R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Open Access
Synthesis and bio-molecular study of
(+)-N-Acetyl-
α-amino acid dehydroabietylamine
derivative for the selective therapy of
hepatocellular carcinoma
Muhammad Ayaz Mustufa
1,2,6*, Cigdem Ozen
7, Imran Ali Hashmi
3, Afshan Aslam
3, Jameel Ahmed Baig
4,
Gokhan Yildiz
8, Shoaib Muhammad
3, Imam Bakhsh Solangi
5, Naim ul Hasan Naqvi
2, Mehmet Ozturk
7and Firdous Imran Ali
3*Abstract
Background: The purpose of present work is to synthesize novel (+)-Dehydroabietylamine derivatives (DAAD) using N-acetyl-α-amino acid conjugates and determine its cytotoxic effects on hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
Methods: An analytical study was conducted to explore cytotoxic activity of DAAD on hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. The cytotoxicity effect was recorded using sulforhodamine B technique. Cell cycle analysis was performed using Propidium Iodide (PI) staining. Based on cell morphology, anti growth activity and microarray findings of DAAD2 treatment, Comet assay, Annexin V/PI staining, Immunoperoxidase assay and western blots were performed accoringly. Results: Hep3B cells were found to be the most sensitive with IC50of 2.00 ± 0.4μM against
(+)-N-(N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine)-dehydroabietylamine as DAAD2. In compliance to time dependent morphological changes of low cellular confluence, detachment and rounding of DAAD2 treated cells; noticeable changes in G2/M phase were recorded may be leading
to cell cycle cessation. Up-regulation (5folds) of TUBA1A gene in Hep3B cells was determined in microarray experiments. Apoptotic mode of cell death was evaluated using standardized staining procedures including comet assay and annexin V/PI staining, Immuno-peroxidase assay. Using western blotting technique, caspase dependant apoptotic mode of cell death was recorded against Hep3B cell line.
Conclusion: It is concluded that a novel DAAD2 with IC50values less than 8μM can induce massive cell attenuation
following caspase dependent apoptotic cell death in Hep3B cells. Moreover, the corelation study indicated that DAAD2 may have vital influence on cell prolifration properties.
Keywords: Dehydroabietylamine derivatives, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Cytotoxicity, Connectivity map, Apoptosis Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer. It is the fifth most frequent neoplasm and the third largest mortality causing cancer [1, 2]. The average life of HCC is 6 months after diagno-sis including surgical treatment options, suggesting poor
prognosis of the disease [1–3]. However, the highest in-cidence of HCC reported in Asia and Africa [4]. Thus, it is an alarming situation that annually around about 600,000 individuals lost their lives due to HCC and al-most the same number of new cases registered every year [5, 6]. The HCC in humans can be caused by multi-factors such as: high intake of alcohol and Aflatoxin, hereditary disorders and chronic infections with HCV and HBV [7, 8]. These factors have direct impact on pa-tient characteristics as well as the tumor progression [9]. The traditionally available therapies (chemotherapy or surgery) for the treatment of HCC are still not very
* Correspondence:ayazbukero@gmail.com;a_m_bukero@yahoo.com;
firdousilyas@yahoo.com
15th Floor, PHRC Specialized Research Centre on Child Health, National
Institute of Child Health, Karachi 75500, Pakistan
3Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
© The Author(s). 2016 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
successful in terms of quality and survival. However, So-rafenib is the first oral multikinase inhibitor and only the approved drug by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of HCC [10, 11]. These disap-pointing facts and figures suggested a dire need of effect-ive drugs for the treatments of HCC.
Considering that structural manipulation is still re-markable and effective technique for the enhancement of drug efficacy and associated with the finding of novel drugs with potentially broad bioactive spectra. The (+)-Dehydroabietylamines (DAA) and its derivatives re-ported for biological activities including cytotoxic effects [12–15], endo-peptidase inhibitory activity, antibacterial [16, 17], antitumoral [18], and anti-carcinogenesis activ-ity [19].
N-acetyl amino acids may have a fundamental role in several physiological and biochemical functions of the human body [20]. Therefore, currently seven N-acetyl amino acids were used to synthesize seven derivatives of DAA through the association of peptide linkage between primary amine of DAA and carboxylic acid of N-acetyl amino acids. Meanwhile, the proposed drugs may have greater than 25% carboxamide functionality [20]. How-ever, the carbodiimide mediated peptide coupling method remains to be the most frequently used tech-nique, as a major advantage, the carbodiimide did not require prior activation of carboxylic acid [20]. Thus, the purpose of this study was first to synthesize seven deriv-atives of DAA using seven N-acetyl amino acids and their characterization by different analytical techniques. Moreover, the proposed novel (+)-Dehydroabietylamine analogues were used to examine the in vitro cytotoxicity of one breast cancer and ten HCC cell lines in detail.
Methods
Reagents and apparatus
All reagents and chemicals used during experimental work were analytical grade. The N- N-acetyl amino acids, (+)-Dehydroabietylamine, dehydroabietylamine, dichloromethane, dicyclohexyl carbodiimide, 4-dimethyl amino pyridine, ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate pur-chased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). DMSO was obtained from Applichem Biochemica (Darmstadt, Germany). Analytical thin-layer chromatography was per-formed on precoated silica gel plates (Merck PF254, Darmstadt, Germany) and detection of spots were made by UV light and/or iodine vapors. Silica gel 60 (Merck, particle, size 0.040–0.063 mm, 230–240 mesh) was used for preparative column chromatography.
IR spectra were recorded on a Thermo-Nicolet 5700 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer (Fitch-burg, WI) with KBr pellets. NMR spectra were recorded at room temperature on Bruker AM instrument operating at 400 and 500 MHz (1H). Residual solvent signals are
internally referenced. Chemical shiftsδ is referred in terms of ppm, coupling constants J are given in Hz. Following abbreviations classify the multiplicity: s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, m = multiplet or unre-solved, br = broad signal. Infrared spectra were recorded on a Schimadzu system and reported in cm−1. Samples were prepared in thin film technique. Mass spectra were done using the facilities in laboratories of HEJ Research institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi.
Synthesis
General procedure for the preparation of Amides from amino acids (DAAD 1–7)
To a solution of dehydroabietylamine (1 mol) in dichlo-romethane, dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC, 1 mol), 4-dimethyl amino pyridine (DMAP, 0.5 mol) and N-acetyl amino acids (1 mol) were added, the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. After comple-tion of reaccomple-tion 50 ml of ethyl acetate was added and filter. Filtrate washed with water (20 ml×2), and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and the solvent removed by evaporation. The formations of DAAD (1–7) were moni-tored by TLC; the compound was extracted from reaction mixture and characterized by applying different spectro-scopic techniques. Formation of amide was completed in 2 to 2.5 h. N-acetyl-α-amino acid conjugates of (+)-Dehydroa-bietylamine (DAA) were prepared using Glycine,L-Cysteine, L-Methionine, L-Tyrosine, L-Aspartic acid, L-Phenylalanine and L-Alanine to furnish amides 1–7 respectively. All amides were obtained in good yields. The structure confirmation of compounds 1–7 was carried out (Additional file 1: Suppl. data Chemistry and Additional file 2: Characterization and Synthesis) using spectroscopic techniques including ESI-MS, FTIR, 1H-NMR, 1D & 2D, 13
C-NMR, COSY, HMBC, HSQC and NOESY spectroscopy. Cell lines care and cytotoxicity screening protocol
Ten HCC cell lines including Huh7, Hep3B, Hep3B-TR, HepG2, Hep40, SNU449, Mahlavu, PLC/PRF/5, SNU387, SNU475 and one breast cancer line MCF7 cryogenically stored in a liquid nitrogen Tank. Sulforhodamine B (SRB) method has been implemented for in vitro primary screening [21, 22]. Initially, a HCC cell line Huh7 and one breast cancer line MCF7 were used for primary screening of trial drugs (seven derivatives of synthesized DAA). For both Huh7 and MCF7 cell lines, 2000 cells/well were cul-tured in 96 well plate in incubator at 37 °C with 5% CO2 in complete medium (DMEM, 10% FBS, 1% NEA, 1% L-Glutamine and 1% P/S) and incubated for 24 h. All stock solutions were prepared in 100% DMSO with a concentra-tion of 20 mM. Further diluconcentra-tions were made with the help of respective media for each cell line. After 24 h, all trial drugs were introduced in two different (50 μM and 10 μM) concentrations in triplicate for each sample and
plates were further incubated for next 72 h. After 72 h, media discarded and cells were washed once by using 1XPBS.
For fixation, 50 μL of ice cold 10% TCA was added into each well and kept in dark at 4 °C for 1 h. After fix-ation, the TCA was removed by tapping and plates were washed 4–5 times with ~200 μL dH2O. Plates were left over night for drying under hood. Finally, 50μL of 0.4% SRB in 1% acetic acid solution was added to each well and left at room temperature for 10 min. Excessive SRB dye was removed and the plates washed 4–5 times with 1% acetic acid before air drying. Bound SRB dye was sol-ubilized with 100 μL of 10 mM un-buffered chilled tris-base solution and plates were left on a plate shaker for at least 1–2 min. Absorbance was recorded using μ-Quant microplate reader with a wave length range of 405–515 nm. The test OD values were defined as the absorbance of each sample. Mean values were deter-mined and standard deviation was found satisfactory ranging in between 0.001 to 0.25 in all respective sam-ples from triplicates wells which were calculated auto-matically using MS Office Excel 2007 (v14.0) software for Windows.
Measurement of cell morphology
Six-well plates were used for photographs and 3 × 105 cells were maintained in each well, after 24 h drug was administered. Photographs of most sensitive (Hep3B) cell line were taken during three consecutive intervals i.e., 24, 48 and 72 h and compared with DMSO controls. All photographs were taken at 10X and 20X using a light microscope.
Cell proliferation assay
Cells were plated in 10 cm2Petri plates at 3–4 × 105per plate. After drug treatment, cells were harvested in dif-ferent intervals by trypsinization and washed with PBS. Cells were fixed in ice-cold 70% ethanol, washed, and re-suspended in 3 mL of 70% ethanol for storage at 4 °C; fixed cells treated with RNase A; and stained with propi-dium iodide (PI) for 45 min at room temperature. The stained cells were analyzed by flow cytometry using BD FACScalibur™.
Comet assay [23]
Hep3B cell line was used and around 200,000 cells/well were seeded in six well plates. Adriamycin (1 μM), and Camptothecin (5 μM) were used as positive controls. DAAD2 was administered in two different concentra-tions (5uM and 10μM). Drugs were given to cells after 24 h of seeding. Both treated and untreated samples were collected after 24,48 and 72 h from plates through scraper with whole media after centrifugation at 1000 rpm for 10 min at +4 °C.
Freshly prepared 100 mL 1% normal melting agarose poured into a jar and kept in a water bath at 50–55 °C. The slides were placed into jar vertically and kept for about 15–20 min at room temperature. 15 ml of 0.7% low melting agarose (LMA) was also prepared and kept it at 4 °C. Both controls and treated cells were taken from incubator and washed with 1X cold PBS once. 2 mL of 1XPBS for each well of 6 wells plate added and cells were transferred directly in to 15 mL falcon tubes. The cells were centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 6 min at 4 ° C. Supernatant was discarded and pallet of the cells re-suspend with cold PBS (700 μL) without bubbling. 5– 10 μL cell suspension was put on already prepared 1% agarose coated slide, and coated with 70–80 μL LMA with cover slip (24 × 50 mm) onto the cells. Cells were counted under the microscope to validate the desired cell number and stored for 12–15 min at 4 °C to allow LMA layer to soluble. For third layer, again 70–80 μL of LMA covered with cover slip was used for coating, and the slides were kept at 4 °C for about 12–15 min. Slides were pour in to tank for at least 1 h containing lysis buf-fer and importantly temperature was maintained at 4 °C. Slides were taken out and washed with neutralization buffer thrice. In the next step, freshly prepared electro-phoresis buffer (0.555 g Na-EDTA + 10 g NaOH cold 1.5 L dH2O maintained at 4 °C) was poured into electro-phoresis tank and the tank was covered with ice to maintain the temperature before use. The washed slides were placed without any gap into the tank as writing place of slides on positive side of the electrode. Power supply for electrolysis tank was maintained on 25 V and maximum up to 280 A. Incubation of the slides was done in dark with electrophoresis buffer for 20 min to denature DNA and then DNA was run at 25 V per 260– 280 A per 20 min. At last, slides were taken out and washed with neutralization buffer thrice gently and kept slides into the buffer until DAPI staining. For DAPI staining, 45μL, (5 μg/mL DAPI) with 24 × 50 mm cover-slip onto the slides was applied and kept into the humid-ity chamber at (papers with water) 4 °C before taking the pictures on fluorescent microscope.
Propidium iodide staining [24]
Hep3B cells were maintained in 5 cm2 Petri plates and cover slips were added at the time of splitting. After 24 h, DAAD2 (2μM & 5 μM) was supplemented. While, media with less than 0.1% DMSO were also changed for negative controls. After 72 h of incubation, cover slips from both control and sample were taken out and as per given protocol cover slips were covered with annexin V/ PI staining solution for 15 min. Photographs were taken at fluorescent microscope with detection range of 515– 565 nm (green).
Microarray gene-expression analyses [25, 26]
Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Gene-Chips were used for whole-genome gene expression profiling experiments. Isolated total RNAs of treated and non-treated DAAD2-sensitive HEP3B and DAAD2-resistant SNU449 cells processed according to manufacturer’s in-structions. Quality control analyses of microarray data performed using the BRB Array Tools V 4.2.0 (http:// linus.nci.nih.gov/BRB-ArrayTools.html). Triplicate sam-ples from each sample type (12 samsam-ples in total) were used for the rest of the analyses. Normalizations of the raw data obtained from Gene-Chip Operating Software performed using the BRB Array Tools.
Lists of differentially expressed genes were determined using the Class Comparison Tool of the BRB Array Tools software. Genes differing more than 1.5 fold be-tween control and DAAD-2 treated Hep3B cells, as well as control and DAAD-2 treated SNU449 cells were de-termined in separate lists.
Lists of differentially expressed genes were further ana-lyzed via Connectivity Map (cmap) Tool [27] to further investigate molecular mechanisms responsible for resist-ance and sensitivity to DAAD-2 treatments. Gene ex-pression signatures of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant HCC cells were used to determine similarities with sig-natures of previously characterized chemicals in the cmap database.
Immuno-peroxidase assay [28]
Hep3B cells were plated for 24 h in 12 well/plates at 50,000 cells on cover-slips for per each well. After DAAD2 treatment (2μM & 5 μM) of 48 h, medium was aspirated. Cells were fixed with acetone and methanol mix solution (1:1) at−20 °C for 10 min. After aspiration of fixation solution, three times washing with 1XPBS performed for each plate. Hydrogen peroxide was added and hold for 10 min at room temperature in dark to block endogenous per oxidase activity. Washing step was repeated thrice again. Blocking was done using 10% FBS and 0.3% Triton X-100 in 1X PBS solution for 1 h in dark at room temperature. Anti human Caspase-3 (cleaved) was diluted in blocking solution (1:1000) and 100 μl of primary antibody was added on top of the cover slip drop by drop. After overnight incubation at 4 °C, cover-slips were washed with 1X PBS-T solution. 80 mL of Dako Envision secondary antibody was added on the top of the coverslips drop by drop and incubated in dark for 1 h at room temperature. Washing with 1X PBS-T solution performed twice. DAB solution was pre-pared and used as per manufacture guidelines. Counter-staining with hematoxylin solution was done for 5 min. at room temperature. After vigorous washing, coverslips were stained with blueing solution (0.1% Sodium Bicar-bonate in distilled water) for 1 min at room temperature
and rinsed with water. Finally, 85% of glycerol was added on top of each coverslip and put upside down on glass slide.
Western blotting [29]
To determine the protein level of differentially expressed genes of interest, cells were treated with 2 μM dose of DAAD2 for 72 h and the lysed with a Radioimmunopreci-pitation Assay (RIPA) Buffer. Concentrations of protein ly-sates were measured by the conventional Bradford assay utilizing spectrophotometer at 595 nm. Sample protein concentrations were normalized in accordance with bo-vine serum albumin (BSA) standard curve. Around 30μg of total proteins were subjected to gel electrophoresis using NuPAGE system with MES and/or MOPS buffers. Proteins were wet-transferred onto HyBond ECL nitrocel-lulose membranes. The membranes were blocked for 1 h at room temperature with 5% BSA in TBS-T. Membranes were incubated with the primary antibodies either at room temperature or at 4 °C for overnight. Following primary antibody incubations and extensive washing with TBS-T, secondary antibodies conjugated with horse-radish perox-idase (HRP) incubated 1 h at room temperature. After an additional wash of half an hour with TBSt-T, chemilumin-escent reaction was recorded using ECL prime western blot detection kit (Thermoscientific), as per manufac-turer’s guidelines. X-ray films were exposed to the emitted chemiluminescence.
Statistical analysis
The 19th version of SPSS (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) and Microsoft Excel 2007 (Roselle, IL, USA) were used for the statistical and graphical evaluations. Data were col-lected and expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed by correlation of determination (R2) and probability test.
Results and discussion
Growth attenuation experiments and IC50determination In recent study, synthesized seven DAA derivatives (DAAD 1–7) were screened for cytotoxic effect on breast cancer and HCC cell lines by SRB technique as described in experimental part. Based on primary screening results (Fig. 1 and Additional file 3: Figure S1), DAAD 2 with a functional site of N-acetyl cysteine group at C-18 (2R) was found to be the most potent with 100% growth attenuation at 50μM and 10 μM con-centration on both Huh7 and MCF7 cells. Thus, it was selected for further investigation of cytotoxic effect and its mechanism. In continuation, IC50 values of DAAD2 were determined for all cell lines. All cells were treated with DAAD2 at different concentrations in triplicates ranging from 10 μM to 0.313 μM; for controls up to
0.1% DMSO final concentration was maintained with re-spective media for each cell line; camptothecin (CPT) as a positive control was used in triplicate at 5μM concen-tration for all experiment. The IC50values against all cell lines calculated using OD values against each drug con-centration. Camptothecin showed around 80% growth attenuation at 5 μM concentration on Hep3B cells. While, inhibition rate of camptothecin found more than 90% on rest of cell cells lines.
As presented in Table 1, except SNU449 cell line with IC50value more than 10μM; all other cell lines showed 95–100% growth attenuation at 10 μM drug concentra-tion of DAAD2, with IC50 range from 2 to 8 μM; indi-cating that this drug might have comparatively extensive therapeutic index than other trial drugs of the study.
According to Table 1 and graph curve (Fig. 1b), Hep3B cells found to be the most sensitive cell line with the IC50value of 2.0 ± 0.4 μM and reported around 90% in-hibition at 5μM drug treatment after 72 h.
Morphology using light microscopy
Hep3B cells were treated with DAAD2 on 10 cm2Petri plates; using a light microscope the differences in cell morphology was observed in DAAD2 treated and un-treated cells. Photographs were taken at 20X after 24, 48 and 72 h consecutively. Noticeable morphological changes resulting from low cell confluence, enlarged nu-clei, cell rounding and loss of cellular attachment were observed at 24 h. The extent of these morphological changes gradually increased from 24 to 72 h of drug
Fig. 1 a Primary SRB (sulforhodamine B) screening results: Cytotoxic effects of seven novel compounds labeled as 1–7 (concentration of 50 μM and 10μM), on Huh7 and MCF7 cell lines. b Molecular structure and cytotoxic activity with IC50values of DAAD2 on 10 HCC and one breast
treatment. These morphological changes suggested fur-ther biochemical and molecular investigation to rational-ize these morphological outcomes (Fig. 2).
G2/M phase arrest after 48 and 72 hours
To further validate inhibitory influence of our most po-tent trial drug DAAD2; cell cycle proliferation technique was adopted for quantitative analysis of cell progression in comparison with DMSO control. As described in methods part, Hep3B cells were studied accordingly. The percentages of cells in each phase of the cell cycle (Sub G1/G0, G1, S and G2/M) were determined 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment. As shown in Fig. 3, after 24 h of DAAD2 treatment although there was no significant change reported in G2/M phase. But after 48 and 72 h of DAAD2 treatment, significant (p < 0.001) decrease in the proportion of cells in G2/M phase; and nine-fold in-crease (p < 0.001) was recorded in sub-G1 phase after 48
and 72 h. In contrast, there was no noticeable change re-corded (p > 0.05) in S phase after 48 and 72 h, whereas the percentage of G1 phase cells also decreased (p < 0.05) in DAAD2 treated cells (Fig. 3).
Alkaline comet assay
We performed alkaline comet assay to see the tail move-ment of single stranded DNA breaks. Hep3B cell line was used and around 200,000 cells/well were seeded in six well plates. Adriamycin (1 μM), and Camptothecin (5 μM) were used as positive controls. Trial drug DAAD2 was administered in two different concentra-tions (5 μM and 10 μM). Photographs were taken after 24, 48 and 72 h. No obvious alkaline comets were seen by applying trial drug DAAD2 on Hep3B cells (Fig. 4a). At 10μM of DAAD2 drug administration, 24 and 48 h photographs were taken. But DAPI stained cells were not seen after 72 h and therefore photographs were not taken. The rapid growth attenuation was observed at 10 μM DAAD2 drug administration’s on Hep3B cells. Both Adriamycin and Camptothecin showed obvious al-kaline comets. The DAAD2 treated cells (after 48 and 72 h) at 5μM showed neutral comets may be of double stranded DNA breaks. (Fig. 4a)
Class comparison and connectivity Map approach
In order to be able to determine molecular effects of DAAD2 treatment to liver cells, we determined whole-genome transcriptome profiles of DAAD2 treated and untreated (control) Hep3B and SNU 449 cells. Class comparison analyses using microarray data of DAAD2-sensitive Hep3B cell line (Additional file 4: Table S1), and DAAD2-resistant SNU449 cell line (Additional file 5: Table S2) provided the lists of genes differentially expressed as a result of DAAD2 treatments. Using Table 1 IC50Values of 11 cell lines using Trial Drug (DAAD2)
Cell Lines IC50Value of DAAD2
(μM conc.) R2 Hep3B 2.0 ± 0.4 0.9 MCF7 2.2 ± 0.8 0.8 PLC 2.8 ± 0.6 0.9 Hep3B-TR 3.2 ± 0.8 0.8 Hep40 3.5 ± 1 0.8 SNU387 3.6 ± 0.6 0.8 SNU475 4.4 ± 0.6 0.7 Mahlavu 5.2 ± 0.9 0.6 Huh7 6.4 ± 2 0.6 HepG2 7.6 ± 0.8 0.5 SNU449 27.5 ± 5 0.7
Fig. 2 Cell Morphology of DAAD2 treated and untreated cells: Noticable morphological changes resulting from low cell confluency and loss of cellular attachment with rounding of cells is depicted. The time dependent pattern of these morphological changes from 24 to 72 h can be seen
differentially expressed gene results of drug-sensitive Hep3B and drug-resistant SNU 449 cells the connect-ivity map (cmap) analyses employed to determine the lists of previously characterized drugs that show simi-lar and different gene expression profiles as a result of DAAD2 treatment. The Additional file 6: Figure S3 showed top 20 drugs with similar gene expression changes. Cmap analyses suggests that DAAD2 treat-ment triggers similar gene expression alterations as vinburnine does [30], since vinburnine and DAAD-2 treatments caused similar gene expression changes in drug-sensitive Hep3B cells, but highly different gene expression alterations in drug-resistant SNU449 cells (Additional file 7: Figures S2 and Additional file 6: Figures S3). In addition, we recorded more than 5-fold up regulation of TUBA1A gene in Hep3B treated cells, which has significant role in spindle formation at mitotic stage of cell cycle (Additional file 4: Table S1). To validate that DAAD2 may have some signifi-cant role to diverge the G2/M phase of cell prolifera-tion, conformational studies were required.
Apoptosis study of Hep3B cells
In recent era, Annexin V/Propidium iodide (PI) protocol is considered to be one of the commonly used approach for identification of apoptotic cells [24]. Annexin V in combination with PI is widely used to determine cell via-bility, apoptosis, or necrosis through deviations in per-meability and integrity of plasma membrane. Due to
stable, inexpensive, ability to not enter into the nucleus of live cells and believe to be a good indicator for cell viability than other available nuclear stains, PI is more commonly used. As shown in Fig. 4b, DAAD2 treated Hep3B cells showed high apoptotic mode of cell death at two different concentrations (2μM & 5 μM).
Caspase dependent apoptotic mode of cell death
Cysteine aspartate proteases commonly known as cas-pases have very vital role in initiation and execution of apoptotic process inside the cell. Therefore, based on above mentioned cell progression results [31], we per-formed Immuno-peroxidase assay on DAAD2 treated cells to determine the role of caspase-3 cleaved. It is re-ported that after initial activation of acaspase-9, ROS production is inhibited by caspase-3 [28] essentially needed for programmed cell death. As presented in Fig. 4c, low activation of caspase-3 cleaved was observed at 2μM, while at 5 μM after 48 h of DAAD2 treatment all cells were unstained and mortal; unable us to identify the role and conclude the activation of caspase-3.
Because of weak positive findings of caspase-3 cleaved through Immuno-peroxidase assay; we further evaluated role of caspase-3 cleaved using western blotting tech-nique. Results were also validated through equal loading of calnexin [29]. (Figure 5) Our findings significantly highlight the activation of caspase-3 cleaved (17kda) in DAAD2 treated cells, while no sign of activation of same enzyme were observed in controls (untreated).
Fig. 3 Cell cycle results after 24, 48 and 72 h of DAAD2 (5μM concentration) treated Hep3B cells and DMSO controls (up to 0.1%) as untreated cells. Comparative to un-treated Hep3B cells, noticeable changes in sub-G1/G0 and G2/M phase of DAAD2 treated Hep3B cells are shown
Fig. 4 a Comet assay for DNA breaks: DAAD2 (5μM), adriamycine (1 μM), camptothecin (5 μM) and DMSO controls (up to 0.1%). Photographs were taken after 72 h; obvious alkaline comets are shown in Hep3B cells treated with adriamycine and camptothecin. b Annexin V/PI Staining: DAAD2 (2 & 5μM), camptothecin (5 μM) and DMSO controls (up to 0.1%). Photographs were taken after 72 h. DAAD2 treated Hep3B cells showed the apoptotic mode of cell death. c Immunoperoxidase Assay: Compound DAAD2 (2 & 5μM), camptothecin (5 μM) and DMSO controls (upto 0.1%). Photographs were taken after 48 h. DAAD2 (2μM) treated cells showed weak activation of caspase-3 cleaved
Fig. 5 Western Blotting: DAAD2 (2μM) and DMSO controls (up to 0.1%). Findings after 72 h of DAAD2 treatments. DAAD2 treated cells showed activation of caspase-3 (cleaved). In addition, calnexin was used as an equal loading control
Conclusions
In the first part of this study seven new (+)-Dehydroa-bietylamine derivatives with N-acetyl-α-amino acids at C-18 on ring A were synthesized, purified and character-ized. In the second part, cytotoxic effects were recorded in a dose dependent manner for each new derivative. DAAD2 ((+)-Dehydroabietylamine with N-acetyl cyst-eine in ring A at C-18) was found to be the most potent among all trial drugs of the study; subjected for cyto-toxic effects on ten HCCs and one breast cancer cell line. Hep3B cells were the most sensitive with IC50 of 2.00 ± 0.4 μM against DAAD2. Similarly, obvious mor-phological deviations and significant time dependent changes in sub-G1 (8–9 fold increase) and G2/M phase (2 fold decrease) in Hep3B cells after 48 and 72 h of DAAD2 treatments were recorded.
Whole-genome gene expression microarray data of DAAD2-sensitive and DAAD2-resistant HCC cells re-vealed that DAAD2 treatment cause similar gene expres-sion alterations in HCC cells as vinburnine does to PC3 cells [Additional file 4: Table S1 and Additional file 5: Table S2]. Unfortunately, there are no comprehensive data on molecular functions of vinburnine to help us under-stand the molecular effects of DAAD2 on HCC cells. The DAAD2 showed caspase dependent apoptotic mode of cell death. The present outcomes exhibit the structural significance of our trial novel drug, its vital influence and correlation on cytotoxic and anti cancer properties.
Additional files
Additional file 1: Suppl. data Chemistry. Original spectra. Original spectra of ESI-MS, FTIR, 1H-NMR, 1D & 2D, 13C-NMR, COSY, HMBC, HSQC and NOESY spectroscopy of compounds 1–7. (PDF 5506 kb)
Additional file 2: Characterization and Synthesis. Spectroscopic data. Characterization of compounds through spectral data. (PDF 366 kb) Additional file 3: Figure S1. Inhibition Curves against DAAD-2. Inhibition curves (ranging from 0.313 to 10μM concentration) of Hep3B, Hep3B-TR, PLC and MCF7 cell lines against DAAD-2. (PDF 144 kb) Additional file 4: Table S1. Microarray data of DAAD2-sensitive Hep3B cell line. Class comparison analyses using microarray data of DAAD2-sensitive Hep3B cell line provided the lists of genes differentially expressed as a result of DAAD2 treatments. (XLS 229 kb)
Additional file 5: Table S2. Microarray data of DAAD2-resistance SNU449 cell line. Class comparison analyses using microarray data of DAAD2-resistant SNU449 cell line provided the lists of genes differentially expressed as a result of DAAD2 treatments. (XLS 446 kb)
Additional file 6: Figure S3. Connectivity map of DAAD2 treated SNU449 cells. DAAD-2 treatments caused highly different gene expression alterations in drug-resistant SNU449 cells. (PDF 242 kb)
Additional file 7: Figure S2. Connectivity map of DAAD2 treated Hep3B cells. DAAD-2 treatments caused gene expression changes in drug-sensitive Hep3B cells similar to other drug molecules. (PDF 163 kb) Abbreviations
CPT:Camptothecin; DAA: (+)-Dehydroabietylamine; DCC: Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; DMAP: N,N-Dimethyl amino pyridine; DMEM: Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium; FBS: Fetal Bovine serum; FITC: Fluorescein isothiocyanate; HPLC: High performance
liquid chromatography; IC50: The half maximal growth inhibitory concentration;
NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance; OD: Optical density; P/S: Penicillin/Streptomycin; PBS: Phosphate buffer saline; RPMI: Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium; SD: Standard deviation; SRB: Sulforhodamine B; TBS: Tris-buffered saline; TCA: Tri-chloroacetic acid; UV: Ultra violet
Acknowledgements
The corresponding author of this manuscript is thankful for financial assistance provided by TUBITAK, Turkey. One of the authors (Ali FI) is thankful to Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. One of the authors (Ozen C) was supported by Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA) with DSAP. Funding
The corresponding author received 1 year research fellowship grant from TUBITAK, Turkey. One of the authors (Ali FI) received a grant from Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. One of the authors (Ozen C) was supported by Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA) with DSAP. Availability of data and material
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available at NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus and are accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE88812 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ info/linking.html).
Authors contributions
NHN overall supervised the project. MO supervised molecular and genetic studies. FIA supervised chemical part of work. MAM and CO carried out the molecular genetic studies. AA, IAH, MAM and SM carried out chemical part. JAB and IBS participated in the sequence alignment. GY analyzed microarray data. MO, FIA and MAM participated in the design of the study and conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination and helped to finalize the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All authors participated in the sequence alignment/drafted the manuscript.
Authors information Not Applicable Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Consent for publication
Not Applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate Not Applicable.
Author details
15th Floor, PHRC Specialized Research Centre on Child Health, National
Institute of Child Health, Karachi 75500, Pakistan.2Baqai Institute of
Pharmaceutical Sciences (BIPS), Baqai Medical University, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.3Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.4National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of
Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.5Dr. M. A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry,
University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.6Department of Molecular,
Biology and Genetics, BilGen Genetics and Biotechnology Center, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.7Izmir International Biomedicine and
Genome Institute, iBG-izmir, Dokuz Eylül University, 35340 Balcova, Izmir, Turkey.8Department of Medical Biology, Erzincan University Faculty of
Medicine, Erzincan 24100, Turkey.
Received: 24 April 2016 Accepted: 2 November 2016 References
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