The Motivations Of Terrorist Behavior And Its Relationship To Some Variables From The
Terrorists' Point Of View
1
Assistant Professor Dr. Abdulkarim Obaid Jumaa, 2Assistant Professor Dr. Fuaad Mohammed Freh
1,2 Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences/College of Education for Humanities / University of Anbar
Article History: Received: 11 January 2021; Revised: 12 February 2021; Accepted: 27 March 2021; Published online: 16 April 2021
Abstract : The current research aims to identify the (personal) and social motives of terrorist behavior (the influence of the terrorist group) among those convicted of terrorist operations, and to achieve the objectives of the research, the two researchers built the scale of the motives for terrorist behavior on a sample of those convicted of terrorist operations in a prison belonging to the security authorities / Republic of Iraq for the year 2020 who They agreed to answer the current research form and with the help of those in charge of the prison, as their number reached (100) terrorists, and the researchers reached several results, the most important of which are:
1 - The level of (personal) motives among those convicted of terrorist operations was significant at a significance level (0.05).
2 - The level of social motives (the influence of terrorist groups) among those convicted of terrorist operations was significant at a level of significance (0.05).
3 - The results of the regression analysis indicated that whenever personal motivation increases by one unit, it contributes to joining terrorist groups by (31%).
4- The results of the regression analysis indicated that the more the group’s motivations increased by one unit, the more terrorist groups joined by (22%).
5- The results indicated that the demographic variables were not explained or predicted to join terrorist groups. In light of the results, the researchers put together a set of recommendations and proposals
an introduction :
One of the most frequently asked questions about terrorism and the most difficult and complex is why do individuals join terrorist groups? Why do they participate in terrorist acts? These and other questions lead us to research motivation, which is a major driving force for human behavior in general. Most of the time, the motives for terrorist behavior are not superficial. These motives are so complex that those who carry out the terrorist act themselves often may not be clearly aware of them. The attempt to identify the various motives that underlie terrorist behavior are attempts that are characterized by being complex and encountering great difficulties, whether in theoretical frameworks or in research methods or in the availability of accurate and objective data, and therefore determining the motives or factors that motivate terrorism is not an easy task, and at the forefront of these difficulties It is represented in the inability of terrorists to accept volunteering to conduct research on them, or the difficulty of reaching them, just as terrorists, terrorist acts or organizations are not all the same, and the phenomenon of terrorism and all its aspects are constantly evolving and changing.
In a study conducted by (Masters and Davenbach 2007) on the motives for joining Al-Qaeda, they found that these motives are many and varied, and that they may be social, economic, political, personal, religious, or all of that together. These two researchers found that among these motives are the absence of parents, the feeling of extreme boredom, despair and loss of purpose in life, the influence of companionship or comrades, the desire for harmony or a sense of compatibility, disagreements with parents, the desire for fame, the influence of the family, the presence of marital problems, and divorce Parents, poor academic performance, low level of profession, low income, seeking adventure, searching for an entity and a status, the presence of traumatic events in life such as the death of a relative or child ... etc, the desire for revenge, ideological stagnation and mental rigidity ... etc) (Abdel-Hamid, 2007: 18) Research problem :
The problem of the current research stems from the fact that we still know little about the psychological and social motives, personal, mental, emotional, and behavioral characteristics of those who transform from peaceful civilian individuals to members of dangerous terrorist organizations and carry out dangerous terrorist acts. (Horgan, 2004) The motives for terrorist behavior are so complex that those who carry out the terrorist act themselves may often not
As scientist (Steve Taylor, 2014) and scientist (Laura E. Hamlett, 2015) point out that it is simply wrong to classify terrorists as "psychopaths" or as psychopaths - in fact, psychologists who have studied terrorist groups have found that terrorists tend to They are stable individuals, and they do not have paranoia or delusional disease. Just as the explanations for terrorist behavior in previous studies were initially focused on the individual level, then the strength and influence of the group was emphasized. It is clear that people involved in terrorism do not make their decision to join a terrorist group or carry out a terrorist act overnight. This decision has reasons and motives that are not superficial most of the time. These drivers are extremely complex and varied
Accordingly, the current research problem can be summarized by the following question: What are the personal and social motives for behavior that drive individuals to join terrorist groups and carry out terrorist behavior?
research importance :
The study of the psychological and social aspects of extremism and terrorist behavior is one of the studies that psychology addresses, as it focuses on studying the psychological, mental and behavioral aspects of terrorists. In recent studies, I began studying how to recruit individuals and manipulate their convictions, and how to integrate them into terrorist groups, as well as it researches the quality of their personalities, beliefs, attitudes, motives, and terrorist behavior. And that what comes from them represents individual and group psychological and mental experiences and ways of life that the individual walks, stemming from a set of beliefs in which the individual believes, through which he justifies the legitimacy of the destructive terrorist acts and practices he confronts that cannot be described, except that they are anomalous, anti-social, perverted, and immoral practices. Inhuman, and illegal.
There are also many necessities and reasons that called for the researcher to research the psychological aspects of this phenomenon, including:
1. This research is considered one of the rare research - as far as we know - that is conducted on a sample of those convicted of terrorism and its psychological and social aspects are studied. Their consent to answer the research questionnaire is an important step to reach realistic, objective and accurate conclusions. Accurate objective results. 2. The emergence and renewal of individual and collective terrorist ideas and behavioral patterns, complex and twisted, with unclear features conceal their true motives, because they are cases that require precision in studying their psychological aspects.
3. Research and studies for this phenomenon need more depth and comprehensiveness, and identifying the personality of the extremist or terrorist and the underlying motives behind it, will help diagnose the causes and factors of this dangerous phenomenon and then find solutions to it and save societies from their woes.
research aims :
The current research aims to:
1 - Building a measure of the motives of terrorist behavior among those convicted of terrorist operations. 2 - Identifying the level of (personal) terrorist behavior motives of those convicted of terrorist operations.
3 - To identify the level of social motives for terrorist behavior (the influence of terrorist groups) among those convicted of terrorist operations.
4- The extent to which the two dimensions of the motives of terrorist behavior contribute to the detection of terrorist behavior according to some of the relevant demographic variables.
Defining terms:
The researcher will define the term terrorist behavior as follows:
1. Terrorism (Eric Daivd, 2004): Acts of armed violence committed to achieve political, philosophical, ideological or religious goals.
2. (Borum, 2004) defines terrorism as acts of violence targeting non-combatant civilians to achieve an ideological, political, or religious goal.
3. The concept of terrorism for (Lerou. Y, 2015) is: "Hostile acts committed against civilians with political, religious, or ideological goals."
Theoretical framework: the psychology of the motives of terrorism:
The study of terrorist behavior from a psychological perspective goes back to its early beginnings to the turn of the twentieth century through studies and interpretations of psychologists of models of criminal and aggressive behavior, and various psychological explanations of these phenomena appeared in which different branches of psychology participated, such as personality psychology, mental health, criminal psychology, psychology. Social, political psychology and others. Psychological studies and research in recent years have begun to focus on the results of social psychology studies more than other branches, because the nature of the studies of this specialization can explain to us the motives that lie behind this psychosocial phenomenon, including, but not limited to, intolerance and extremism, changing attitudes and beliefs. The scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings,
and behaviors are influenced by other people. The phenomenon of social influence is at the core of social psychology. There is a variety of tactics that leaders or their representatives employ to influence others.
On the other hand, terrorism includes the use of force or violence to instill fear as a means of forcing individuals or groups to change their political or social positions, which means that social influence is the ultimate goal of terrorism. Obviously, we can say the same about suicide terrorism. And that this effect sometimes occurs in a non-circulated or indirect way. But most of the time individuals and groups deliberately try to change the behavior of another person or people.
Explanatory models of motives for terrorism:
Although political science, sociology, and other human disciplines have made some progress in describing the political and socio-cultural conditions that lead to terrorism, we still know very little about the psychological motivations and the personal, emotional, and behavioral characteristics of those who engage in terrorist acts and become civilians. Peaceful to members of dangerous terrorist organizations, and that psychologists and psychiatrists have presented their explanations for models of human behavior that approach the phenomenon of terrorism and can be placed in one category, which is criminal behavior and aggressive behavior, and the works of (Sigmund Freud 1856-1939) and psychoanalytic scholars can be considered the earliest explanations Psychology, followed by the interpretations of scholars of other schools of psychology, such as behaviorism, cognitive, and humanism as theory (frustration - aggression) and (social learning theory) and others, which does not allow for its details here, as the researcher believes that the interpretations of some psychologists in recent years are objective and realistic as they constitute the summary of efforts The theoretical and research of the pioneering scholars, in addition to what has been achieved in contemporary field research Read on samples of terrorists in different countries, and accordingly the researcher will review examples of these explanations as follows:
Randy Borum (2003): Through his studies of various terrorists and extremist terrorist organizations around the world, he reached four stages and a set of motivations behind people joining terrorist organizations. Firstly, the feeling resulting from hardship, sadness, or dissatisfaction usually arising from cases. Related to the economic situation, social, political, legal and religion requirements. Second, the feeling of a lack of justice, that is, they feel unfair treatment, and then view the contradiction as a perceived injustice, and this perceived injustice generates feelings of resentment. Third, if a person feels that he is not getting what he deserves, then the blame must be placed on a person, group, or any party. The blame is often placed on someone or something and may have nothing to do with the feeling of resentment and unfair dealing he feels. Which makes him the target of these negative feelings. Fourth, the verdict that the other is evil at this stage in which the barriers or barriers are lifted towards violence, so that victims of unfair treatment and resentment can act forcefully towards someone or something they blame for their experiences they suffer from. This breakdown in barriers can happen by thinking of things like dehumanizing the enemy or creating justifications to direct violence toward them (Borum, 2003,8-10)).
(Fathali Moghaddam) (2005): The psychologist presented his explanation for the motives of terrorism by arranging these causes in the form of a pyramid through which he clarifies the motives and mechanisms that transform a peaceful civilian individual into a terrorist and joining an organization. This hierarchical form includes six levels, at each level, individuals take Their decisions are based on their perceived choices and convictions that lead either to their move to the upper level of the pyramid or their complete exit from all levels of the pyramid, which is represented by the nature of the terrorist situation, which gradually develops for the individual through the common ground in which most individuals live and represents the basis of the pyramid that includes Feeling injustice and suffering for many reasons, including economic, political, intellectual or value, which drives them first to search for possible solutions to their grievances, and if they do not reach solutions, they move to the second level, and here begins the feeling of anger and intense emotions towards these parties. (Moghaddam, 2005: 161)
Then they move to the third level to achieve this, as they begin to communicate secretly or openly with groups or organizations, some of which may be terrorist, and to deal with them and thus their personalities begin to be built in a new image according to the ideas of terrorist organizations that they approve, and so they move to the fourth level in which they have already joined To a terrorist organization or group, and they have become so immersed in it that they will have little chance to leave or abandon the organization, and their affiliation with this group becomes stronger than any affiliation, and this is thanks to the values and beliefs that the group cultivates in their minds, which in turn leads to strengthening their commitment to their cause. The strengths of the terrorist organization they belong to advance to the fifth level, and here the people are fully immersed within the terrorist organization. At this level, the differences between the organization or group to which they belong and the others are emphasized, so whoever is not with us is our enemy, as terrorist groups perpetuate differences, in order to be able to stimulate and facilitate the logic necessary to commit violent terrorist acts that could kill and wound thousands (Moghaddam, 2005: 169)
(John Horgan, 2000): Identify three different motives that, if tested by anyone, could open the door for them to join terrorism. First, perceived injustice is a common motive that has been identified by many researchers on the topic of terrorism. Horgan also found that the perceived grievances of terrorists tend to be central to politics, religion, and socioeconomic status. Second, identity, some individuals may find that they are drawn towards the values and beliefs of terrorist organizations during the formation of their identity, as joining the group's membership has a great effect in integrating and dissolving the self into the collective identity, and this is often a reason for joining terrorist organizations. Third, the final motivating factor behind joining the terrorist organization is affiliation. Many people who join terrorist organizations are actually found to have feelings of isolation and alienation from their families or the rest of the world. This, in turn, leads to a feeling that they belong to something. Terrorist organizations give people a sense of belonging and family that they might be looking for, which makes belonging a very strong motivating factor to join terrorist organizations, stay in them and act on their behalf. (Horgan, 2000,681)
Scott Atran (2017): He refuses that joining terrorist organizations is linked to mental illnesses or aggressive psychological disorders and complexes, and that what inspires the most deadly terrorists in the world is the Qur’an or religious teachings. Rather, the motives for joining terrorist organizations and groups are: Possessing a new social identity that achieves importance and status for their lives and existence, and that their lives have value, deep meaning and glory that they can be proud of, and that most terrorists are in their late teens or early twenties, and they especially look forward to movements that promise them a meaningful cause and bring them camaraderie, Adventure, and glory, it's a strong sense of belonging, finding great goals in life.
It also emphasizes the importance of the group to which the combatant belongs because it represents the element of obtaining support from others who share his own values, especially when it comes to violence, as the fighter here needs to belong to a group of people who then become a reference group. Especially when it comes to terrorist activities or aggressive behavior against society. 017) 352--354
Search procedures :
First: The research community and its sample:
The current research community includes those convicted of terrorist operations in one of the prisons of the security authorities in Anbar Province / Republic of Iraq for the year 2020, and for security reasons, the two researchers did not obtain any details of the research community.
Research sample: The current research sample included inmates convicted of terrorism present in the prison who agreed to answer the current research questionnaire with the help of those in charge of the prison, as their number reached (101) terrorists, meaning that the current research sample is an intentional sample, not random, and the sample ages ranged from 18 years to 59 years with an average of (36.00) and a standard deviation (12.04), and as shown in Table (1)
Table (1) The average ages of the study sample
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Std. Deviation age of the participants 101 18.00 59.00 36.0099 12.04865
Valid N (listwise) 101
As for the marital status, it was distributed as in Table (2)
Table (2) The marital status of the sample members
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Married 49 48.5 48.5 48.5 Single 27 26.7 26.7 75.2 Widowed 11 10.9 10.9 86.1 Devorced 14 13.9 13.9 100.0 Total 101 100.0 100.0
Table (2) shows that the majority of the respondents (49, 28.5%) were married, while (27, 26.7%) were not married, (11, 10.9%) were widows, and (14, 13, 9%) were divorced. As for the academic achievement of the sample members, as shown in Table (3)
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Primary 33 32.7 32.7 32.7 Secondary 28 27.7 27.7 60.4 High school 31 30.7 30.7 91.1 University 9 8.9 8.9 100.0 Total 101 100.0 100.0
Looking at Table (3), we find that 32.7% of the respondents had primary school achievement, 27.7% had average academic achievement, 30.7% had intermediate school achievement, and 8.9% had a bachelor's degree. As for the jobs and professions practiced by the members of the current research sample, they were as shown in Table (4) Table (4) Distribution of jobs and professions for the members of the current research sample
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent Valid Kasib 50 49.5 49.5 49.5 no job 19 18.8 18.8 68.3 Worker 4 4.0 4.0 72.3 Askery 8 7.9 7.9 80.2 Student 9 8.9 8.9 89.1 Mowadhaf 11 10.9 10.9 100.0 Total 101 100.0 100.0
Table (4) shows that 49.5% were earnings, 18.8% were unemployed, 4% were workers, 7.9% were military personnel, 8.9% were students, and 10.9% were employees in various state departments.
Second: Search Tool:
Procedures for building a scale of motives for terrorist behavior:
In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the two researchers searched for a measure of the motives of terrorist behavior, which could be valid for application to the research sample convicted of terrorist operations, and in line with the surrounding conditions and variables surrounding these groups. Building a measure of terrorist behavior among the perpetrators of terrorist operations / accordingly, the two researchers took the following steps:
1. Drafting the scale paragraphs:
For the purpose of formulating the scale paragraphs, the two researchers took steps:
a . Getting acquainted with the theoretical framework of terrorist behavior and its motives and modern explanatory models, the most prominent of which are: The Three Factors of Motivation for John Horgan, 2000, Burum's stages of the growth of extremist ideas and the justifications for violence 2017, Scott Atran. Accordingly, the researchers found that the motives of terrorist behavior can be studied through two main sections or two dimensions, namely: (personal motives, motives of group influence) whose importance was clarified in the theoretical framework of the research, and a definition for each of them was developed, as follows:
- Definition of the dimension of personal motives: (It is the set of motives related to the individual's thoughts and personality, including: his convictions and orientations, the person’s evaluation of life, and his purpose thereof, and the extent of his feeling of usefulness, value, or meaning, in addition to the degree to which he is exposed to neglect, violence, isolation and alienation and the degree of his acceptance of that) .
Defining the dimension of group influence motives:
(It is the group of motives that are influenced by the group to which they belong, and the effects they are exposed to in terms of manipulation or deception by the group or its representative, with the awareness of these people of the necessity of their association with groups that give them the opportunity to express themselves, so their belonging to this group becomes stronger than any affiliation, and this is thanks to The values and beliefs that the group cultivates in their minds).
B - As a result of the previous procedures and depending on them, it was possible to formulate (32) paragraphs in their initial form distributed over two dimensions, (17) paragraphs for the dimension of personal motives, and (15) paragraphs for the dimension of the group's influence. Also, all the scale paragraphs were formulated in a positive way with the research variable, and three alternatives were placed in front of the paragraphs: (It applies to me a lot, applies to me a little, it does not apply to me at all) and the alternatives were given the grades (3, 2, 1)
Validity of paragraphs: The paragraphs were presented to a group of experts specialized in psychological and educational sciences, to judge the validity and validity of the paragraphs, and any other observations, as a result of expert opinions and their analysis. One's freedom. The wording of some paragraphs was amended, and four paragraphs were deleted, some of whose values were less than the tabular value, so the scale consisted of (28) paragraphs.
3. Scale Instructions:
The researchers prepared the scale instructions, so that they are clear and simple, how much they were asked to answer honestly and frankly and choose the appropriate alternative for them and for each paragraph, and that this research is just a scientific sociological research and not an investigation, so there is no need to write the name, and the instructions page included demographic information such as: (age, governorate, which Inhabited, marital status, level of education, previous profession)
Paragraphs analysis: The terrorist behavior motivation scale form prepared in the current research was applied to the sample's (101) individuals, and after the end of the application period, the answer forms were corrected, and to calculate the discriminatory strength of the paragraphs, the scores were arranged in descending order and the upper and lower extremist groups were determined according to a ratio of (27%). Each group reached (27) individuals, as the number of the sample obtained was (101) individuals, and by using (t-test) it was found that the scale's items of (28) items were all distinguished with a significance level of (0.05).
Internal consistency method
For the purpose of calculating the internal consistency (honesty) of the (28) paragraphs of the scale of the motives of terrorist behavior prepared in the current research, the 28 items on the research sample of (101) convicted of terrorism, the correlation coefficient (Pearson) was used, and the results were as follows:
1. The relationship of the paragraph score to the overall score of the scale as a whole: All the correlation coefficients for the scale items were statistically significant at (0.05) level.
2. The relationship of the paragraph score to the total score of the sub-scale (domain): all the correlation coefficients between each paragraph and the domain to which it belongs were statistically significant at the level of (0.05). 3. The correlational relationship between the two dimensions of the scale: The correlational relationship was a function at the level (0.05), as shown in Table (5)
Table (5) The correlational relationship between the two dimensions of the scale
individual Group individal Pearson Correlation 1 .220* Sig. (2-tailed) .027 N 101 101 Group Pearson Correlation .220* 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .027 N 101 101
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Stability: The reliability of the scale was calculated by the Cronbach alpha method, so it was equal to the measures as a whole (0.73), while the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the personal dimension is equal to (0.74), and for the social dimension it is equal to (0.75). The stability was also calculated by the half-segmentation method, through the Guttman Split-Half Coefficient correlation coefficient, so the correlation coefficient between the two halves of the scale was equal to (0.643).
research results :
First - Identifying the level of the (personal) terrorist behavior motives of those convicted of terrorist operations: The responses of the research sample of (101) individuals were calculated on this dimension, so the average of the sample responses was (28,792) and a standard deviation (2,654), and when compared to the hypothetical average of ( 28) Using the test for one sample, the results were as shown in Table (6)
Terror motives variable The number of the sample SMA standard deviation SD Degree of free Hypothesis t-test Sign level 0.05 Personal 101 28.7921 2.65449 100 28 2.984 Sign
Table (6) shows that the calculated T value is greater than the tabular value at the level of (0.05), and that the calculated average is greater than the hypothetical average of the scale, which indicates that the level of personal terrorist behavior motives is high among the current research sample.
To know more and more in detail on the personal motives of terrorist behavior, we present the contents of the first five paragraphs that received the highest frequency with regard to paragraphs after personal motives, so the paragraphs were:
Table (7) the five paragraphs that got the highest frequency in the dimension of personal motives
Table (7) shows the descending order of the contents of the first five most frequent paragraphs from the point of view of those convicted of terrorist operations within the field of personal motives for terrorist behavior is the paragraph
Second - Identifying the level of social motives for terrorist behavior (the influence of terrorist groups) among those convicted of terrorist operations:
The scores of the sample members were calculated on the second dimension of the scale, so the mean was (29.673) and a standard deviation (2.702), and when compared to the hypothetical average of the scale, the result was as shown in Table (8)
Table (8) T-test for the sample of convicts on the social motives dimension
Terror motives variable The number of the sample SMA standard deviation SD Degree of free Hypothesis t-test Sign level 0.05 Social 101 29.6733 2.70225 100 28 6.191 Sign
Table (8) shows that the T value calculated for the social dimension is greater than the tabular value at the significance level (0.05), and this average is higher than the hypothetical average, and this indicates that the level of social terrorist behavior motives is high among the current research sample.
Table (9) of the five paragraphs that got the highest frequency in the dimension of social motives s items
1 It was my high confidence in the group that pushed me to face difficulties and
challenge the impossible
2 Adhere to the group's directives and be sure to implement them
3 I was proud and excited about belonging to the organization
4 We were aspiring to be a great force and awe
5 Our war on those who violate our religion or sect is a religious duty
Table (9) represents the descending order of the contents of the paragraphs that received the highest frequency from the viewpoint of the sample members within the field of social motives for terrorist behavior.
Third / the extent of the contribution of the two dimensions of the terrorist behavior's motives in uncovering terrorist behavior according to some relevant demographic variables:
In order to identify the nature of the relationship between the motives for joining terrorist groups and the explanatory variables (personal motives, group motives, some related demographic variables), a multiple linear regression model was used in which variables were considered: personal motives, group effect, demographic
sort items
1 Everything I do serves my faith and the faith that I uphold
2 I believe that the world is unfair and not governed by moral standards
3 I hoped to get financial gain from the organization
4 I was fighting to support the oppressed from the sons of my nation
5 Before joining the organization, I was afraid of the unknown future
variables as explanatory variables and the joining variable. Terrorist groups as a dependent variable, the results were as shown in Table (10)
Table (10) regression analysis of the nature of the relationship between the research variables
Dependent variable Predictive variables (Explained) r r 2 value F Sign level Non-standard beta value B value F Denotation of the T-value Contrast amplification factor Join terrorist groups Individual motives 0,777 0,603 150,53 0.000 1,317 12,26 0,000 1,007 Group motives 1,224 12,63 0,000 1,007 Demographic variables 0,637 2,699 0,008 1.007
The results of the regression analysis indicated that the regression model is significant, through the value of (P) of (150,53) in terms of (0.000), which is smaller than the significant value (0.001).
Conclusions:
The level of personal motives for terrorist behavior among the sample of those convicted of terrorist operations is high and has a level of significance (0.05). If we look at the implications of this dimension, we find that it confirms motives such as: serving the religion and belief that he believes and adheres to, the belief that the world is unjust and not governed by standards The moral, obtaining worldly gains such as financial gains, supporting the oppressed from the members of the nation to which he belongs, and fear of the unknown future, as well as adventure and challenge, all of which create psychological and motivational excitement that push the individual to join terrorist groups and carry out terrorist behavior, and this conclusion is consistent with the study of (Malini) Subramanyam, 2018) which emphasized that the individual drivers of terrorism are: perceived social injustice, religious intolerance, the search for identity, affiliation, political oppression, the search for heroism, independence (Subramanyam, 2018,5), as is consistent with the study of Martha (Martha Crenshaw, 1986), which made it clear that terrorists have four types of motivations: the need to belong, to obtain a job, the desire for social standing, and to obtain a material reward (Crenshaw, 1986,413).
Scott Atran, an anthropologist from the University of Michigan, who gave a speech at the United Nations on his research on ideologically motivated violence, affirms that people need a dream, ”so an appeal for moderation will not be attractive to young people whom Atran describes as" eager for adventure, glory and meaning. " (Atran, & at, 2017: 352)
The results also showed that the level of social motives for terrorist behavior is high among the research sample, with a level of significance (0.05). The social motives of terrorist behavior confirm the contents related to the strength of belonging to the group and the strength of its effects and its control over ideas, convictions and behavior, such as: high confidence in the group as a driving force to face difficulties and challenge The impossible, adherence to the group’s directives and keenness to implement them, feeling pride and enthusiasm as a result of belonging to the organization, aspiration for the organization to become a great force that enjoys prestige and respect. Do the traditional social circle as family, friends and work.
The belief that joining an organization will provide them with psychological and social compensation, such as adventure, comradeship, and a strong sense of self, may push many young people to join these groups. Also, affiliation with extremist groups is considered an honorable and highly valued act for the individual to whom he belongs. (Kharboush, 2010, 34) Many extremist ideological or ideological ideas and tendencies play on appealing to the youth group for their prior realization of smoothly passing the "idea" into the core and conscience of young people who are eager with their instincts. The Adventure and the Shih (Fadel, 2004, 14) and these results are similar to what Hudson (1999) found in his research, as well as the study (Sharnai'i, 2013). Motivations such as the need for intimate affiliation, emotional warmth, and may also fulfill for others the need for strength, adventure and lost challenge.
The results also showed that the explained variables explain (60.3%) of the variation in individual motives, and the beta value, which explains the relationship between individual motives and joining terrorist groups, was valued at (1,317) with statistical significance, as this can be deduced from the T value and the significance associated with it. This means that the more individual motives increase by one unit, it contributes to joining terrorist groups by (31%), and the beta value of the group's motives variable came to value (1,224) statistically d. The higher the group’s
demographic variables were not explained or predicted to join terrorist groups through the beta value, which was not statistically significant. The above table also shows that the results of the linear multiplicity test, where the result revealed that the variance amplification factor of the model was (1,007), which is smaller than (3), which indicates that there is no linear multiplicity problem between the model variables.
Recommendations:
1. Adopting a more comprehensive approach that is not limited to the basic security measures currently taken to combat terrorism, but rather adopting a comprehensive approach to this growing multidimensional challenge that also includes systematic preventive measures that directly address the drivers of violent extremism leading to terrorism that led to the emergence of these new, more terrorist groups. .
2. The organized and serious endeavor to combat extremism, intolerance and terrorism in Arab societies by adopting scientific methods that define the treatments that can achieve this fundamental goal, including working to spread awareness, spread the spirit of tolerance, continuous education and promote education and education, improve political performance, provide a suitable environment for tolerance, and protect Freedoms, preceded by freedom of opinion, and respect for the other opinion regardless of conformity, compatibility or contradiction with our views. 3. Paying attention to human development programs and developing strategic plans from educational and educational institutions that work to build people on sound foundations, which deepen the concepts of citizenship and peaceful coexistence among the people of the same nation, ensuring an end to violence, intolerance and terrorism, which represent the greatest threat to the security of society
The proposals:
1. Facilitating the task of researchers to conduct direct studies with terrorists and conduct in-depth interviews with them to identify the reasons that made them belong to terrorism.
2. Applying psychological standards and tests to samples of terrorists, such as personality measures, extremism, intolerance, aggression, conformity, and others.
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