LUMINESCENCE DOSE
RECONSTRUCTION USING BUILDING
MATERIALS
H. Yeter Göksu University of Ankara Institute of Nuclear Science
Ankara/ Turkey
• How does it work ?
• What are the limits ?
• What does it provide ?
Retrospective luminescence dosimetry in
areas affected by fall-out from the
Semipalatinsk nuclear test site
•Luminescence measurements of bricks collected during the field trip of 1999 and 2000 along the trace of the 1949 fall-out
•International Intercomparison: Including USA and Japan using new bricks collected in 2002 and 2003
•Natural background dose assessment based on depth dose distribution in brick
EU- supported INCO-COPERNICUS Project 1998-2001 GSF- Germany.
Durham - United Kingdom.
Helsinki - Finland. ( sub contract)
MRRC – Obninsk Russia. RRCKZ- Alma Alta Kazakhstan
Dosimetry problem at populated regions
adjacent to SNTS
Limited quantity of historical data
• exposure rate
• radionuclide concentration
• parameters related to the explosion
Heterogeneity of the fallout, change in source configuration
• decontamination efforts
• decay of short lived isotopes
• distribution and mode of deposition: wet or dry?
Relatively narrow trace of the fall-out of 1949 due to strong wind
What does LDR provide ?
• input to radio- epidemiological studies
• support for decision making for the rehabilitation of contaminated areas
How does it work with fired
objects?
When ionising radiation interacts with matter, part of the
energy is deposited in the lattice that may be released
as
light
after
thermal
or
optical
stimulation
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 200 400 600 800 1000 T L in te ns ity Temperature (°C) 0 10 20 30 40 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 O S L in te n si ty ( a .u .)
Blue light stimulation time (s)
12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 250 300 350 400 450 500 550600 650700 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 TL in te ns ity ( a. u .) Wavel engt h (nm ) Temperature (°C)
Thermoluminescence
Optically Stimulated
Source of luminescence from a brick
Clay matrix
Quartz
D
BG =
Age
(D
r
α+ D
r
β+D
r
γ+D
rc
)
Feldspar
Anthropogenic
sources
Cosmic rays
0.15-0.3 mGy/y
Natural
radionuclides
(U, Th, K)
3-5 mGy/y
Terrestrial photons
1-2 mGy/y
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 D o se in B ri ck ( m G y) Depth (mm)•Determinations of cumulative absorbed
dose in brick,
•Verification of external photon
irradiation (depth-dose profiles)
•Evaluation of cumulative dose due to
artificial radionuclides (i.e. fallout), after subtraction of natural dose: DX =DT - DBG
•Conversion to dose in air at the
reference location, RLDX , or immediate
locality, 25mDX W Sample Location Roof Reference Location m2 m3
Settlements covered during the field trip of 1999,2000 and 2003
Trace of 1949 fall out
475±110mGy 250±60mGy 230±70 <20 mGy <10 mGy <20 mGy <20 mGy <10 mGy
9 Settlements Age /DBG Years/mGy DT mGy DX mGy
Dose at Ref. Loc
RL DX (mGy ) Other claims Dolon -Church 95±2 330±20 508±11 462±18 180±42 132±40 475±110 415± 140 1.7-5 Gy 1 Gy , Takada 2002 Akkol-Timber Mosk >70 240±11
240±28 - Not detectible 150 mGy
Kanonerka House 87±2 289±10 401±15 387±10 125±33 140±33 225±60 250±60 150 mGy Bolshaya Vladimiirovka 80±5 260±17
258±10 - Not detectible <20 mGy
Izvestka Lime Kiln 80±4 260±20
265±20 - Not detectible <20 mGy
Kainar Adobe -Chimney >50
210±10
82±4 - Re use of bricks, heated 90 mGy
Rubtsovsk Hause Rubtsovsk Baraks 73±2, 216±16 53±2, 182±17 230±10 170±10
- Not detectible <20 mGy
Laptev Log-Workshop 66±4
210±10
198±10 211±14
- Not detectible 480 mGy; Logachev 1997
Leshoz
Topolonskiy-Mill 90±2274±11 400±23 127±38 230±70 1.4 Gy; Shoikhet 1998
Kuia Church 98±2 317±13 - Not detectible <40 mGy
Luminescence measurements of bricks from Dolon’ There is a major dosimetry problem in city Dolon Cummulative dose to population: 4.47 Gy -1.67 Gy ?
EU supported group : dose in air: < 0.5 Gy Takada et al. Dose in air: 1 Gy
4 new samples are distributed to all the laboratories
X X
X
X
Participating Laboartories
GSF- Göksu H.Y of Institute of Radiation Protection,D
Durham -Bailiff I.K University of Durham, UK.
Helsinki –Högne J. University of Helsinki, Finland.
MRRC – Stapenenko V.of RAMS, Obninsk, Russia HRR -Hoshi M. Hiroshima,Japan
11
The main radioactive impact on the Dolon’ population: August, 1949
3.2 km
New!
The distance between the axis of the fallout and the Church is estimated to be about 3.2 km judging from the results of Cs-137 soil contamination
School
Small church Large church
• Each laboratory was provided by cut slices of the same bricks collected at different locations in order to avoid differences in the radionuclides composition and exposure geometry of sampling
• The age of the samples were not provided
International intercomparison organized by Japan
and MRRC of Obninsk to resolve the dosimetry
problems of Dolon
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
U
S
A
Ja
p
a
n
G
E
R
G
B
F
IN
R
U
S
S
Summary of the EU- results
Sample DL@10mm mGy *DBG mGy DX mGy RL**DX mGy KSD 2(1-3)(3) Old church 540 ± 35(30) 350 ± 10 190 ±36 342-494 KSD 3(1-3) Large church 584 ± 63(33) 390 ± 10 194 ± 65 349-504 KSD 3(3-2) Small church 602 ± 64(50) 380 ± 10 222 ± 65 399-577 KSD 3(4-1) School 531 ± 48(42) 320 ± 10 210 ± 50 378-546*DBG was assessed from depth dose distribution of the GSF results
Further imrovements in modelling:
corner versus middle brick
Absorbed dose in brick – relative contributions from
ground sources (MC simulations)
Ground uniformly
contaminated with fallout (E=662 keV) to a depth of 1 g cm-2
Validation of the age of the former
old church
• External gamma: at 10 cm inside the brick, calculated from
in-situ dose rate measurements :
0.98
mGy/year (this includes
gamma contribution from brick + cosmic rays + soil)
• Internal beta from U, Th, K content of brick:
• 2.65
mGy/year
• TL depth dose measurements:
347 ± 7
mGy
Age : 95 years in year 2000→ built in 1905 ± 6
Historical record : 1904 ±2
The use of depth dose profiles
for the assessment of D
BG
Assumptions:
• External photon source is mainly due to
ground deposition of
137Cs
Akkol: Timmber mosque
Age of Building: > 70 ± ?years Age Dose (BG) : 240±11mGy
Cummulative measured DL: 240 ± 28mGy Fall-0ut Dose: not detectible
Kanonerka/ House
Age of Building: 87 ± 2 years
Age Dose (BG) : 289 ±10
Cummulative measured (D
L): 394 ± 15mGy
Fall-0ut Dose at brick (D
x): 105 ± 20 mGy
Bolshaya Vladimirovka
Age of Building: 80 ± 5 years
Age Dose (BG) : 260 ±17mGy
Cummulative measured (D
L)= 258 ± 10mGy
Provided samples at 1 .4 m, 3 m, 17 m
Age of Building: 80 ± 4 years
Age Dose (BG) : 260 ±20
Cummulative measured (D
L): 265 ± 20 mGy
Fall-0ut Dose at brick (D
x): not detectible
Kaynar: Adobe house, Chimney brick
Age of Building:> 50 ± ? years
Age Dose (BG) : 210 ±10mGy
Cummulative measured (D
L)=82 ± 4 mGy
Uglovsky Rayon / Rubtsovsk
Age of building: 73 ± 2 years Age dose (BG) : 216 ±16
Cummulative measured (DL): 230 ± 10 mGy Fall-out dose at brick (Dx): not detectible
Age of building: 66 ± 4 years Age dose (BG) : 214 ±10
Cummulative measured (DL): 198 ± 10 mGy Fall-out dose at brick (Dx): not detectible
Laptev Log / Workshop
Laptev-Log Workshop
Age of Building: > 70 ± ?years Age Dose (BG) : 240±11mGy
Cummulative measured DL: 240 ± 28 Fall-0ut Dose: not detectible
Leskhoz Topolinskiy/ Mill
400 Loc 82 unetched Loc 82 etched Loc 83 etched d do se in b ric k ( m G y) 1.4 mprovided brick at a height of 1.4 m , 12 m
Age of Building: 90 ± 2 years Age Dose (BG): 274 ±11mGy
Cummulative measured (DL): 400 ± 23mGy Fall-0ut Dose at brick (Dx): 126 ± 25 mGy Dose at ref. location (RLDx): 230 ±45 mGy
Shoiket et al (1998) 1.4 Gy
Kuria Church
Age of building: 98 ± 2 years Age dose (BG) : 310 ±13
Cummulative measured (DL): 317 ± 13 mGy Fall-out dose at brick (Dx): not detectible
provided brick at the height of the
CONCLUSION
• No systematic difference was observed between OSL
and TL measurements.
• Natural background dose
due to age of the sample
obtained from the depth dose profiles were in good
agreement with historical records.
• Fallout dose at Dolon in brick
at 10 mm has a mean
value of
200 ± 50 (13)
mGy
including Japan and USA .
Agreement is also achieved in March with EPR and
numerical calculations.
• The intercomparison measurements were found to be in
good agreement with previous results of fallout dose (
182
Applications
• Hiroshima/Nagasaki Dosimetry System-DS-86
Ichikawa et al. 1966; Maruyama et al 1985.
• Nevada tests affected areas; Haskell et al. 1980
• Chernobyl affected areas;
Bailiff et al. Health Phy 86s
2004
• Semipalatinsk test site affected populated
settlements;
Bailiff et al. Health Phys, 2004 in print
• Areas contaminated due to plutonium production
facilities along Techa river in southern Urals;
Göksu et
al. Health Phys 82,2002; Bougrow et al . Radiat Prot
Dos, 2002
• Mishandling of radioactive sources (Case study Gera
Prison); Internal Report; Göksu, Paratzke 2000
C um m ul at iv e do se Geological time Zero setting Natural Radiation U, Th, K
Measured dose in laboratory:
Luminescence dose reconstruction using building material
DBG
Fallout dose Dx
D
L = Dx +DBGHeat
DBG – spatial variations
(macro scale)
Gamma dose due to lithogenic radionuclides in wall W Sample Location Roof m2 m3 Gamma dose due to
anthropogenic radionuclides in ground
Overview of EU- supported study in
Dolon (1999)
Semipalatinsk
Dolon’ – Depth-dose profile
10 100 1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Depth from exposed surface (mm)
A bs or be d D os e (m G y) GSF71-2 TL GSF71-2-3 TL MRRC 71-2- OSL Dur 71-2 OSL
Dur71-2-1 MRRC prep OSL Calc GS (0-30 g/cm2) E=662 keV
Dolon’
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 300 400 500 600 Loc 71/2 h= 1.2 m) Loc 71/3 h= 2.76m) Loc 71/4 inner brick) Loc 71/2-3 Sent by Ian)A bs or be d do se in q ua rt z (m G y) Depth in brick (mm)
Corners - important but complex
locations
Internal bricks are often collected
to assess the age of the building
using luminescence dating techniques
Assessment of natural background dose
Assessment of D
BG
from inner brick
160 180 200 220 240 260 280 100 200 300 400 500Inner brick from former Dolon' church TL at 10 mm TL at 100 mm A bs or be d do se ( m G y) Temperature °C 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 200 300 400 500 DTL = 347 ± 7 mGy D o se in b ri ck ( m G y) Depth in brick (mm)
Annual dose and age determination using inner
brick
0.1 1 10 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 Granit Floor h=20 cm h=100 cm D os e r at e ( S v/ h)External gamma dose rate
Automess DA 6150Dose rate from brick
1. Thin α-Al2O3:C detectors
placed over sample and
evaluated using TL
2. Thick layer alpha counting
for U, Th
Summary of the fallout dose in bricks, D
x,from intercomparison samples of Dolon’
Sample DTL @10 mm mGy DBG mGy DX mGy KSD 2-1 Old Church 540 ± 35 (30) 350 ± 10 190 ± 25 KSD 1-3 Large Church 585 ± 63 (30) 390 ± 10 194 ± 47 KSD 3-2 Small Church 602 ± 64 (50) 380 ± 10 222 ± 47 KSD 4-1 School 531 ± 48 (42) 320 ± 10 210 ± 32 EU-Field 99 KSD (2-1) KSD (1-3) KSD (3-2) KSD (4-1) 150 200 250 Depth 5-15 mm Depth 10-20 mm D os e in b ric k (m G y)
KSD-2-1, relative depth dose profile plotted
as a function of (D
TL– 390) mGy
DTL-390mGy
MC for 137Cs dist. 1gr/cm2
DTL-300mGy
MC for 137Cs dist. 1gr/cm2
MC for 137Cs dist. 30gr/cm2
KSD-2-1, relative depth dose profile plotted
as a function of (DTL –
300
) mGy
Sample KSD-2-1, relative depth dose profile
plotted as a function of (D
TL–
350
)
mGy
DTL-350mGy
MC for 137Cs dist. 1gr/cm2
Large church, relative depth dose profile
plotted as a function of (DTL –
390)
mGy
DTL-390mGy
MC for 137Cs dist. 1gr/cm2
Large church, relative depth dose profile
plotted as a function of (DTL –
400)
mGy
DTL-400mGy
MC for 137Cs dist. 1gr/cm2
Large church, relative depth dose profile
plotted as a function of (D
TL– 300) mGy
DTL-300mGy
MC for 137Cs dist. 1gr/cm2
VALIDATION OF THE AGE OF THE
FORMER OLD CHURCH USING
INNER BRICK
AGE BASED ON HISTORICAL RECORDS 1904 ±2
Depth-dose distributions, calculated with Monte Carlo
methods, for a brick wall at 1 m height from the ground;
wall is exposed to 662 keV photons from various source
configurations
Dose in bricks from Dolon´ samples at a height of
1 m on the walls of various buildings
150 200 250 Depth 5-15 mm Depth 10-20 mm D os e in b ric k (m G y) D x= 204 ± 13(50) mGy
Variation of D
TLmeasurements with temperature,
for two depths @10 and @100mm
150 200 250 300 350 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 KSD 3 (2-1) 10 mm 100 mm D os e (m G y) Temperature °C 150 200 250 300 350 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Large Church KSD 3(1-3) 10 mm 100 mm D os e (m G y) Temperature °C 150 200 250 300 350 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Small Church KSD 3(3-2 10 mm 100 mm D os e (m G y) Temperature °C 150 200 250 300 350 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 School KSD 3(4-1) 10 mm 100 mm D os e (m G y) Temperature °C