• Sonuç bulunamadı

Uluslararasý Fonetik Alfabe - II International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) - II Çev. Çetin PEKACAR - Figen GÜNER DÝLEK 67 ~ 86

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Uluslararasý Fonetik Alfabe - II International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) - II Çev. Çetin PEKACAR - Figen GÜNER DÝLEK 67 ~ 86"

Copied!
20
0
0

Yükleniyor.... (view fulltext now)

Tam metin

(1)



8OXVODUDUDV×)RQHWLN$OIDEH,,

dHYdHWLQ3HNDFDU



)LJHQ*QHU'LOHN

3DUoDODUVWVHVELULPOHU

.RQXԒPDQ×QED]×|]HOOLNOHULELUGHQID]ODSDUoDO×VHVELULP]HULQGH JHQLԒOH\HQ NDO×SODU ROXԒWXUPD YHYH\D SDUoDVDO PHUNH]OHUGHQ EDʢ×PV×] RODUDNGHʢLԒNHQOLNJ|VWHUPHHʢLOLPLQGHGLU%XELOKDVVDSHUGHVHV\NVHNOLʢL YHDOJ×ODQDQ]DPDQLoLQJHoHUOLGLU%X|]HOOLNOHUJHQHOOLNOH¶SDUoDODUVW VHV ELULPOHU· RODUDN ELOLQLU YH IRQHWLN LQFHOHPH VUHFLQLQ ELU E|OP EX |]HOOLNOHULQNRQXԒPDROD\×Q×QNDODQN×VP×QGDQD\U×OPDV×G×U,3$SDUoDODU VW|JHOHULoLQD\U×ELUVLPJHOHUVHWLVXQDU%XVHW.DUW×QVDʢDOWN|ԒHVLQGH J|UOHELOLU

gUQHʢLQ JHQHOOLNOH ¶H]JL· GL\H WDELU HGLOHQ SHUGH GHʢLԒPHOHUL NHOLPHOHULQVDKLSROGXʢXDQODPDLODYHDQODPODU\NOHPHNLoLQWDPDPODQP×Ԓ DQODW×P]HULQGHHWNLOLRODELOLU%XEWQGLOOHULoLQJHoHUOLGLUIDNDWH]JL VLVWHPLQLQNDUPDԒ×NO×ʢ×GLOOHUDUDV×QGDIDUNO×O×NJ|VWHUHELOLU>ۆ@VLPJHVLELU H]JLNDO×E×DODQ×Q×QVRQXQXEHOLUWPHNLoLQYH>_@EXLԒDUHWGHGDKDNoNELU ELULPLQDODQ×Q×J|VWHUPHNLoLQNXOODQ×ODELOLU*HQHO\NVHOPH>৔@YHJHQHO DOoDOPD >৓@ VLPJHOHUL GH D\U× D\U× RODUDN H]JL\L J|VWHUPH\H \DUD\DELOLU )DNDWH]JLOHPHQLQWDPELUoHYLUL\D]×P×,3$.DUW×QGDYHULOPH\HQVLPJHOHUL JHUHNWLUHFHNWLU

6HV SHUGHVLQGHNL GHʢLԒPHOHULQ LoHUGLʢL GLʢHU DODQ LVH NHOLPH YH\D KHFHGLU YH EXQODU GD GDKD oRN SDUoDO× VHV ELULPOHULQ \DSW×ʢ× ԒHNLOGH NHOLPHOHULD\×UWHGLFLJ|UHY\DSDU3HUGHQLQEXLԒOHYLQHVDKLSRODQGLOOHUH WRQ GLOOHUL GHQLU YH EX GLOOHULQ GQ\D GLOOHULQLQ HNVHUL\HWLQL ROXԒWXUGXʢX

 1 SDUoDVDOPHUNH]VHJPHQWDOWDUJHW 2 SHUGHSLWFK  6HV\NVHNOLʢLORXGQHVV  DOJ×ODQDQ]DPDQSHUFHLYHGWLPLQJ  H]JLLQWRQDWLRQ  SHUGHGHʢLԒPHVLSLWFKYDULDQW ´,QWURGXFWLRQWRWKH,3$µ+DQGERRNRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO3KRQHWLF$VVRFLDWLRQ$*XLGHWRWKH8VHRIWKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO3KRQHWLF$OSKDEHW&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULGJHV%XoHYLULQLQELULQ FLN×VP×'HUJLQLQELU|QFHNLVD\×V×QGD\D\×PODQP×ԒW×U 3URI'U1HYԒHKLUhQLYHUVLWHVL1HYԒHKLU <DUG'Ro'U*D]LhQLYHUVLWHVL$QNDUD

(2)



GԒQOPHNWHGLU gUQHʢLQ 7D\ GLOLQGH >NKDڴޢ ބ@ DOoDODQ SHUGH SDUoDO× VHV ELULPOHUL L]OH\HQ VLPJHQLQ N|ԒHJHQ WDUDI×\OD J|VWHULOLU  LOH J|VWHULOLUVH ´KL]PHWoLµ\NVHOHQSHUGHLOHJ|VWHULOLUVH>NKDڴޒ ވ@´EDFDNµDQODP×QDJHOLU

,3$·Q×Q WRQODU× EHOLUWPHN LoLQ LNL DOWHUQDWLI VLPJH VHWL YDUG×U 7D\ GLOLQGH YH dLQFHQLQ ED]× ԒHNLOOHULQGH ROGXʢX JLEL OHNVLNDO NDUԒ×WO×NODU×Q KHUELUKHFH]HULQGHNLSHUGHKDUHNHWLQHEDʢO×ROGXʢXGLOOHUGHWRQKDUɹ GL\H DGODQG×U×ODQ KDUɻHU V×NO×NOD NXOODQ×O×U 7D\ GLOL |UQHʢLQGH ROGXʢX JLEL EX KDUɻHU |QGH EXOXQDQ KHFHQLQ WRQXQX RQGDQ |QFH I×UoD GDUEHVL ԒHNOLQGHRODQGLNH\ELULԒDUHWLOHJ|VWHULU'LNH\GDUEHLԒDUHWLQLQNRQXԒPD DUDO×ʢ×QGDNLRODV×EHԒSHUGH\NVHNOLʢLQLWHPVLOHWWLʢLYDUVD\×O×UYHoL]JLQLQ NRQXPXELU|QFHNLKHFHQLQVWQGHNLSHUGH\NVHNOLʢLQLYH YDUVD SHUGH KDUHNHWLQLJ|VWHULU7RQKDUɻHULV×NO×NODJHQHOWRQKDUHNHWOHULQLJ|VWHUPHN LoLQNXOODQ×O×UgUQHʢLQELUGLOGHVDGHFHELUWDQHDOoDODQWRQYDUVDYHRQXQ ELWWLʢL \HUOHUH GLNNDW oHNPHN LoLQ |QHPOL ELU VHEHS \RNVD HQ \NVHNWHQ HQ GԒN VHYL\H\H JHoWLʢL EHOLUWLOHELOLU %X \]GHQ ¶FDG×· NHOLPHVLQLQ |OoQO dLQFHGHNL NDUԒ×O×ʢ×Q×Q \D]× oHYLULPL >PDޢ ބ@ RODFDNW×U )DNDW dLQFH NRQXԒXUODU×QoRʢXEXKHFH\LWPSHUGHDUDO×ʢ×ER\XQFD\D\×ODQELUDOoDOPD RODUDN V|\OHPH\HFHNOHUGLU 7RQ KDUɻHULQL EHOLUOL DPDoODU GRʢUXOWXVXQGD GDKDD\U×QW×O×\D]×oHYLULPOHULQLJ|VWHUPHNLoLQGHNXOODQPDNPPNQGU %X \]GHQ 7D\ \NVHN WRQX >ߝ@ LԒDUHWL LOH J|VWHULOHELOLU IDNDW \NVHN WRQ KHFHOHULQGHNL WHPHO IUHNDQV |OoPOHUL EX WLS KHFHOHUGH DVO×QGD ELU \NVHOPHYHELUDOoDOPDROGXʢXQXJ|VWHUL\RU%XVHEHSOHWRQ>ޛ ޟކ@ԒHNOLQGH J|VWHULOHELOLU

7RQODU×Q oHYLUL \D]×P× LoLQ NXOODQ×ODQ GLʢHU ,3$ VLVWHPL WRQVDO NDUԒ×WO×NODU×QKHUELUKHFHGHNLSHUGH\NVHNOLʢLQHEDʢO×ROGXʢXGLOOHULoLQ V×NO×NODNXOODQ×OP×ԒW×U<NVHN>p@RUWD>Ș@DOoDN>q@WRQODU×QDGHQNJHOHQo GLDNULWLN D\×U×F×LԒDUHW YDUG×U GLDNULWLNEXUDGD>H@|UQHʢLQGHJ|VWHULOGLʢL JLEL WRQXQ DLW ROGXʢX SDUoDO× VHV ELULPLQ ]HULQH NRQXU  %|\OHFH .X]H\ $IULNDGLOL<RUXEDFDGDNLoWRQԒXLIDGHOHUGHNLJLELWUDQVNULEHHGLOHELOLU >yEi@¶REXOXԒWX·>yEþ@¶RVDNODQG×·>yEj@¶RWQHGL·%XWRQVLPJHOHULLNRQLN RODUDN \RUXPODQPDPDO×G×U \DQL H·QLQ VWQGHNL ¶LOHUL DNVDQ LԒDUHWL· >p@ \NVHOPH\L J|VWHUL\RU JLEL J|UQVH GH DVO×QGD ¶\NVHN· DQODP×QGDG×U <NVHOHQ ELU WRQX J|VWHUPHN LoLQ ELU ¶DOoDN· YH ELU ¶\NVHN·L ELUOHԒWLUPHN JHUHNLU'LʢHUND\PDWRQODU×QGDGDEHQ]HUELUGXUXPYDUG×U%X\]GHQ >H@ JLEL ELU KHFH \NVHOHQ ELU WRQGD ROXԒXUVD >Ȗ@ DOoDODQ WRQGD LVH >r@ ԒHNOLQGHGLU 'LʢHU WDUDIWDQ >Hߝ@ ¶\NVHN· DQODP×QGD  YH >Hޒ ވ@ ¶\NVHOHQ·

 WRQWRQH

 WRQKDUɻHULWRQHOHWWHUV  SHUGH\NVHNOLʢLSLWFKKLJKW  WRQVDONDUԒ×WO×NWRQDOFRQWUDVW 11 ND\PDWRQXFRQWRXUWRQH

(3)

 DQODP×QGD JLELWRQKDUɻHULGRʢUXGDQLNRQLNWLU

,3$ .DUW× WRQ KDUɹQL >ߝ@ GLʢHU VLPJH VHWLQGHNL HNVWUD \NVHN WRQ VLPJHVLRODQ> @LԒDUHWLQHHԒLWPLԒJLELJ|VWHULU&HWYHOLQGHYDP×QGDGDEXQXQ JLELGLU)DNDWEXVDGHFHWDEORQXQG]HQLQLVDGHOHԒWLUPHNLoLQ\DS×OP×ԒW×U͋NL VLPJHVHWLQLEXԒHNLOGHNDUԒ×ODԒW×UPDNPPNQGHʢLOGLUgOoQOdLQFHQLQ G|UW WRQX JHQHOOLNOH >PDߝ@ ´DQQHµ >PDޢ ބ@ ´D]DUODPDN >PDޡ ވ@ ´NHQHYLUµ >PDޏ ޅ@´DWµԒHNOLQGHVLPJHOHԒWLULOLU%XQODU×Q\D]×oHYLULPOHULGLʢHUVLVWHPGH \DS×OVD\G×>PiPkPD܏PDܐ@ԒHNOLQGHROXUGX

>঻@<XNDU×DG×PYH>@DԒDʢ×DG×PVLPJHOHULSHUGHGHV×UDGDQWRQ VLPJHOHUL LOH EHOLUWLOHQ \NVHOHQ YH DOoDODQ  GHʢLԒLPOHUL J|VWHUPHN LoLQ NXOODQ×O×UODU<XNDU×DG×P|UQHʢLQ+DXVDGLOLQGHNLDOoDNWRQOXGDQ|QFHNL \NVHN WRQOX KHFHOHULQ VRQ VHULOHULQLQ GLʢHUOHULQGHQ GDKD \NVHN SHUGHOL WHODʃX]HGLOPHVL\OHROXԒXU%XQHGHQOH+DXVDGLOLQGH¶͋QJLOL]FH·DQODP×QD JHOHQ>W~UiQWԙt@NHOLPHVLWHNEDԒ×QDV|\OHQGLʢLQGHD\Q×SHUGHGHQo\NVHN WRQD VDKLSWLU <LQH D\Q× GLOGHQ DO×QDQ YH ¶͋QJLOL]FHGLU· DQODP×QD JHOHQ >W~UiQ঻WԙtQq@LIDGHVLQGH\NVHNWRQXQDUWPDV×>঻@LԒDUHWL\OHJ|VWHULOHELOLU $ԒDʢ× DG×P *DQD GLOL RODQ $NDQFDGD J|UOHQ ¶\HQJHo· DQODP×QD JHOHQ >ƥۨNƥۛহWƥۛ@ NHOLPHVLQGH ROGXʢX JLEL DԒDʢ× GRʢUX V|\OHQHQ ELU \NVHN WRQGD ROXԒXU%XWRQGHYDP×QGDJHOHQELUNHOLPHGHNLEDԒODQJ×o\NVHNWRQXLOH D\Q×SHUGHGHROGXʢXLoLQEDUL]RODUDN\NVHNELUWRQGXU

+HFHOHULQYXUJXVXQXYH\DJ|UHFHOLGRUXʢXQXIDUNO×VHVX]XQOXNODU×Q× YH KHFH D\×U×PODU×Q× J|VWHUPHN LoLQ GH D\U×FD VLPJHOHU YHULOPLԒWLU +HFH GRUXʢXQXQ YH\D YXUJXQXQ DV×O GRʢDV× GLOGHQ GLOH IDUNO×O×N J|VWHULU )DNDW,3$KHFHGRUXʢXQXQHQID]ODoVHYL\HVLQLNDUԒ×ODUSDUDSV\FKRORJ\ >ۈS UȪVD́ۉNĴOȪGٕL@ ¶SDUDSVLNRORML· NHOLPHVLQGH HQ \NVHN VHYL\H G|UGQF KHFHGHLNLQFL\NVHNVHYL\HLVHLONKHFHGHJ|UOUGLʢHULԒDUHWOHQPHPLԒ KHFHOHU GDKD D] EHOLUJLQGLU %XQODU DUDV×QGD GDKD ID]OD D\U×P QO QLWHOLʢLQGHQ o×NDU×ODELOLU ͋QJLOL]FHGH >Ȫ@ VHVL RODQ KHFHOHU HQ D] EHOLUJLQ RODQODUG×U  (NVWUD JoO YXUJX YXUJX LԒDUHWLQLQ LNL NH] NXOODQ×OPDV×\OD EHOLUWLOHELOLUDPD]LQJ>ȪۉۉPH×]×І@¶ԒDԒ×UW×F×·3DUoDX]XQOXʢXN×VDGDQX]XQD GRʢUX>ȔHHڵHڴ@ԒHNOLQGHJ|VWHULOHELOLU)DNDWGDKDID]ODX]XQOXʢXQ>Hڴڴ@ ԒHNOLQGHROGXʢXJLELJ|VWHULOPHLPNkQ×GDYDUG×U)RQHWLNVHEHSOHUGHQGROD\× EHOLUWPHQLQID\GDO×ROGXʢXGXUXPODUGDYH\DKHFHD\U×P×Q×QIRQHWLNIDUNO×O×ʢ× EHOLUOHGLʢL\HUOHUGHKHFHE|OQPHOHULVLPJHOHԒWLULOHELOLU>QD́WӥݍH́W@QLWUDWH ¶QLWUDW·NHOLPHVLQHNDUԒ×>QD́WӥH́W@QLJKWUDWH¶JHFHOLNFUHW·|UQHʢLQGHNLJLEL 3DUoDODUVWVLPJHOHULQNXOODQ×P×E|OPGHGDKDD\U×QW×O×J|VWHULOPLԒWLU 12\XNDU×DG×PXSVWHS  DԒDʢ×DG×PGRZQVWHS  KHFHGRUXʢXV\OODEOHSURPLQHQFH

(4)



$\×U×F×LԒDUHWOHU 'LDNULWLNOHU

$\×U×F× LԒDUHWOHU QO \D GD QV] VLPJHOHUH HNOHQHUHN RQODU×Q DQODP×Q×IDUNO×ԒHNLOOHUGHGHʢLԒWLUHQYH\DGDKDGDEHOLUJLQOHԒWLUHELOHQNoN KDUIԒHNOLQGHVLPJHOHUYH\DEDԒNDLԒDUHWOHUGLU%LUVLPJHYHRQDEDʢO×RODQ D\×U×F× LԒDUHW WHN ELU NRPSOHNV  VLPJH RODUDN NDEXO HGLOLU 8OXVODUDUDV× )RQHWLN 'HUQHʢL WDUDI×QGDQ RQD\ODQDQ D\×U×F× LԒDUHWOHU VHWL .DUW×Q VRO DOW×QGDNLWDEORGDYHULOPLԒWLU

%D]× D\×U×F× LԒDUHWOHU VHVOHWLPLQ IDUNO× \|QOHUL\OH LOJLOLGLU (ʢHU KHUKDQJL ELU VLPJH WDUDI×QGDQ IDUNO× ELU ԒHNLOGH LPD HGLOPHPLԒVH |WPOOHԒPH GHʢHULQL WHUVLQH oHYLUHFHN LNL D\×U×F× LԒDUHW YDUG×U gUQHʢLQ NHQGLOHULLoLQEDԒNDVLPJHEXOXQPD\DQ|WPV]oRNYXUXԒOXODU WLWUHNOHU  \D GD JHQL]OLOHU >Uݍ@ >Ід@ YE ԒHNOLQGH J|VWHULOHELOLU $\×U×F× LԒDUHW RODUDN VLPJH\HHNOHQHQo×N×QW×ODURNXQDNO×O×ʢD]DUDUYHULUVHED]×D\×U×F×LԒDUHWOHU VLPJHOHULQ VWQH \HUOHԒWLULOHELOLU  gWPOOʢQ ROPDG×ʢ× QOOHU GH >Hݍ@ LԒDUHWLJLELJ|VWHULOHELOLU>܋@LԒDUHWLGH|WPV]QV]OHULVHPEROL]HHGHQ ELULԒDUHWLQDOW×QGD|WPOOʢJ|VWHUPHNLoLQQDGLUHQNXOODQ×O×U%XLԒDUHW ]DPDQ]DPDQGDNRPԒXELUSDUoDQ×QNLQHJ|UH|WPOONEDN×P×QGDQELU IDUNJ|VWHUHELOLU |WPOON¶EHQ]HԒPHVL· )UDQV×]FD>ԙDN܌ٕXԁ@FKDTXHMRXU ¶KHUJQ·NHOLPHVLQGHROGXʢXJLEL>N܌@YH>ʪ@·QLQIRQHWLNRODUDNHԒVHVOHUH DLWROXSROPDG×ʢ×WDUW×ԒPDO×ELUKXVXVWXU>V@YH>]ݍ@GHE|\OHGLU>N@YH>ʪ@ YH\D >V@ YH >]@ DUDV×QGDNL D\×U×P VHV WHOOHULQLQ WLWUHԒPHVLQGHQ EDʢ×PV×] UHWLPGHNL JHYԒHPH\H NDUԒ× JHULOPH JLEL ER\XWODU LoHUHELOLU 2 \]GHQ EX |WPOOHԒPH\L D\U× RODUDN \D]×\D G|NPHN |QHPOL ROPDNWDG×U )DNDW KHU KkONkUGD EHQ]HԒPH EHOLUWLOLUNHQ ELU NHOLPHQLQ V|]FNVHO ELoLPLQL NRUX\DELOPHN GDKD X\JXQ RODELOLU |UQHʢLQ )UDQV×]FD >ԙDN@ FKDTXH ¶KHU· NHOLPHVLQGH ROGXʢX JLEL  >ˇ@ D\×U×F× LԒDUHWL ͋QJ WLH >WˇD́@ ¶NUDYDW EDʢ· NHOLPHVLQGHROGXʢXJLELHQoRNELU|WPV]SDWOD\×F×LOHELUQODUDV×QGD QV]GHQVRQUDKDYDQ×QNDo×U×OPDV×Q×J|VWHUPHNLoLQNXOODQ×O×U%D]×GLOOHU WDUDI×QGDQNDUԒ×WO×NRODUDNNXOODQ×ODQYHK×U×OW×O×VHVYHVROXNOXVHVGL\H DGODQG×U×ODQLNLIDUNO×VHVOHWLPWLSLQOOHUGHYH\DQV]OHUGHJ|VWHULOHELOLU $\×U×F× LԒDUHWOHU WDEORVXQXQ LNLQFL VWXQXQXQ VW N×VP×QGDNL |UQHNOHUH EDN×Q×] 

$\×U×F×LԒDUHWWDEORVXQXQLONVWXQXQXQG|UWLODGRNX]XQFXVDW×UODU×QGD J|VWHULOHQ D\×U×F× LԒDUHWOHU GRNX]XQFX YH RQXQFX VDW×UODU×Q VDʢ×QGD J|VWHULOHQ ¶\NVHO WLO PLԒ· YH ¶DOoDO W×O P×Ԓ· D\×U×F× LԒDUHWOHUL\OH ELUOLNWH ELU QO VLPJH WDUDI×QGDQ J|VWHULOHQ GXGDN YH\D GLO SR]LV\RQXQX QLWHOHPHN LoLQNXOODQ×ODELOLU%|\OHFH>Xݐ@LԒDUHWLWHPHOVLPJHWDUDI×QGDQJ|VWHULOHQGHQ

K×U×OW×O× ERʢXN VHVFUHDN\YRLFH  VROXNOXVHVEUHDWK\YRLFH

(5)

 D\U×OPDP×ԒGDKDD]\XYDUODNLOHULELUGXGDNSR]LV\RQX\ODWHPHO>X@JLEL ELUQO\YH \XNDU×GDE|OPQGHJ|UOGʢJLEL >Hܿ ݡ@WHPHO>H@·\H QD]DUDQGDKDRUWDODQP×ԒYHDOoDOP×ԒELUQO\J|VWHULU>X@YH>շ@DUDV×QGDNL QOQLWHOLʢLRUWDQO\HJ|UHDUNDO×ODԒPD\×J|VWHUHQ>շە@ԒHNOLQGHYH\D HʢHU RUWD\DJ|UHDUND\DGDKD\DN×QVD DUNDQO\HJ|UH|QOOHԒPH\LJ|VWHUHQ>Xݞ@ YH\D>@ԒHNOLQGHVHPEROL]HHGLOHELOLU¶<DU×RUWDODQP×Ԓ·D\×U×F×LԒDUHWL\DU× RUWD>Ȫ@QOV\|QQGHIDUNO×ODԒP×ԒELUQLWHOLʢLJ|VWHULUEXQGDQGROD\×>Hܦ@ QOV>Hܿ ݡ@·\HYH>đܦ@QOVGH>đܿ ݣ@·\HHԒLWWLU

¶<NVHOPLԒ· YH ¶DOoDOP×Ԓ· D\×U×F× LԒDUHWOHUL ELU QV] VLPJHVLQH X\JXODQG×ʢ×QGD RQXQ UHWLOPH ELoLPL NDWHJRULVLQL GHʢLԒWLULU |\OH NL >Wݡ@ VLPJHVL ULJKW NHOLPHVLQLQ VRQXQGDNL VHVLQ ED]× ͋UODQGD ͋QJLOL]FHVL WHODʃX]ODU×QGDROGXʢXJLELWDPNDSDQPDQ×QJHUoHNOHԒPHGLʢLV×]×F×EHQ]HUL ELUVHVYHUHQGLԒHWLSDWOD\×F×V×JLELELUUHWLPLJ|VWHULU >V@·GHNLJLELGLOLQ ROXN ELoLPLQL DOP×Ԓ ԒHNOL ROPDGDQ  ¶gQOOHԒPLԒ· YH ¶DUNDO×ODԒP×Ԓ· D\×U×F× LԒDUHWOHULGH\D\J×QRODUDNQV]OHULQUHWLP\HULQLQLWHOHPHNLoLQNXOODQ×O×U %|\OHFH|UQHʢLQDUNDGDPDNE|OJHVLQLQ|QQGHNL|WPV]ELUV×]×F×>[ݞ@ LԒDUHWLLOHYH|]HOOLNOHGLԒHWLDUNDV×JHQL]VLQV]>Qە@LԒDUHWLLOHVHPEROL]H HGLOLU

¶5·VLOHԒPH· D\×U×F×  LԒDUHWL >ނ@  *H Q H O $PH U L N D Q F D G D N L > Iđ ނ @

IDU ¶X]DN· YH >IXނ@ IXU ¶NUN· NHOLPHOHULQGHNL QO JLEL |]HO LԒLWVHO HIHNWOL

ELU QO\ J|VWHULU ¶5·VLOHԒPH· D\×U×F× LԒDUHWL LOH >Ȫ@·QLQ NRPELQDV\RQX JHQHOOLNOH>Ȱ@ԒHNOLQGH\D]×O×UYHEDV×O×U ͋ԒLWVHOHIHNWHE\NELULKWLPDOOH \D GLO XFXQXQ \XNDU× YH JHUL N×YU×OPDV×\OD YH\D GLO J|YGHVLQLQ \XNDU× GLO XFXQXQ J|YGHVLQH GRʢUX JHUL oHNLOHUHN DUND GDPDʢ×Q |QQH GRʢUX ¶WRSDUODQPDV×·VRQXFXQGDGLOLQ|QQGHDʢ×]GDROXԒDQJHQLԒOHPH\OHELUOLNWH \XWDNWDNLGDUDOPD\RODoPDNWDG×U'LON|NED]×GLOOHUGHQOQLWHOLʢLQLQ GLʢHU EHOLUOH\LFLOHULQGHQ EDʢ×PV×] RODUDN \XWDN JHQLԒOLʢLQL D\DUODPD LԒOHYLQL\HULQHJHWLULUYHWDEORQXQVDʢDOW×QGDGLON|NQQLOHUOHPHVLQLYH JHUL oHNLOPHVLQL J|VWHUPHN LoLQ LNL D\×U×F× LԒDUHW YDUG×U ¶+HFHVHO· D\×U×F× LԒDUHWLKHFHoHNLUGHʢLUROR\QD\DQQV]OHULLԒDUHWOHPHNLoLQYH¶KHFHG×Ԓ×· D\×U×F×LԒDUHWLGHDO×Ԓ×OP×ԒKHFHNXUPDJ|UHYLQL\HULQHJHWLUPH\HQQOOHUL J|VWHUPHNLoLQNXOODQ×O×U

¶'LԒVL· D\×U×F× LԒDUHWL oQF VWXQGD  ¶GLԒ HWL· DOW×QGD EXOXQDQ QV] VLPJHOHULQLQ GLԒVL UHWLOGLʢLQL Do×NoD J|VWHUPHN LoLQ NXOODQ×O×U  E|OPGHGHGHʢLQLOGLʢL]HUHKHUQHNDGDUQV]WDEORVXQGD\DOQ×]ELU VLPJHEHOLUWLOPLԒROVDGD V×]×F×VDW×U×QGDNLOHUKDULo GLԒGLԒHWLGLԒHWL DUG×VHVOHU>QݽQQە@ԒHNOLQGHD\×UWHGLOHELOLU 6RQVLPJH¶DUNDO×ODԒP×Ԓ·D\×U×F× LԒDUHWLWDUDI×QGDQLԒDUHWOHQHQGLԒHWLDUG×ELUVHVLoLQGLU dRNHQGHURODQELU QV]WLSLQLVHPEROL]HHWPHNLoLQNXOODQ×ODQ¶GLOGXGDNV×·D\×U×F×LԒDUHWLVW

(6)



GXGDʢDGD\DO×GLOLQXFXYH\DNHQDUODU×WDUDI×QGDQUHWLOHQELUVHVLJ|VWHULU %XD\×U×F×LԒDUHWLOJLOLGLԒHWLQV]VLPJHVLQLELoLPOHQGLUPHNLoLQNXOODQ×O×U ¶'LOXFX·YH¶GLO\DQ×·D\×U×F×LԒDUHWOHULGLOLQHQ|QGHNLKDQJLN×VP×Q×Q UHWLP\DSW×ʢ×Q×EHOLUOHUXo GLOXFX YH\DNHQDU GLOLQ\DQODU× 

͋NLQFLO UHWLPOHU VHV \ROX ]HULQGH ELU QV]Q UHWLOGLʢL DQD UHWLP \HULQGHQ GDKD D] GDU RODQ GDUODԒPDODUG×U gQ GDPDNV×ODԒPD DUW GDPDNV×ODԒPD \XWDNV×ODԒPD LVLPOHUL GDUDOPDQ×Q ROGXʢX \HUL Do×N ELU ԒHNLOGHJ|VWHULU͋NLQFLOUHWLPELUDQODPGDNDSDOׁQO\H\DN×QELUUHWLPLQ ELU QV] ]HULQH QRUPDOGHQ ID]OD \NOHQPHVLGLU |Q GDPDNV×ODԒPD LoLQ >L@ \HULQH >W͝@ DUND GDPDNV×ODԒPD LoLQ >Ϧ@ \HULQH >Wׁ@  YH \XWDNV×ODԒPD LoLQ >đ@ \HULQH >Wٮ@  'XGDNV×ODԒPD WDP RODUDN GXGDNODUGDNL Do×OPDQ×Q D]DOW×OPDV× DQODP×QD JHOLU %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH GXGDNODU×Q LOHUL o×N×QW× \DSDUDN \XYDUODNODԒPDV×QDDUNDGDPDNWDGDUODԒPDQ×QHԒOLNHWPHVLRODUDN NXOODQ×OPDHʢLOLPLQGHGLU͋ԒWHEXVHEHSOHGXGDN\XYDUODNODԒPDV×Q×HWNLOH\HQ DUNDGDPDNV×ODԒPDLoLQHQX\JXQLԒDUHWVWVLPJHRODUDN\D]×ODQ>א@·GLU (ʢHU\LQHELUGXGDNGDUDOPDV×YDUDPDEXQXQ\DQ×QGDGXGDNWDELUo×N×QW× \DGDDUNDGDPDNGDUDOPDV×\RNVDVWVLPJH>փ@LԒDUHWL GLԒGXGDNV×DN×F× VLPJHVL  NXOODQ×O×U 6LPJHOHUGHQ VRQUD \HUOHԒWLULOHQ EX VW VLPJH D\×U×F× LԒDUHWOHUL ELU ROD\ODU GL]LVLQL J|VWHUL\RUPXԒ JLEL J|UQUOHU IDNDW EX LԒDUHWOHPHLNLQFLOUHWLPLQQV]OHEHUDEHUD\Q×DQGDJHUoHNOHԒWLʢLQLLIDGH HGHU%XSDWODPDGDQVRQUDV×]PDQ×QJHUoHNOHԒWLʢL\HUGHNXOODQ×ODQɻHPHOL D\×U×F× LԒDUHWL >Wˇ@·QGHQ IDUNO×G×U $UND GDPDNV×ODԒPD YH\D \XWDNV×ODԒPD ԒHNOLQGH HԒ ]DPDQO× RODUDN JHUoHNOHԒHQ LNLQFLO UHWLPL VHPEROL]H HGHQ YH V|]NRQXVXQV]VLPJHQLQ]HULQH\HUOHԒWLULOHQDOWHUQDWLIELUD\×U×F×LԒDUHW GDKDYDUG×UNLEXLԒDUHW>ܖ@ԒHNOLQGHGLUgQFHNLD\×U×F×LԒDUHWOHUEXQGDQ GDKDDo×NROXSEXLԒDUHWJHQHOOLNOHRNXQDNO×ʢD]DUDUYHULU͋VPLEHQ]HVHGH JHQL]OLOHԒPH \XNDU×GD EDKVHGLOGLʢL JLEL D\Q× DQODPGD ELU LNLQFLO UHWLP GHʢLOJHQL]ERԒOXʢXQGDRUWD\Do×NDQW×QODPDQ×QELUVHVHHNOHQPHVLGLU+HP QOOHU |UQHʢLQ>ȳܗ@ KHPGHQV]OHU |UQHʢLQ>ӥܗ@ JHQL]VLOHԒPLԒRODELOLU

6RQRODUDNoQFVWXQGDVDO×PO×O×N ¶JHQL]VDO×PO×·¶\DQDOVDO×PO×· YH ¶LԒLWLPVL] VDO×PO×·  LOH LOJLOL o D\×U×F× LԒDUHW YDUG×U ho GH ELU QO o×NDUPD\OD VRQODQPD\DQ GXUDNO× QV]OHUL J|VWHULU %XQXQ \HULQH KDYD NDo×Ԓ×\DEXUXQGDQ |UQHʢLQ͋QJEXWWRQ>EֺWϸQݙ@¶GʢPH· \DGDGLOLQ\DQ WDUDI×QGDQ |UQHʢLQ͋QJERWWOH>EĴWέκݙ@¶ԒLԒH· ROXUYH\DGDKDVRQUDNLELUVHVH NDGDUKDYDo×N×Ԓ×ROPD] |UQHʢLQ͋QJ>ӥ ʪݪE ʪ@UDJEDJ¶NDUPDԒDG|NQW·  $\×U×F×LԒDUHWOHULQNXOODQ×P×E|OPGHGDKDD\U×QW×O×Do×NODQP×ԒW×U GLOXFXDSLFDO GLO\DQ×ODPLQDO  %XLúDUHW.DUW¶WDD\ÕUÕFÕLúDUHWOHUGHQGH÷LOQV]OHUWDEORVXQGD\HUDODQµGLúGXGDNVÕDNÕFÕ¶QV]QJ|VWHUHQELU LúDUHWWLU dHYLUHQOHU VDO×PO×O×N VRQOXOXNNDo×UPD UHOHDVH

(7)

 'LʢHUVLPJHOHU

%X VLPJHOHU VXQXP NROD\O×ʢ× LoLQ .DUW·WD NHQGL E|OPOHULQGH YHULOPLԒWLU %X E|OP WHPHO QV] WDEORVXQD X\JXQ YH NROD\ ELU ԒHNLOGH \HUOHԒWLULOHPH\HQELUNDoQV]VLPJHVLQLLoHULUhQV]OHUWDEORVXQGDJ×UWODN NDSDNO×ODUYHGLԒHWL|QGDPDNV×ODUJLELED]×VHVOHULoLQUHWLP\HULQLJ|VWHUHQ ELUVWXQYHULOPHPLԒWLUoQNEXVHVOHUoRNHQGHUGLUYHWUOHULD]VD\×GDG×U >Z@ JLEL EDԒND GXUXPODUGD VHV WDEORGD J|VWHULOPH\H HOYHULԒOL ROPD\DQ HԒ ]DPDQO× LNL UHWLP \HULQH VDKLS ROXU (ʢHU LNL UHWLP \HUL RODQ EWQ QV]OHU LoLQ WDEORGD D\U× VWXQODU YHULOVH\GL WDEORQXQ N×ODYX] oL]JLOHUL \|QHWLOHPH]KkOHJHOLUGL(Ԓ]DPDQO×LNLUHWLP\HULRODQoRʢXQV]LNL VLPJHQLQEDʢODPDoL]JLVL\OH>۽@ELUOHԒWLULOPHVL\OH\D]×O×UgWPV]GXGDNV× DUNDGDPDNV×OSDWOD\×F×\×J|VWHUHQ>N۽S@JLEL

,3$IRQHWLNJ|VWHULPN×ODYX]X 6LPJHOHULQ|UQHNOHUOHL]DK×

.DUW·WDNL VLPJHOHULQ JHQHO GHʢHUOHUL DԒDʢ×GD OLVWHOHQPLԒWLU +HU GXUXPGDELUVLPJHELUIRQHWLNWDQ×PODPDQ×QVWHQRJUDɹNHԒGHʢHULYHELU GLOGHJ|UOHQ]×WODԒDQVHVOHULWHPVLOHWPHQLQELU\ROXVD\×O×U%|\OHFH>P@ ¶|WPOoLIWGXGDNJHQL]·QV]QHGHQNWLUYHD\Q×]DPDQGD͋QJLOL]FHYH GLʢHUGLOOHUGHJ|UOHQ]×WODԒDQJHQL]VHVOHULQGHQELULQLWHPVLOHWPHQLQELU \ROXGXU %LUVLPJHQLQLNLD\U×GLOGHNLVHVOHULQWHPVLOLLoLQX\JXQROGXʢXQXQ V|\OHQPHVL R VHVOHULQ LNL GLOGH GH |]GHԒ ROGXʢX DQODP×QD JHOPH]  %X \]GHQ͋QJLOL]FHSHD¶EH]HO\H·NHOLPHVLYHD\Q×]DPDQGD)UDQV×]FDSLV¶HQ N|W· NHOLPHVLQLQ oHYLUL \D]×P× LoLQ >S@ EHQ]HU ԒHNLOGH ͋QJLOL]FHGHNL EHH ¶DU×·YH)UDQV×]FDGDNLELV¶ELUGDKDWHNUDU·NHOLPHVLQLQoHYLUL\D]×P×LoLQ>E@ X\JXQRODUDNJ|VWHULOLUIDNDWEXELUELULQHNDUԒ×O×NJHOHQVHVOHULNLGLOGHD\Q× GHʢLOGLU (ʢHU EXQODU×Q DUDV×QGDNL IDUN× J|VWHUPHN JHUHNLUVH  E|OPGH |UQHNOHUOHDo×NODQG×ʢ×JLEL,3$·Q×QEXQXQLoLQo|]P\ROODU×YDUG×UIDNDW WDQ×PODPDQ×Q GDKD JHQHO ELU VHYL\HVLQGH VLPJHOHU VHVOHUL KHU D\U× GLOGH WHPVLOHWPHNLoLQNXOODQ×O×U

%WQGLOOHU WHODʃX]ODU×QGDGHʢLԒNHQOLNOHU VHUJLOHU %D]HQ DԒDʢ×GDNL JLELELU|UQHNELUGLOLQVDGHFHED]×GHʢLԒNHOHULQGHJHoHUOLROXUgUQHNRODUDN >ј@·QLQ͋QJLOL]FHWKLHI¶K×UV×]·NHOLPHVL\OH|UQHNOHQGLULOHUHNJ|VWHULPL´WKµ\L ELUGLԒGXGDNV×]×F×V×>I@RODUDNYH\DELUGLԒVLGXUDNO×>Wݽ@RODUDNWHODʃX]HGHQ GL\DOHNWOHU LoLQ JHoHUOL GHʢLOGLU %LU |UQHN |UQHʢL YHULOHQ VLPJHQLQ GLOLQ

21%XoHYLULGH.LWDE×QE|OPQH\HUYHULOPHPLԒWLU dHYLUHQOHU 22GLԒVLGXUDNO×GHQWDOVWRS

(8)



HQD]×QGDQELUYH\DGDKD\D\J×QRODUDNNRQXԒXODQGHʢLԒNHOHULLoLQX\JXQ ROGXʢXDQODP×QDJHOLU͋QJLOL]FH|UQHNOHUEDN×P×QGDQGHʢLԒNHQLQGDKDLOHUL GHUHFHGHEHOLUWLOPHGLʢL\HUOHUGHHQD]×QGDQ*HQHO$PHULNDQ͋QJLOL]FHVLQGH YH gOoQO *QH\ ͋QJLOL] ͋QJLOL]FHVLQGH |UQHNOHQGLUPHQLQ X\JXQ ROGXʢX NDEXOHGLOPHOLGLU ENE|OP 

6LPJHOHU .DUW·WD J|UOGʢ \HUOHUOH X\XPOX RODUDN .DUW·WDNL V×UDODU×QD J|UH  |UQHNOHQGLULOPLԒ YH VDW×UODUOD VWXQODU×Q EDԒO×NODU×QGD YHULOHQWHULPOHUNXOODQ×ODUDNWDUW×Ԓ×OP×ԒW×U͋QJLOL]FH ͋QJ YH)UDQV×]FD )U  |UQHNOHUNHVLQROGXNODU×QGDYHULOPLԒWLU8\JXQROGXʢX\HUOHUGH|UQHNOHPHGH NXOODQ×ODQ NHOLPHQLQ LPOD YHUVL\RQX LWDOLN \D]×OP×ԒW×U 'LʢHU GLOOHUGHNL NHOLPHOHULQ7UNoHDo×NODPDODU×DO×QW×LԒDUHWL\OHYHULOPLԒWLUgUQHNOHQGLUPH LoLQNXOODQ×ODQGLOOHULQKDQJLGLOOHUROGXNODU×OLVWHQLQVRQXQGDEXE|OPQ ELWLPLQGHEHOLUWLOPLԒWLU 3$7/$<,&,/$5 S ͋QJSHD>SL@¶EH]HO\H·)USLV>SL@¶HQ N|W· E ͋QJEHH>EL@¶DU×·)UELV>ELV@¶ELUGDKDWHNUDU· W ͋QJWHD>WL@¶oD\·)UWKp>WH@¶oD\· G ͋QJGHHS>GLS@¶GHULQ·)UGL[>GLV@ ¶RQ· Խ +LQWoH>ԽDO@¶DWPDHUWHOHPH· ǚ +LQWoH>ǚDO@¶GDOEUDQԒ·

F 0DFDUFDW\~N>FXڴN@¶WDYXN· ͧ 0DFDUFD J\~U >ͧXڴU@ ¶\RʢXUPDN RYPDN·

N ͋QJFDS¶NHS·>N S@)UTXDQG>Nđܗ@

¶QH]DPDQ·.HNoLFH>ND٧D@¶ELOHʢL· ʪ ͋QJJDS>ʪ S@¶ERԒOXNDUDO×N·)UJDQW>ʪđܗ@¶HOGLYHQ·

T .HNoLFH>TD@¶EL]LP· ʺ )DUVoD>ʺDU@¶PDʢDUD· ٧ +DYDLFH+DZDL·L>KDZDL٧L@¶ \HUDG× ·

KD·D>KD٧D@¶GDQV·

<XNDU×GD VRO VWXQGDNL SDWOD\×F×ODUD |WPV] VDʢGDNLOHUH |WPO GHQLUgWPOOʢQGHUHFHVL|QHPOL|OoGHGHʢLԒHELOLUgWPV]QV]OHU VDGHFH |WPV] GHʢLO D\Q× ]DPDQGD ɻHPHOL GH RODELOLU YH |WPO QV]OHU \D V|\OHQPH VUHOHUL ER\XQFD |WPO YH\D VDGHFH ELU E|OP VUHVLQFH |WPOOʢH VDKLS RODELOLU *HQHOOLNOH EHOOL ELU GLOGH >S@ YH >E@ JLEL VLPJHOHULQ oLIWLQLQ NXOODQ×P× R VHV oLIWL NDSVDP×QGD |WPOHQPHQLQ GHUHFHVLQGH ELU NDUԒ×WO×ʢ×Q ROGXʢXQX EHOLUWLU >J@ YH >ʪ@ KDUI ELoLPOHULQLQ KHULNLVLGH|WPODUNDGDPDNSDWOD\×F×V×Q×WHPVLOHWPHNLoLQNXOODQ×ODELOLU

0HWLQGH¶͋QJLOL]FH· dHYLUHQOHU SDWOD\×F×SORVLYH

(9)

 *(1͋=/͋/(5 P ͋QJPH>PL@¶EDQDEHQL·)UPLV>PL@¶NR\PDNɹLOLQLQV×IDWɹLOL· Ϥ ͋QJHPSKDVLV>ȳϤIȪV́V@¶|QHPYXUJX· Q ͋QJNQHH>QL@¶GL]·)UQLG>QL@¶\XYD· Ј 0DOD\DODPFD>NĎЈЈL@¶]LQFLUGHNLKDOND· Є )UDJQHDX>DЄR@¶NX]X·0DOD\DODPFD>NĎЄЄL@¶ND\QDP×ԒSLULQoYHVX· І ͋QJKDQJ>K І@¶DVPDN· Д ͋QXLWoH>VDDДДL@¶RQXQNHPLNOHUL· <XNDU×GDOLVWHOHQHQ>WGQ@VLPJHOHULQLQYHDԒDʢ×GDJ|VWHULOHFHNRODQ >UӫοτӥO@VLPJHOHULQLQKHSVLQLQKHPGLԒVLYH\DGLԒHWVL\DKXWGLԒHWLDUG× RODQVHVOHULWHPVLOHGHELOHFHʢLXQXWXOPDPDO×(ʢHUEXUHWLP\HUOHULQGHQ ELULQL|]HORODUDNWHPVLOHWPHNJHUHNLUVHEXQX\DSPDNLoLQ,3$·Q×QGDKD VRQUDDo×NODQDFDNRODQDUDoODU×YDUG×U d2.9858ԩ/8/$5 7͋75(./(5 Ƃ .HOHFH>PEƂXHQ@¶PH\YH· U ͋VSDQ\ROFDSHUUR>SHUR@¶N|SHN·)LQFHUDQWD>UđQWđ@¶VDKLO· Ӱ )UUDW>ӰD@¶G|QHNKDLQ· 1RW=D\×IELUWHOHIRQKDWW×QGDDQODԒ×O×UELUԒHNLOGHNRQXԒPD\D oDO×Ԓ×OG×ʢ×QGDROGXʢXJLELGXUXPODUKDULFLQGH͋QJLOL]FH)UDQV×]FD$OPDQFD YH͋VYHooHQLQoRʢXELoLPOHULQGHoRNYXUXԒOXODU\RNWXU 7(.9858ԩ/8/$5 ӫ ͋VSDQ\ROFDSHUR>SHӫR@¶IDNDW·$P͋QJDWRP>ۉ ӫȪP@¶DWRP· ӣ +DXVDFDVKDDUD>ԙjڴӣD@YH\D>ԙjڴӧD@¶VSUPH· %D]×+DXVDNRQXԒXUODU×>ӣ@ ED]×ODU×LVH>ӧ@GHUOHU  6,=,&,/$5 $ԒDʢ×GDVROVWXQGDNLV×]×F×ODU|WPV]VDʢGDNLOHULVH|WPOGU %XQODUGD|WPOOHԒPHQLQGHUHFHVLSDWOD\×F×ODUDQD]DUDQGDKDD] GHʢLԒHELOLU Ҹ (YHFHHID>pIi@¶RFLODODG×· ƒ (YHFHHܾƒȠ>ȳۨƒȳۨ@¶(YH· I ͋QJIHH>ɹ@¶FUHWEDKԒLԒ·)Uɹ[H

>ɹNV@¶ɹNVSD]DUO×NV×]· Y ͋QJYDW>Y W@¶I×o×YDULO·)UYLH>YL@¶KD\DW· ј ͋QJWKLHI>јLI@¶K×UV×]· ǧ ͋QJWKHH>ǧL@¶VDQDVHQLVHQ· V ͋QJVHH>VL@¶J|UPHN·)UVL>VL@

¶HʢHU· ] ͋QJ]HDO>]LO@¶D]LPJD\UHWKHYHV·)U]pUR>]HԁR@¶V×I×U· ԙ ͋QJVKH>ԙL@¶R ED\DQ ·)UFKLF

(10)

 ԓ gOoQOdLQFHVKD>ԓD@¶|OGUPHN· ؽ gOoQOdLQFHUiQJ>ؽDІ@¶\DUG×P HWPHN· o $OPDQFDLFK>Lo@¶EHQ· ͡ ͋QJ\HDVW>͡LVW@¶PD\DN|SN· NHOLPHVLQGH>M@·QLQYDU\DQW× [ $OPDQKRFK>KR[@¶\NVHN· ׀ <XQDQFD>ۉ׀đOđ@¶VW· ׳ ͋EUDQLFH>PD׳DU@¶VDWW×· ԁ )UUL]>ԁL@¶SLULQo· ˑ ͋EUDQLFH>ˑRU@¶GHOLN· ٬ ͋EUDQLFH>٬RU@¶FLOW· ͋EUDQLFHYH$UDSoDGDNL>ˑ@YH>٬@VHVOHULJHOHQHNVHORODUDNV×]×F×LVH GH|WPO>٬@VHVLJHQHOOLNOHDN×F×RODUDNGHʢHUOHQGLULOLU K ͋QJKH>KL@¶R ED\ · ˕ ͋QJDKHDG>Ȫ˕ȳG@¶LOHUL· >˕@V×UDGDQELU|WPOVHVWHQ]L\DGHVROXNOX|WPOELUVHVLWHPVLO HGHU <$1$/6,=,&,/$5 ο =XOXFDKODQ]D>οkQ]j@¶NXVPXN· :HOԒoHOODQ>οDQ@¶NLOLVH· τ =XOXFDGODOD>τiOj@¶R\XQ· $.,&,/$5 փ +LQWoH>QȪփĎܗ@¶GRNX]XQFX· ӥ ͋QJUHDG>ӥLG@¶RNXPDN· ӧ +DXVDFDVKDDUD>ԙjڴӣD@YH\D>ԙjڴӧD@¶VSUPH· M ͋QJ\HV>MȳV@¶HYHW· Ϩ 7UNoHDʢD>DϨD@¶DʢD·.RUHFH>ϨLVD@¶GRNWRU· <$1$/$.,&,/$5 O ͋QJOHDI>OLI@¶\DSUDN·)UOLW>OL@¶\DWDN· μ 7DPLOFH>YDμ@¶N×O×o·͋VYHooHSlUOD>S ڴμD@¶LQFL· ؒ ͋WDO\DQFDɹJOLR>ɹؒؒƥ@¶RʢXO·͋VSDQ\ROFDOOHJDU>ؒH׀Dӫ@¶YDUPDN· ω 0LG9DJKLGLOLDJODJOH>DωDωH@¶VHUVHPԒDԒN×Q· $.&͋ʽ(5/͋2/0$<$1h16h=/(5 ԩ$./$0$/,/$5 Ҫ +RRGLOL>N۽Ҫ{}@¶U\D· ۃ +RVDGLOLXNXFROD>XN~N۽ۃROD@¶LQFH|ʢWPHN· ڞ +RVDGLOLXNXTRED>XN~N۽ڞRŶD@¶WDԒN×UPDN· ۅ +RRGLOL>N۽ۅjm@¶NHPLN· ۄ +RVDGLOLXNX[KRED>XN~N۽ۄˇRŶD@¶VLODKODQPDN·

(11)

 g7h0/h3$7/$<,&,/$5 Ŷ 6LQWoH>ŶȪQL@¶WDUOD· Ǚ 6LQWoH>Ǚ́QX@¶IHVWLYDO· ͭ 6LQWoH>ͭȪWX@¶FDKLO· ʵ 6LQWoH>ʵȪQX@¶NXOS· ˄ 0DPFD>˄D@¶DWHԒ· *,57/$.'85$./,/$5 S· $PKDUDFD>S·DS·DV@¶SLVNRSRV DO×QW×NHOLPH · W· $PKDUDFD>W·̣O@¶NDYJD· N· $PKDUDFD>N·DODW@¶NHOLPHV|]· V· $PKDUDFD>V·DKD́@¶JQHԒ· h1/h/(5 hQOOHUNDUW×QGDNLVLPJHOHUQODODQ×QGDUHIHUDQVQRNWDV×VDʢODPD PDKL\HWLQGHNDEXOHGLOHELOLU%XVLPJHOHULOJLOLUHIHUDQVQRNWDODU×DODQ×QGD QO QLWHOLNOHULQL JHQHO RODUDN WHPVLO HWPHN LoLQ GH NXOODQ×ODELOLU hQO VLPJHOHULQLQ IDUNO× GLOOHUGHNL IDUNO× VHVOHUL QLVSHWHQ WHPVLO HGHELOHFHʢLQL EHOLUWPHN |]HOOLNOH |QHPOLGLU gUQHN RODUDN >L@ VLPJHVL ͋QJLOL]FH KHHG ¶GLNNDWHWPH|QHPVHPH·YH\D)UDQV×]FDOLW¶\DWDN·NHOLPHVLQGHNLQOLoLQ NXOODQ×ODELOLU 2\VDNL ͋QJLOL]FH QO )UDQV×]FD QO\H J|UH KDɹIoH LNL] QOVHOYHGDKDD]NDSDO×G×U

5HIHUDQVQRNWDV×RODUDNGXUXPODU×VHEHEL\OHED]ׁQOVLPJHOHULQLEHOOL GLOOHULoLQX\JXQELUԒHNLOGHWDVYLUHWPHN]RUGXUYHEX|]HOOLNOHRUWDPHUNH] QOOHU>ȱєȶȽ@LoLQJHoHUOLGLU>Ȫ@YH>Ď@VLPJHOHULRUWDPHUNH]GHNLYH GDKDDOWRUWDE|OJHOHUGHNLQOOHULWHPVLOHWPHNLoLQX\JXQGXU>D@VLPJHVL V×NoD Do×N RUWD QO LoLQ NXOODQ×O×U $o×N |Q \XYDUODN UHIHUDQV QLWHOLʢLQLQ >±@$YXVWXU\D$OPDQFDV×QGDEXOXQGXʢXUDSRUHGLOPLԒVHGHGLOOHUGHQDGLUHQ J|UOU

$ԒDʢ×GD VDʢ VWXQGDNL VLPJHOHU VRO VWXQGDNL GHQNOHULQH J|UH \XYDUODNGXGDNOׁQOOHULEHOLUWLU

L ͋QJ KHHG >KLG@ ¶GLNNDW HWPH

|QHPVHPH·)UOLW>OL@¶\DWDN· \ )UOX>O\@¶RNXPDN·$OPDQFD)‰H>I\VȪ@¶D\DN· ́ ͋QJKLG>ḰG@¶VDNO×· ؝ $OPDQFD)OVVH>ɻ؝VȪ@¶QHKLUOHU· H ͋VNRo ͋QJ KD\ >KH@ ¶RW· )U OHV >OH@

¶KDUɹWDULI· ¡ )USHX>S¡@¶D]·

(12)



  ͋QJKDG>K G@ Ҡ $YXVWXU\D$OPDQFDV×6HLO>VҠڴ@¶LS· D )USDWWH>SDW@¶SHQoH· Ĵ ͋QJLOL]͋QJERWKHU>EĴǧȪ@¶V×N×QW×· đ ͋QJIDWKHU>IđǧȪ ӥ @¶EDED· ƥ ͋QJLOL] ͋QJ FDXJKW >NƥW@ ¶FDWFK

ɹLOLQLQ JHoPLԒ ]DPDQ×· $OPDQFD

*RWW >ʪƥW@ ¶7DQU×· 9LHWQDPFD >Wƥ@

¶E\N· ֺ 9LHWQDPFD >ֺІ@ ¶L\LOLN OWXI· %X

VLPJH ED]HQ IDUNO× ELU QO LoLQ ͋QJLOL]FHGHNLRUWDQOLoLQNXOODQ×O×U

KXW>KĎW@¶NXOEH·

R )UORW>OR@¶SD\ODԒPDN·9LHWQDPFD >WR@¶oRUEDNkVHVL·

ֽ 9LHWQDPFD>Wֽ@¶LSHN· օ ͋QJERRN>EօN@¶NLWDS·

Ϧ 9LHWQDPFD>WϦ@¶G|UGQF· X ͋QJ VFKRRO >VNXκ@ ¶RNXO· )U ORXS >OX@¶NXUW·9LHWQDPFD>WX@¶LoPHN· ̣ .RUHFH>ʪݍ̣P@¶DOW×Q· շ 1RUYHooH EXWW >EշW@ ¶N|U E×oDN 

DQOD\×ԒV×]· '͋ʽ(56͋0*(/(5 ך ͋VNRo͋QJZKHWKHU>ךȳǧȪӥ@¶LSPHGLʢL· Z ͋QJZHDWKHU>ZȳǧȪ ӥ @¶KDYD·)URXL>ZL@¶HYHW· ˜ )UKXLW>˜LW@¶VHNL]· ˴ $YDUFD>PD˴@¶LWLEDU· ٯ $YDUFD>PDٯ@¶oLYL· ٫ $JXOFD>MD٫DU@¶PHUNH]OHU· ƣ /HKoH%DVLD>EDƣD@¶%DUEDU NoOWPH · Ӫ .LoDNDFD>LӪDD@¶JL\LQPHN· ˘ ͋VYHooHQLQED]×GL\DOHNWOHULVFKDO>˘DO@¶HԒDUS· 1RW%D]×NRQXԒXUODULoLQEX VHVWHELUD]>ԙ@VUWQPHVLYDUG×U <DU×NDSDQW×O×ODUYHoLIWUHWLPOLOHU N۽SW۽ԙYE͋QJFKLHI>W۽ԙLI@¶ԒHI·<RUXEDFDDSD>DN۽Si@¶NRO·7VYDQDFD

WVHWVH >W܉VpW܉Vp@ ¶WVHWVH VLQHʢL· 1RW %DʢODPD oL]JLVL ELUOHԒWLULOHQ VLPJHOHULQ

DOW×QDNRQDELOHFHʢLJLELVWQHGHNRQDELOLU 3$5d$/$5h67h6(6%͋5͋0/(5 *HQHORODUDNYXUJXQXQVDGHFHELUYH\DLNLVHYL\HVLLԒDUHWOHQLU ۉۉ (NVWUDNXYYHWOLYXUJX\XJ|VWHUPHNLoLQNXOODQ×O×U ۉ ͋QJSKRQHWLFV>IȪۉQȳẂNV@¶IRQHWLN· ۉ ͋QJSKRQHWLFLDQ>ۈIRօQȪۉẂԙȪQ@¶IRQHWLNoL· 8]XQOXNQOOHUYHYH\DQV]OHULoLQNDUԒ×WO×NRODELOLU ڴ )LQFHPDWWR>PđWڴƥ@¶KDO×·PDDWRQ>PđڴWƥQ@¶WRSUDNV×]·PDDWWR>PđڴWڴƥ@ ¶HOHNWULNVHOWRSUDNODPD·

(13)

  )LQFHPDWR>PđWƥ@¶×O×N·  1RW)LQFHQLQLPODV×QGDROGXʢXJLELX]XQOXNIRQHWLNWUDQVNULSVL\RQGD oLIWKDUILOHGHJ|VWHULOHELOLU)LQFHPDDWWR>PđđWWƥ@¶HOHNWULNVHOWRSUDNODPD· JLEL  (VWRQFDGDoWUOX]XQOXNYH\DQLFHOLNNDUԒ×WO×ʢ×YDUG×U ڴ (VWRQFDVDDGD>VDڴGD@¶DOPDN· ڵ (VWRQFDVDDGD>VDڵGD@¶J|QGHU HPLU ·  (VWRQFDVDGD>VDGD@¶\] VD\× ·

8]XQOXN ͋QJLOL]FHGH NDUԒ×WO×N ROXԒWXUPD] HQ D]×QGDQ QLWHOLN EDN×P×QGDQ X]XQOXʢD HԒOLN HGHQ ELU GHʢLԒLNOLN ROPDGDQ  IDNDW X]XQOXN D\×U×F× LԒDUHWOHULQLQ NXOODQ×P×\OD J|VWHULOHELOHQ DOW VHVELULPVHO IDUNO×O×NODU RODELOLU

ڴ ͋QJEHDG>ELڴG@¶ERQFXNDUSDF×N VLODKWD · ڵ ͋QJEHDW>ELڵW@¶YXUPDNG|YPHN\HQPHN·  ܁ ͋QJSROLFH>SȪ܁OLڵV@¶SROLV·

%H\D] ERԒOXNODU NHOLPH V×Q×UODU×Q× J|VWHUPHN LoLQ NXOODQ×ODELOLU +HFH GXUDNODU× JHUHNWLʢLQGH LԒDUHWOHQHELOLU 'LʢHU LNL V×Q×U VLPJHVL GDKD E\NEUQVHOELULPOHULQDODQ×Q×LԒDUHWOHPHNLoLQNXOODQ×O×U%LUV×Q×U×Q ROPDG×ʢ×Q×EDUL]ELUԒHNLOGHJ|VWHUPHNLoLQNXOODQ×ODQELUEDʢODPDVLPJHVL GHYDUG×U

 ͋QJ ODPE SUHSDUHG >ۉO PSӥȪۉSȳȪG@ ¶NX]X KD]×UODQG×KD]×UODQP×Ԓ NX]X·ODPSUHSDLUHG>ۉO PSӥȪۉSȳȪG@¶ODPEDWDPLUHGLOGLWDPLUHGLOHQODPED· _ ͋QJ-DFNSUHSDULQJWKHZD\ZHQWRQ>ۉGٕ N_SӥȪۉSȳȪӥ́ІǧȪۉZH́_ZȳQW ۉĴQۆ@

ۆ )U-DFTXHVSUpSDUDQWOHVROWRPED>ٕDN_SԁHSDԁđܗOȪVƥO_WƥܗEDۆ@ ܉ )USHWLWDPL>SȪWLW܉DPL@¶HUNHNDUNDGDԒ·

gQFHNL E|OPGH Do×NODQG×ʢ× JLEL WRQODU×Q \D]× oHYLULPL LoLQ LNL \RO YDUG×U .DUW EX LNL VLVWHPL DUDODU×QGD GRʢUXGDQ GHQNOLN YDUP×Ԓ JLEL J|VWHUPHNWHGLU %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH EXQODU JHQHOOLNOH IDUNO× ԒHNLOOHUGH NXOODQ×O×UODU

ۡ %DULEDFD>QȳۡQiQþNƥۨ@¶*HOHQEHQLP· ۛ <RUXEDFDREi>yEi@¶REXOXԒWX· ܮ <RUXEDFDRED>yEþ@¶RVDNODQG×·

(14)



ۨ <RUXEDFDREj>yEj@¶RWQHGL· ۬ 7ULNLFH>ȉ٧@¶DF×·

%X VLPJHOHULQ GHʢLԒLN ԒHNLOOHUGH ELUOHԒWLULOPHVL GH PPNQGU gUQHʢLQ>r@ELUOHԒWLULOPLԒVLPJHVL>H@QOVQGHNLDOoDODQWRQXWHPVLOHGHU %HQ]HUԒHNLOGH>Ȗ@\NVHOHQWRQX>H܏@\NVHNWHQ\NVHOHQYH>Hܐ@GHDOoDNWDQ \NVHOHQWRQXJ|VWHULU

.HQGLOHULQGHQ VRQUDNL WRQXQ ELU DG×P GDKD DԒDʢ× YH\D \XNDU× RODELOHFHʢLQL J|VWHUHQ LNL VLPJH YDUG×U $ԒDʢ×GD |UQHN RODUDN YHULOHQ GLOOHUGHQ͋JERGLOLQGHDԒDʢ×DG×PIRQRORMLNNDUԒ×WO×ʢDVDKLSWLUIDNDW+DXVD GLOLQGHNL\XNDU×DG×PVDGHFHWDKPLQHGLOHELOLUELUDOWVHVELULPLJ|VWHULU হ ͋JERFDճOюđQ\̟>օOƥۛiЄ́ۛ@¶EL]LPHYLPL]·

 +DXVDFD>W~UiQWԙLQq@¶R͋QJLOL]FHGLU·

'LʢHUVLPJHOHUVHWLQLQNXOODQ×P×DԒDʢ×GDJ|VWHULOPLԒWLU

d͋1&( g/dh1/h .$1721d͋1&(6͋

7$<&$

ߝ >PDߝ@¶DQQH·

>VށLNߝ@¶ELOPHN·

ߡ

ߥ

>VށLߥ@

¶GHQHPHN·

>VށLWߥ@¶Do×ʢDYXUPDN·

ߩ

>VށLߩ@ ¶PHVHOH· >VށLNߩ@

¶\HPHN·

߭

>VށL߭@¶]DPDQ·

ޢ ބ >PDޢ ބ@¶FDG×NDG×Q·

>QDڴޢ ބ@¶\]VLPD·

ޟ ކ

>VށLޟ ކ@¶ԒLLU·

ޏ ޅ

>VށLޏ ޅ@¶ԒHKLU·

ޒ ވ >PDޒ ވ@¶NHQHYLU·

>VށLޒ ވ@¶VHEHSROPDN· >QDڴޒ ވ@ ¶KDODDPFD

GD\×·

ޝ ޏޅ >PDޝ ޏޅ@¶DW·

>QDڴޝ ޏޅ@¶NDO×Q·

ޟ ކ

>QDڴޟ ކ@¶oHOWLNWDUODV×·

ޢ ބ

>QDڴޢ ބ@¶ WDNPDLVLP ·

*HQHO \NVHOPH YH JHQHO DOoDOPD VLPJHOHUL SHN oRN GLOGH H]JL\L LԒDUHWOHPHGHNXOODQPDNLoLQX\JXQGXU

৔ ͋QJ1R">৔QRօ@¶+D\×U"·

৓ ͋QJ1R>৓QRօ@¶+D\×U·+RZGLG\RXHYHUHVFDSH">৔KDօǴGMXȳYȪU ́৓VNH́S@¶ԩLPGL\HNDGDUQDV×ONDoW×Q"·

(15)

 $<,5,&,͋ԩ$5(7/(5 '͋$.5͋7͋./(5

$\×U×F×LԒDUHWOHUSHNoRNLODYHVHVWUQWHPVLOHWPHNLoLQVLPJHOHU ROXԒWXUPD\D LPNkQ VDʢODU $\×U×F× LԒDUHWOHU ͋QJLOL]FH GDKLO  ELUoRN GLOLQ WHPVLOLQGHVDGHFHD\U×QW×O×\D]×oHYLULPL\DSPDNLoLQJHUHNOLGLU

ݍ %LUPDQFD>Qݍi@¶EXUXQ·

gWPV]ON D\×U×F× LԒDUHWL NRQXԒPD ͋QJLOL]FHVLQLQ D\U×QW×O× \D]× oHYLULPLQGHROGXʢXJLEL|]HOELUGLOGHNLJHQHOOLNOH|WPOELUVHVLWHPVLO HGHQVLPJHGHED]×GXUXPODUGD|WPV]VHVLJ|VWHUPHNLoLQGHNXOODQ×O×U

3OHDVHVD\«>SOݍL]ݍVH@

܌ gWPOON D\×U×F× LԒDUHWL NRQXԒPD ͋QJLOL]FHVLQLQ D\U×QW×O× \D]× oHYLULPLQGHROGXʢXJLEL|WPV]VHVOHUGHKLVVHGLOHQ|WPOOʢJ|VWHUPHN LoLQNXOODQ×O×UEDFNRI>E N܌ȪY@

ˇ +LQWoH>NˇDQ@¶PDGHQ·

͋QJLOL]FHQLQ D\U×QW×O× \D]× oHYLULPLQGH SHD WHD NH\ >SˇL WˇL NˇL@ ¶EH]HO\H·¶oD\·¶DQDKWDU·

ݔ $VVDPFD>SƥݔW@¶J|PPHNGHIQHWPHN·

͋QJLOL]FHQLQED]×ELoLPOHULQGH gOoQO*QH\͋QJLOL]FHVLJLEL DԒ×U× \XYDUODN >ƥ@ VHVL EXOXQXU FDXJKW >NƥݔW@ ¶ FDWFK ɹLOLQLQ JHoPLԒ ]DPDQ× · |UQHʢLQGHNLJLEL ݐ ͋QJLOL]FHQLQELUoRNELoLPLQGH|UQHʢLQ.DOLIRUQL\D·GDD]\XYDUODN>օ@ VHVLEXOXQXUJRRG>ʪօݐG@¶L\L·|UQHʢLQGHNLJLEL ݞ ͋QJNH\>NݞL@¶DQDKWDU·NHOLPHVLQGHNL>Nݞ@ ە ͋QJWUHH>WەӥL@¶DʢDo·NHOLPHVLQGHNL>Wە@ ܿ ͋QJZHOO>ZȳܿOܖ@¶L\LԒH\·NHOLPHVLQGHNL>ȳܿ@ ܦ ͋QJ1RYHPEHU>QRܦYȳPEȪ ӥ @¶.DV×P·NHOLPHVLQGHNL>Rܦ@ ݙ ͋QJɹGGOH>ÍGOݙ@¶NHPDQGDODYHUH·NHOLPHVLQGHNL>Oݙ@ ۶ ͋VSDQ\ROFDSRHWD>SR۶ۉHWD@¶ԒDLU· ܾܾ +LQWoH>NօPܾDU@¶o|POHNoL· ܕ 0D]DWHNoHQGD·>QG ܕ ۛ@¶N×oNDOoD· ܩ 7DQJRDFD>WܩHWܩH@¶NHOHEHN· א ͋QJWZLQ>Wא́Q@¶LNL]·NHOLPHVLQGHNL>W@.DQWRQdLQFHVL>NאƥN@¶ VR\DG× · ͝ 5XVoD>PDW͝@¶DQQH· ׁ 5XVoD>ỌׁṾM@¶NHO· ٮ $UDSoD>VٮDG@¶ KDUIDG× ·

(16)



ܖ ͋QJKLOO>ḰOܖ@¶WHSH·NHOLPHVLQGHNL>κ@

ݣݣ *QH\ $IULND ͋QJLOL]FHVLQLQ ED]× ELoLPOHULQGH GU\ >GӥݣD́@ ¶NXUX· NHOLPHVLQGHNL>ӥ@

ݡ 'DQFDODGH>O ǧݡȪ@¶DPEDU·NHOLPHVLQGHNL>ǧݡ@ ݥݥ ͋JERFDyÉ܍>Rۛ ݥÉ܍ ݥ@¶\UHN·

ݦ ͋JERFDXۨ ݦÉ܍ ݦ>Xۨ ݦÉ܍ ݦ@¶EHFHULNVL]OLN·

ݽݽݽ ͋QJZLGWK>ŹWݽј@¶HQJHQLԒOLN·NHOLPHVLQGHNL>Wݽ@ ݿݿݿݿݿ (YHFHHGD>pGݿj@¶RDWDU· ށ (YHFHHGD>pGށj@¶RSLԒLULU· ܗܗ )UɹQ>Iȳܗ@¶VRQ· ϸ 5XVoD>GϸQR@¶GLS· έ 1DYDMRFD>Gέуу٧@¶oD\×UN|SHʢL· ݪ ͋QJDFW> NݪW@¶KDUHNHWURO·NHOLPHVLQGHNL>Nݪ@ gUQHNOHUGHNXOODQ×ODQGLOOHU

$ԒDʢ×GDNL OLVWHGH ELU GLOLQ DV×O NRQXԒXOGXʢX ONH R GLOLQ DG×QGDQ DQODԒ×OPDG×ʢ×WDNGLUGHYHULOPLԒWLU $JXOFD $JXO .DINDV.X]H\GRʢX.DINDV\D·GDNRQXԒXOXU $OPDQFD *HUPDQ +LQW$YUXSD $PKDUDFD $PKDULF $IUR$V\DWLN(WL\RS\D·GDNRQXԒXOXU $UDSoD $UDELF $IUR$V\DWLNoRʢX.X]H\$IULNDYH2UWD'RʢX ONHOHULQGHNRQXԒXOXU $VVDPFD $VVDPHVH +LQW$YUXSD+LQGLVWDQ·GDNRQXԒXOXU $YDUFD $YDU .DINDV.X]H\GRʢX.DINDV\D·GDNRQXԒXOXU %DULEDFD %DULED 1LMHU.RQJR1LMHU\D·GDNRQXԒXOXU %LUPDQFD %XUPHVH dLQ7LEHW0\DQPDU·GDNRQXԒXOXU dLQFH &KLQHVH  gOoQO dLQ7LEHW 'DQFD 'DQLVK +LQW$YUXSD (YHFH (ZH 1LMHU.RQJR*DQDYH7RJR·GDNRQXԒXOXU )DUVoD )DUVL +LQW$YUXSD͋UDQ·GDNRQXԒXOXU )LQFH )LQQLVK )LQ8JRU .DU×Ԓ×NO×NROPDLKWLPDOLQHNDUԒ×\D\J×QRODUDNELOLQHQOHUGDKLOEWQGLODGODU×Q×Q͋QJLOL]FHNDUԒ×O×NODU× SDUDQWH]LoLQGHYHULOPLԒWLU dHYLUHQOHU

(17)

 )UDQV×]FD )UHQFK +LQW$YUXSD *DOFH :HOVK +LQW$YUXSD +DXVDFD +DXVD $IUR$V\DWLN1LMHU\D·GDNRQXԒXOXU +DYDLFH +DZDLLDQ *QH\GRʢX$V\D3DVLɹN $XVWURQHVLDQ  +LQWoH +LQGL +LQW$YUXSD+LQGLVWDQ·GDNRQXԒXOXU +RRGLOL ;RR .KRLVDQ%RWVYDQD·GDNRQXԒXOXU +RVDGLOL ;KRVD 1LMHU.RQJR*QH\$IULND·GDNRQXԒXOXU ͋EUDQLFH +HEUHZ $IUR$V\DWLN͋VUDLO·GHNRQXԒXOXU ͋JERFD ,JER 1LMHU.RQJR1LMHU\D·GDNRQXԒXOXU ͋QJLOL]FH (QJOLVK +LQW$YUXSD ͋QXLWoH ,QXLW (VNLPR$OHXW ͋VSDQ\ROFD 6SDQLVK +LQW$YUXSD ͋VYHooH 6ZHGLVK +LQW$YUXSD ͋WDO\DQFD ,WDOLDQ +LQW$YUXSD .DQWRQdLQFHVL &DQWRQHVH dLQ7LEHWdLQ·GHNRQXԒXOXU .HNoLFH .HNoLFH 0D\DQ*XDWHPDOD·GDNRQXԒXOXU .HOHFH .HOH *QH\GRʢX$V\D3DVLɹN $XVWURQHVLDQ 3DSXD<HQL *LQH·GHNRQXԒXOXU .LoDNDFD .L&KDND 1LMHU.RQJR7DQ]DQ\D·GDNRQXԒXOXU .RUHFH .RUHDQ $OWD\ /HKoH 3ROLVK +LQW$YUXSD 0DFDUFD +XQJDULDQ )LQ8JRU 0DOD\DODPFD 0DOD\DODP 'UDYLGLDQ+LQGLVWDQ·GDNRQXԒXOXU 0DPFD 0DP 0D\DQ*XDWHPDOD 0D]DWHNoH 0D]DWHF 2WR0DQJXHDQ0HNVLND·GDNRQXԒXOXU 0LG9DJKLGLOL 0LG:DJKL 3DSXDQ3DSXD<HQL*LQH·GH NRQXԒXOXU 1DYDMRFD1DYDKRFD 1DYDMR 1D'HQH$%'·GHNRQXԒXOXU 1RUYHooH 1RUZHJLDQ +LQW$YUXSD 5XVoD 5XVVLDQ +LQW$YUXSD 6LQWoH 6LQGKL +LQW$YUXSD3DNLVWDQ·GDNRQXԒXOXU 7DPLOFH 7DPLO 'UDYLGLDQ+LQGLVWDQ·GDNRQXԒXOXU 7DQJRDFD 7DQJRD *QH\GRʢX$V\D3DVLɹN $XVWURQHVLDQ 

(18)

 9DQXDWX·GDNRQXԒXOXU 7D\FD7D\GLOL 7KDL 7D\.DGDL 7ULNLFH 7ULTXH 2WR0DQJXHDQ0HNVLND·GDNRQXԒXOXU 7VYDQDFD 7VZDQ 1LMHU.RQJR%RWVYDQD·GDNRQXԒXOXU 9L\HWQDPGLOL 9LHWQDPHVH $YXVWUR$V\DWLN <RUXEDFD <RUXED 1LMHU.RQJR1LMHU\D·GDNRQXԒXOXU <XQDQFD *UHHN +LQW$YUXSD =XOXFD =XOX 1LMHU.RQJR*QH\$IULND·GDNRQXԒXOXU

(19)

 8/86/$5$5$6,)21(7͋.$/)$%( ·WHUHYL]HHGLOPLԒWLU %XUDGD,3$.DUW×Q×QVDGHFHoHYLULQLQEXE|OPQGH\HUDODQ¶SDUoDODU VW· ¶GLʢHU VLPJHOHU· YH ¶D\×U×F× LԒDUHWOHU· LOH LOJLOL N×V×PODU× YHULOPLԒWLU .DUW×QWDPDP×ԒXDGUHVWHQLQGLULOHELOLUKWWSZZZODQJVFLXFODFXNLSD LSDFKDUWKWPO 3$5d$/$5h67h ۉ %LULQFLOYXUJX ۈ͋NLQFLOYXUJX   ۈIRօQۉẂԙȱQ ڴ 8]XQ ڵ <DU×X]XQ ܁ dRNN×VD _.oNJUXS ۆ%\N H]JL JUXEX  +HFHGXUDʢ×ӥL NW ܈ 8ODPD GXUDNV×] 721/$59(.(/͋0($.6$1/$5,

'h=(<

.$<0$

Hۡ

YH\D

ߝ)D]OD\NVHN

Ȗ

YH\D

ޒ ވ<NVHOHQ

pߡ<NVHN

rޢ ބ$OoDODQ

Șߥ2UWD

 ܏ޡ ވ<NVHNWHQ\NVHOHQ

qߩ$OoDN

Hܐޏ ޅ$OoDNWDQ\NVHOHQ

ȉ߭)D]ODDOoDN

Hܓޛ ޟކ<NVHOHQDOoDODQ

হ$ԒDʢ×

৔*HQHO\NVHOPH

঻<XNDU×

৓*HQHODOoDOPD

'øö(56ø0*(/(5 ך gWPV]GXGDNV×DUNDGDPDNV×OV×]×F× ƣق 'LԒHWVL|QGDPDNV×OV×]×F× Z gWPOGXGDNV×DUNDGDPDNV×ODN×F× Ӫ 'LԒHWVL\DQDOWHNYXUXԒOX oDUSPDO× ˜ gWPOGXGDNV×|QGDPDNV×ODN×F× ˘ HԒ]DPDQO×ԙYH[ ˴ gWPV]J×UWODNNDSDNO×V×]×F×

(20)



ٯ gWPOJ×UWODNNDSDNO×V×]×F×  <DU×NDSDQW×O×YHoLIWUHWLPOLOHU     JHUHNWLʢLQGHLNLVHPEROQ

٫ *×UWODNNDSDNO×SDWOD\×F×  EDʢODPDLԒDUHWL\OHELUOHԒWLULOPHVL\OH    J|VWHULOHELOLUN۽SW܉V

D"AKR"T"KLER Diakritikler bir sembole ç5k5nt5 olarak konabilir:

'(

gibi * Ötümsüz n* d* 3 Soluklu b3 a3 ; Di#si t; d;

> Ötümlü s> t> ? H$r$lt$l$ (boCuk) b? a? E Dil ucu tE dE

G Üflemeli tGdG K Dil-dudaks$ tK dK M Dil yanlar$ tM dM

O Daha yuvarlak RO S Dudaks$la#m$# tS dS T Genizsile#mi# V

W Daha az yuvarlak RW X Ön damaks$la#m$# tX dX Y Geniz sal$ml$ dY

Z Dil önlüle#mi# uZ \ Art damaks$la#m$# t\ d\ ^ Yanal sal$ml$ d^

` Dil arkal$la#m$# e` a Yutaks$la#m$# ta da b !#itimsiz sal$ml$ db

c Dil ortalanm$# ë e Art damaks$la#m$# veya Yutaks$la#m$# f

g Dil yar$ ortalanm$# eg h Dil yükselmi# eh (%h =ötümlü di# eti s$z$c$s$)

& Hecesel n& j Dil alçalm$# ej (lj=ötümlü çift dudak ak$c$s$)

m Hece d$#$ em n Dil köküne yak$n en

Referanslar

Benzer Belgeler

5- En yüksek fiyat teklif eden kimse işbu bendin (3) üç numaralı fıkrasında münderiç şeraiti ifadan nakil ederse depozito tarikiyle tediye etmiş olan meblağ her ne miktar

I 800 metrekare inşaat alanı üzerine toplam 6 I 63 metrekare olarak inşa edilen kültür merkezi tl ç katlı olacak ve içerisinde tiyatro salonu, toplantı salonu, sergi salonları

The phonemic transcriptions in dictionaries are based on the standard English accent known as ‘Received Pronunciation’(RP for short).. However, there are other regional

Pop müzik kültürünün gelişiminde önceleri hegemonik olan kültürel yapı ile öteki olan siyah kültürel yapı arasında, siyah kimliğin hâkim beyaz kültür

Geleceğe yönelik tutumum alt boyutlarından olumlu yönelim boyutu ile yumuşak başlılık duygusal dengesizlik, dışa dönüklük ve genel olarak kişilik arasında

Ona göre yenilenmek için şu adımlar atılmalıdır: Tüm okullarda eğitim programları ıslah edilmeli, merkezler kurmak suretiyle insan ve toplumbilimleri, Arap-

atlar, üzerinde durulmayaeak kadar yeterince tanınan sapık mezhepler gibi, kesinlikle bidCat olanlardır: İziifi bidCatlar, ancak bulunduğu şart- lar nisbetinde bidCat

- Birinci boltimde: Verimlilik kavram1, verimliligi art1rma yonternleri, verimliligi art1r~a teknigi olarak Hareket ettidtinlin tan1m1 ve kavram olarak ortaya