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EFFECTS OF DIETARY PREBIOTIC ON PERFORMANCE, EGG QUALITY AND SOME PLASMA PARAMETERS OF LAYING HENS EXPOSED TO HEAT STRESS

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Dept. of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey

EFFECTS OF DIETARY PREBIOTIC ON PERFORMANCE, EGG QUALITY AND SOME PLASMA PARAMETERS OF LAYING HENS EXPOSED TO HEAT STRESS

L. ÇELIK, A. BOZKURT KIRAZ, Z. BOZKURT AND H. R. KUTLU Summary

The present study was conducted to investigate whether dietary prebiotics affect performance, egg quality and some plasma parameters of laying hens. 38 weeks old Brown layers were divided into 4 groups of similar mean weight, comprising 18 birds each. The birds were fed standard layer diets containing 0, 1, 2 and 4% supplemental prebiotic (RAFTIFEED®IPE, Orafti Anim. Nutr. Belqium) for 6 weeks period. The birds were housed in individual cages in a complete randomized design. A 16:8 hours light:dark photoperiod was employed. In the light period the birds were heated for 8 hours, during which the temperature fluctuated 35-37°C, while for the rest of the day the temperature was kept about 18-20 °C every day. Feed and water were given ad libitum. Laying performance was assessed by recording feed intake, egg weight, egg production and egg quality. The results showed that prebiotic supplementation did not have significant (P>0.05) effects on feed intake, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion efficiency, plasma glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and body weight. However, supplemental prebiotic increased albumen weight, shell weight and shell thickness (P<0.05), while decreasing yolk weight in a dose related manner. The results suggest that providing dietary prebiotic, especially 2% could have a potential to increase egg shell quality under heat stress condition.

I. INTRODUCTION

Birds are homeothermic, meaning that they maintain their body temperature at about the same level over a wide range of environment. In many countries of the world, particularly in the hot and humid tropics, poultry are often maintained at environmental temperatures above the zone of thermoneutrality. It is well documented th at high environmental temperatures depress broiler or layer performance and also product quality (i.e. Bollengier-Lee et al., 1998; Kutlu, 2001). Very often the reduction in performance is attributed to the birds rapidly reducing their food intake at higher temperatures in order to reduce the heat increment of feeding. However, it has been speculated that the depression in performance is not only a reflection of inadequate nutrients but also a result of metabolic changes induced by stress it self (Kutlu and Forbes, 1993) and also microbial unbalance in the digestive tract (Patterson and Burkholder, 2003). Attempts to lessen the severity of high environmental temperatures in egg production systems have been a major concern. As it is expensive to cool animal buildings, many dietary methods have been tried with varying degrees of success over the past 30 years in order to identify the most limiting nutrients(s) or re-establish physiological equilibrium or balance intestinal microflora to maintain birds’ performance during heat stress.

It has been reported that prebiotics beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improve host health (Gibson and Roberfroid, 1995). Donaldson (2007) reported that the addition of FOS to feed substrate diets in combination with cecal contents may inhibit Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium growth. Similar observations on gut flora were made in poultry (Lan et al., 2007; Yusrizal and Chen, 2003). Chen and Chen (2004) indicated that inulin and oligofructose improved eggshell quality and can promoted layer’s health. Recently, yolk cholesterol-lowering (Chen et al., 2005a) and egg production-increasing (Chen

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2 et al., 2005b) effects of inulin and oligofructose have been reported for hens. Mineral stability is also improved by prebiotics that accelerating the colonic absorption of minerals, particularly calcium and magnesium. (Chen and Chen, 2004; Bosscher et al., 2006). High temperatures are known to increase respiration rate, resulting in respiratory alkalosis, which alters the acid-base balance and blood pH (Daghir, 1995). Under heat stress cond ition in which egg shell quality and egg mass are usually declined, dietary supplemental prebiotic could be of value to maintain performance. However, no study were found with regard to use of prebiotics and their effects on egg quality and also laying performance under heat stress condition in the literature. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to examine the potential use of inulin based prebiotic and its effects on performance, egg quality and some plasma parameters of laying hens.

II. METHODS

Prior to the trial, seventy-two, 37-week-old layers were fed ad libitum with a standard layer diet for a week period, during which daily egg production and egg weight were recorded. At the beginning of the trial period, when the birds were 38 weeks old, they were divided into 4 experimental groups (0, 1, 2, or 4% prebiotics, obtained from RAFTIFEED®IPE (Inulin: •70%, Glucose+Fructose+Sucrose:•10%), Orafti Anim. Nutr. Belqium) of similar mean body weight and egg production level, comprising 18 birds each. The standard layer diet (the first phase-cage; Table 1) obtained from a commercial feed company was used as a basal feed. Throughout the experiment, which lasted 6 weeks, feed and water were given ad libitum. The birds were housed in individual layer cages of three-tier battery blocks in a complete randomized design at a conventional ambient temperature (20-22°C) with a relative humidity of 60-70%, except during period of heating when the environmental temperature fluctuated 35 to 37°C with a relative humidity of 40 to 50% for 8 h per day (12.00-20.00). Light was provided 16 hours (from 05.00 to 21.00) each day. Performance was determined daily by measuring feed intake, egg mass, feed conversion ratio (egg mass:feed intake) and egg production (in house, number and mass in weight). Egg quality was estimated by measuring egg-shape index (width/length), shell weight, shell thickness, egg weight, yolk weight, albumen weight, albumen height, yolk index (weigh/height) and yolk colour score (Roche, Yolk Colour Fan) of each egg obtained on the third day of every week. Egg shell samples from middle of the egg were measured for thickness using a micrometer. Five birds from each group were randomly chosen and samples of blood were taken via vena brachialis biweekly during the experiment. After centrifugation, the plasma was collected and stored at -20°C pending analysis for glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides.

The data obtained in the experiment were analysed using the General Linear Models (GLM) and orthogonal polynomial of SAS (1985). Linear, quadratic and cubic effects were determined by orthogonal polynomial contrasts.

III. RESULTS and DISCUSSION

The performance, egg quality and plasma parameters of laying hens receiving the prebiotic are summarized in Table 1. The results obtained in the experiment showed that dietary prebiotics had significant effects on yolk weight, albumen weight, shell weight (g or %) and thickness. Relative albumen weight (P<0.01) and albumen height (P<0.05). However, all other parameters of performance, egg quality and plasma glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were not influenced (P>0.05) by the prebiotic.

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3 Studies with layers under thermoneutral condition have shown some favourable responses to dietary prebiotics (Donaldson et al., 2007; Chen and Chen, 2004; Chen et al., 2005a,b; Yusrizal and Chen, 2003). However, no comparable data could be found in the literature on the effects of supplemental dietary prebiotics on egg quality of hens under heat stress.

Egg shell weight (g or %) and thickness seemed to be declined at high environmental temperatures. This could be partly due t o reduced calcium intake, but several physiological mechanisms are involved: reduced blood flow through shell gland due to peripheral vasodilation; respiratory alkalosis, reduced blood ionic calcium content; reduced carbonic anhydrase in shell gland and kidneys; and reduced calcium mobilization from bone stores (Daghir, 1995). Prebiotics which acts soluble fibre that transfers water from small intestine into the large intestine, thus calcium abso rption was increased (Kaur and Gupta, 2002). It could be speculated that prebiotics may play a role in the absorption of calcium, thus improve egg shell weight and thickness in laying hens exposed to heat stress.

Table 1. Effects of Dietary Prebiotic on Performance, Egg Production and Egg Quality of Laying Hens Exposed to Heat Stress

Dietary Prebiotic Level (%) Main

Effects¥ Parameters

0 1 2 4

SED P

L Q C Initial body weight (g) 1632 1623 1633 1633 451 - - - - Total feed intake (FI;

g/bird/42 d) 4336.3 6 4386.3 1 4274.4 2 4371.8 7 55.0 - - - - Egg mass (EM; g/bird/42 d) 2157 2185 2111 2108 25.6 - - - - Egg weight (g/bird/42 days) 50.78 52.47 50.26 50.19 0.60 - - - - Feed conversion ratio

(EM/FI) 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.49 0.01 - - - -

Mean egg weight (g/bird) 60.12 60.09 59.83 60.22 0.47 - - - - Yolk Colour Score 11.24 11.50 11.35 11.21 0.08 - - - - Egg width (mm) 43.08 43.29 43.00 43.24 0.13 - - - - Egg length (mm) 57.17 56.39 56.95 56.99 0.17 - - - - Shell weight (g/egg) 5.99 6.12 6.22 6.25 0.05 - * - - Yolk weight (g/egg) 15.39 15.10 15.60 15.22 0.10 - - - - Albumen weight (g/egg) 38.75 38.87 38.01 38.75 0.39 - - - - Yolk weight (%) 27.90 25.20 26.15 25.33 0.31 ** ** - * Shell weight (%) 9.96 10.20 10.41 10.38 0.06 * ** - - Albumen weight (%) 64.39 64.60 63.44 64.29 0.19 - - - * Yolk height (mm) 18.05 17.75 17.94 17.73 0.11 - - - - Yolk width (mm) 38.19 38.23 39.39 38.34 0.16 ** - - ** Yolk index 47.42 46.60 45.95 46.35 0.36 - - - - Albumen index 2.88 3.05 3.00 2.95 0.08 - - - -

Egg Shell thickness (µm) 331.37 331.47 336.82 342.85 2.24 - * - - Plasma Glucose (ml/dl) 235.08 232.68 222.13 221.50 5.67 - - - - Plasma Cholesterol (ml/dl) 113.8 101.0 120.5 118.3 3.63 - - - - Plasma Tryglyceride (ml/dl) 796.8 668.9 853.9 828.3 53.9 - - - - *: P<0.05 **: P<0.01 -: Not significant (P>0.05) ¥: L:linear; Q: quadratic; C: cubic effects SED: standart error of difference between means.

It could be concluded that providing dietary prebiotic, especially 2% could have a potential to improve egg shell quality by increasing shell weight and thickness in lay ing hens under heat stress condition.

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4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are grateful to Çukurova University Research Fund (ZF-2006 BAP4) for financial support and also, Orafti Anim. Nutr. Belqium, for gifts of RAFTIFEED®IPE

REFERENCES

Bollengier-Lee, S., Mitchell, M.A., Utomo, D.B., Williams, P.E.V. and Whitehead, C.C. (1998). Influence of high dietary vitamin E supp lementation on egg production and plasma characteristics in hens subjected to heat stress. British Poultry Science, 39:106-112.

Bosscher, D., Van Loo, J. and Franck, A. (2006). Inulin and Oligofructose as Functional Ingredients to Improve Bone Mineralization. International Dairy Journal, 16: 1092-1097.

Chen, Y.C., and Chen, T.C. (2004). Mineral Utilization in Layers as Influenced by Dietary Oligofructose and Inulin. International Journal of Poultry Science, 3 (7): 442-445. Chen, Y.C., Nakthong, C., and Chen, T.C. (2005a). Effects of Chicory Fructans on Egg

Cholesterol in Commercial Laying Hen. International Journal of Poultry Science, 4 (2): 109-114.

Chen, Y.C., Nakthong, C., and Chen, T.C. (2005b). Improvement of Laying Hen Performance by Dietary Prebiotic Chicory Oligofructose and Inulin. International Journal of Poultry Science, 4 (2): 103-108.

Daghir, N.J., (1995). Poultry Production in Hot Climates. Cab Int ernational, ISBN 0851989071.

Donalson, L.M., Woo-Kyun Kim, Chalova, V.I., Herrera, P., Woodward, C.L., McReynolds, J.L., Kubena, L.F., Nisbet, D.J., Ricke, S.C. (2007). In Vitro Anaerobic Incubation of Salmonella Enterica Serotype Typhimurium and Laying Hen Cecal Bacteria in Poultry Feed Substrates and a Fructooligosaccharide Prebiotic. Anaerobe, 13: 208-214.

Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. (1995) Dietary Modulation of the Human Colonic Microbiota: Introducing the Concept of Prebiotics. J Nutr. 125 (6):1401-1412.

Kaur, N., and Gubta, K.A. (2002).Applications of Inulin and Oligofructose in Health and Nutrition. Indian Academy of Sciences, 27: 703-714.

Kutlu, H.R. (2001) Infuences of Wet Feeding and Supplementation with Ascorbic Acid on Performance and Carcass Composition of Broiler Chicks Exposed To a High Ambient Temperature. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 54, 127-139.

Kutlu, H.R. and Forbes, J.M. (1993) Alleviation of the Effect of Heat Stress by Dietary Methods in Broilers: a review. World Rev. Anim. Prod. 28, 15-26.

Lan, Y., Williams,B.A., Verstegen, M.W.A., Patterson, R., Tamminga, S. (2007). Soy Oligosaccharides In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Its Effects on Caecal Microorganisms of Young Broiler Chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology,

133: 286-297.

Patterson, J.A., and Burkholder, K.M. (2003). Applications of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Poultry Production. Poultry Science, 82: 627-631.

Sas Institue (1985). SAS User's Guide, Statistics. Version 5th Edition. SAS Institue Inc., Cary, NC. Yusrizal and Chen, T.C. (2003). Effect of Adding Chicory Fructans in Feed on Fecal and

Intestinal Microflora and Volatile Ammonia. International Journal of Poultry Science,

Şekil

Table 1.  Effects of Dietary Prebiotic on Performance, Egg Production and  Egg Quality of  Laying Hens Exposed to Heat Stress

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