y c y t o k -i n e s t e n d t o s u p p r e s s -i n f l a m m a t -i o n a n d p r o m o t e tissue repair, r e g e n e r a t i o n a n d act as an antioxidant. G e n e r a l l y the b a l a n c e of p r o i n f l a m m a t o r y a n d a n t i - i n f l a m m a t o r y c y t o k i n e s d e t e r m i n e s t h e o u t c o m e o f tissue t r a u m a a n d i n f l a m m a t i o n .

T h e s e studies clearly indicate that in C P P S , an i n f l a m m a t o r y c o m p o n e n t is critically involved in d i s e a s e p a t h o g e n e s i s (Pontari a n d Ruggieri, 2 0 0 4 ) . A m o n g the c y t o k i n e s t e s t e d , a l t h o u g h t h e effects w e r e of low m a g n i t u d e , the p r o i n f l a m m a t o r y c y t o k i n e s IL-1a, IL-1p, IL-6, a n d I L - 1 2 p 7 0 w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y e l e v a t e d in C P / C P P S w h e r e a s the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, w a s i n c r e a s e d in patients w i t h C P / C P P S IIIB c o m p a r e d to controls, as previously r e p o r t e d (Miller et al., 2 0 0 2 ) . I n t e r l e u k i n - 1 0 (IL-10) is an i m p o r t a n t i m m u n o r e g u l a t o r y c y t o k i n e m a i n l y p r o d u c e d b y m o n o c y t e s , m a c r o p h a g e s a n d T cells (Nadler et al., 2 0 0 0 ) . T h e h u m a n IL-10 g e n e i s l o c a t e d o n c h r o m o s o m e 1 a n d e n c o d e s 5 e x o n s (5.1 kb) (Orhan et al., 2 0 0 1 ) . T h e IL-10 p r o m o t e r is highly p o l y m o r p h i c with t w o informative microsatellites, IL10.G a n d IL10.R, located 1.2 a n d 4 kb u p s t r e a m of the transcription start

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s i t e a n d t h r e e f r e q u e n t p o i n t m u t a t i o n s 1 0 8 2 ( G / A ) , 8 1 9 ( C / T ) , a n d 5 9 2 ( C / A ) ( H o c h r e i t e r e t al., 2 0 0 0 ) . T h e - 1 0 8 2 ( G ) , 5 9 2 ( C ) , a n d 8 1 9 ( C ) a l l e l e s w e r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h i g h e r I L - 1 0 p r o d u c t i o n . N u m e r o u s s t u d i e s h a v e s h o w n t h a t I L - 1 0 m a y b e i n v o l v e d i n t h e p a t h o g e n e s i s o f a u t o i m m u n e d i s e a s e s s u c h a s r h e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s , s y s t e m i c l u p u s e r y t h e m a t o s u s , m y a s t h e n i a g r a v i s , G r a v e ' s d i s e a s e , p s o r i a s i s , a s t h m a , i n f l a m m a t o r y b o w e l d i s e a s e a n d s o f o r t h ( N i c k e l e t al., 1 9 9 9 ) . T h e a i m o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y i s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s e r u m I L - 1 0 l e v e l s i n p a t i e n t s w i t h C P P S c o m p a r e t o h e a l t h y c o n t r o l s .

Material and methods

A 5 m l s a m p l e o f w h o l e b l o o d w a s c o l l e c t e d f r o m 7 2 c h r o n i c p e l v i c p a i n s y n d r o m e p a t i e n t s . A p a r t f r o m t h e s e 7 2 p a t i e n t s , a f u r t h e r 1 2 w e r e e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e s t u d y d u e t o t h e i r i n c o m p a t i b i l i t y w i t h t h e s e t c r i t e r i a ( S u p p l e m e n t e d d a t a 1). 4 0 h e a l t h y d o n o r s w i t h n o r m a l s e m e n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s p r o v e n b y v a r i o u s r e p o r t s w e r e r e c r u i t e d a s c o n t r o l s . D o n o r s w i t h a h i s t o r y o f g e n i t o u r i n a r y i n f e c t i o n , s y m p t o m s , o r i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n w e r e e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e s t u d y . T h e f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a w a s a p p r o v e d f o r r e s e a r c h s t u d i e s o n c h r o n i c n o n b a c t e r i a l p r o s t a t i t i s / C P P S ( C h r o n i c p r o s t a t i t i s w o r k s h o p , 1 9 9 5 ) . T h e H e l s i n k i D e c l a r a t i o n w a s s t r i c t l y o b s e r v e d r e g a r d i n g t h e u s e o f h u m a n s a m p l e s . A l s o , all s t u d i e s w e r e u n d e r t a k e n w i t h t h e a p p r o v a l a n d i n s t i t u t i o n a l o v e r s i g h t o f t h e I n s t i t u t i o n a l R e v i e w B o a r d f o r E t h i c s o f H u m a n S u b j e c t s . S e m e n a n a l y s i s S e m e n s a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d b y m a s t u r b a t i o n i n t o s t e r i l e c o n t a i n e r s a f t e r a t l e a s t 7 2 h o u r s o f s e x u a l a b s t i n e n c e . A f t e r l i q u e f a c t i o n , s e m e n s p e c i m e n s w e r e e v a l u a t e d f o r s e m e n v o l u m e , a p p e a r a n c e , a n d v i s c o s i t y . S e m e n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( c o n c e n t r a t i o n , m o t i l i t y , a n d m o r p h o l o g y ) w e r e e x a m i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h W H O c r i t e r i a ( W H O l a b o r a t o r y m a n u a l , 1 9 9 9 ) . C o m p u t e r a s s i s t e d s e m e n a n a l y z e r w e r e l o a d e d f o r 5 u l f o r e a c h s e m e n s a m p l e a n d m o t i l e c e l l s w e r e e x a m i n e d . W h i t e b l o o d c e l l s T h e p r e s e n c e o f w h i t e b l o o d c e l l s ( W B C s ) i n s e m e n s p e c i m e n s w e r e a s s e s s e d b y t h e m y e l o p e r o x i d a s e ( E n d t z ) t e s t ( S h e k a r r i z et al, 1 9 9 5 ) . A 20 ul v o l u m e of l i q u f i e d s e m e n w a s p l a c e d i n a 1.5 m l c r y o g e n i c v i a l , f o l l o w e d b y 2 0 u l o f p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r s a l i n e ( p H 7.0) a n d 4 0 u l o f b e n z i d i n e s o l u t i o n . T h e s a m p l e w a s m i x e d , a l l o w e d t o sit f o r 5 m i n a n d e x a m i n e d for c e l l s t h a t h a d s t a i n e d b r o w n , i n d i c a t i n g c e l l s p o s i t i v e for p e r o x i d a s e . L e u k o c y t o s p e r m i a w a s d e f i n e d a s 1 x 1 06 o r m o r e W B C / m l o f s e m e n . I L - 1 0 l e v e l d e t e r m i n a t i o n i n b l o o d a n d s e m e n s p e c i m e n s B l o o d s a m p l e s w e r e c e n t r i f u g e d for 2 m i n a t 1 5 0 0 r p m a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e a n d p l a s m a w a s s e p a r a t e d i n t o a c l e a n t u b e . A f t e r l i q u e f a c t i o n , s e m e n s a m p l e s w e r e c e n t r i f u g e d a t 1 5 0 0 r p m for 5 m i n a t 40C . A l l p l a s m a s a m p l e s w e r e s e p a r a t e d i n t o a l i q u o t s a n d f r o z e n a t -2 0oC for later m e a s u r e m e n t . 2 0 0 u l b l o o d p l a s m a o r s e m e n s a m p l e s w e r e a n a l y z e d e a c h e n z y m e a c t i v i t y s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c a l l y ( S h i m a d z u , J a p a n ) . I L - 1 0 l e v e l s i n s e m e n a n d b l o o d p l a s m a w e r e d e t e r m i n e d a c c o r d i n g t o m a n u f a c t u r e r i n s t r u c t i o n s u s i n g s p e c i f i c kit b y t h e Q u a n t i k i n e H u m a n I m m u n o a s s a y ( R & D S y s t e m s Inc., U S A ) . E n z y m e a n a l y s i s w e r e d o n e w i t h R A N S O D kit a n d I L - 1 0 w e r e d e t e r m i n e d ) , w h i c h e m p l o y s t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e s a n d w i c h e n z y m e i m m u n o a s s a y t e c h n i q u e ( F i g u r e 1). S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s T h e l a b o r a t o r y r e s e a r c h e r s w e r e u n a w a r e a b o u t c a s e -c o n t r o l s t a t u s . I L - 1 0 l e v e l s w e r e e x p r e s s e d a s m e a n ± s t a n d a r d e r r o r ( S E M ) . All e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e r e p l i c a t e d i n t r i p l i c a t e . S t u d e n t t - t e s t w a s u s e d for c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n N I H c l a s s i f i e d C P P S p a t i e n t s a n d c o n t r o l s u b j e c t s . T h e 0 . 0 5 level w a s s e l e c t e d a s p o i n t o f t h e m i n i m a l s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e .

Results

T h e a v e r a g e a g e w a s 3 5 y e a r s ( r a n g e 2 2 t o 6 3 y e a r s ) i n C P P S p a t i e n t s a n d 3 2 y e a r s ( r a n g e 2 1 t o 5 8 y e a r s ) i n d i s e a s e f r e e c o n t r o l p a t i e n t s . A c c o r d i n g t o N I H c a t e g o r y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , 4 0 p a t i e n t s w e r e c a t e g o r y 3 a a n d 3 2 o f t h e m w e r e c a t e g o r y 3 b . 4 7 o f 7 2 ( 6 5 % ) p a t i e n t s w e r e s m o k e r a n d 8 o f 7 2 (11 % ) g a v e u p s m o k i n g i n 5 y e a r s a n d t h e rest o f t h e m w e r e n e v e r u s e d . T h e c a s e a n d c o n t r o l g r o u p w e r e not u s e d t o t a k e a n t i o x i d a n t pills r e g u l a r l y a n d t h e y w e r e e a t i n g v e g e t a b l e s a n d m e a t p r o d u c t s d a i l y ( T a b l e 1). T h e y h a d s y m p t o m s o f C P P S for a m e a n o f 8,9 y e a r s ( m e d i a n 3.9 y e a r s , r a n g e 3 m o n t h s t o 1 4 y e a r s ) . M e a n N I H - C P S I c o m p o n e n t v a l u e s w e r e p a i n 9,2 u r i n a r y 3 . 6 , q u a i t y o f life 9 . 0 , a n d total s c o r e 2 1 . 8 . S y m p t o m a t i c c a t e g o r i e s w e r e t y p i c a l for m e n w i t h this illness s i n c e 97 % h a d p a i n , 58 % h a d irritative v o i d i n g s y m p t o m s , 5 6 % h a d o b s t r u c t i v e v o i d i n g s y m p t o m s a n d

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T a b l e 1. Patient and healthy group characteristics T y p e 3 a T y p e 3 b C o n t r o l T o t a l N u m b e r o f p a t i e n t 4 0 3 1 3 6 1 0 7 A g e 3 3 . 7 ( 2 2 - 5 4 ) 3 6 . 3 5 ( 2 4 - 6 3 ) 3 2 . 4 4 ( 2 1 - 5 8 ) 3 4 . 0 4 ( 2 1 - 6 3 ) S m o k i n g Y e s 2 8 / 4 0 (70 % ) 1 8 / 3 1 ( 5 8 . 1 % ) 2 0 / 3 6 ( 5 5 . 5 % ) 6 6 / 1 0 7 ( 6 1 . 6 % ) N o 1 2 / 4 0 (30 % ) 1 3 / 3 1 ( 4 1 . 9 % ) 1 6 / 3 6 ( 4 4 . 5 % ) 4 1 / 1 0 7 ( 3 8 . 4 % ) M e a n o f P S A l e v e l s 1.043 ( 0 . 4 5 8 - 2 . 8 4 ) 1.048 ( 0 . 5 4 - 2 . 9 4 ) 0 . 9 9 5 ( 0 . 3 2 4 - 2 . 5 8 ) 1.028 ( 0 . 3 2 4 - 2 . 9 4 ) n g / d l ( r a n g e ) O t h e r m e d i c a l p r o b l e m s * 3 (7.5 % ) 4 ( 1 2 . 5 % ) 2 (5.5 % ) 9 ( 8 . 4 % )

*Hepatitis, HIV, Hypertension, Cardiovasculer disease

T a b l e 2. Comparison of semen characteristics and measures of MnSOD between controls and patients with chronic pelvic pain pro-statitis with or without leukocytospermia.

V a r i a b l e C o n t r o l s C P ( E n d t z n e g a t i v e ) C P ( E n d t z p o s i t i v e )

n = 4 0 n = 6 0 n = 12

C o n c e n t r a t i o n (x 1 06/ m l ) 5 9 . 9 ± 1.2 3 7 . 6 ± 0.9 4 0 . 1 ± 2 . 3

M o t i l i t y (%) 6 0 . 2 ± 4 . 3 5 1 . 0 ± 6 . 7 4 7 . 2 ± 5.0

W H O m o r p h o l o g y (%) 6 3 . 9 ± 2 . 4 3 1 . 3 ± 2 . 7 2 9 . 6 ± 1.3

Data presented as mean ± SE CP= Chronic prostatitis

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3 9 % h a d e r e c t i l e d y s f u n c t i o n . I n t h e s e p a t i e n t s t h e r e w a s n o u r e t h r a l o r p r o s t a t i c b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n . All g r o u p s w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d for s e m e n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s u c h a s c o n c e n t r a t i o n , motility a n d W H O m o r p h o l o g y ( T a b l e 2 ) . I L - 1 0 c o n c e n t r a t i o n w e r e d e t e r m i n e d i n b l o o d a n d s e m e n ( F i g u r e 2 ) . I L - 1 0 c o n c e n t r a t i o n w a s 9 5 U / m g t o t a l p r o t e i n a n d 1 0 2 U / m g t o t a l p r o t e i n i n c o n t r o l a n d c a t e g o r y 3 a s p e c i m e n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . H o w e v e r I L - 1 0 c o n c e n t r a t i o n f o r c a t e g o r y 3 b p a t i e n t s w e r e 1 4 2 U / m g t o t a l p r o t e i n . U p r e g u l a t i o n o f I L 1 0 w h i c h i s a n t i -i n f l a m m a t o r y c y t o k -i n e -i n c a t e g o r y 3 b p a t -i e n t s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n c o n t r o l a n d c a t e g o r y 3 a C P P S p a t i e n t s ( p = 0 , 0 0 4 ) .

Discussion

T h e c a u s e s a n d p a t h o p h y s i o l o g y o f C P P S r e m a i n u n k n o w n , but t h e e v i d e n c e is a c c u m u l a t i n g for a role of radical o x y g e n s p e c i e s a n d c y t o k i n e s i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of illness. C y t o k i n e s h a v e pivotal role in t h e i m m u n e s y s t e m r e s p o n s e w h i c h a l l o w i n f l a m m a t o r y cells t o c o m m u n i c a t e w i t h e a c h o t h e r . I L 1 0 i s a n a n t i -i n f l a m m a t o r y a n d a n t -i - o x -i d a n t c y t o k -i n e that -inh-ib-its t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f p r o - i n f l a m m a t o r y c y t o k i n e s s u c h a s IL-6 a n d t u m o r n e c r o s i s factor a l p h a T N F- a . I n IL10 g e n e -d e f i c i e n t m i c e , a n o v e r p r o -d u c t i o n o f i n f l a m m a t o r y c y t o k i n e s a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f c h r o n i c i n f l a m m a t o r y d i s e a s e s h a v e b e e n n o t e d ( K h a d r a et. al., 2 0 0 6 ) . F u r t h e r m o r e , IL10 has b e e n r e p o r t e d t o h a v e a n a n t i -i n f l a m m a t o r y role -i n m a n y k -i n d o f t -i s s u e s ( P e a s e a n d S a b r o e , 2 0 0 2 ) , a n d r e d u c e d p r o d u c t i o n o f IL-10 h a s b e e n f o u n d in s o m e C P P S p a t i e n t s ( A l e x a n d e r et al., 2 0 0 1 ) . T h e r e f o r e , IL-10 i s g e n e r a l l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h a u t o i m m u n e d i s o r d e r s . IL-10 p r o m o t e r p o l y m o r p h i s m s m a y b e t h e m o l e c u l a r b a s i s of t h e i n v o l v e m e n t of IL-10 in t h e g e n e t i c susceptibility to d i s e a s e . Inter-individual v a r i a t i o n s in IL-1 0 p r o d u c t i o n w e r e g e n e t i c a l l y c o n t r i b u t e d t o p o l y m o r p h i s m s w i t h i n IL-10 p r o m o t e r r e g i o n . It has b e e n s h o w n that A at t h e site - 1 0 8 2 in t h e p r o m o t e r region of t h e IL-10 g e n e is a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l o w a n d G w i t h high p r o d u c t i o n o f IL-10. Like c a t e g o r y 3 b p a t i e n s IL-10 a m o u n t , a u t o i m m u n e s u s p e c t e d i l l n e s s s u c h a s r h e m e t e u d arthritis has e l e v a t e d IL-10 c o n c e n t r a t i o n .

I n c o n c l u s i o n , w e f o u n d t h a t I L - 1 0 l e v e l s e l e v a t e d i n s e m e n a n d b l o o d p l a s m a i n c a t e g o r y 3 b p a t i e n t s . H o w e v e r t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c o n t r o l a n d c a t e g o r y 3 a s p e c i m e n s w e r e not s i g n i f i c a n t ( p > 0 . 0 5 ) . T h i s m i g h t b e l i n k e d w i t h o t h e r t r a n s c r i p t i o n a l f a c t o r s a r e h a v i n g role i n s y n t h e s i s o f I L - 1 0 . I n t h e light o f t h e s e f i n d i n g s , i t m i g h t b e c o n c l u d e d t h a t I L - 1 0 e x p r e s s i o n l e v e l i s not a p r e d i c t i v e t o u n d e r s t a n d d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n p r o s t a t i t i s s u b t y p e s . I n f u r t h e r s t u d i e s , I L - 1 0 p o l y m o r p h i c site d e t e r m i n a t i o n i n p a t i e n t s c o u l d b e m o r e i n f o r m a t i v e t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e role o f I L - 1 0 i n p a t h o g e n e s i s o f d i s e a s e .

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