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Edired

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Aygen

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Gencer

and

Cevat

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::;;,,--Kanp!t r,'\ l<s1 1,r DLV€E P itrlDlA:

Central Asian Economies in Transition, Edited by E. Aygen Hig Gencer and Cevat Gemi

This book first published 2012

Cambridge Scholars Publishing

12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Copyright @ 2012 by E. Aygen Hig Gencer and Cevat Gemi and contributors

All rights for this book reserved. No part ofthis book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmifted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or

otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN ( 1 0) : I -4438-403 5 - 1, ISBN ( 1 3): 97 8- 1 -4438-403 5 -4

Coxrr,iqrs

Preface...

...x

E. Ayqen

Hiq

Gencer and Cevat

Gerni

Foreword

...

xii

Omer Onder

Art

Introduction

..'..'... 1

Major Political

and Economic Problems facing Eurasian Countries,

Milkerrem Hiq

Part

I:

Central Asian

Economies: Facts

and

Challenges

Problems of Post-Soviet Central Asian Countries... 8

Ttnar

Koichuev

The Kyrgyzstan Economy and Economic Relations between Turkey

and

Kyrgy2stan...

...'... 19

S. Rtdvan

Karluk

Performance

of

Central Asian

Economies

...---...--31

Fahri

Solak and Ercan Sartdo{an

Central Asian Economies after the 2008 Global Crisis...'... 53

Milsli.ime

Narin

and Akm MarSaP

Part

II:

Growth

and DeveloPment

Agricultural

Transformation and Food Security

in

Central Asia...'72

Kamilj on T.

Alvamov

Human Development Index in Central Asian Countries ...'...".. 90

Volkan Ongel,

ilyas

S;zen and Alkan Qelik

Foreign

Direct

Investments in Central Asian Economies... I 0

I

Fluuaru

DnvBt-oPMENT

INPex

rN

CeNrnal AsnN

CouNrzun's

Assr.

Pnor'.

VonaN

ONGEL,'

Assr.

Pnor'.

IlYas

SOzPNI

AND

Assr.

Pnor'.

Ar-reN

QnlIr'

Throughout

history,

economic

deveiopment

and gtowth

have

been

amongst

the

most

important

goals

of

all

governments. These

prioritized

targets have played an active

role

in

the decisions and on the preferences

of

governorJ

in

political

and

economic areas'

Until

the

1970s, income

growth

was considered

to

be

sufficient

for

a

country's

development. For

iruny

y"*t,

the concept ofrevenue growth, which was considered to be

of

equal

itanding

as economic development,

in

the

form

of

economics has now begun

to

change

for

various reasons. The expected economic growth rate

is

not achieved

in

various high-income level countries

or

low-income countries

with relativeiy high

development levels. Nowadays, economic development covers

life

expectancy

at birth,

literacy rate, reduction

of

gender discrimination, poverty reduction, equal

distribution

of

income, as

well

as economic develoPment.

After

the collapse

of

the Soviet

union,

the independent

central

Asian

countries, such as Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, uzbekistan,

Tajikistan,

and

Kyrgyzstan, assessed economic development and

growth

as

their

priority

pot;cy.

ltowever,

the countries that gained their freedom after the collapse

bf

the

Soviet Union,

which

already had

independent

economic

and

political

structures,

lack

comparable

conditions

in

terms

of

factofs of

production.

While

some countries-(in particular Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan,

ind

Uzbekistan) are

rich in

natural sources

like

gas, oi1, and

gold;

others

like

Kyrgyzstan and Taiikistan do not benefit

from

these naturai resolllces

as much. For this reascn, human capital has a great influence

for

achieving economic gro\\'th and development in the countries of the region

Tlr:

purpc,se

of

rhis

study

is to

elalua:e

:l-e

rtatus

o[

[ruinan

dei,elopii.rent

index

dara

in

Zala,

and

tire

change

of

post-independence

Volkan Ongei, ilyas Sozen and Alkan _eelik

period year

by

year, through

a periodic

comparison _{betrveen the rate}

_of

change

in

the Gross Domestic Product per capita

(GDp-GDp)

_{and rhe rate}

of

change

in

Human Development

Index (HDI-HDI).

_The

_{analysis data}

concerning

5

Centrai

Asian

countries covers

the

years

_1gg0-20i0.

_This

study

is

based on retrospective and

illustrative library

work.

In

conclusion

it

is

shown

that

a

high

rate

of

GDP

increases

in

central

Asian

countries

was

not

reflected

in

the

human development

_{index during the}

_2o-year

oeriod.

Human Development

_Index

Development has been

identified equally

as economic

_{growth over}

a

long period

in

economic literature.

For

this

reason,

the

best

measure

indicating

economic performance,

that

also allows

for

cross-country

comparison (such as between the

rich

and the poor, _{the developed and the} developing), and

similar

classification

with

respect ro national

lncome

per capita (GDP per capita), seems

to

be the human development index, as

in

the

digital

display

(Jahan,

2004). However,

in

some countries reflectinq

high leveis

of

economic deveiopment,

political

_{instability, risin!}

unemployment rates, and inequalities

in

the

distribution

of

income, have

all

begun

to

pose problems.

_In

a

variety

of

high-income countries,

hish

crime rates and

environmental issues

have

contributed

_to

_sienificit

problems. Some _{middle-income countries were better}

_in

_terms

_oi

_ho-un

welfare, so

these

points, while

creating

a powerful

basis

for

criticism

regarding economic growth,

did

not reduce poverty

or

find

solutions

for

a

variety

of

social problems (Gtirses, 20O9).

Human

development

index

(HDI-HDI)

was

first

published

_bv

_the

united

Nations

Development

Program

(uNDp)

Human

Development

Report

Office

in

1990. This index,

which

is published each year,

.;;;;i*

a brief

description

of

people's well-being,

with

no relation

to

national

income

(Kaya,

2008). Reactions related

to

the economic _{development at}

this

time

were

intense.

The

first

report

was prepared

by

a

team

led

by

Pakistani economisr

Mahbub

ul

Haq

(Giirses,

2009).

This

index, whicii

measures

levels

of

well-being

of

individuats

_living

_in

_the

_countries

included,

refers

to

the

concept

of

human development.

_HDI

indicators related to the basic approach, reflect the

quality

of human

iife

in relation to

their development, which would not be indicated

with

economic indicators

only.

A

minimum

income level is not sufflcient

for

an

individual

to have a

healthy and

long

life

and meet the

public

sphere

in

the _{country they live.}

Revenue,

at

this

point,

is

necessary

_{bui not}

_sufficient

_fo.

_hu-un

development.

It

is

important

for

an

individual

to

be

healthy and

92

Human Development Index in Central Asian Countries

informed,

as

well

as

to

have

income.

At

this

point the

most

important

criterion

is

the

capacity

of

national wealth

to

create

development

opportunities

for

individuals

(Karabulut,

et

al.

2009).

In

other

words,

manufacturing

of

economic output depends on

reunification of

production

factors

(physical capital, human

capital,

labour,

natural

sources, etc.).

Increase

in

human

capital

of

individuals

can

provide

a

significant contribution to economic development. The appropriate environment must be given

to

people

working

for

use

of

human capital. There

is

a waste

of

human capital unless the

country's

GDP growth per capita increases and

uses

the

revenue

parallel

to

the

human

capital

(Karataq

_and

_Qankaya,

2O1O).

Human development index is gen'erated using three sub-indices. These are the welfare, education, and health standards.

Different

distributions

of

these three criteria that contribute

to

the objectives

of

social development

in

general are obtained as

follows

(Demir, 2006).

r

Welfare

Standard: Resources

to

lead a

life

that corresponds

to

being satisfactory. The purchasing power

of

GDP per capita is obtained as a

result

of

the calculation

of

parity.

According

to

the standard index

of

prosperity, an increase

of

USD

1,000

in

the

GDP per

capita affects

0.87o

in

1998, 0.67o in 2000, 0.47o in 2005 and 0.3Vo

in

2009.

o

Education

Standard: Measurement

is

done

using

two

dimensional variables

for

education standards. These are literacy rate among adults and the average duration

of

education.

In

the sub-index

of

education standard, an increase

in

the adult literacy rate

of

77o has an impact on

HDI of

0.27o.Increase

in

the schooling rate

of

17o has an

impact

on

HDI

of 0.17o.

.

Heaith Standard:

According to

this sub-index, a long

life

is described

as the health standard and measured

by

life

expectancy at

birth.

A

1-year increase

in life

expectancy has an effect of 0.6Vo on

HDI.

Education and

health

standards mentioned above

are significant

in

terms

of

the quality

_of

iife.

These elements

improve

the quaiity

of

an

individual's

life

and can provide access

to

other wealth. Weifare standard

has been added

to

the

index

in

relation

..to

the human

success rate,

depending

on

income

levei

(Grirses.

2009). According

to

the

human

development

index

in

2010, rvhich includes 169

countries,

Norway

occupies

the first

position

as

having

the

highest

level

of

hurnan

delelopment rate.

u'irh a

value

of

0.938.

Barbados

is

at 42nd

posirion.

with

a value

of

0.788. The high

level

oi

iruman developmenr

indi\

.c,\.et-s

the

countries betu'Een

lhe

B ahamas

at 43rd,

with a

vaiue

of

0.784.

and

Ton-ea

at

85tii.

u'itir

a

value

of

A.677.

Tire

average

level

of

hun.ran

Vokar

On-eel. ilyas Sdzen and Aikan _Qelik

of 0.669, and the Democratlc Republic

of

Sao Tome and

Prircipe

at

l17th.

with

a value

cf

0.488. The iorv

level

of

human development index co.i e s

42

couniries

betrveen

Kenya

at

128th,

with

a

value

of

0.470.

and

Zimbabwe, ranked iast, r,vith a value

of

0.140 _GINDP,2010).

The literature

review

has

mainly

lbcused on the caiculation

criteria

of

HDI,

u,ith

a number

of

additions and

criticisms

that stand out concerning

the changes

occuiring

in

the index since 1990. Although there are various studies conducted on the basis of regions and countries, no studies seem to cover the Central Asian countries

in

their entirety. The oniy study fbcusing

especially

on the region

is

the article called

"During

the

Period

of

after

Cold War Human Development Performance of Transition Economies" by

Mrhcr (Mrhcr 2011). According

to Mthct

(2011), who

has taken

ail

the

countries

of

Commonwealth

of

Independent

States,

the

development

performance

of

developing countdes

is

encouraging

in

relation

to

their

income levels, although their

HDI

levels are relatively low.

HDI

of Central Asian Countries by

2010

In

the region

of

Central Asia,

HDI

values

of

Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan in 2010 are shown in Table 1.

As

seen

in

Table 1,

Kazakhstan

is

the

country

with

the highest

HDI

value among these

five

Middle

Asian countries. The index vaiue

of

0.714

in

2017 Human

Development

Index puts

Kazakhstan

in

66th

position

among 169

countries.

Accordingly,

Kazakhstan appears

to

be the

only

country

with high

HDI

within

the region. According

to

HDI

2010,

four

Central

Asian

countries

have

an

average

level

of

human development.

Among these

four

countries, Turkmenistan

is

87th,

with

an index value

of

0.669; Uzbekistan

is

102nd,

with

an

HDI

value

of

0.617;

Kyrgyzstan is

109th,

with

an

index

value

of

0.598;

and

Tajikistan

is

112th,

with

the

lowest

HDI

value among the countries

in

the region: 0.580. Considering the differences among the countries

in

terms

of

the

level

of

development

of

HDI

values, the difference between Kazakhstan

with

the value

of

0.714 and

Tajikistan

with

the value

of

0.580,

is

0.134. The difference

is

almost

equal

to

Zimbabwe's total

HDI

value

in

2011.

Evaluating

these two countries considering the data

from

the

sub-indices

that

form

the

human development index, the

life

expectancy at

birth is

67.3 years

in

Tajikistan and

65.4

years

in

Kazakhstan.

The

O.5-year average

index

difference

in

schooling rates between these

two

countries

is mainly

due

to

the value

of

GDP per capita.

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Volkan Ongel, ilyas Sozen and Alkan _Qelik

When the sub-indices

of

1ii'e expectancy at

birth

for

these

5

couniries

are

examined,

Turkmenistan has

the

lo\,vest

rate

with

65.3

years.

anc

Kyrgyzstan

has

the

highest

rate

with

68.4

years.

In

terms

of

school

attendance

average.

Kyrgyzstan

is

ranked

last

with 9.3

years,

anc Kazakhstan is ranked

first with

10.3 years. Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan,

the

countries

which

have

the

highest

l{DI

value

_in

the region,

have

-

significantly higher GDP values than other countries,

with

USD10,234 and

USD7,052

per

person

respectively. Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan,

and

Tajikistan,

in Table

1, have the GDP values

of

USD3,085, LISD2,291, and USD2,020 per capita respectiveiy.

The conspicuous elernent

fbr

the countries

in

the region is that the

HDI

rankings

of

all

the

countries

in

the world

are

lower

than

the

GDP

per

capita rankings.

In

GDP per capita

in

the world

minus

HDI

section,

Kazakhstan

moves

up

6

piaces, Turkmenistan

1,

Uzbekistan

and

Kyrgyzstan 17

,

and Tajikistan 22. The key factor here suggests that either

the

revenue

was

not

spent

on

human

development,

or

the growth

of

national economies was provided

by

the

export

of

natural sources rather

than by human capital.

Table 2r Adjusted Human

Development

Index

to

Equity

of

Centra!

Asian

Countries,2010

95

Human Development Index (HDD

IIDI

Adjusted to Equity

Country VaIue Value in 2010 Loss Rate Vo Change in 2010 Kazakhstan 0.714 0.617 13.6 3 Turkmenistan 0.669 0.493

-t2

Uzbeki stan 0.617 0.521 15.7 lt Kyrgyzstan 0.598 0.508 15.1 15 Taiikistan 0.580 0.469 19.1 6 Life Expectancy at

Birth

Adjusted to Equity Education Index Adjusted to Equity Income Index Adjusted to Equitv Value in 2010 Loss Rate Vo Value in 2010 Loss Rate Vo Value in 2010 Loss Rate Vo Kazakhstan 0.59s r7.2 0.753 5.3 0.525 17.6 Turkmenistan 0.520 27.5 0.647 10.2 0.355 38.7 Uzbekistan 0.565 25.9 0.672 t.4 0.372 17.9 Kyrgyzstan 0.601 21.6 0.6i 1 1 1.1 0.357 12.2 Taiikistan 0.517 31.0 0.608 9.4 0.328 15.3

96

Human Development Index in Central Asian Countries

The

adjusted Human Development

Index to

equity

of

Central Asian

countries

is

shown

in

Table 2. The

HDI

values adjusted

to

equity can be

defined

as

an

index

that

incorporates

and

adapts

female-male

discrimination

into

the

Human

Development

Index.

In

this

case,

Turkmenistan, which ranks at 87, dropped 12 positions after losing values

of

HDI,

and ranked at 99 in the world.

In

other countries,

HDI

values other than income show

affirmative

action applying to women. According to the

HDI

adjusted

to

equity,

Kazakhstan goes

up

3

places,

Uzbekistan

17,

Kyrgyzstan 15, and Tajikistan 6.

Human Development Indices

in

Central Asian Countries

in

1990-2010

and

Changes

in

Gross Domestic

Product

per Capita

20

years after

the

independence

of

Central

Asian

countries, changes

have taken place

in

economic,

political,

and sociai areas. The changes

in

the

human development

indices

of

Central

Asian

countries between the years 1990-2010 are shown

in

Table 3.

Tabte

3:

Changes

in

The

Central Asian

Countries'

Itruman

Development

Index,

1990-2010

. Country Values of l{uman Development Index

1990 1995 2000 2005

24fi

Kazakhstan 0.650 0.620 0.750 0.696 0.714

Turkmenistan No Data No Data No Data 4.642 0.669

Uzbekistan No Data No Data 0.727 0.588 0.617

Kyrgyzstan 4.577 0.515 0.550 0.572 0.598

Taiikistan o.592 0.501 0.493 0.550 0.580

lhanges in Total by Years 2005-1$ Change in FIDI Ranking 199S-2000 2000-2SS5 2005-2010 2000-2Al0 Kazakhstan 0.100 -0.054 0.018 -0.036 -1 Turkmenistan 0.027 0 Uzbekistan -0.139 0.029 -0.110 l Kyrgyzstan -4.427 4.422 0.026 0.048 0 Taiikistan -0.099 0.057 0.030 0.087 0

jL

Volkan Ongel" llyas Sdzen and Alkan _Qelik 91

lYith

respect

to

the Humar

Development

lndices

of

Central

Asian

countries given

in

Table 3 bet.,veen the years 1990-2010, irregular changes

are observed

in

all

countries. The most significant data

in

the tabie show rhat

all

countries

exhibit

positive changes

in

IIDI

between 2005 and

20i0.

However,

in

terms

of

the

HDI

values

of

the

countries

mentioned,

f(azakhstan

and

Uzbekistan

t'ell

1

position,

while

Turkmenistan,

Kyrgyzstan,

and Tajikistan

remained

the

same

in

the

rankings between

2005

and 2010. Based

on

these data, the developments

in

Centrai Asian

countries do not

differ from

those

in

other countries of the

world;

not even

in

the period

of

a

regular

increase

in

the

HDI

in

all

Central

Asian

countries.

Table zl:

Gross Domestic

Product

of

Central Asian

Countries

by

Years,2000-2010 (USD)

Source: Asian Development Bank, Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 201

i,

p.162.

* _{Uzbekistan and Tajikistan's GDP per capita data have been updated by 2009.}

**Based _{on data on the address}

www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geosltx.htrnl (Date of Access: 05.09.201 1).

Gross Domestic Product

_0..

.rprru

data

for

Central Asian countries

in

2000,2005,

and 2010 are shown

in

Table

4

above.

Accordingly,

between

the years 2000-2010, income

in

Kazakhstan increased

from

USD4792 to

U5DI2,236,

an increase

of

155.347o. The income increased

in

Tajikistan

by

107.657o,

in

Uzbekistan

by

98.69Vo,

and

in

Kyrgyzstan

by

67.867o.

Therefore, the countries seem

to

be experiencing significant increases

in

revenues per capita

in

the lO-year period. The countries have experienced

significant revenue changes

in

the 5-year period between the years

2005-2010

as

well.

GDP per

capita has increased

by

40.587o

in

Kazakhstan,

50.447o

in

Uzbekistan, 28.93

in

Kyrgyzstan,

and 30.227o

in

Tajikistan

in

this

5

year period.

In

order to observe the changes between the HDtr and

GDP per capita

in

Central Asian countries, the data shown

in

Table 3 and Table 4 can be evaluated together. According to this;

Country

Year Changes by Y ears Vo

2000 2005 2010 2000-2005 2005-2010 2000-2010 Kazakhstan 4,'192 8,704 12,236 81.64 40.58 155.34 Turkmenistan NA NA 7,500x * Uzbekistan* 1 4!'7 1,911

)

R't

\

_{32.07 50.44 98.69} Ktrgyzstan 1,338 1'74)

)

)16 30.19 28.93 67.86 Tajikistan* 886 1 417 1,840 59.48 JV.tZ 107.67

98 Human Development Index in Central Asian Countries

The

HDI

vaiue

in

Kazakhstan

in

2000 was 0.750 and

it

decreased to 0.714

in

2010. The exchange

in

the index is approximately rninus 57o.

However, the revenue per capita

in

the country increased

by

155.34Vo

between the years 2000-2010.

The

HDI

value

in

Uzbekistan

in

2000 was 0.72'7 and

it

is calculated as

0.617

by

2010.

This

shows

that the

index value

has decreased by

approximately

137o.

For the

same

period,

income

per capita

in

the

country

increased

from

USD1447

to

USD2875.

This

indicates

an

increase

of

98.69Vo

for

the income.

An

increase

from

0.550

to

0.598,

which is

approximately

87o, was

seen

in

Kyrgyzstan's

HDI

valqe

between

the

years

2000-2010.

However, income

growth

between 2000-2010

was

calculated

as

67.867o.

In

Tajikistan, which

has the lowest income per capita and

HDI

value

in

the region, the

HDI

value

of

0.493

in

2000 had risen

to

0.580 by 2010.

This

change

of

approximately 22%

is

the highest rate seen

in

the region

for

this period. Between the years

in

question, the national

income

per

capita

of

Tajikistan has

increased

from

USD886

to

USD1840,

a

change

of

107.677o.

This

is

the highest rate

of

change after Kazakhstan.

Conclusion

After

the

disintegration

of

the

Soviet Union,

economic development

was one

of

the

priority policy

preference

for

the Central

Asian

countries

Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan,

Uzbekistan,

and Tajikistan,

with

dissimilar

natural

resource

potentials.

In

those countries

that

do

not have

equal

conditions in terms of factors of production,

it

mainly appears that national

income

is

dependent

on

natural

resources

and

agricultural

export.

However, the developnient

of

a country being based

only

on GDP growth

per capita, could theoretically amount

to

a waste

of

human capital, unless the increase in iruman capital parallels that

in

income. This seems to be the case

in

Central

Asian

countries such

that

gowth

of

annuity

economy

contributes irnportantly

to

a

country's

development rate, aithough

it

does

not contribute to the

country's

hurnanitarian development

in

the countries of this legion.

Tt

is

cerla'n

th.i

..r.tir

Kazakhstan among the

countrie.

in

L\e

resicn

t'as

at tire i-rigli

hu;ran

cievelopment index

levei, q,ith

a value 0.71-4. as a

result

of

revision

cf

the human developmeni ir.rdex

in

2010. Kazalliscan.

rr hich r*nks :lt 66 .-r-ro

ig

169 countries. is

loilowed

b5 Tu;'k,:re n istarr rvitlr

Voikan Onge!, iiyas Sdzen and Alkan _Qelik

human development index shotvs that these

two

countries ha're shorter

iife

expectancy

ai

birth,

Kazakhstan

and

Turkmenistan's

high

HDI

values

based on

high-income

are due

to

the export

of

products such as

oii

and

gas.

Uzbekistan ranks at 102

with

a value

of0.617,

Kyrgyzsian ranks at 109

with

a value

of

0.598, and

Tajikistan

ranks

at

112

with

a value

of

0.580.

Considering the GDP per capita in the

worldof

the three countries ranking at

lower

leveis according

to

the human development index values minus

HDI

rank order given. Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan display a change

of

17,

while Tajikistan has a 22 position change.

It

can be observed that the human capital, which forms the foundation

of

less development countries, is

deficient

in

the Central Asian countries,

and this deficiency

inhibits

an increase

in

welfare. Another significant

fact

in

these countries, except Turkmenistan,

is

that they

have

higher

index

values

in

terms

of

the

HDI

values adjusted

to

equity. This might be due to

the absence

of

less-privileged status

of

women

in

the region

in

terms

of

human development and signiflcant effects of positive gender discrimination. This feature

ofthe

region can be taken as a legacy

ofthe

Soviet System.

When the

HDI

values

of

the

Central

Asian

countries

in

the

post-independence period and the changes

in

GDP per capita and

HDI

value are

examined,

the resulting

revenue increases throughout

the

region

do

not

parallel those in the human development index. Income

_$owth

rates in the

region were higher

than

those

of

the

improvements

in

the

human

development index.

As

a result, high rates

of

GDP per capita increases

in

the

Z}-year period

were

not

reflected

in

the

human development index.

Given

that the

experienced inadequacy has an

effect

on the

growth

of

a

country's economy,

it

is the primary obstacle to its development.

Refeiences

Jahan,2004. "Measuring Human Development:

Evolution of

The Human Development

Index",

Journal

of

Social Studies-Dhaka, 2004.

http://hdr.undp.org/en /media/Jahan-HDl.pdf .

Giirses, 2009.

"

'Human Development' and

Turkey,

Bahkesir University, Journal

of

Institute

of

Social Sciences,

Turkey, Volume:12,

Issue:21,

June 2009, pp.339-350.

Kaya, 2008. "Human Development Index

(HDI)

determines the wealth and

the

life

standard

beyond

income",

Eskigehir

University

Technology Research Centre,

http://www.ogu.edu.trlbduyuru.aspx?KID= I

&DID=502

.

100 Human Develooment Index in Central Asian Countries

Karabulut and the others, 2009.

"Human

Development Level

Analysis

of

Economic Development

and

Members

States

of

Cooperation

Organization

in

2006" Journal

of

Economics

and

Administrative

Sciences,

Ni[de

University,

2009, Volume: 2, Issue: 2,

pp.l-18.

Karatag and Qankaya, 2010.

"A

Study on Human Capital

in

the Process

of

Economic Development",

Journal

of

Institute

of

Social

Sciences, Mehmet

Akif

Ersoy

University,

Year:2,Issue: 3, 2010-Autumn,

pp.29-55.

Demir,

2006.

"The United

Nations

Programme's

Human

Development

Index

and

Assessment

in

terms

of

Turkey",

General

Directorate

of

Social Sectors and Coordination, Ankara.

Mrhcr, 2011. "Human Development P'erformance of Transition Economies

in

The

Post-Cold

War

Period",

H.U.

Journal

of

the

Faculity

of

Economics and

Administrative

Sciences,

Volume:

29, Issue:

1,

2011, pp.2l-42.

United

Nations

Development Programme

(UNDP),

2010.

Human Development Report 2010, New

York,

November 2010.

CIA

Factbook,

www. cia. gov/library/publications/the- world-factbook/ geos/tx. html. Asian Development

Bank,

2011.

Key

Indicators

for

Asia

and the Pacific

r--.-^_^-^t-*.l

,_r _t a f, l 1tfll lj.l

',J:r:'J

-rsial

Econoraies

in

Transition _-fccir.es

ct

C:ntra! :ts;nn cottntries (Kctznkhsia4

:..,',a.::;;:,,

:i _z':; ekista

₄

Tttrktnenistan, Ta.jikisia.n r.ir.a.

,\tio;:iijttn)

anC tlieir econcrnlc ties

,,,;iih

_a.*''

'l:,''<:,.

Ti:e bco,< jtysl; stLmrcnrizes t"rLe ctLtrenr

st;;e

ai

Cei".tra! Asta.n econon,ies, erlltanced. :'

:''':::1i', ;:"-.,t:iics nnd Ctictis

_loj]

t)ie r:croi ,.'. _-

:':;

::-'.ic;!

_{c,\:iiienges th.eli} jace. _The jol'lcvi'a.g

'-':'.; ,::';.r

tite

tcprcs

oj

econornrc ir.tegrni:ar:

*:y',

globaiizati.on, eccnontic grou,,ih nnd

:-: ... _{_r} r

_-:::

i::;c"n:tticni irade, cr.a fht ,:r.er'X

;t:icr.

'Central Asian Economies

io

Transition

is

based

on

selzcted papers _Jrom

the

series of

Irienuticnnl

Corierences on Etrrnsinn Economics, inuestigating Central Asisn rcuntries

in

s

ccrl".p LiratiLe tlnnn?t., as wetl as

[onj

speciallT invited articies b7 prominent academicians; all

eCiteti v;ith coherence anC exhaustiveness ifi ffiind. l\,4ile so'me chnpters nre purely descriptiue in yritt',rye, _{oihers itn clude econonetric at';alyses.}

"The _{tvget dt'dience}

_for

_{C entral Asian Economies}

il

Transition is anyone who is interested in

Central Asian econotnies, their transition process towarcls a market econoTnl regirne and their

!'i L1_ holm' : ai lrag-Lr { :CTi RE, IEIA J |:1.-,+ &1.1.'',

:\

5j_!4:.! r>-"

l

i.5lil: .1.'alh i !:_-;

lntegration to the glob al wortd.

Thk

inciudes academicians

_from

any _Jield oJ social sciences, as

wel! as decision znakers, politicians., businessmen and journalists.

"l

belieue th.at the reader

uill

get a clm?rehensive picture of the Central Asian

specfic details higfillghted. 1 would like to take this opportunitT to thank the editors

_for

their

-

Haiil Seyidoglu

Professor of Economics, Dogug University

E. Aysen Hig Gencer is an Assistant Professor of Economics in tl-le Department of

Iniernational Tnde at Istanbul Aydrn University. She obtained her BA at Boiazict

Uaiversity and bolds M,t and PhD degrees from lstanbul University, Browa University

and Boston Universif.

Her

research interests include intematicnal and regional

economics, economic geography and eiooomic integrahon.

Ceyat Gerni is a Pro{essor of Economics and Vice Rector at Beykent University, Istanbul. He obtained his BA in Political Science and International Relations at the

lliddle East Technical University and his PhD in Economics at Atatiirk Universiry. He

has authored four books on intemational trade and macroeconomics and various

journal and conference papers.

7

ltHill[[

llillilH

I I 1 a , a --)jr: :r , ..:1-.:-:=:_::r-economies with

painstaking e-{jorls duringthe preparation of this book."

Cover image: PhTs ical fuIap oJ the Wai d, November 2011.

Courtesy of the University ofTexas Libraries, The University olTexas at Ausiin.

978-r-4438-4D35-4

1\,11,1\t_ C-S-P _ Org

Lt