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The effect of Halomorphic Soil on B, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn Content of Some Forage Grasses

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The effect of Halomorphic Soil on B, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn Content of Some Forage Grasses

Bilal KESKĠN1

, Süleyman TEMEL1, Ġbrahim Hakkı YILMAZ1,Uğur ġĠMġEK2 1 Iğdır University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, 76000 IĞDIR 2 Iğdır Üniversitesi, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 76000

IĞDIR

Corresponding Author: bilalkeskin66@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of soils with different chemical features on micro (B, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn) mineral accumulations of Agropyron

elongatum, Chloris gayana, Cynodon dactylon and Festuca arundinacea species,

which show different salinity tolerance levels, and to check whether the obtained fodders meet mineral requirements of animals. For this aim, non-saline (ECe 0.43 dS/m, DSY %8.9), highly saline (ECe 9.80 dS/m, DSY %11.9), highly alkaline (ECe 0.89 dS/m, DSY %60.5) and highly saline-alkaline (ECe 9.08 dS/m, DSY %49.7) soils of Iğdır Plain in the East of Turkey were selected as trial areas. The experimental was carried out in 3 replication under a randomized complete blocks design in 3 years between 2011 and 2013. The results show that species, location and year have significant effects on the mineral contents (except Fe). The highest Mn and Zn contents were observed in F.arundinacea species while the lowest B accumulations were measured in Chloris gayana and Agropyron

elongatum species, respectively. On the other hand, Cynodon dacylon and Chloris gayana species observed to have relatively lower Cu2+ contents in comparison with A.elongatum and F.arundiancaea species. According to these findings, Fe2+ and Zn2+ contents of the investigated species were found to be sufficient for meeting mineral requirements by the animals. In terms of Cu2+ and Mn2+ contents, F.arundiancea and A.elongatum were observed to have higher mineral contents than the reqired levels by the animals while C.dactylon species showed a lower mineral content. B, Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+ accumulations of the feeds have significantly increased as salinity and alkalinity levels of the soils increased. As to the years, mineral contents of the feeds generally increased following the

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year of establishment and the highest Mn2+, B, Cu2+ and Zn2+ contents were measured in 2013, while the highest Fe2+ contents were observed in 2012.

Keywords: Salinity, alkalinity, forage grass, B, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn

INTRODUCTION

Natural soil salinity, which occur in regions situated in arid- and semi-arid climatic areas of the World due to insufficient amounts of precipitation, limits farming and productivity of many culture plants due to specific ion toxicity associated with over-accumulation of Na+ and Cl- ions along with osmotic effect (Munns and Termaat, 1986). Moreover the presence of high salt concentrations in soil may indirectly prevent plant growth through interaction of ion toxicity. On the other hand, salinity-tolerant species may adjourn to turgor state by depositing excess dissolved inorganic matter in their roots and thus be relatively less-affected from salinity (Greenway and Munns, 1980). Many fodder crops with particularly heavy vegetation utilize water from the lower layers of soil with deep and strong root systems and prevent occurrence of salinity by impeding the movement of water from lower layers to upper layers (Osman et al., 2006; Ben Salem et al., 2010). In addition, it has also been reported that nutritional and mineral requirements of animals can be met by growing salinity-resistant some species of fodder crops in halomorphic soils (Acar et al., 2015; Temel et al., 2016).

In general, mineral-accumulation capability of plants depends on the characteristics (especially root systems) of the individual plant, accompanied with the amount and distribution of precipitation during vegetation, fertilization and growing systems, total and useful amount of plant nutrients, cooperation and antagonism among the elements (Marschner, 1995; Bengtsson et al., 2003; Warman and Termeer, 2005). Moreover, micro-mineral contents of plants are related to the structural properties, particularly to the pH, of the soils they grow on. For example, solubility of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu increases in acid soils where pH is high. As a result, especially Fe and Mn toxicity occurs in acid soils. An opposite situation is existent in alkaline soils, and this aspect is naturally reflected upon the mineral content of the plants (Aydın et al. 2005).

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Due to all these reasons, there is a close relationship between the mineral nutrional content of soils and crops produced on these soils, mineral composition of the produced crops and mineral requirements of the animals (Khan et al., 2007). Therefore, lack of minerals may result in growth deficiencies in both plants and animals (Ulrich and Hills, 1967). Daily nutritional, energy and mineral requirements of livestocks should especially be met in order to allow them fulfill their physiological functions and carry out reproduction, growth and production of animal products (Ganskopp and Bohnert 2003). Otherwise, excessive or insufficient intake of minerals would have negative effects on animal production and animal health by causing nutritional disorders (Khan et al., 2007; Goswami et al., 2005). Thus, there is a close relationship between animal well-being and the variety and composition of fodders used in animal nutrition (Stoddart et al., 1975). Results of the previously-conducted research show that forage legumes and grass species have different nutiritional mineral contents. For example, grass plants generally lack Co, Cu, Se and Zn content. Although these species sometimes have excess amounts of F, Mo and Se, lack of Fe and Mn contents may also be seen (McDowell, 1996). However, clover, a forage legume, is reported to be a rich plant in terms of Fe and Mn content (Juknevicius and Sabiene, 2007). Thus, it is important to know species-based mineral content and ratios of various plants, along with quality characteristics of fodders and fodder crops produced.

Due to its topographical structure (being a closed basin), low amounts of annual precipitation and high rates of evaporation, soils in Iğdır province constitues one of the areas with highest salinization in Turkey (Temel and ġimĢek, 2011). Because of this situation a great part of the available agricultural areas has been affected from salinity and alkalinity and many culture plants can not be grown economically. However, there are many fodder-crop species which can grow easily in such areas and which have the potential of suplying mineral requirements of farm animals. In this respect, mineral contents of cereal fodder-crop species with different salinity-tolerance levels were investigated and whether the fodders obtained from these crops provide for the mineral requirements of the animals was evaluated.

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Experimental was carried out in Iğdır Plain in the East of Turkey at an altitude of 825 m between 2011-2013. Continental climate is dominant in the Plain, with a mean annual temperature of 12.5 oC, average relative humidity of 51.2% and annual precipitation amount of 264.0 mm. In 2011, 2012 and 2013 during which the experimental was carried out, average annual temperatures wer recorded as 12.6 oC, 13.5 oC and 14.1 oC, respectively while average relative humidity were measured as 56.5%, 53.6% and 51.4%, respectively, and annual precipitation amounts were 340.0 mm, 237.2 mm and 227.0 mm, respectively. Considering three-year average meteorological data, a higher temperature (13.4

o

C) relative to mean annual temperature, a higher relative humidity (53.8%) relative to average relative humidity and a higher amount of precipitation (268.1 mm) in comparison with average annual precipitation amount were observed during trial years (Anonymous, 2014).

Some physical and chemical properties of soil samples taken (0-30 cm) during the preparation of seedbeds were determined as to the methods mentioned-below and results of the analyses are shown in Table 1. Textural analysis of soils was carried out following Bouyoucus Hydrometer method (Gee ve Hortage, 1986); soil pH was measured Potentiometrically with “Glass Electrode” ph-meter in soil-water suspension of 1:2.5 (McLean, 1982); organic matter content was determined by Walkey-Black method (Nelson ve Sommers, 1982); changeble Na, K, Ca and Mg contents of the soils were measured by reading in Atomic Absorption after extracting by shaking with ammonium acetate (1 N, pH=7.0) (Rhoadas, 1982); phosphorus content was measured by spectrophotometer in subtles extracted with sodium bicarbonate (Olsen ve Sommers, 1982); electrical conductivity (EC) was determined by using electrical conductivity device in extraction solutions obtained by prepared saturation pastes (Demiralay, 1993) and boron analysis was carried out through reading color solutions obtained according to azometin-H method in spectrophotometer adjusted to 420 nm wave length light absorption (John et.al., 1975).

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Table 1. Some physical and chemical characteristics of the experimental soils

LOCATIONS Properties Non-saline Highly

saline

Highly alkaline

Highly saline-alkaline

Texture Clay loam Loamy sand Clay loam Clay loam

EC (dS/m) 0.43 9.80 0.89 9.08 pH (1:2,5) 8.2 8.5 10.3 9.4 Organic matter (%) 4.4 2.1 1.7 2.3 ESP (%) 8.9 11.9 60.5 49.7 N (%) 0.21 0.11 0.11 0.08 P (mg kg-1) 27.9 33.8 40.8 36.5 B (mg kg-1) 4.3 12.4 5.9 11.4 Ca (mg kg-1) 3640 3680 3180 3400 Mg (mg kg-1) 528 540 444 552 K (mg kg-1) 1248 1326 1638 1248 Na (mg kg-1) 552 759 3749 2737

ESP: exchangeable sodium percentage

The experimental was carried out in 3 repetititions under a randomized complete blocks design in 3 years between 2011 and 2013. Highly- saline (coordinates 39o55ˈ31.47ˈˈ N, 44o27ˈ 05.54ˈˈ E, ECe 9.80 dS m-1, ESP 11.9%), highly-alkaline (coordinates 39o54ˈ00.09ˈˈ N, 44o29ˈ25.23ˈˈ E, ECe 0.89 dS m-1, ESP 60.5%), highly saline-alkaline (coordinates 39o54ˈ20.16ˈˈ N, 44o29ˈ29.44ˈˈ E, ECe 9.08 dS m-1, ESP 49.7%) and non-saline (coordinates 39o54ˈ57.36ˈˈ N, 44o28ˈ25.26ˈˈ E, ECe 0.43 dS m-1, ESP 8.9%) soil conditions were selected as trial areas while Chloris gayana Kunth var. Katambora, Cynodon dactylon L. var. Sem-Caska., Agropyron elongatum L., and Festuca arundinacea L. var. Asterix species were selected as plant material for the research. In seeding, 30 kg, 6 kg, 20 kg and 15 kg of seeds per hectare were used, respectively, for Cynodon

dactylon, Chloris gayana, Agropyron elongatum and Festuca arundinacea species

and seeds were manually sown with 30.0 cm row spacing and 2.0 cm a seeding depth in Spring (20 April 2011). As fertilizer material, 60 kg ha-1 N (300 kg ha-1 ammonium sulphate) and 100 kg ha-1 P2O5 (250 kg ha-1 TSP) were used during

the preparation of seedbeds and 60 kg ha-1 N (300 kg ha-1 ammonium sulphate) was applied between lines after each harvest. Approximately 75 mm of water was provided for the plants by surface irrigation when utilizable humidity level of the soil dropped under 50% and irrigation peiods of the soils were determined with

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“Soil Water Potential Measuring Device” considering the textural classification of the soils.

Each plant was harvested at the appropriate growth stage. Cynodon

dactylon, was harvested at full flowering stage while Festuca arundinacea at boot

stage, Agropyron elongatum at early flowering (Serin ve Tan, 1998) and Chloris

gayana at the beginning of panicle generation stage (Skerman ve Riveros, 1990).

Some species investigated in the present study did not grow under some soil conditions and in some years and the reasons for this situation are explained in the findings section. Two harvests were made for all sampled species which grew on different soil types (except for C.dactylon, grown under highly alkaline soil conditions at the year of establishment, which was harvested only once). Harvested plants were first washed with tap water, and then with purified water. After that, plants were dried by field-curing by leaving them in the open air for 2-3 days. Then, they were applied drying in a drying oven set at 70 oC for 48 hours. After measuring the dry weights, samples were ground in a Wiley grinder in order to enable them pass through 1 mm of sieve opening and ground samples were taken to wet decomposition in solutions prepared with nitric acid mixture. Mineral matter (B, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn) of the plant solutions were determined using ICP-OES device after wet decomposition process (Kacar ve Ġnal, 2008). All analyses were carried out in duplicates.

The data were exposed to GLM (General Linear Models) with SPSS (version 20) on the basis of main effects. Mean seperation were performed by using Duncan test.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The research was conducted to determine and to compare micro-mineral contents of 4 different grass species grown on soils with different chemical properties for 3 years between 2011-2013. However, it was observed that all seedlings (except Cynodon dactylon and Agropyron elongatum on highly-alkaline location) germinated and surfaced under highly alkaline and highly saline-alkaline soil conditions at the establishment year were perished and consequently not established. Thus, these species were re-sown in the second year at locations where no growth was observed and only Agropyron elongatum was able to be

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established. This may be a result of different responses by the plants to varying salinity levels. It is reported in the literature that high pH, soluble salt and sodium in saline-alkaline soil cause physiological drought and ion toxicity in plants, resulting in a significant pressure on germination and growth, thereby reducing seedling viability (Yang et al., 2008; Li et al., 2009; Siddiqui et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2009; Basalah, 2010; Sadeghi, 2010; Gu et al., 2012; Temel et al., 2015). Moreover, Cynodon dactylon and Chloris gayana species were subjected to low temperatures during the winter following the year of establishment and could not manage to grow within the following years. This is compatible with the findings of Burton and Hanna (1995), Moore et al. (2006) and Tansı (2009), who reported that Chloris gayana perishes at -8 oC and Cynodon dactylon at temperatures lower than -3 oC. Because of such reasons, samples and data could not be obtained under some soil conditions and at some trial years.

BORON: Boron (B) contents of different fodder-crop species grown between

2011 and 2013 under different soil conditions are shown in Table 2. B contents of the fodders varied according to year, location and species. 2011 (14.23 ppm) and 2012 (13.62 ppm) were observed to be within the same statistical group in terms of B content and these two years showed lower B content in comparison to 2013 (37.76 ppm) (Table 2). This may be a result of relatively lower precipitation amounts and higher temperatures observed in 2013. It is reported that evaporation ratio in summer seasons is quite high and soluble salts accumulates in the top layer of the soil (Ashraf et al., 2005) and higher temperatures also causes transpiration rate to increase. High transpiration rate may have resulted in accelerated B transport and consequently increased B accumulation in the plants since it is known that increased transpiration rate positively and significantly effects boron intake (Çakmak et al., 1995). According to the location, the highest amounts of boron accumulation were observed in highly saline (24.14 ppm) and highly saline-alkaline (26.14 ppm) soil conditions while the lowest boron content was seen in non-saline soil conditions (Table 2).

This situation may be a result of presence of B ions in highly-alkaline and highly saline-alkaline soils at higher proportions in comparison with other locations. Hence, it is reported in a study by Suyama et al. (2007) that B content

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of the plants increases in parallel to the increasing B concentration of the soil. It is also reported that significant increases in the B contents of fodder crops (corn, clover and sainfoin) are observed as doses of boron applied to the soil are increased (Aydın et al., 2005; Öndin, 2013). However, this may also be resulting from the control soil type having higher concentrations of Ca2+ and especially N when compared to other locations. Similarly Taban et al. (1995) reported that presence of higher amounts of Ca2+ and N in the growing environment decrease B intake by the plants. Looking at Table 2 , C.gayana (8.97 ppm) showed a lower accumulation when compared with other species. On the other hand, the highest B accumulations were determined in C.dactylon, A.elongatum and F.arundinacea which belonged to the same statistical group.

Table 2. Boron contents (ppm) of forage grasses in different soil conditions Years Plants Non-saline Highly saline Highly alkaline Highly saline-alkaline Average of years 2011 Cynodon dactylon 7.90 39.81 20.00 x 14.23 b Chloris gayana 5.63 12.32 x x Agropyron elongatum 2.60 26.29 8.22 x Festuca arundinacea 3.74 15.75 x x 2012 Cynodon dactylon x x x x 13.62 b Chloris gayana x x x x Agropyron elongatum 8.23 14.12 12.80 11.56 Festuca arundinacea 19.81 15.19 x x 2013 Cynodon dactylon x x x x 37.76 a Chloris gayana x x x x Agropyron elongatum 37.79 34.33 33.06 40.73 Festuca arundinacea 42.11 38.54 x x Average of Location 15.97 c 24.14 a 18.52 b 26.14 a Average of Plants Cynodon dactylon 22.57 a Chloris gayana 8.97 b Agropyron elongatum 20.88 a Festuca arundinacea 22.52 a

*: Plants did not grow at application shown with x.

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Table 3. Copper contents (ppm) of forage grasses in different soil conditions Years Plants Non-saline Highly saline Highly alkaline Highly saline-alkaline Average of Years 2011 Cynodon dactylon 4.62 2.18 1.74 x 2.56 c Chloris gayana 3.05 2.07 x x Agropyron elongatum 1.38 2.34 1.60 x Festuca arundinacea 2.96 3.67 x x 2012 Cynodon dactylon x X x x 6.71 b Chloris gayana x X x x Agropyron elongatum 6.53 6.30 6.42 5.75 Festuca arundinacea 9.03 6.22 x x 2013 Cynodon dactylon x X x x 35.32 a Chloris gayana x x x x Agropyron elongatum 32.72 31.91 32.49 36.74 Festuca arundinacea 38.93 39.17 x x Average of location 12.40 b 11.73 b 10.56 b 21.24 a Average of Plants Cynodon dactylon 2.85 b Chloris gayana 2.56 b Agropyron elongatum 14.92 a Festuca arundinacea 16.66 a

*: Plants did not grow at application shown with X.

**: Values indicated with different letters are significantly different at P<0,05.

COPPER: Copper (Cu2+) values for 4 different grass species tried under highly-saline, highly-alkaline, highly saline-alkaline and non-saline soils for 3 years are presented in Table 3. Cu2+ content showed significant differences as to year, location and species. Cu2+ content of the fodder crops showed a continuous increase in the years following the year of establishment and the highest values were obtained in 2013 (35.32 ppm). In the present study, no previous plant production was conducted in the selected trial area for a long time. Therefore, it is thought that applications of fertilizers, hoeing and irrigation have resulted in improvements in the soil structure throughout the years. As a consequence, solubility of Cu2+ and its intake by the plants might be increased. Similar results supporting the findings of the present study are also reported by Turan et al. (2010). Among locations, highly saline-alkaline location displayed a higher Cu2+ accumulation and locations with the lowest accumulation were recorded in the same statistical group (Table 3). Hasan et al. (1970a, 1970b) also reported that soil

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salinity decreased the Cu2+ content of corn. The highest Cu2+ accumulation among species was detected in A.elonngatum and F.arundinacea species while the lowest values were detected in C.dactylon (2.85 ppm) and C.gayana (2.56 ppm) (Table 3). Previous research showed that copper accumulation in plants is significantly affected by the presence of water and species of the plant (Underwood, 1981; Czekala, 2004) and that there are even significant differences in the Cu2+ contents of different fodder crops grown on the same soil (Grzegorczyk et al., 2014). Table 4. Iron contents (ppm) of forage grasses in different soil conditions

Years Plants

Non-saline Highly saline Highly alkaline Highly saline-alkaline Average of Years 2011 Cynodon dactylon 57.32 50.53 42.66 x 52.38 b Chloris gayana 49.39 57.82 x x Agropyron elongatum 53.10 60.93 52.20 x Festuca arundinacea 45.80 54.08 x x 2012 Cynodon dactylon x X x x 59.41 a Chloris gayana x X x x Agropyron elongatum 57.02 57.99 59.11 61.97 Festuca arundinacea 59.81 60.57 x x 2013 Cynodon dactylon x x x x 49.32 b Chloris gayana x x x x Agropyron elongatum 34.68 40.59 37.25 70.63 Festuca arundinacea 32.44 80.36 x x Average of location 48.69 c 57.86 b 47.80 c 66.30 a Average of plants Cynodon dactylon 50.17 Chloris gayana 53.60 Agropyron elongatum 53.60 Festuca arundinacea 55.31

*: Plants did not grow at application shown with X.

**: Values indicated with different letters are significantly different at P<0,05.

IRON: Table 4 shows the iron (Fe2+) contents for 4 different grass species grown in four different locations. In the present research Fe2+ contents changed sifnificantly according to year and location while no significant differences were observed among species. The highest Fe2+ accumulation was recorded in 2012 as 59.41 ppm while the lowest values were recorded in 2011 and 2013, and Fe2+ contents in these years were within the same statistical group (Table 4). When locations considered, the fodders obtained from highly saline-alkaline soil

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conditions had a higher Fe2+ accumulation when compared to other locations. Other researches on the subject have reported that plants grown under low-alkaline conditions generally contain high amounts of Fe2+ (Maas et al., 1972; Martinez et al., 1987). Moreover, in another study on groundnut Chavan and Karadge (1980) have reported that Fe content of both leaves and stem of the peanut increased in relation to salinity.

ZINC: Zinc (Zn2+) content was found to be significant for all factors investigated in the study (Table 5). Zn2+ content of the fodders varied between 15.56 ppm and 61.45 ppm and the highest values were detected in 2013 (Table 5). Thus, significant increases were observed in Zn2+ accumulations in the years following the year of establishment. This difference is thought to be caused by differences in climatic factors (precipitation, temperature and relative humidity). Hence, usefulness of zinc and its intake by the plants are closely related with temperature; zinc intake increases in high-temperature periods and vice versa (Martin et al., 1965; Lucas and Knezek, 1972). In the present study, higher temperatures were present in the maintenance years when compared to the year of establishment. When Table 5 considered, it can be seen that the highest Zn2+ accumulation of 48.13 ppm was detected in highly saline-alkaline soil conditions and the lowest value of 24.75 ppm was recorded in highly alkaline soil. This may be result of the presence of higher amounts of Mg2+ concentration in this location in comparison to the other locations. According to the findings of a study on the interactions between nutritional elements, excess Mg2+ in the plant growing environment increases Zn2+ intake (Romero et al., 1996). Zn2+ contents varied between 15.69 ppm and 41.02 ppm among species. The highest Zn2+ accumulation was observed in F.arundinacea and the lowest was observed in C.dactylon (Table 5). This may be stemming from root growth and the effect of root surface width. In general, intake of zinc from soil is happens relatively more easily in plants with larger root surface widths. Thus, plants can utilize zinc relatively more effectively (Alay Vural, 2009).

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Table 5. Zinc contents (ppm) of forage grasses in different soil conditions Years Plants Non-saline Highly saline Highly alkaline Highly saline-alkaline Average of Years 2011 Cynodon dactylon 19.32 15.99 11.76 x 15.56 c Chloris gayana 10.45 15.23 x x Agropyron elongatum 6.53 19.68 14.95 x Festuca arundinacea 22.51 19.16 x x 2012 Cynodon dactylon x x x x 28.26 b Chloris gayana x x x x Agropyron elongatum 31.61 27.80 24.24 3128 Festuca arundinacea 27.28 27.35 x x 2013 Cynodon dactylon x x x x 61.45 a Chloris gayana x x x x Agropyron elongatum 54.46 51.42 48.07 64.97 Festuca arundinacea 85.09 64.71 x x Average of location 32.15 b 30.17 b 24.75 c 48.13 a Average of plants Cynodon dactylon 15.69 c Chloris gayana 12.84 b Agropyron elongatum 34.09 b Festuca arundinacea 41.02 a

*: Plants did not grow at application shown with X.

**: Values indicated with different letters are significantly different at P<0,05.

MANGANESE: Manganese (Mn2+) contents of 4 grass plants grown on soils with different chemical properties are given in Table 6. Mn2+ contents of the obtained fodders showed significant differences according to year, location and species. The highest (98.27 ppm) and the lowest (10.67 ppm) Mn2+ values were recorded in 2013 and 2011, respectively. According to this finding, Mn2+ contents in the year of establishment were lower than the other years. Temperature, light, ventilation, soil pH, interaction of ions and plant species are basic factors effecting the growth of plants (Kacar and Katkat, 2006). Therefore, one of factors or combinations of a number of them may have affected the mineral content of the plants.

It can be seen in Table 6 that Mn2+ content of the fodders grown on highly saline-alkaline soil is significantly higher than that grown on other soils. This may be a result of weak drainage caused by decreasing soil permeability due to high amounts of Na+ and other ions causing salination in highly saline-alkaline

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soils. Hence, it is reported that weak drainage conditions and high soil salinity causes an increase in Mn2+ accumulation of plants (Martinez et al., 1987; Givens et al., 2000). As to species, the highest Mn2+ content was observed in

F.arundinacea (54.52 ppm) followed by A.elongatum with 42.01 ppm. The lowest

Mn2+ values were detected in C.dactylon and C.gayana and Mn2+ content of the both species were found to be in the same group statistically (Table 6). Grzegorczyk et al. (2014) has also reported differences in farklı Mn2+ contents of 12 species grown under different soil conditions.

Table 6. Manganese contents (ppm) of forage grasses in different soil conditions Years Plants Non-saline Highly saline Highly alkaline Highly saline-alkaline Average of Years 2011 Cynodon dactylon 13.84 6.31 6.46 x 10.67 c Chloris gayana 17.09 3.49 x x Agropyron elongatum 19.70 2.85 4.86 x Festuca arundinacea 23.53 8.54 x x 2012 Cynodon dactylon x x x x 23.35 b Chloris gayana x x x x Agropyron elongatum 19.12 21.58 25.54 26.96 Festuca arundinacea 19.10 27.83 x x 2013 Cynodon dactylon x x x x 98.27 a Chloris gayana x x x x Agropyron elongatum 54.26 68.04 72.23 146.93 Festuca arundinacea 96.81 151.32 x x Average of location 32.93 bc 36.24 b 27.27 c 86.94 a Average of plants Cynodon dactylon 8.87 c Chloris gayana 10.29 c Agropyron elongatum 42.01 b Festuca arundinacea 54.52 a

*: Plants did not grow at application shown with X.

**: Values indicated with different letters are significantly different at P<0,05.

Whether the fodders obtained from grass species grown under different soil conditions meet mineral requirements by the animals was also investigated in the study. As recommended by NRC (1985), amounts of recommended Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+ for all ruminants are 6 -12 ppm, 30 - 60 ppm, 7.0 - 100.0 ppm and 18 - 36 ppm, respectively. In the present study average Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn contents of the plants were varied between 2.56 ppm and 16.66 ppm, 50.17

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ppm and 55.31 ppm, 12.84 ppm and 41.02 ppm and 8.87 ppm and 54.52 ppm, respectively. According to these findings, Fe2+ and Zn2+ contents of the investigated plants are sufficient for the mi,neral requirements of the animals. On the other hand, Cu2+ and Mn2+ contents are found to be different from those levels recommended by NRC (1985) for ruminants. Of all the investigated fodder crops, only F.arundinacea was found to have high Mn2+ and Cu2+ contents. Therefore, fodders with high mineral content should be given with caution (for example, by rationing with feedstuff with lower mineral content) since they can cause animal intoxication. On the other hand, Mn2+ content of C.dactylon and Cu2+ content of

C.dactylon and C.gayana species were observed lower than that of recommended

by NRC (1985) for ruminants. Providing additional minerals in the rations of animals would be appropriate in case these plants are used in animal nutrition.

RESULTS

As a result, different soil conditions have caused significant changes in mineral contents of the fodders. In addition, major variations are observed in mineral contents of different fodder crops grown under the same soil conditions. In general cool season grass species displayed a higher mineral accumulation than the warm season grass species. Fe2+and Zn2+ contents of the obtained fodders are found to be sufficient in meeting mineral reqirements by the animals.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study is financed by TÜBĠTAK, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. We would like to thank the Council for their contribution to this study.

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Şekil

Table 1. Some physical and chemical characteristics of the experimental soils
Table 2. Boron contents (ppm) of forage grasses in different soil conditions  Years  Plants   Non-saline  Highly saline  Highly  alkaline  Highly  saline-alkaline  Average of  years  2011  Cynodon  dactylon  7.90  39.81  20.00  x  14.23 b Chloris gayana 5.
Table 3. Copper contents (ppm) of forage grasses in different soil conditions  Years  Plants   Non-saline  Highly saline  Highly  alkaline  Highly  saline-alkaline  Average of Years  2011  Cynodon  dactylon  4.62  2.18  1.74  x  2.56 c Chloris gayana 3.05
Table 5. Zinc contents (ppm) of forage grasses in different soil conditions  Years  Plants   Non-saline  Highly saline  Highly  alkaline  Highly  saline-alkaline  Average of Years  2011  Cynodon  dactylon  19.32  15.99  11.76  x  15.56 c Chloris gayana 10.
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